TEST 1

TEST 1

Q1:
- Synonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or
more identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some contexts.
- In the strict sense, two words that are synonyms would have to be interchangeable in
all their possible contexts of use. Loose synonyms are two words that we find not
only a significant overlap in meaning between them, but also in some contexts they
cannot be used interchangeably.
Q2:
1. terrible  awful
2. rubbish  garbage
3. organization  association
4. bill  invoice
5. usually  normally
Q3:
1a. survey(s) 2a. reside 3a. focus 4a. element 5a. constructed
1b. surveys 2b. residing 3b. focusses 4b. elements 5b.construction
Q4:
1. distinction 2. ranged 3. acquired 4. normal 5. seek
distinction range acquired normality seeking
6. researching 7. environment 8. analytical 9. available 10. benefits
research environmental analysis available benefits
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TEST 2
Q1:
- Collocation refers to a structural or syntactic relation, to meaning relations that a word
contracts with other words occurring in the same sentence or text.
- Grammatical collocation refers to the specific proposition that must occur after a
particular verb, noun or adjective. More widely, it refers to any kind of syntactic element
that must accompany a particular word, usually verb, noun or adjective in English
Q2:
1. help  assist
2. quickly  speedily
3. regarding  concerning
4. lucky  auspicious, fortunate
5. outgoing  friendly, sociable, warm, extroverted
Q3:
1a. credits 2a. categories 3a. affect 4a. maintain 5a. transfer
1b. credit 2b. categorize 3b. affective 4b. maintained 5b. transfer
Q4:
1. primary 2. 3. consumes 4. designed 5. restrictions
primary consequence consumed design Restricted
consequences
6. distinction 7. ranged 8. acquired 9. normal 10. seek
distinction Range acquired normality seeking
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TEST 3
Q1:
- Antonyms may be defined as two (rarely more) words of the same language
belonging to the same part of speech with contradictory meaning.
- There are three types of antonym: gradable antonyms, contradictory or
complementary antonyms and converses.
Q2:
1. married  single
2. friend  enemy
3. sadness  happiness
4. complicated  simple
5. attack  defend
Q3:
1a. compute 2a. evaluation 3a. cultural 4a. potential 5a.strategically
1b.computation 2b. evaluated 3b. culture 4b. potential 5b. strategies
Q4:
1. conclusion 2. feature 3. conducted 4. journal 5. participating
conclusion features conduct journals participate
6. primary 7. consequence 8. consumes 9. designed 10. restrictions
primary consequences consumed design Restricted
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TEST 4
Q1:
- Hypernym is a pair of sense relations that relate words hierarchically. Some words have a
more general meaning, while others have a more specific meaning, while referring to the
same entity. Ex: tree – oak
- Heteronym is a semantic relation specific to linguistics, distinct from the similar
metonymy. A metonymy denotes a constituent part of something. Ex: foot-toe
Q2:
1. hyponym of vehicle: car/automobile, can, lorry/truck, bus, cycle, train …
2. metonymy of plant: leaf, bud, stem, root, flower, shoot …
Q3:
1a. perceived 2a. regional 3a. site 4a. positive 5a. resources
1b. perception 2b. regions 3b. sites 4b. positives 5b. resourceful
Q4:
1. assessed 2. constantly 3. appropriate 4. commission 5. administering
assessment Constant appropriate commissioned administer
6. conclusion 7. feature 8. conducted 9. journal 10. participating
conclusion Features conduct journals participate
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TEST 5
Question 1
- Lexicology is the study of lexis, understood as the stock of words in a given
language, i.e. its vocabulary or lexicon.
- The subject of lexicology is words
- Related fields: Morphology (form), Semantics (meaning), Etymology (origin), and
Lexicography = compilation of dictionaries (technique)
Question 2
Word Free morpheme(s) Bound morpheme(s)
0. misuse use mis

1. convene 0 C on, vene
2. dislike L like D dis
3. preface F face pre
4. foresee Fore, see
5. darkroom dark, room 0
Question 3
1. a. achievement(s) b. achieved
2. a. chapters b. chapter
3. a. commission b. commissioned
4. a. to design/designing b. designs
5. a. equate b. equated
Question 4
1. potential 2. element 3. category 4. impact 5. resources
potentially elements categorized impacted resources
1. consist 2. formula 3. concepts 4. areas 5. periods
consisted formulas concept area period
Test 6
Question 1
- Morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words.
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- Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts
of words
- It is impossible to break down morphemes further on the basis of meaning
Question 2
0. misuse use mis

1. subway way sub
2. recut cut re
3. supervise super vise
4. postwar war post
5. policeman police, man 0
Question 3
1. a. features b. features
2. a. impact b. impacts/impacted
3. a. item b. itemize
4. a. obtains/obtained b. obtainable
5. a. primary b. primarily
Question 4
1. regulations 2. credit 3. focus 4. survey 5. normal
regulation credit focused survey normality
6. distribution 7. section section 8. assessed 9. individual 10. established

distributed assessment establishment
individual
Test 7
Question 1
- Free morphemes are the ones which can occur alone as individual words
- Bound morphemes are the ones which can occur only with another morpheme
- Examples: students` own answers
Question 2
6
0. misuse use mis
1. friendship friend ship
2. typist typ(e) ist
3. happiness happy ness
4. assistant assist ant
5. intervene 0 inter, vene
Question 3
1. a. texts b. texted
2. a. relevant b. relevant
3. a. purchased b. purchases
4. a. normalize b. normal
5. a. journal b. journal
Question 4
1. seek 2. chapter 3. administered 4. selected 5. obtain
seeking chapter administer selection obtain
6. structurally 7. requirements 8. sector sectors 9. varies vary 10.
structures requirement processprocesses
Test 8
Question 1
- Simple words are free morphemes, morphological unanalysable (eg. wild, animal)
- Complex words are formed from simpler words by the addition of affixes or some
other kind of morphological modification (eg. , childish, mentally)
- Compound words are formed by combining two or more words (free morphemes)
with or without morphological modification (eg. door-knob, cheeseburger, floppy
disc)
Question 2
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0. misuse use mis
1. teacher teach er
2. childhood child hood
3. sadness sad ness
4. businessman business, man 0
5. interpret 0 inter, pret
Question 3
1. a. injurious b. injury
2. a. consumption b. consumed
3. a. acquisition b. acquired
4. a. conducted b. conduct
5. a. selection b. selected
Question 4
1. transfer 2. evaluation 3. culture 4. aspect 5. text/texts
transfer evaluate culture aspects text
6. occur 7. legalize 8. proceeded 9. function 10. evidence
occurrences legality proceed function evidence
TEST 09
Question 1: What is a word in linguistic? Please name all the characteristics of words?
A word is an uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more morphemes and
which typically occurs in the structure of phrases.
Words have four characteristics. First, a word is an uninterruptible unit. Second, a word
can consist of more than one morphemes. Third, a word occurs typically in the structure
of phrases. Finally, each word belongs to a specific word class or part of speech.
Question 2: Read the following sentence and answer the questions:
“These discoveries about Neanderthals help to create a picture of Neanderthals as
beings with the feelings and emotions that go along with developed social customs and
rituals.”
a. How many grammatical word forms are there in the sentence? What are they? 22
These/ discoveries/ about / Neanderthals / to / a / of/ Neanderthals/ as/ beings/ with/ the/
feelings/ and/ emotions/ that/ along/ with/ developed/ customs / and/ rituals
b. How many lexical words are there in the sentence? What are they? 14
8
discoveries / Neanderthals / help / create / picture/ Neanderthals/ beings / feelings /
emotions/ go / developed/ social / customs/ rituals
Question 3: Write the parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, or adverb form) of the word in
bold.
1. context
a. context
b. contextual / contextualized
2. environment
a. environmentally
b. environmental
3. derive
a. derivation
b. derived
4. export
a. exports
b. exportable/ exported
5. formula
a. formula
b. formulate
Question 4:
1. income 2. role 3. contract 4. factor 5. authority
income/incomes roles contracts factors authorizes
6. assessed 7. constantly 8. appropriate 9. commission 10.

assessment Constant appropriate commissioned administering
administer
TEST 10
Question 1: What is linguistic sign? Please name the most common terms associated
with word meaning.
The linguistic sign is a mental unit consisting of two faces: a concept (signifié) and an
acoustic image (signifier).
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The most common termsassociated with word meaning are denotation, reference, sense,
connotation.
“He describes himself as a 'fairly uneducated, council-house kid' who ran away to
London as a teenager, 'a bit of a chancer, with ideas above his station'.”
He/ describes/ himself/ as/ a/ uneducated/ who/ ran/ away/ to/ as/ a/ a /bit/ of/ a/ with/
ideas/ above/ his
describes /fairly/ uneducated/ council-house/ kid/ ran /London / teenager/ chancer/
ideas / station
Question 3: Write the parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, or adverb form) of the word
in bold.
1. creation
a. create
b. creative
2. distribute
a. distributing
b. distributed
3. establish
a. established
b. establishment
4. evident
a. evidence
b. evident
5. finance
a. financial
b. financed
Question 4: Write one word from the list which goes with the highlighted collocations. Be
sure to change the form of word if necessary.
1. researching 2. environment 3. analytical 4.available 5. benefits

research environmental analysis available benefits
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6. income 7. role 8. contract 9. factor 10. authority
income/income roles contracts factors authorizes
s
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TEST 11
Question 1: What is polysemy? What is metaphor? Give TWO examples of metaphor.
Polysemy refers to a situation where the same word has two or more different meanings.
Metaphor refers to a situation in which a word appears to have both a literal and a
transferred meaning.
My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)
The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)
(Note: examples can vary)
“It is important that teachers are aware of the polysemic nature of much English
vocabulary, and the problems that this can cause non-native speakers.”
It/ is/ that/ teachers/ are/ of /the/ of/ much/ and/ the/ problems/ that/ this/ speakers
Is/ important/ teachers/ are / aware/ polysemic/ nature/ English/ vocabulary/ problems/
can/ cause/ non-native/ speakers
Question 3: Write the parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, or adverb form) of the word
in bold.
1. approach
a. approaches
b. approachable
2. assessment
a. assessment
b. assessed
3. benefit
a. benefits
b. beneficial
4. authority
a. authoritative
b. authority
5. concept
a. conceptualize
b. concepts
Question 4:
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1. theory 2. policy 3. sources 4. identity 5. interpret
theories policies sources identity interpretation
6. primary 7. 8. consumes 9. designed 10. restrictions

primary consequence consumed design Restricted
consequences
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TEST 12
Question 1: What is homonymy? What is homonymy clashes? Give two examples of
homonymy clashes in both speech and writing.
Homonymy refers to a situation where we have two or more words with the same shape.
As homonyms are words which share the same form, there might be a danger of
homonymous clashes in the sense that two words with absolutely different meanings may
both make sense in the same utterance. Consider the following utterances:
The night was short. (part of the day)
The knight was short. (a man)
Jane didn’t like the flour. (the substance)
Jane didn’t like the flower. (the plant)
(Note: the examples can vary)
“The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is usually made on the basis of the
relatedness of the senses: polysemy involves related senses, whereas the senses
associated with homonymous lexemes are not related.”
The/ between/ and/ is/ made/ on/ the/ of/ the/ of/ the/ senses/ involves/ senses/ whereas/
the/ senses/ associated/ with/ lexemes/ are/ not
distinction/ homonymy/ polysemy/ is/ usually/ made/ basis/ relatedness/ senses/ polysemy/
involves/ related/ senses/ senses/ associated/ homonymous/ lexemes/ are/ related
Question 3:
1. analysis
a. analyze
b. analytical
2. assumption
a. assume
b. assumption
3. available
a. availability
b. available
4. consist of
a. consists of
b. consisted of
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5. constitute
a. constitutes
b. constituent
Question 4:
1. approached 2. issue 3. data 4. methods 5. legislation
approaches issued data method legislative
6. theory 7. policy 8. sources 9. identity 10. interpret
theories policies sources identity interpretation
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Test 13
Question 1:
1 The geographical dimension is referred to as ‘dialect’. This dimension encompasses, the
regional dialects of a single country and also the national varieties of English, as spoken
and written in the USA, Canada, Australia, India, West Africa, and so on.
2 The dimension of occupation is referred to as ‘jargon’, which encompasses scientific,
religious, legal, political and journalistic language as well as the vocabulary associated
with particular jobs and professions, sports and hobbies.
3 The dimension of the language associated with identifiable social and cultural groups in
society is referred to as ‘slang’. An example might be the vocabulary peculiar to youth
culture or to the criminal underworld, or to Internet surfers.
4 The dimension of formality of the context, which influences the style of language that a
speaker or writer uses, concerning the differences of vocabulary between ‘formal’ and
‘informal’ discourse.
Question 2:
Write the American English equivalents for the following British English words:
British English words American English words

