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The Effect of the Licker-in Speed on Fibre Properties on

Modern Carding Machines with a Triple Licker-in

Article  in  The Journal of The Textile Institute · January 2003

DOI: 10.1080/00405000308630605

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The Effect of the Licker-in Speed

on Fibre Properties on Modern
Carding Machines with a Triple
Licker-in
a a b
F. Göktepe , Ö. Göktepe & T. Süleymanov
a
Textile Engineering Department, University of
Süleyman Demirel, Isparta, Turkey
b
Matesa Textile Co., Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
Published online: 30 Mar 2009.

To cite this article: F. Gktepe , . Gktepe & T. Sleymanov (2003) The Effect of the Licker-in
Speed on Fibre Properties on Modern Carding Machines with a Triple Licker-in, Journal of
The Textile Institute, 94:3-4, 166-176, DOI: 10.1080/00405000308630605

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000308630605

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The Eflfect of the Licker-in Speed on Fibre
Properties on Modern Carding
Machines with a Triple Licker-in .
F. Goktepe, 6. Goktepe, and T. Suleymanov*
Textile Engineering Department, University of SUleyman Demirel,
Isparta, Turkey
*Matesa Textile Co.. Kahramanmara§, Turkey

Received 3.8,2001 Accepted far publication 3.6.2003

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In this study, the effect of the licker-in speed of a modern card with triple licker-in on the flhre
properties of card slivtr was investigated. The change in fihre properties of the card waste
taken hy a waste collector at various sections of the card under different licker-in speeds was
also analysed.
There is more fihre damage at a higher ticker-in speed according to the Uster HV1 test
results. The same trend was observed in the tests carried out on the Uster AFIS. Similarly,
there was more reduction in flhre strength and an increase in short-fihre content when a
higher licker-in speed was used. Interestingly, thefihre-breaking-elongationvalue seems not
to be affected adversely but improved at a higher licker-in speed. On the other hand, there is
no significant difference in nep size and nep count, hut the amount of trash, dust, and foreign
material was higher when a higher licker-in speed was applied. The waste fibres had higher
elongation values at a higher licker-in speed except for the waste taken from the licker-in
zone. Another interesting point is that the fibres in the waste taken from the back part of the
cylinder were longer and stronger at a lower licker-in speed.
i •

1. INTRODUCTION
As is well known, carding machines are the heart of a spinning mill. Today, the pro-
duction capacity of carding machines has increased significantly, and this improvement
has forced the manufacturers to make changes in card designs; For example, triple
lickers-in have been used to open the fibre tufts effectively and compensate for the
increase in production speed by some manufacturers.
Carding machines are high-speed machines. As Grover and Wiggins (1965) stated
much earlier, it takes less than 0.25 s for a Hbre tuft on the feed roller to reach die doffer.
On today's modem cards, this time is much shorter.
There are various critical factors on a carding machine affecting card-web quality.
Niitsu et al. (1964) reported that the total number of fibre tuftlets decreased as the
distance between the feed roller and licker-in was reduced, the licker-in speed increased,
and the feeding rate decreased. Mills (1997) recently claimed that the optimum number
of fibres per tooth was one for high-speed carding machines and this should be
maintained if the speed had to be increased by increasing the licker-in speed. However, a
high licker-in speed may damage the fibres (Lawrence et al., 2000). Honold and Brown
(1967) reported that there was no damage up to 600 r/min. Krylov (1962) had earlier
indicated that there was no damage even up to 1380 r/min. On the other hand,
Artzt (1985) indicated that the licker-in speed had no significant effect on fibre damage

166 J. Text. Inst.. 2003. 94 Part I. Nas 3/4 © Textile Institute

The Effect of the Licker-in Speed on Fibre Properties on Modern Carding Machines

and therefore on yam tenacity. All these authors claimed that fibre damage mostly
depended on the production rate and the distance between the feed roller and licker-in
rather than the licker-in speed.
Tandem cards have been known to give better carding with low nep and trash levels in
the web. On the other hand, Leifeld (1995) reported that a triple-licker-in system with
high speed of a single card feeds a uniform web of discrete fibres to the cylinder, so this
type of card is more cost-effective than tandem cards. Interestingly. Mills (1997)
indicated that fibre material fed to the card should not be as individual fibres because this
can cause fibre loss during their transfer to the cylinder and results in an uneven fibre
mass across the cylinder width, leading to neps and disturbing the carding action between
the cylinder and revolving flats. The main point is therefore to transfer a thin and uniform
fibrous mass to the cylinder from the licker-in. It was reported that there was better
opening and that both the degree of fibre parallelism and the nep level in a card web
decreased as the licker-in speed increased (Fujino and Itani. 1962). This was attributed to
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the reduced speed ratio of the cylinder and the licker-in. Artzt (1985) indicated that a
decrease in the licker-in/cyUnder draft ratio from 2.4 to 1.4 gave higher yam-imperfection
values. Contradicting this, Harrison and Bargeron (1986) reported that increasing the
licker-in speed did not affect the nep level in card web except for low-micronaire cottons.
Dehghani et al. (2000) reported that fibres were in both individual and tuftlet forms at the
taker-in stage and hence showed a high degree of How variation. Rimmer and Iype (2001)
showed that the yams produced by tandem cards had the lowest irregularity while yams
obtained from a triple-licker-in card had lower hairiness and imperfection than those from
the single-licker-in card. However, a triple licker-in was not very effective in removing
neps according to their findings.
All these studies either had quite contradictory views or had been carried out on cards
that can be considered as out of date today. In this study, we therefore aimed to
investigate the effect of the licker-in speed on fibre properties in both card sliver and card
waste on a modem card.