1 eraser 1 rubber
2 crepe 2 pancake
3 intermission 3 interval
4 leash 4 lead
5 stroller 5 pushchair
Question 3:
1 a. sought b. seeking
2 a. regulations b. regulating
3 a. participate b. participants
4 a. institute b. institutes
5 a. funded b. fund
Question 4:
16
1.maintenance 2. volume 3. sufficient 4. layers 5. location
maintain volume sufficient layers location
6. potential 7. element 8. category 9. impact 10. resources
potentially elements Categorized impacted Resources
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Test 14
Question 1:
- ‘Common core’ refers to the vocabulary of international English, the words that are
common to all national varieties of the language. Some examples: book, mother,
father …. These words are used and understood in all national varieties of the
English language, including British English, American English, Australian English,
African English and so on.
- The national and regional standards of Englishinclude British and Irish Standard
English, American Standard English, Canadian Standard English, Caribbean
Standard English, Australian, New Zealand and South Pacific Standard English,
East Asia Standardizing English, South Asian Standard(izing) English and West,
East and Southern African Standard(izing) English.
Question 2:

1 candy 1 sweets
2 cot 2 camp bed
3 diaper 3 nappy
4 freeway 4 motorway
5 grab bag 5 lucky dip
Question 3:
1 a. administering b. administrative
2 a. appropriately b. appropriate
3 a. illustration b. illustrates
4 a. restrictions b. restricted
5 a. consequent b. consequences
Question 4:
1.commission 2. evaluation 3. emphasis 4. element 5. conducted
commission evaluate emphasis elements conduct
6. regulations 7. credit 8. focus 9. survey 10. normal
regulation credit focused survey normal
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Test 15
Question 1:
The five groups of lexical differencesare:
1 Words that reflect cultural differences, with no equivalent in the other variety, e.g. Ivy
League, Groundhog Day for AmE; Honours Degree, Value Added Tax for BrE.
2 Words that are variety-specific but which have an equivalent in the other variety, e.g.
AmEbaggage room = BrEleft-luggage office, AmEpotato chip = BrEcrisp.
3 Words that have at least one sense used in World English (WE), with an additional sense
or senses specific to either or both varieties. For example, the wordhomely has the WE
sense ‘characteristic of or suited to the ordinary home’, and with a BrE sense ‘(of a
person) warm and domesticated in manner or appearance’ but an AmE sense ‘(of a
person) plain or ugly’.
4 Words that have a single sense in World English and have an equivalent word in either
AmE or BrE. For example, filling stationin WEhas AmE equivalent gas station and BrE
equivalent petrol station.
5 Words that have no World English meaning, but that have different specific meanings in
the two varieties. For example, in AmEpublic school is a free school financed by the state,
whereas in BrE it is a fee-paying private educational establishment.
Question 2:
1 kerosene 1 paraffin
2 wrench 2 spanner
3 zip code 3 post code
4 can 4 tin
5 French fries 5 chips
Question 3:
1 a. documents a. documented
2 a. corporate b. corporation
3 a. immigrants b. immigration
4 a. ensures b. ensure
5 a. relevant b. relevance
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Question: 4
1. criteria 2. technical 3. fund 4. cases 5. core
criteria technically fund case core
6. seek 7. chapter 8. administered 9. selected 10. obtain
seeking chapter administer selection obtained
Test 16
Question 1:
The term ‘jargon’ refers to specialist vocabularies associated with ‘occupations’ that people
engage in, either as a mode of employment or as a leisure pursuit or for some other
purpose.
Jargon can be defined as a language that is special to a profession, culture or subject,
often technical, and is not easily understood byoutsiders.
The most popular subsets of jargons include:
1 Occupational jargons
Examples: in medicine and allied professions there are, for example, a number of -ology
words — angiology, psychology — relating to the ‘study of’ various parts of human beings
that may become diseased.
The jargons of computing include central processing unit, disk drive, read only memory
(ROM), touch sensitive screen, virtual reality, word processor, chip, file, icon, monitor,
keyboard, printer, scroll, setup, terminal, window.
2 Sports jargons
Sports jargons refer to the terms and phrases invented or co-opted by athletes, sportscasters
and fans to explain stuff that happens in athletics that we didn’t have precise words
for — and in many cases still do not.There are terms that are self-explanatory such as
double dribble, jump ball, three-point line, goal, kickoff.
More examples:
Hat trick: Dumb term for when a player scores three goals in a single sports game.
Unsung hero: Your team’s least sexy but most effective player who never receives
recognition except literally right now.
Coffin Cornerin football ….
3 Religious language
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Examples of this group of jargons are religious words used for talking about Christianity such
as holy, ghost (= ‘spirit’), sin, forgive, gospel, believe, heaven, worship, cathedral and so
on.
4 ‘Green’ jargon
Very contemporary jargon, the one developed by the ‘green’, ecology movement.For
example: acid rain, additive, Alar, alternative energy/technology, alternative fuel,
(environmentally) aware, biodegradable,biodiversity
Question 2:

1 zero 1 nought
2 ash can 2 dustbin
3 bathtub 3 bath
4 line 4 queue
5 sweater 5 jumper
Question 3:
1 a. sequentially b. sequence
2 a. specifications b. specifies
3 a. reliably b. relies
4 a. maximum b. maximize
5 a. philosophize b. philosophical
Question: 4
1. explanation 2. proportion 3. linked 4. exclusive 5. outcome
explanations proportional link exclusive outcome
6. transfer 7. evaluation 8. culture 9. aspect 10. text/texts
transfer evaluate culture aspects text
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TEST 17
Question 1:
Inflection is a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to produce
alternative grammatical forms of words.
Inflectional affixes may be described as “relational markers” that fit words for use in
syntax. This means that once the inflection or relational marker is added to a stem, that
stem does not change classes, but its distribution is then limited in the syntactic structure.
For example:
1. The plural inflection is added to key to form keys, both key and keys are nouns and
the addition of the plural inflection does not change the grammatical class of the
word, but they do not have the same distribution in syntactic structures.
2. The past participle morpheme of the verb speakis spoken, both speak and spoken are
verbs, but they can not always occur in the same linguistic context. We can not
replace the inflected verb form spoken in the structure “John could have spoken” by
the corresponding uninflected form speak.
Question 2:
1. Man: men, man’s, men’s
2. have : has, had, having, had
3. buy: buys, bought, buying, bought
4. heavy: heavier, heaviest
5. thief: thieves, thief’s, thieves’
Question 3:
1. a. legislative b. legislation
2. a. major b. majored
3. a. methodical b. methodically
4. a. occurred b. occurrence
5. a. percent b. percent/ percentage
Question 4:
1. consist 2. formula 3. concepts 4. areas area 5. periods

consisted formulas concept period
6.maintenance 7. volume 8. sufficient 9. layers 10. location
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maintain volume sufficient layers Location
TEST 18
Question 1
Derivation is a lexical process which actually forms a new word out of an existing one by
the addition of a derivational affix.
Derivations have a “low functional load” in the sense that each single derivation occurs
rarely and is limited to a few specific combinations with particular stems.
Derivational affixes can change the word class of the item they are added to and establish
words as members of the various word classes.
For examples:
The suffixes _ation and _ure may be added to the verbs resign and depart respectively to
form different words resignation and departure.
The suffixes _dom and _ful may be added to the adjective free and the noun hope
respectively to derive the noun freedom and adjective hopeful which are different words.
Question 2
6. troublesome trouble, -some (changes noun to adjective)
7. disappearance dis- (negative meaning), appear, -ance (changing verb to noun)
8. declassify de- (negative meaning), class, -ify (changing noun to verb)
9. incriminatory in- together with – ate (changing noun to verb), crime, -ory
(changing verb to adjective)
10.counterargument counter- (meaning “against”), argue, - ment (changing verb to
noun )
Question 3
1. a. financial b. financed
2. a. proceeded b. proceeding
3. a. interpreted b. interpretation
4. a. theoretical b. theories
5. a. processing b. processed
Question 4
1. distribution 2. section section 3. assessed 4. individual 5. established
distributed assessment establishment
individual
6.commission 7. evaluation 8. emphasis 9. element 10. conducted
commission evaluate emphasis elements Conduct
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TEST 19
Question 1
Compounds may be defined as stems consisting of more than one root. Some are written
as one word (with or without a hyphen between two roots) while others are written as two
or more words. Compounds have an intermediary status between phrases and words
consisting of a single root. Although most compounds consist of roots that are simply
juxtaposed, in some cases, one of the roots of a compound may be modified by an
inflection as in bird’s eye, driving license…
Examples: bedside, black market, car-wash, waste paper basket
Question 2
11.heartheart attack, heart failure, heartbeat
12.break breakfast, breakwater, breakdown
13.high highland, highway, highlight
14.frontfront door, front line, front loader
15.house housewife, housemaid, housework
Question 3
1. a. source b. sources
2. a. specifically b. specify
3. a. issue b. issues
4. a. formula b. formulate
5. a. indicates b. indication
Question 4
1. structurally 2. requirements 3. sector sectors 4. varies vary 5. processprocesses
structures requirement
6. criteria 7. technical 8. fund 9. cases 10. core
criteria technically fund case core
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TEST 20
Question 1
Derivational affixes are of two kinds: class- changing and class- maintaining. Class-
changing derivational affixes change the word class of the word to which they are added.
Class- maintaining derivational affixes do not change the word class of the word but
change the meaning of the derivative.
Class- changing derivational affixes once added to a stem, form a derivative which is
automatically marked by that affix as noun, verb, adjective or adverb.
For examples:
Argue, a verb+ able gives arguable, an adjective
Or Home, a noun + wardgives homeward, an adverb
Class- maintaining derivations refer to those derivations which do not change the word
class of the stem to which they are added although they do change its meaning.
Unlike class- changing derivations, which are mainly suffixes, English class- maintaining
derivations are mainly prefixes.
For example:
Child, a noun + hoodgive childhood, still a noun but now an “abstract” rather than a
“concrete” noun.
Question 2
16.covariance co- (meaning “with”), vary, -ance (changing verb to noun)
17.officialdom office, -al (changing to someone who holds the office), -dom
(changing person noun to abstract noun)
18.uncooperative un- (negative meaning), cooperate,- ive (changing verb to
adjective)
19.proconsulship pro- (means “instead of”), consul, -ship (changing concrete to
abstract noun)
20.depressive de- (negative meaning “down”), press, -ive (changing verb to
adjective)
Question 3
1. a. source b. sources
2. a. specifically b. specify
3. a. issue b. issues
4. a. formula b. formulate
5. a. indicates b. indication
Question 4
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1. occur 2. legalize 3. proceeded 4. function 5. evidence
occurrences legality proceed function evidence
6. explanation 7. proportion 8. linked 9. exclusive 10. outcome
explanations proportional link exclusive Outcome
Practice 21
Question 1: What is the difference between a morpheme and a word? (2 points)
• A morpheme is the smallest meaningful part of a word.
• A word is a separate meaningful unit, which can be used to form sentences.
• The main difference is that while a word can stand alone, a morpheme may or may not be
able to stand alone.
Question 2: Circle the correct collocation in the following sentences. (2 points)

1. Sorry, I forgot to (sweep / tidy) the floor.
2. Andrew can sleep in the (added / spare) room if he’s staying overnight.
3. Andrew, could you (make / lay) the table for dinner, please? lay the table: dọn bàn
4. I can’t open this drawer. It’s really (hard / stiff). stiff: rít
5. Could you help me to (put up / put in) some shelves in the kitchen?
6. There was no moon and the stars were (flashing / shining) brightly.
7. It was difficult to walk in the (heavy / high) winds.
8. We’ll drive home once the roads are (clear / open). I hate driving in heavy traffic.
9. I (took / gave) a cough to catch her attention.
10. Few people can (save / keep) a secret.
Question 3: Use the appropriate corresponding form of the surveyed word in the
following sentences. (2 points)
1. achieve
a. Everybody was happy with Jon`s achievement.
b. Steve Jobs achieved Fame for the work he did for Apple.
2. chapter
a. None of the chapters in this book is over three pages long.
b. When he retired, he ended one chapter of his life and began a new one.
3. commission
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a. The company charged us a commission for buying stocks.
b. Last year, Congress commissioned a statue to honor Martin Luther King.
4. design
a. The architects will soon begin design the new Law School.
b. Pauline regularly designs some of the most beautiful fashions.
5. equate
a. It would be hard to equate President Bush with President Obama.
b. The ancient Romans equated Zeus with their own supreme god, Jupiter.
Question 4: Write one word from the list which goes with the highlighted
collocations. Be sure to change the form of word if necessary. (4 points)
distinction shift seek acquire normal range
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research environment available analysis benefit interact
1. There is an obvious distinction between the two brothers.

Ha had trouble making a distinction between fact and fiction.
2. Yesterday’s test results ranged from 84% to 99%.
We try to make long range plans, but we don’t always succeed.
3. During the 16th Century, Spain acquired power in the New World.
You might not like this spice. It’s a (an) acquired taste. acquired taste: sở thích do
quen mà có, hương vị ăn lần đầu thì 0 ngon lắm nhưng ăn nhiều lần thì quen.
4. I’ll be happy when things get back to normal around here.
The prince finally restored some semblance of normality to the country.
5. Father promise to seek revenge for the destruction of his home.
Pam is eagerly seeking to establish a new business in our town.
6. This professor is carefully researching the effects of certain drugs on animal
behavior. Professors need to publish researches from time to time.
7. What can you do to protect the environment.
Some environmental organizations are challenging the new laws.
8. They used an analytic approach to solve the mystery.
In the final analysis Democrats proved stronger than Republicans.
9. Addictive substances are readily available to teenagers.
Thanks for making yourself available to help us.
10. In Florida you can enjoy the benefit of lots of sunshine.
Plants derive many benefits from the excellent climate.
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Practice 22
Question 1: What’s morpheme and types of morphemes? Give examples. (2

points)
of words.
- There are two types of morphemes:
+ Free morphemes: Can occur alone as individual words. Free morphemes are
divided into 2 types: Lexical morphemes and Functional morphemes.
+ Bound morphemes: Can occur only with another morpheme. Bound morphemes
are divided into 2 types: Derivational morphemes and Inflectional morphemes.
Ex:
Free morphemes Bound morphemes
understand under, stand
happiness happy ness

1. Too many people today (do / make) the journey to work by car.
2. Let me know when you’re leaving and I’ll (call / ring) you a taxi.
3. Don’t (get off / get out) of the bus while it is moving.
4. Our cat (had / made) four kittens last week.
5. The leaves are beginning to (go off / fall off ) the trees.
6. The world’s rainforests are (reducing / shrinking) rapidly.
7. When I was a student I (hired / rented) a room in a flat. rent: thuê ngắn hạn
8. The house has big rooms with (high / tall) ceilings.
9. I (took / gave) a cough to catch her attention.
10. Few people can (save / keep) a secret.
1. feature
a. One of the most distinctive features of the Mall of America is the indoor
amusement park.
b. One of the unique features of the new phone is its ability to understand
29
human speech.
2. impact
a. Her advice had a lasting impact on me.
b. We are looking at how the video impacts/impacted children.
3. item
a. I read an interesting item in the newspaper today.
b. You need to itemize all of your expenses.
4. obtain
a. Somehow, she always obtains her goals.
b. Is peace obtained in the Middle East?
5. primary
a. We were primarily concerned with our children`s safety.
b. Poverty is sometimes the primary cause of crime.
30
chapter obtain select seek search administer
structure require sector vary process gain
1. Father promised to seek revenge for the destruction of his home.
Pam is eagerly seeking to establish a new business in our own town.
2. Retirement began a new chapter in Bill`s life.
Forget what you did. That`s a closed chapter now.
3. No one liked the way she administered justice to criminals.
We are required to administer the test to all students.
4. Last week, Irene was selected as the chairperson of the new committee.
The store offers a wide selection of herbs and spices.
5. We need to obtain 5,000 signatures on our petition.
They thought they had obtained a lasting peace in the Middle East.
6. Engineers design bridges to be structurely sound.
Organic molecules are complex structure based on carbon.
7. If you meet all of the minimum requirements, you can become a team
member.
They have a strict requirement that everyone remains quiet during the talk.
8. More people want to work in the business sector these days.
The public and private sectors are under attack.
9. The temperature varies from day to day during the summer.
Opinions vary considerably as to who should be nominated.
10. She gets the creative process started by meditating.
Judicial processes can sometimes be slow, but they are necessary.
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Practice 23
Question 1: What’s a word and types of words? Give examples. (2 points)

- Definition: A word is an uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more
morphemes and which typically occurs in the structure of phrases.
- There are 8 types of words:
Noun: singer, bird, train,… Adverb: quickly, here, rarely,…
Pronoun: I, she, they,… Preposition: on, above, behind,…
Adjective: tiny, huge, lovely,… Conjunction: and, but, although,
until,…
Verb: run, dance,… Interjection: oh! ah! hey! wow!,…
1. There was a heavy (drop / fall) of snow overnight.

2. The sea was very (rough / strong). So I didn’t really enjoy the ferry crossing.
3. I sat on the beach watching the waves (breaking / falling) on the shore.
4. We can’t understand people who (deal with / treat) animals badly.
5. My brother’s still a (learner / trainee) driver, but he’s going to sit his test next month.
6. He has got a (clean / clear) license. He has never been fined for speeding or any
other driving offence.
7. Vietnam is a very popular tourist (destination / place) for tourists in the world.
8. Is the seat next to you free or is it (saved / taken)?
9. They (came / took) close to hitting each other.
10. Abbreviations (catch / save) space and hence they are very common in
newspaper headlines.
1. injure
a. Not all food additives are injured to your health.
b. A knee injured ended her dancing career.
2. consume
a. Coffee consumption has increased over the years.
32
b. The fans consume/consumed over 90,000 hot dogs.
3. acquire
a. The lab`s newest acquirement is an electron microscope.
b. Some people don`t like coffee. It`s an acquired taste.
4. conduct
a. Yesterday we conducted an experiment with the rats.
b. Inappropriate conduction will be punished.
5. select
33
a. Our grocery store has a wide selection of great wine.
b. Only one child will be selected to go to the science fair.
contract authority factor assess appropriate commission
benefit theory role income constant administer
1. The yearly income of many Americans have been declining lately.
It is hard for most people to live within their incomes.
2. The oldest daughter took on the role of mother when Mary died.
Tariq and Mariam played the roles leading in the performance.
3. They must finish the work because they are under contract to do so.
The lawyers will write up both contracts tomorrow.
4. The weather was a contributing factor in the accident.
The bad economy factors into the way people will vote.
5. Tim needs to exercise his authority in the next meeting"
You can't make the purchase until the manager authorizes the payment.
6. The gold ring were assessed at $1,000 each.
Before we change the curriculum, we must do a needs assessment .
7. Our tenants constantly complain about everything.
After the accident, Kay was in constant pain for weeks.
8. If you do not follow the rules, we will take appropriate action.
Chocolate and flowers are appropriate gifts to give when you are invited to
dinner.
9. The mayor put together a fact-finding commission .
Regina commissioned a new opera to celebrate her marriage.
10. I always have trouble administering medicine to my dog.
34
Practice 24
Question 1: What are hyponymy and meronymy? Give some examples of each
kind. (2 points) 0 lay het vi du
- Hyponymy is a pair of sense relations that relate words hierarchically. Some words have
a more general meaning, while others have a more specific meaning, while referring to the
same entity.
Ex: tree → oak tree, bramble tree, chestnut tree, apple tree
animal → lion, fox, bear, squirrle, bat, deer
- Meronymy is a semantic relation specific to linguistics, distinct from the similar
metonymy. A meronymy denotes a constituent part of something.
Ex: body → arms → hands, fingers, finger nails
body → leg → foot → toes, toe nails
body → head → face → eyebrows, eyelashes, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth
plant → shoot system → flower, leaf, fruit, stem
1. He’s old and finds it difficult to (walk / climb) the stairs.
2. My room is on the (high / top) floor.
3. I can hear my neighbor’s telephone through the (slim / thin) walls of my flat.
4. I set the alarm for 7am, but for some reason it didn’t (go / come) off.
5. Have I got time for a (quick / short) shower before we go out?
6.There’s a (heap / pile) of dirty dishes in the sink and it’s not my turn to wash them!
7. He got soaking wet in the (heavy / strong) rain.
8. The low cloud (lifted / went) up and we were able to see the top of the mountain.
9. The weather report is calling for (strong / heavy) rain this afternoon.
10. You should always ( do / make) some research about your prospective
employer before going on a job interview.
Question3: Use the appropriate corresponding form of the surveyed word in the
1. creation
a. We decided to create a new logo for our website.
b. Elaine used a creative approach to solve the problem.
2. distribute
a. The police are distributing pictures of the suspect.
b. The hungry people went home after the food was distributed.
35
3. establish
a. We have established a friendship with our new neighbours.
b. The war ended after the establishment of a no-fly zone.
4. evident
a. The police could not find any evidences linking Melissa to the crime.
b. It is fairly that you did not write this essay. evident
5. finance
a. Sam could not find financial records he needed forhis bank loan.
the
b. Last year, we financed our home at National Bank.
36
primary consequenc consume design restrict theory
e hạn chế
authority source identity environme policy interpret
nt
1. Albert Einstein formulated the theory of relativity.
Sheila has several pet theories about why some men are poor listeners.
2. The President seemed to adopt a policy of being tough on terorism.
We need a sound policy for dealing with energy consumption.
3. Exxon is looking for a way to tap new sources of oil.
You need to cite all the sources that you use in your research paper.
4. You should protect yourself from possible identity theft.
I thought you were someone else. Sorry, it's a case of mistaken identity.
5. They didn't interpret my remarks the way I meant
them.
Well, that puts a different interpretation, on the
matter.
6. My primary concern is that you learn these words well.
Elaine hopes to win the primary election.
7. Nothing of consequenc e came from the two-hour meeting.
They could not deal with all of the unintended consequenc es of their actions.
8. Nancy shakes because she consumes a lot of coffee.
When we saw the ambulance, we were consumed with fear.
9. This room is designed for meditation.
Our house is energy-efficient by design.
10. You should not place restrictions on your child’s creative outlets.
Access is restricted after 9:00 this evening.
37
Practice 25
Question 1: What is lexicology? What is the subject of lexicology? What are
the related fields of lexicology? (2 points)
- The subject of lexicology is words.
Lexicography = compilation of dictionaries (technique).
Question 2: Write the synonym of the underlined word in the following sentences.
(2 points)
1. The white blood cell count in one's body many fluctuate by 50 per cent during a
day.
2. The emergence of supersonic travel opened new horizons for the military,
tourism, and commerce.
3. In the United States, elementary education is compulsory nationwide, with state
governments having no say in the issue.
4. He takes after his father in appearance very much.
5. She is always diplomatic when she deals with angry students.
fluctuate emergence compulsory takes after diplomatic

vary, alter, appearance, obligatory, resemble, look clever, tactful,
oscillate, go occurence mandatory, required, like, be like, be subtle, wise,
up and down enforced, binding similar to prudent, intelligent,
judicious
Question 3: Use the appropriate form of the given word to complete the
1. know
a. A knowledge of foreign languages, especially French and German, is
required for the job.
b. If you don't know much about cars, take a knowledgeable friend along.
2. strong
a. Judo requires both skill and strength.
b. Community leaders want to strengthen controls at external frontiers.
3. reason
38
a. She is reasonable in asking for bigger salary. She worked hard
b. It's unreasonable to expect your child to behave in a caring way if you
behave selfishly.
4. compete
a. Everyone will tell you that competition is the best way to keep prices down.
b. On average, foreign-owned businesses achieve higher levels of productivity
than domestic competitions.
5. excellent
a. Vietnamese athletes performed e x c e l l e n t l y and won a lot of gold
medals.
39
b. Together we will make our schools places of learning
and excellence.
Question 4: Write one word from the list which goes with the highlighted collocations.
Be sure to change the form of word if necessary. (4 points)
decide respect stay come correct friend
research harm make advance benefit drive
1.
a. New teachers have to gain the respect of their students.
b. They are only rude when they are treated unrespected.
2.
a. I have stayed in touch with all my university friends using social
networks.
b. During the pandemic lockdown, people are required to stay at
home unless for food and emergencies.
3.
a. We came up with a great idea for the ad campaign and decided to carry out
immediately.
b. What comes across in his later poetry is a great sense of sadness.
4.
a. I've noticed several more correction I'd like to make to the book, if it's not
too late.
b. Students said it was helpful if the teacher corrected their
pronunciation.
5.
a. Sharon befriended the old man when she did some volunteer work at the
shelter.
b. Our neighbours have always been very friendly to us. They are wonderful.
6.
a. Before we make our advance we need to get some expert advice.
b. If we had acted earlier and more advance it might not have come to this
problem.
7.
40
a. Persuaded of his harmlessness, she allowed him to go with her.
41
b. This group of chemicals is known to be harmful to people with asthma. Be
careful.
8.
a. He paid me some money in researching as a proof that he was honest.
b. All she was interested in was the reseach of her own career.
9.
a. Trade is the benificial force for sustained economic prosperity.
b. The fact remains that there are some public services that cannot be entirely
market-benefits.
10.
a. I made a mistake in my IELTS reading last time I took the test.
b. Reading a lot makes a real difference to your IELTS score.
42
Practice 26
Question 1: What is morphology? What are morphemes? Is it possible to break
down morphemes further on the basis of meaning? (2 points)
- Morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words.
of words.
- It is impossible to break down morphemes further on the basis of meaning.
(2 points) 0 lay het vi du
1. The fer-de-lance, a kind of viper, is one of the most poisonous snakes.
2. Back down in the valley bottom, we could hear bizarre noises.
3. Bacteria can be both detrimental and helpful to humans, depending on
the specific type and effect.
4. The boy was embarrassed when his mother scolded him in public.
5. The air is naturally contaminated by foreign matter such as plant pollens
and dust.
poisonous bizarre detrimental embarrassed contaminated
deadly, strange, weird, harmful, damaging, awkward, soiled,
venomous, curious, odd, disadvantageous, ashamed, shy, polluted,
toxic, uncanny negative, injurious self-conscious infected
noxious
Question 3: Use the appropriate form of the given word to complete the following
sentences. (2 points)
1. reason
a. We decided to buy the house because the price was very reasonable.
b. The experiment attempts to assess the subject's reasonable ability in spatial
relations.
2. high
a. The height of the mountain is about 2000 metres.
b. Privacy experts said that the lockdown could heighten tensions between the
public and police.
3. help
a. Thank you for everything you’ve done. You’ve been very helpful.
43
b. Joining a support group will help you find comfort and deal with
the helplessness you are likely to feel.*
4. mystery
a. The police are looking into the mysterious disappearance of the old man
b. He finds a hair that he later identifies as being from a wolf, but the hair
disappears mysteriously soon after he analyses it.
5. convenient
a. Scientific progress supplies us with convenience(s).
b. We apologize for any inconvenience caused during the repairs.
44
finance cultural immune acquire normal extend

technology take gold profit motion recognize
1.
a. The country is usually considered to be less technologically advanced than
its neighbours.
b. He works as a sound techonologist in a recording studio.
2.
a. She experienced great culture shock when she first came to Europe.
b. It is believed that London was no longer the world's most
cultural exciting city. *
3.
a. Last year, we took advantage of the downturn in real estate sales to get a
good deal on a house.
b. I just wanted to take the opportunity to thank you all for your support on
this journey—it's been truly humbling, from beginning to end.
4.
a. The police promised him immunity from prosecution if he co-operated
with them fully.
b. (The) immune system is the body's cells and organs that fight illness and
disease.
5.
a. He was awarded a medal in recognition of his services to the Queen.
b. I hadn't seen her for 20 years, but I recognized her immediately.
6.
a. She makes a big profit from selling waste material to textile companies.
b. Over the years it has developed into a highly profitable business.
7.
a. The detective stood motionless behind the door waiting for the assailant.
b. He was also a notable early figure in the motion picture industry.
45
8.
46
a. Platinum debit and credit cards have greater privileges than
gold cards.
b. If a match has extra time, a single goal decides the result - this is called a
golden goal.
9.
a. Uncles, aunts, cousins, nieces and nephews are all relatives and are some-
times known as a part of our extended family.
b. I've applied for an extension to my visa.
10.
a. We need guaranteed financial backing before we can even start the design
work.
b. He's still financially dependent on his parents. He regularly receives
money to live from them.
47
Practice 27
Question 1: What are free morphemes? What are bound morphemes? Give two
examples for each type? (2 points)
- Free morphemes are the ones which can occur alone as individual words.
- Bound morphemes are the ones which can occur only with another morpheme.
Ex:
Free morphemes Bound morphemes
dancer dance er
blackhair black, hair
(2 points)
1. The newlyweds agreed to be very frugal in their shopping because they wanted
to save enough money to buy a house.
2. I would rather figure things out on my own way than ask that peevish
librarian for help.
3. She was born fortuitous. She even won the lottery last night.
4. Belief is that over time, statistics must accumulate to gradual even amount,
regardless of the actual scenario.
5. Mayo Hospital in New Orleans was so named in recognition of Dr. Mayo's
outstanding humanitarianism.
frugal peevish fortuitous accumulate outstanding
economical, irritable, short/ accidental, collect, amass wonderful,
thrifty bad - tempered incidental, remarkable
unexpected
1. inform
a. I met my informant in secret.
b. This beautiful and informative book is a compelling argument for why this
48
should change.
2. believe
a. It is my belief that there are other living beings in the universe.
b. People who do not believe in a particular religion are sometimes referred to
as unbelievers. *
3. able
a. He definitely has the ability to become a professional tennis player
b. It is unacceptable that disabled people who want to work struggle to
find the opportunity to do so.*
49
4. attract
a. Some people are concerned with physical attractiveness when choosing a
wife or husband.
b. The house she reportedly occupied became a tourist attraction in
Rome.
5. appear
a. You should care about your appearance when you go to the interview.
b. Police are investigating the disappearance from council offices of
confidential files.
die run look set last range

wear environment effective large satisfy erode
1.
a. This clock runs on two small batteries.
b. I've had a running battle with the neighbours over whose responsibility that
fence is.
2.
a. Soldiers often wear camouflage so you can’t see them easily.
b. He was wearing an earring in his left ear.
3.
a. The new law will take effect in six months.
b. The tablets work more effectively if you take a hot drink after them.
4.
a. If you do not repay the money we will, as a last resort, take you
to court.
b. Lastly, we mention some related work and then conclude.
5.
a. I like that photo very much. Could you make an enlargement for me?
50
b. They've enlarged the kitchen by building over part of the garden.
51
6.
a. There is a strong movement supporting the abolition of the
death penalty.
b. Small covered markets are slowly died/dying, unable to compete with
supermarkets.
7.
a. She’s a real trend setter, she always wears something new and different.
b. This beautiful garden would be the perfect setting for a wedding.
8.
a. The cliffs on this part of the coast are being eroded by the sea.
b. The survey reveals a gradual erosion of the president's popularity and
support.
9.
a. With a glow of satisfaction on his face, Keith received his degree from
the principal.
b. We hope very much to find a satisfactory solution to the problem.
10.
a. Several members of the environmental pressure group were arrested at the
scene.
b. Carpet companies are competing to provide the most environmentally-
friendly products and packaging.
52
Practice 28
Question 1: What are simple words, compound words, and complex words? Give
two examples of each type? (2 points)
- Simple words are free morphemes, morphologically unanalysable (eg. wild, animal)
- Complex words are formed from simpler words by the addition of affixes or some
other kind of morphological modification (eg. , childish, mentally)
- Compound words are formed by combining two or more words (free morphemes)
with or without morphological modification (eg. blackbird, cheeseburger, pancake)
Question 2: Write the synonym of the underlined word in the following sentences. (2
points) 0 lay het vid du
1. Tom's acting is very important for the success of the movie.
2. You can withdraw money from the account at any time without penalty.
3. Scientists and engineers have invented filters and other methods of taking away
pollutants from industrial wastes.
4. Ha Long Bay is well-known for its beauty. That's why it receives many
visitors every year.
5. The company empowered her to declare their support for the new event. As
a matter of fact, she now has more power to do what she wants than ever
before.
important penalty taking away well-known empowered

essential, vital, punishment, removing, famous, authorized,
significant sentence eliminating prominent approved
1. confine
a. Within two hours of confinement the first animal succumbed and others
soon followed.
b. The police confined their attention to the events that led up to the accident.
2. employ
a. The problem of unemployment among young people is hard to solve.
b. Hotel employees were said to have been tipped with Rolex watches.
3. prefer
53
a. These countries give preference to exporting shrimps.
b. Roots grow preferentially, depending on where they find water.
54
4. comprehend
a. Our staff is very much committed to pursuing
the comprehensive plan.
b. Language-arts teachers use crossword puzzles to test vocabulary or reading
comprehension.
5. accept
a. He was debarred from the club for unacceptable behaviour.
b. Testing plans that have particularly large seed pools may
have unacceptably high false-negative rates.
benefit electricity compensate acquire part chances
petty discuss decide generate train foot
1.
a. No formal qualifications are required for the work - you'll get on-the- job
training.
b. We have three new trainees in the accounting department. They have just
been employed.
2.
a. This court deals only with petty crime.
b. It was the pettiness of their arguments that irritated her.
3.
a. The matter is still under dicussion It is being considered.
b. The authorities are discussing the terms of compensation with local people.
4.
a. Victims of the crash will be compensated for their injuries.
b. The government did not put in place adequate compensatory measures to
offset the negative impact of the new tax.
5.
a. Don’t rush me; I hate having to make snap decisions.
b. I've decided on blue walls for the bathroom.
55
6.
a. Parents and teachers have to try hard to understand the
younger generation.
b. The turbine connects to a generator and feeds power into the grid.
7.
a. I suppose that there is in a slim chance that he could win, but I can’t see
it happening, myself.
b. I don't think I stand a chance of winning.
8.
a. Don't touch that wire! You’ll get an electric shock.
b. His ambition was to become an electrical engineer.
9.
a. You shouldn’t walk around with bare feet. The floor isn’t very clean.
b. The department was asked to check the square footage of the house.
10.
a. It is hard to get spare parts for this car if it goes wrong.
b. All the children took part in the Thanksgiving play.
56
Practice 29
Question 1: (2 points)
 What is collocation?
 What is grammatical collocation?
- Collocation refers to a structural or syntagmatic relation, to meaning relations
that a word contracts with other words occurring in the same sentence or text.
- Grammatical collocation refers to the specific proposition that must occur after a
particular verb, noun or adjective. More widely, it refers to any kind of syntactic
element that must accompany a particular word, usually verb, noun or adjective in
English.
Question 2: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. (2 points)
1. When being interviewed, concentrate on what the interviewer is saying or asking
you.
A. be related to B. be interested in
C. pay all attention to D. express interest in
2. Our parents join hands to give us a nice house and a happy home.
A. deal with B. manage C. help together D. work together
3. School uniform is compulsory in most of Vietnamese schools.
A. depended B. required C. divided D. paid
4. Help and supports are rapidly sent to wherever there are victims of a catastrophe.
A. diseases and illnesses B. poverty and famine
C. warfare D. a sudden great disaster
5. I had a row with my boss and had to quit the job.*
A. debated B. discussed C. quarreled D.
ignored
1. survey
a. Unfortunately, the customer satisfaction survey backed up what the
newspaper had reported.
b. They hire college students to conduct these surveys quickly.
2. reside
a. They have three homes, but they reside chiefly in Arizona.
57
b. The king has been residing at his mountain home for the past three months.
3. focus
a. All of your pictures seem to be out of focus .
b. Her new book focuses/focused on Iran’s nuclear program.
4. element
a. Cooperation will be a key element in our team’s success.
58
b. The people were unhappy with two key elements in the president’s plan for
economic reform.
5. construct
a. Twelve new homes will be constructed next year.
b. The construction should take about ten months.
design restriction consequence consume notion capacity
distinction primary seek acquire normal range
2. Nothing of consequence came from the two-hour meeting.
They could not deal with all of the unintended consequences of their actions.
6. There is an obvious distinction between the two brothers.
Ha had trouble making a distinction between fact and fiction.
7. Yesterday’s test results ranged from 84% to 99%.
We try to make long range plans, but we don’t always succeed.
8. During the 16th Century, Spain acquired power in the New World.
You might not like this spice. It’s an acquired taste.
9. I’ll be happy when things get back to normal around here.
10. Father promise to seek revenge for the destruction of his home.
Pam is eagerly seeking to establish a new business in our town.
59
Practice 30
Question 1: What are hyponymy and meronymy? Give some examples of each
kind. 0 lay het vi du
(2 points)
- Hyponymy is a pair of sense relations that relate words hierarchically. Some words have
a more general meaning, while others have a more specific meaning, while referring to the
same entity.
Ex: tree → oak tree, bramble tree, chestnut tree, apple tree
animal → lion, fox, bear, squirrle, bat, deer
- Meronymy is a semantic relation specific to linguistics, distinct from the similar
metonymy. A meronym denotes a constituent part of something.
Ex: body → arms → hands, fingers, finger nails
body → foot → toes, toe nails
body → head → face → eyebrows, eyelashes, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth
Question 2: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions. (2 points)
1. The potatoes have burned and stuck to the bottom of the pan.
A. The lowest inside surface B. the shortest below surface
C. the lowest beneath surface D. the shortest under surface
2. It was inevitable that the smaller company should merge with the larger.
A. urgent B. satisfies C. surprises D. amuses
3. The new animation film catches the fancy of the children.
A. attracts B. satisfies C. surprises D. amuses
4. Many scientists agree that global warming poses great threats to all species on
Earth.
A. irritations B. annoyances C. fears D. risks
5. As tourism is more developed, people worry about the damage to the flora and
fauna of the island.
A. fruits and vegetables B. flowers and trees
C. plants and animals D. mountains and forests
1. compute
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a. You can compute how much you can save each month if you know what
your monthly expenses are.
b. Without using a computer, Jed made an accurate computation in his
head.
2. evaluate
a. The nurses can make a fair evaluation of your child.
b. The new players were evaluated to determine if they could play in this
week’s game.
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3. culture
a. Immigrants sometimes lose their cultural identity.
b. We wish to promote a culture of equality.
4. potential
a. Some endangered species do not have the potential to recover.
b. There is enormous potential to develop solar energy.
5. strategy
a. Castles were strategically built all along the river.
b. Good learners use several different strategies for remembering new
material.
constant commission transmit assess administer appropriate
conclusion feature conduct journal participate ultimate
1. The gold ring were assessed at $1,000 each.

Before we change the curriculum, we must do a needs assessment.
2. Our tenants constantly complain about everything.
dinner.
4. The mayor put together a fact-finding commission.
6. After hours of thinking, she arrived at a conclusion.
I still don’t know how you came to that conclusion.
7. Last night, we watched a feature film on TV.
His strange face has several distinctive features.
8. After the lecture, we conducted an experiment and proved the theory.
Carbon does not conduct electricity.
9. People keep a journal to remember events in their life.
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Dr. Kramer publishes articles in several academic journals.
10. All of the students are participating fully in class.
Wendy loves to participate in after-school activities.
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Practice 31
Question 1: What is lexicology? What is the subject of lexicology? What are

the related fields of lexicology? (2 points)
- The subject of lexicology is words.
Lexicography = compilation of dictionaries (technique).
Question 2: Choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE
in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences. (2 points)
1. The machine has been out of order since last month.
A. under repair B. functioning well C. sold out D. refusing
orders
2. To be honest, I go to the museums once in a blue moon.
A. from time to time B. once in a while
C. very often D. seldom
3. Any student who neglects his or her homework is unlikely to do well at school.
A. puts off B. attends to C. looks for D. fills in
4. She is a very generous old woman. She has given most of her wealth to a charity
organization.
A. mean B. amicable C. kind D. hospitable
5. People sometimes choose partners who compensate for their own shortcomings.
A. disadvantages B. benefits C. flaws D. strengths
1. achieve
a. Everybody was happy with Jon`s achievement(s).
b. Steve Jobs achieved Fame for the work he did for Apple.
2. chapter
a. None of the chapters in this book is over three pages long.
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b. When he retired, he ended one chapter of his life and began a new one.
3. commission
a. The company charged us a commission for buying stocks.
b. Last year, Congress commissioned a statue to honor Martin Luther King.
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4. design
a. The architects will soon begin to design/ designing the new Law School.
b. Pauline regularly designs some of the most beautiful fashions.
5. equate
a. It would be hard to equate President Bush with President Obama.
b. The ancient Romans equated Zeus with their own supreme god, Jupiter.
collocations. Be sure to change the form of word if necessary.(4 points)
survey regulate credit normal concentrate focus
distribute assess section individual establish rule
1. The City Council adopted several new regulations.

None of the police want to enforce this regulation.
2. Lenny always wants to take credit for everything.
To her credit, Tillie is a great mother.
3. Please help me get the problem into focus.
We all focused on what the old woman had to say.
4. They carried out a survey to see how people felt about gays. If you
want to know more, you should conduct a survey.
5. I`ll be happy when things get back to normal around here.
6. The random distribution of the numbers puzzled the researchers.
Food was unevenly distributed after the earthquake.
7. This neighborhood is a cross section of the population of the city.
A short section of the street was closed for repairs.
8. The gold rings were assessed at $1,000 each.
9. Sergeant Monroe is an outstanding individual.
Which camera setting to use is a matter of individual preference.
10. Mr. Obama has established himself as an intelligent leader.
The business sector favors the gradual establishment of new guidelines.
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Practice 32
Ex: bird, desk, idea, gentle
Ex: non, trans, ist, ment
Question 2: Choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following sentences. (2 points)
1. Affluent families find it easier to support their children financially.
A. Wealthy B. Well-off C. Privileged D. Impoverished
2. After three days on trial, the court found him innocent of the crime and he was
released.
A. benevolent B. innovative C. native D. guilty
3. Henry has found a temporary job in a factory.
A. eternal B. genuine C. permanent D. satisfactory
4. Mr. Smith’s new neighbors appear to be friendly.
A. amicable B. inapplicable C. hostile D. futile
5. Fruit and vegetables grew in abundance in the countryside; therefore, farmers often
sell them at low price
A. excess B. sufficiency C. small quantity D. large quantity
1. text
a. Some of the texts used in the geology class are over twenty years ago.
b. Sally texted her friends and told them she was OK.
2. relevant
a. Take notes only on those issues which are directly relevant to the subject
in question.
b. In your email, please keep your comments relevant to the subject
indicated in the subject line.
3. purchase
a. Their food was purchased with food stamps.
b. Vera made too many purchases with her credit card.
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4. normal
a. The two countries tried to normalize their relationship.
b. Under normal circumstances you would have to take the test over again.
5. journal
a. The teachers` organization plan to out a journal this year.
b. Hank wrote more than twenty journal articles.
culture aspect transfer evaluate exchange text
occur legal proceed function evidence assess
1. Elwood paid his loan by making an electronic transfer.

After the elections, there was a peaceful transfer of power.
2. We will make an evaluation of your work and give you feedback.
Omar was afraid to critically evaluate my performance.
3. New TV program are influenced by pop culture.
Most new students from abroad suffer from culture shock.
4. The most frightening aspect of the construction is its cost.
The book is serious but it does have some humorous aspects.
5. You can annotate text(s) on your Kindle.
Aaron needs to edit the text of his speech to make it shorter.
6. Diabetes is a common occurrence among certain indigenous people.
Wild fires will likely occur all summer.
7. Some citizens want to legalize drugs such as marijuana.
My lawyer has doubts about the legality of school's right to expel my
daughter.
8. After the light changed to green, they proceeded with caution.
Grab your things and proceed quickly to the exit.
9. The leaf’s tiny hairs serve an important function.
Grooming can perform the function of social bonding.
10. The detectives are searching for evidence in the woods near his home.
We will examine the evidence before we give our opinion.
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Practice 33
Question 1: What are inflectional affixes? Give two examples. (2 points)

- Inflectional affixes may be described as “relational markers” that fit words for use in
syntax. This means that once the inflection or relational marker is added to a stem,
that stem does not change classes, but its distribution is then limited in the syntactic
structure.
Ex: + The plural inflection is added to key to form keys, both key and keys are nouns
and the addition of the plural inflection does not change the grammatical class of the
word, but they do not have the same distribution in syntactic structures.
+ The past participle morpheme of the verb speak is spoken, both speak and spoken
are verbs, but they can not always occur in the same linguistic context. We can not
replace the inflected verb form spoken in the structure “John could have spoken” by
the corresponding uninflected form speak.
Question 2: Question 2: Write the American English equivalents for the following
British English words. (2 points)
1 eraser  rubber
2 crepe  pancake
3 intermission 
interval
4 leash  lead
5 stroller 
pushchair
Question3: Use the appropriate corresponding form of the surveyed word in the
1. approach
a, Jason usually approaches his work very slowly.
b, You will like Donna. She is a very approachable person.
2. assessment
a. The bank made an assessment of our house.
b. Our house was assessed at $200,000.
3. benefit
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a. The warm weather in Florida usually benefits the tourist industry.
b. The weather was beneficial for the farmers' crops.
4. authority
a. We were impressed by Kendall's authoritative manner.
b. You have no authority to make that decision.
5. concept
a. It's hard to conceptualize multiple universes.
b. Some physics concepts are too difficult for me to understand.
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contract authority factor assess appropriate commission
benefit theory role income constant administer
1. The yearly income of many Americans have been declining lately.
It is hard for most people to live within their income(s).
2. The oldest daughter took on the role of mother when Mary died.
Tariq and Mariam played the leading roles in the performance.
3. They must finish the work because they are under contract to do
so.
The lawyers will write up both contracts tomorrow.
4. The weather was a contributing factor in the accident.
The bad economy factors into the way people will vote.
5. Tim needs to exercise his authority in the next meeting"
You can't make the purchase until the manager authorizes the payment.
6. The gold ring was assessed at $1,000 each.
7. Our tenants constanly complain about everything.
dinner.
9. The mayor put together a fact-finding commission.
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Practice 34
Ex: bird, desk, idea, gentle
Ex: non, trans, ist, ment
Question 2: Analyze the structure of the following words by completing the table
below as in the example. (2 points)
0. misuse use Mis

1. convene con, vene
2. dislike like dis
3. preface face pre
4. foresee see fore
5. darkroom dark, room
1. survey
a. Unfortunately, the customer satisfaction survey backed up what the newspaper
had reported.
b. They hire college students to conduct these surveys quickly.
2. reside
a. They have three homes, but they reside chiefly in Arizona.
b. The king has been resided at his mountain home for the past three months.
3. focus
a. All of your pictures seem to be out of focus.
b. Her new book focuses/focused on Iran’s nuclear program.
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4. element
a. Cooperation will be a key element in our team’s success.
b. The people were unhappy with two key elements in the president’s plan for
economic reform.
5. construct
a. Twelve new homes will be constructed next year.
b. The construction should take about ten months.
design technical consequence criteria fund Core
chapter obtain select seek location administer
1. Student essays must meet the criteria listed in the syllabus.
The test was well-written and it had reliable grading criteria.
2. The camera will have to meet certain technical requirements
before I will buy it.
The judge threw out the case on a legal technically.
3. We have an emergency fund to use if we need it.
This national fund pays for welfare benefits such as unemployment and
sickness pay.
4. In most consequences, clients can manage their accounts on line.
A mother gorilla may not bond with her new infant. In this
consequence we will take the infant way.
5. A desire to increase profits is at the core of the proposal.
Stop talking so much. Get to the core of the matter.
6. Father promised to seek revenge for the destruction of his home.
Pam is eagerly seeking to establish a new business in our own
town.
7. Retirement began a new chapter in Bill`s life.
Forget what you did. That`s a closed chapter now.
8. No one liked the way she administered justice to criminals.
9. Last week, Irene was selected as the chairperson of the new committee.
The store offers a wide selection of herbs and spices.
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10. We need to obtain 5,000 signatures on our petition.
They thought they had obtained a lasting peace in the Middle East.
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Practice 35
Question1: Besides a ‘common core’ vocabulary, a number of specialist

vocabularies have been identified. Can you name some dimensions of variation
used to classify the specialist vocabularies? (2 points)
- The geographical dimension is referred to as ‘dialect’. This dimension encompasses,
the regional dialects of a single country and also the national varieties of English, as
spoken and written in the USA, Canada, Australia, India, West Africa, and so on.
- The dimension of occupation is referred to as ‘jargon’, which encompasses
scientific, religious, legal, political and journalistic language as well as the vocabulary
associated with particular jobs and professions, sports and hobbies.
- The dimension of the language associated with identifiable social and cultural groups
in society is referred to as ‘slang’. An example might be the vocabulary peculiar to
youth culture or to the criminal underworld, or to Internet surfers.
- The dimension of formality of the context, which influences the style of language
that a speaker or writer uses, concerning the differences of vocabulary between
‘formal’ and ‘informal’ discourse.
Question 2: Read the following sentence and answer the questions(2points):
“The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is usually made on the basis
of the relatedness of the senses: polysemy involves related senses, whereas the
senses associated with homonymous lexemes are not related.”
a. How many grammatical word forms are there in the sentence? What are they?
The/ between/ and/ is/ made/ on/ the/ of/ the/ of/ the/ senses/ involves/ senses/ whereas/
the/ senses/ associated/ with/ lexemes/ are/ not
b. How many lexical words are there in the sentence? What are they?
distinction/ homonymy/ polysemy/ is/ usually/ made/ basis/ relatedness/ senses/
polysemy/ involves/ related/ senses/ senses/ associated/ homonymous/ lexemes/ are/
related
1. text
a. Some of the texts used in the geology class are over twenty years ago.
b. Sally texted her friends and told them she was OK.
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2. relevant
a. Take notes only on those issues which are directly relevant to the subject in
question.
b. In your email, please keep your comments relevant to the subject indicated
in the subject line.
3. purchase
a. Their food was purchased with food stamps.
b. Vera made too many purchases with her credit card.
4. normal
a. The two countries tried to normalize their relationship.
b. Under normal circumstances you would have to take the test over again.
5. journal
a. The teachers` organization plan to out a journal this year.
b. Hank wrote more than twenty journal articles.
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journal conduct conclusion feature primary participate
design restriction consequence consume notion capacity
1. After hours of thinking, she arrived at a conclusion.

I still don’t know how you came to that conclusion.
2. Last night, we watched a feature film on TV.
His strange face has several distinctive features.
3. After the lecture, we conducted an experiment and proved the theory.
Carbon does not conduct electricity.
4. People keep a journal to remember events in their life.
Dr. Kramer publishes articles in several academic journals.
5. All of the students are participating fully in
class.
Wendy loves to participate in after-school
activities.
7 Nothing of consequence came from the two-hour meeting.
They could not deal with all of the unintended consequences of their actions.
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Practice 36
Question 1: What are antonyms? How many types of antonyms are there? What
are they? (2 points)
- Antonyms may be defined as two (rarely more) words of the same language
belonging to the same part of speech with contradictory meaning.
- There are three types of antonym: gradable antonyms, contradictory or
complementary antonyms and converses.
Question 2: Write the American English equivalents for the following British
English words. (2 points)

1. Kerosene 
paraffin
2. Wrench spanner
3. zip code post
code
4. can  tin
5. French fries
chips
1. seek
a. The school head teacher sought a solution for their financial problems, but she
did not find one.
b. More students are seeking permission to take the new French class.
2. regulate
a. Army regulations prevent me from telling you details about my job.
b. The new medicine does a better job of regulating blood sugar levels.
3. participate
a. With physical therapy, the wounded soldier will be able to fully
participate in sports activities.
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b. The authors would like to thank all the participants who took the time to
complete the questionnaire and those who participated in the interviews.
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4. institute
a. The CSC is a fully-funded research institute of the medical research council.
b. Preparatory offices were set up for four additional institutes, and directors
and deputy directors were appointed.
5. fund
a. The new housing project is funded by local banks
b. The CEO will set up a fund for employees with small children.
formula area process concept section consist
maintain volume sufficient layer locate period
1. These notes consist entirely of unimportant details.

His lecture yesterday consisted largely of PowerPoint presentations.
2. The professor wrote a chemical formula on the blackboard.
Amy memorized several mathematical formulas before the test.
3. He is not interested in abstract concepts. He wants facts.
We tried to grasp the concept of dark energy.
4. The organizers wanted to close off two areas near the stage.
The local government declared the entire city a disaster area.
5. There have been several dark periods in American history.
The birds sat quietly for a short period of time, then flew away.
6. There are thorough maintenance checks on each plane before take-off.
It is more and more difficult for us to maintain a high standard of living.
7. The saleswoman was rewarded for her increased sales volume.
The storage volume of this box is not adequate.
8. The money was barely sufficient for them to pay their rent.
Police cannot enter your home without sufficient cause.
9. She put two protective layers on the valuable painting.
Scientists think the ozone layers buffers against global warming.
10. The producers wanted to shoot the film on location.
The weapons are kept at several undisclosed location.
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Practice 37
Question 1: In what way, the words are grouped into “families”? What are the
possible constituents in a “word family”? Give examples
Question 2:
Look at sentences 1-5 and decide if the explanation which follows each one is true
or false. Underline the correct answer. Use the words and phrases in bold to help
you decide.
1. During the exam, a pencil and eraser are required.
The people organizing the exam will provide you with a pencil and an eraser.
True / False
2. Parents can be made liable for their children's debts.
Parents may be legally responsible for the money their children owe. True /
False
3. He was obliged to pay back the money that he had won.
He had the choice whether or not to pay back the money that he had won.
True / False
4. Students doing holiday jobs are exempt from paying income tax.
Students doing holiday jobs pay a smaller amount of income tax than other
people. True / False
5. The United Nations voted to impose mandatory sanctions on the country.
The United Nations imposed legally-binding sanctions which had to be
obeyed by everyone, without exception. True / False
1. compete
a. They found themselves competing with foreign companies for a share of the
market.
b. The company’s four major competitors have nothing to rival the new
product.
2. require
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a. What’s required is a complete reorganization of the system.
b. The increase in gas-fired power stations means traditional coal ones are
becoming surplus to requirement(s).
3. strength
a. Governments cannot ignore the strength of public opinion.
b. The team has been strengthened by the arrival of two new players.
4. employ
a. Some of the temporary employees were later hired as permanent staff.
b. Closure of the plant means 80 workers are facing unemployment.
5. govern
a. A small military elite has been governed for just seven months.
b. Most people in the country support the return to democratic governors.
message advantage program reform interest focus
pleasure heavy engage peace commitment rule
1. I text message(s) him to say we were waiting in the pub.
She is not the office now; would you like to leave a message?
2. It’s been a great pleasure meeting you. I hope we meet again

He takes great pleasure in boasting about his big salary.
3. The prime minister has promised to push ahead with economic reform.
The local authorities attempt to reform the local economy in the area.
4. A spreadsheet program doesn't replace the traditional accounts package.
After the elections, they embarked on an ambitious reform program.
5. I felt that my friends were taking advantage of me as a free baby-sitter..
Sometimes a lack of experience can be advantageous to your future job
opportunities.
6. There are worries that the dollar will come under heavy pressure later in
the year.
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The country's economy is heavily dependent on foreign investment and aid.
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7. Were you surprised when Toni broke off your engagement?
Even in prison, he continued to engage in criminal activities.
8. Marriage is a lifelong commitment for whom are in love to each other.

He was punished for a murder he did not commit.
9. Jacky first took an interest in golf when he was about six years old.
We would be interested to hear your views on this subject.
10. Lynn seems to be more at peace with herself these days.
They hope for a peaceful settlement of the dispute.
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Practice 38
Question 1: What are the differences between inflectional affixes and
derivational affixes? Give examples
If derivations and inflection co-occur, which is closer to the stem? Give an
example
- Derivational affixes create new words. Inflectional affixes create new forms of the same
word.
- Derivational is an adjective that refers to the formation of a new word from another word
through derivational affixes. In English, both prefixes and suffixes are derivational.
Ex: The verb read becomes the noun reader when we add the derivational suffix -er.
- Inflectional is an adjective that refers to the formation of a new form of the same word
through inflectional affixes. In English, only suffixes are inflectional.
Question 2:
In each of the sentences below, decide which bold word is more suitable.
1. A new moon occurs / takes place every 28 days.
2. Students should not be inert / passive but should try instead to contribute as much
as possible to discussions in seminar groups.
3. On the first day, the course director and the subject tutor explained their respective
/ single roles to the new students.
4. It is now possible to infer / imply a link between using mobile phones and
contracting some forms of cancer.
5. The fact that population growth is still accelerating / catching up is one of the most
important problems we face.
Question 3:
Use the appropriate corresponding form of the surveyed word in the following
1. establish
a. I wondered why he should bother to try and establish contact with me.
b. New employees must undergo an examination at a medical
establishment
nominated by the Company.
2. Significant
a. His most significant political achievement was the abolition of the death
penalty.
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b. The results of the study have a wider significance for all the profession.
3. advice
a. The king acted on his advice and ordered his soldiers to get ready for
battle.
b. Experts advise that you should avoid being in strong sunlight for long
periods.
4. inform
a. We have received information that Grant may have left the country.
b. The informative newsletter is published once every two months
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5. history
a. Throughout history the achievements of women have been largely
ignored.
b. It is important to look at the novel in its historical context.
range demand benefit principle interest energy
luxury reform determine popular rule advantage
1. Throughout this time, he stuck to his p r i n c i p l e ( s ) and spoke out

against injustice
We need to get back to the days of principal journalism.
2. He was looking forward to reaping the benefit(s) of all his hard work.
The referee gave him the benefit of the doubt.
3. He has so far failed to push through much-needed economic reform.
He wants fundamental reform of the EU's agricultural policy.
4. They couldn't afford the luxuryof open-market values.
After camping for a week, my own bed felt like the lap of luxury.
5. I have no intereste in continuing this conversation.
I find it interesting that she claims not to know him.
6. Public funding for higher education has not kept up with demand(s).
There’s often a surge in demand for the Internet at the weekend.
7. Her books achieved tremendous popularity on both sides of the Atlantic.
There was widespread popular support for the new law.
8. The players seemed to be running out of energy.
I think I'd prefer something a little less energy.
9. The prime minister underlined his determination to keep interest rates high.
She was making a determined effort to give up smoking.
10. We need to broaden our product range.
The apartments range in size from 61 to 86 square metres.
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Practice 39
Question 1: Based on the chart of derivational affixes (adapted from Cook
1969:129), what are the possible derivational forms and example to illustrate. (2
points)
Stem class  Noun  Verb  Adjective  adverb

1. noun Ex. D.n neighbor/ neighboring/
neighborhood neighbour neighborly
2. verb normalize normalize normal, normally,
 normality abnormal abnormally
3. adjective changeable change changing interchangeably
 change
Question 2. In each of the sentences below, decide which bold word is more
suitable.
1. Although their plan / design was often very good, the quality of many British cars
tended to be poor.
2. Although it is very expensive, it is possible to convert / exchange other forms of
carbon into diamonds.
3. Prehistoric man could not think / comprehend why the moon appears to grow
bigger and then smaller each month.
4. In some situations, a law court can authorize / let the police to enter a house
without the owner's permission.
5. Member countries award / contribute money to the United Nations to pay for the
running of the organization.
1. generate
a. Wind turbines generate electricity for the local community.
b. The auto industry is a huge generation of employment and foreign
exchange for Mexico.
2. assign
a. Each visitor to the site chooses an online alter ego, which is assigned
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a name.
b. I have a lot of reading assignments to complete before the end of term.
89
3. survive
a. None of Shakespeare's plays survived in its original manuscript form.
b. The chairman of the board succeeded in surviving the challenge to
his authority.
4. operate
a. We have representatives operating in most countries.
b. He has to have an operation on his shoulder.
5. major
a. There are two problems with this situation, one major, one minor.
b. She was a philosophy major at an Ivy League college.
chance entrance state cost private main
study address business price primary incentive
1. This remains the same from the third to fifth year of primary school.
The primary responsibility lies with those who break the law.
2. He took the entrance exam to law school yesterday.
I was entranced by the bird’s beauty
3. Society has to give prisoners a second chance when they come out of jail.
One day he chanced upon Emma's diary and began reading it.
4. The bank gave me a loan to help me set up in business.
For many years he was a successful businessman, running his own company.
5. The results of this study suggest that the drug is effective in over 80% of
cases.
My nephew is a freshman of English Language study at HUBT.
6. Exercise can make a big difference to your stage of health.
The contract was staged to be invalid..
7. Please give your bank’s full postal address.
The letter was correctly address, but delivered to the wrong house..
8. The increase in interest rates will raise the cost of living.
The estimated cost of the building project are well over £1 million.
9. The sign on the gate said " Private Property – Keep Out."
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He read the letter later in the private of his own room.
10. Tax incentives have been offered to attract industry to the region.
The state has an economic incentive program to boost foreign investment.
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Practice 40
Question 1: What are the distinguishes of polysemy and homonymy? Give

example (2points)
- Polysemy refers to the coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase.
Ex:
He drank a glass of milk.
He forgot to milk the cow.
- Homonymy refers to the existence of two or more words having the same spelling
or pronunciation but different meanings and origins.
Ex: steal / steel, weather / whether
Question 2: In each of the sentences below, decide which bold word is more
suitable.
1. Most universities need to earn money from private sources, but the important /
major part of their funding still comes from the government.
2. Expenditure on weapons such as guns, tanks and aeroplanes consumes a large piece
/ portion of a country's wealth.
3. Because foreign exchange rates ebb and flow / fluctuate, it is not always possible
for exporters to know how much money they will receive from sales.
4. Member countries award / contribute money to the United Nations to pay for the
running of the organization.
5. The main concentration / focus of Greenpeace is on problems concerning
pollution.
1. child
a. Now in their 60s, Jerome and Sally have two grown children.
b. She spent most of her childhood on a farm in Texas.
2. depend
a. Whether or not we go to Mexico for our holiday depending on the cost..
b. Most children remain dependent on their parents while at university..
3. fame
a. She moved to London in search of fame and fortune.
b. Virginia is famous as the birthplace of several US presidents.
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4. advertise
a. They no longer advertise alcohol or cigarettes at sporting events.
b. The company has launched its new advertising campaign.
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5. manage
a. His job involved managing large investment funds.
b. He assumed management of a large real-estate company.
Own reputation board brand support response
Name result interest image measure assistance
1. They agreed that an independent chairman should be appointed to the broad.

An emergency board meeting will have to be held.
2. The use of tobacco brand names in sponsoring sports has been banned.
Kids want to have Nike and Reebok and other top brands.
3. I’ve been living on my own for four years now.
Though privately owned, it is open to the public for bird watching.
4. We played support to a band called Shallow.
The party fully supports new welfare reform bill.
5. New York certainly lived up to its reputation as an exciting city..
Ronaldo’s performances earned him a deserved reputation as a terrific
footballer.
6. Electrolux has a name for making top quality vacuum cleaners.
He was named after his father
7. As a result of the pilots’ strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.
A different approach might produce some interesting results.
8. He has your best interest at heart, you know.
She has always interestd herself in charity work.
9. A package of road safety assistance has been announced.
Ralph received the full assistance of his mother’s devotion.
10. The law was passed in response to public pressure.
The government did not response to our questions.
94
Hanoi University of Business and Technology Lexicology
---------------------- Test code: 41
HUBT Testing Center Time allowance:60 minutes
I. Complete the text with the correct forms of the words in bold. (2 points)
NEW WATERPROOF CLOTHING

There are few experiences as unpleasant as being bitterly cold and dripping wet on board a boat. The
knowledge that you may be several hours away from warm, dry clothing is enough to slow down even the
toughest sailor.
However, recent 1. (science) scientific developments in the types of material used to make waterproof
clothes have, hopefully, put an end to the 2. (suffer) suffering of the sailor. New suits, trousers and
jackets have been designed which allow people to stay warm and dry at sea and can be worn 3. (comfort)
comfortably for days on end.
The new clothing is by no means cheap, but that will not stop it from selling well, and not just in the
sailing market. 4. (like) Unlike previous types of waterproof clothing, which tended to leave the wearer
hot, sweaty and sticky even after a 5. (relative) relatively short burst of 6. (energy) energetic activity,
these new clothes are manufactured with an 7. (addition) additional inner layer. This is made of a special
material which allows the clothes to ‘breathe’ - in other words, body heat can escape so that the body
stays dry, but still maintains its 8.(warm) warmth in all weathers.
II. Give one homophone to the underlined word in each sentence. (2 points)
1.They usually play tennis in the court near their house. caught
2. They tried to steal the painting. steel
3. The building site is huge. cite
4. He had to sew the button on. sow
5. I hope the weather is fine. whether
6. He was a medieval knight. night
7. She has curly hair. hare
8. She gave him a peace of her mind. piece
III. Circle the correct collocation in the following sentences. (2 points)

1. Sorry, I forgot to sweep / tidy the floor.
2. Andrew can sleep in the added / spare room if he’s staying overnight.
3. Andrew, could you make / lay the table for dinner, please?
4. I can’t open this drawer. It’s really hard / stiff.
5. Could you help me to put up / put in some shelves in the kitchen?
6. There was no moon and the stars were flashing / shining brightly.
7. It was difficult to walk in the heavy / high winds.
8. We’ll drive home once the roads are clear / open. I hate driving in heavy traffic.
IV. Write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence. but using the
word in bold given. This word must not be altered in any way. (2 points)
EXAMPLE It's no use arguing. I’ve made up my mind. point

ANSWER There's no point in arguing. I've made up my mind.
95
1. She chooses the kind of hotels she slays in very carefully. fussy
 She is fussy about choosing the kind of hotels.
2. Why aren’t you telling me the truth? Lying
 Why you lying?
3. The truth is that I didn’t understand a word he said. honest
 To be honest, I didn’t understand a word he said.
4. Look after yourself. care
 Take care of yourself.
5. I've installed an alarm to stop thieves stealing my ear. protect
 I've installed an alarm to protect my ear from/against thieves.
6. It annoys me to see so much food being wasted. sick
 I am sick of seeing so much food being wasted.
7. You didn't believe his story, did you? taken
 You were not taken in by his story, were you?
8. I'll look for you at the concert, although l expect it will be very crowded. eyes
 I will keep my eyes peeled for you at the concert, although I expect it will be very crowded.
96
HanoiUniversity of Business and Technology Lexicology
---------------------- Test code: 42
ISLAND IN THE SUN

With its tropical sunshine, clear, blue water and the warm welcome you will receive, this island is hard to
beat as a holiday destination.
The island has something for everyone, but the delightful west coast is the perfect 1. (choose) choice for
people who love water sports, such as water-skiing and windsurfing. For those who prefer a more relaxing
holiday, there are beaches of fine, white sand, facing the calm Caribbean Sea and also an 2. (impress)
impressive selection of restaurants, where the local seafood is 3. (high) highly recommended.
Among the many other 4. (attract) attraction on the island are trips in a submarine - which allow you to
explore the island’s fascinating coral reefs – Caribbean dancing and a jazz festival held 5. (annual)
annually early in January. It is also worth travelling along the wild east coast, where, because it faces the
Atlantic Ocean, the weather is often 6. (storm) stromy. Sadly, this makes the coast rather 7. (suitable)
unsuitable for swimming, in contrast to the calmer beaches on the west coast. Getting round the island is
not difficult, as car and bicycle hire is 8. (easy) easily arranged, and there is an excellent road system,
with a very reliable bus service.
1. He threw the ball to his friend. through
2. It's a waste of time. waist
3. I didn't hear what she said. here
4. They forgot to take their raincoats. there
5. Venison is the meat from a deer. dear
6. Their house is by the sea. see
7. They didn't warn us of the danger. worn
8. They read the poems aloud. allowed
1.Too many people today do / make the journey to work by car.
2. Let me know when you’re leaving and I’ll call / ring you a taxi.
3. Don’t get off / get out of the bus while it is moving.
4. Our cat had / made four kittens last week.
5. The leaves are beginning to go off / fall off the trees.
6. The world’s rainforests are reducing / shrinking rapidly.
7. When I was a student I hired / rented a room in a flat.
8. The house has big rooms with high / tall ceilings.
97
1. He got angry because we all disagreed with him. temper
 He lost his temper because we all disagreed with him.
2. The truth is that there's no easy solution to your problems. frankly
 Frankly, there's no easy solution to your problems.
3. Be careful of thieves if you go to that part of town. watch
 Watch out for thieves if you go to that part of town.
4. She didn’t tell the truth because she didn’t want to say what had real happened. lie
 She lied because she didn’t want to say what had real happened.
5. She is angry and bad-tempered today. mood
 She isn't in a good mood today.
 She is in a bad mood today.
6. He deliberately took £20 more from me than he should have done. cheated
 He cheated 20 pounds from me.
7. Be careful to notice a red door when you arrive - that’s my flat. look
 Look out for a red door when you arrive - that’s my flat.
8. Because I believed her lies, I gave her £ 10. tricked
 She tricked me into giving her 10 pounds.
98
---------------------- Test code: 43
HUBT Testing Center Time allowance: 60 minutes
REMEMBERING YOUR DREAMS

A team of scientist, who have studied the subject of dreams, have come up with some interesting
conclusions. First of all, everybody, without exception, has them. Secondly, dreams can be of practical
value, acting as a reminder of things of 1. (important) importance that we need to do in our waking lives.
If you dream of the punishment you may receive for not handing in your homework punctually, for
example, this may help you to do it on time. Indeed, things we are 2. (anxiety) anxious about in our daily
lives often feature in our dreams.
But it is hard to make sense of your dreams if you lack the 3. (able) ability to remember them in the first
place. One 4. (recommend) recommendation is that you should keep a diary and pen by your bed, so you
can write down your dreams as soon as they occur. You should concentrate on three aspects. Firstly,
record the strongest emotion in your dream, whether it is fear, 5. (angry) anger or whatever. Then write
down anything strange or 6. (usual) unusual that happened and the names of the people who made an 7.
(appear) appearance in your dream. This way, according to the experts, you will have a 8.(rely) reliable
and meaningful dream record, which will make for fascinating reading.
1. This cake was made from wheat flour. flower
2. There is a hole in my tooth. whole
3. You slow a car with the brake. break
4. It's not much farther to go. father
5. The sun is shining brightly today. son
6. He's the heir to the throne. air
7. I like drinking tea after meals. But the tea today is a bit weak. week
8. She is sole heir to her parents’ house. soul
1. There was a heavy drop / fall of snow overnight.
2. The sea was very rough / strong. So I didn’t really enjoy the ferry crossing.
3. I sat on the beach watching the waves breaking / falling on the shore.
4. We can’t understand people who deal with / treat animals badly.
5. My brother’s still a learner / trainee driver, but he’s going to sit his test next month.
6. He has got a clean / clear license. He has never been fined for speeding or any other driving offence.
7. Vietnam is a very popular tourist destination / place for tourists in the world.
8. Is the seat next to you free or is it saved / taken?
99
1. He is never afraid to say what he thinks. mind
 He is never afraid to speak his mind.
2.You're lying. truth
 You don’t tell the truth.
3. You're making a judgement before you’ve heard the facts. conclusions
 You are jumping to conclusions.
4. l made sure that I didn't offend them. careful
 I was careful not to offended them.
5. I choose very carefully who I discuss my private life with. particular
 I was particular about choosing whom I discuss my private life with.
6. Will you take care of the flat while I am away. look
 Will you look after the flat while I am away?
7. To be honest, I couldn’t care less what you think. tell
 To tell the truth, I couldn’t care less what you think.
8. Can we trust her? trustworthy
 Is she trustworthy?
100
---------------------- Test code: 44
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Mechanical Engineering is among the most diversified of the traditional engineering disciplines.
Mechanical engineers design and build machines and devices that 1. (able) enable humans to live and
work in space, in the air, on the ground, and under water. Their machines can extend our physical 2.
(capable) capabilities and improve our health and standard of living. Students acquire an 3. (understand)
understanding of the fundamentals of mechanics and of the thermal energy sciences. They learn to
perform 4. (interact) interactive design tasks using computers and to select appropriate materials for a
specific 5. (apply) application. They also become familiar with the chemical and 6. (electric) electrical
sciences, which are often essential to the total design and 7. (realize) realization of a mechanical system.
We have a small but active group of faculty 8.(research) researchers ,graduate students and
undergraduates who share a passion for Mechanical Engineering.
1. The book is due back at the library in two weeks. dew
2. After standing for an hour in the heat, he fainted. feint
3. No news is good news. know
4. Her children often wear uniforms to school. ware
5. These students are going on to study for higher degrees. hire
6. His father has a wine cellar at the back of his house. seller
7. The ship was moored at the end of the quay. key
8. I keep an extra pair of shoes at my office. pear

1. He’s old and finds it difficult to walk / climb the stairs.
2. My room is on the high / top floor.
3. I can hear my neighbor’s telephone through the slim / thin walls of my flat.
4. I set the alarm for 7am, but for some reason it didn’t go / come off.
5. Have I got time for a quick / short shower before we go out?
6.There’s a heap / pile of dirty dishes in the sink and it’s not my turn to wash them!
7. He got soaking wet in the heavy / strong rain.
8. The low cloud lifted / went up and we were able to see the top of the mountain.
101
1. My honest opinion is that you're wasting your time. frank

 To be frank with you, I think you are wasting your time.
2. The witness can be relied on completely. reliable
 The witness is completely reliable.
3. I put a lot of care and attention into this letter. trouble
 I took a lot of trouble over this letter.
4. Be careful not to hit your head. mind
 Mind your head!
5. Waiting for buses irritates me. nerves
 Waiting for buses gets on my nerves.
6. I don't mind whether we go or not. fussy
 I’m not fussy whether we go or not.
7. She’ll be furious when she finds out what's happened. go
 She will go mad when she finds out what’s happened.
8. I bought it without thinking about it first. spur
 On the spur of the moment, I bought it.
102

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TEST 1

0. misuse use mis

0. misuse use mis

6. distribution 7. section section 8. assessed 9. individual 10. established

6. assessed 7. constantly 8. appropriate 9. commission 10.

1. researching 2. environment 3. analytical 4.available 5. benefits

6. primary 7. 8. consumes 9. designed 10. restrictions

British English words American English words

British English words American English words

British English words American English words

1. consist 2. formula 3. concepts 4. areas area 5. periods

6.maintenance 7. volume 8. sufficient 9. layers 10. location

• A word is a separate meaningful unit, which can be used to form sentences.

Question 2: Circle the correct collocation in the following sentences. (2 points)

1. There is an obvious distinction between the two brothers.

Question 1: What’s morpheme and types of morphemes? Give examples. (2

Question 2: Circle the correct collocation in the following sentences. (2 points)

Question 1: What’s a word and types of words? Give examples. (2 points)

Question 2: Circle the correct collocation in the following sentences. (2 points)

1. There was a heavy (drop / fall) of snow overnight.

fluctuate emergence compulsory takes after diplomatic

finance cultural immune acquire normal extend

die run look set last range

important penalty taking away well-known empowered

1. The gold ring were assessed at $1,000 each.

Question 1: What is lexicology? What is the subject of lexicology? What are

1. The City Council adopted several new regulations.

1. Elwood paid his loan by making an electronic transfer.

Question 1: What are inflectional affixes? Give two examples. (2 points)

0. misuse use Mis

Question1: Besides a ‘common core’ vocabulary, a number of specialist

1. After hours of thinking, she arrived at a conclusion.

British English words American English words

1. These notes consist entirely of unimportant details.

1. I text message(s) him to say we were waiting in the pub.

2. It’s been a great pleasure meeting you. I hope we meet again

8. Marriage is a lifelong commitment for whom are in love to each other.

1. Throughout this time, he stuck to his p r i n c i p l e ( s ) and spoke out

Stem class  Noun  Verb  Adjective  adverb

Question 1: What are the distinguishes of polysemy and homonymy? Give

1. They agreed that an independent chairman should be appointed to the broad.

NEW WATERPROOF CLOTHING

III. Circle the correct collocation in the following sentences. (2 points)

EXAMPLE It's no use arguing. I’ve made up my mind. point

ISLAND IN THE SUN

REMEMBERING YOUR DREAMS

III. Circle the correct collocation in the following sentences. (2 points)

1. My honest opinion is that you're wasting your time. frank

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