2. MATERIALS AND METHOD

We carried out our trials on a triple-licker-in carding machine (Trutzschler, Model DK
803) on a combed-yam line. The licker-in speeds applied in this work were the common
speeds used in cotton-spinning mills having this type of carding machine. On the card, the
speeds of the triple licker-in were changed by two motor-belt pulleys using a diameter of
either 120 or 112 mm, which gave a speed difference of about 7% (Table I).
Tbe change in fibre properties from the bale to the card feed was first investigated. The
samples were therefore taken from bales, Axi-Flow, CVT3-feed. CVT3-exit, and card
feed, respectively, and then tested on both Uster HVI and APIS testers.

Table 1
Licker-in Speeds Used
Diameter of Motor-belt Speed (r/min)
120 112
Licker-in Speeds Used ^^~~~~~~~~~-~..^
One 2047 1911
Two 1554 1450
Three 994 928

J Text. inst.. 2003. 94 Fart I Nos 3/4 © Textile hmiliile

Goktepe. Giiktepe, and SUleymanov

#00
I - Feed roller 4 - Flats
2a&2b-2.&3. Licker-in 5-Cylinder front
3 - Cylinder back 6ii&6b - Doffer and front roller
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Fig. t The six separate points of the waste fibre collected on the card

Card-sliver samples produced at two different licker-in speeds were then taken and
tested. The same carding machine was used during the analysis to eliminate the possible
variations between the cards in the mill.
Another important point investigated in this work was the effect of licker-in speed on
the waste fibre collected from the card. For this purpose, a waste collector (Wasteomat)
with six separate chambers was connected to six different points of the card (Fig. 1). The
properties of the waste fibre collected were then tested.

3, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 The Changes in Fibre Properties from Bale to Card Feed
The changes in fibre properties from the bale to the card feed and the changes in fibre
properties after carding at two different licker-in speeds are illustrated in Figures 2-10.
The error bars denote tbe standard error of the averages of the measured values.

Licker-in Motor Bell Pulley <l>120

30 5 -
Lickcr-in Molor Beir Pulley <I> 113

30.0 - Same production line

until card
29.5-

29.0-

28.5-

28.0-

27.5-

Bale Axi-Row CVT3-feed CVT3-exit Card-feed Card-sliver

Processes From Bale to Carding

Fig. 2 The change in fibre length (UHML) firora the bale Ki the card exit

168 / Text. Inst.. 2003. 94 Part I, Nos 3/4 © Textile Institute

The Effect of the Licker-in Speed on Fibre Properties on Modem Carding Machines

32 T

—*— Licker-in motor belt pulley <i> 120

31 - IJcker-in motor belt pulley <[>112

Same production line

30- until card

29-

g 28 ^

27-
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26 1 1 1 ! 1
Bale Axi-How CVT3-feed CVT3-exit Card-feed Card-sUver
Processes from Bale to Carding

Fig. 3 The change in fibre tenacity from the bale to the card exit

From the bale to Axi-flow, the average fihre length, uniformity index, and strength
values decreased whereas the fihre elongation and short-fibre content increased as
expected. A reduction in fibre length, uniformity, and strength was observed again in a
three-roller cleaner (CVT-3), whereas the nep size and nep count increased significantly.
The CVT-3 thus has an adverse effect on almost all fibre properties.

86- Licker-in motor belt pulley O120

Licker-in motor belt pulley <I>I 12
85-

84- Same production line

until card

83-

81-

80
Bale Ani-Row CVT3-feed CVT3 -exit Card-feed Card-sliver
Processes from Bale to Carding

Fig. 4 The change in the uniformity index of fibre length from the bale to the card exit

J, Text. Inst.. 2003. 94 Part I. Nos 3/4 © Textile Institute 169

Goktepe, Goktepe, and SUleymanov

8.1 -

8.0-

7.9 -
Same production line
until card
7.8 -

7.7

7.6 -

7.5 -
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—A— Licker-in motor bell pulley <I>I2O

.--••.- Li;;|ter-in motor hell pulley <X>\M
7,4 -

Bale Axi-Row CVT3-feed CVT3-exit Card-feed Card-sliver

Processes from Bale to Carding

Fig. 5 The change in fibre breaking elongation from the bale to the card exit

3.2 The Effect of Different Licker-ln Speeds on Fibre Properties

There is more reduction in fibre length at a higher licker-in speed (Fig. 2). Similarly, Fig. 3
shows that there is a high amount of fibre-strength loss at a higher licker-in speed. This
result contradicts the claim of Artzt (1985) that the licker-in speed has no effect on fibre
damage. However, we did not observe any difference in uniformity-index values (Fig. 4).
The interesting point, on the other hand, is the higher elongation values observed when

12 n

11 -

10-

9-

Same production line

until card

-•—Licker-in motor belt pulley Cil20

7- • A--- Lifker-in motor bell pulley <I>112

Bale Axi-FIow CVT3-feed CVT3-exit Card-feed Card sliver

Processes from Bale to Carding

Fig. 6 The change in short-fibre content (SPC) from the bale to the card exit

170 J. Text. Inst.. 2003. 94 Part I, Nos 3/4 © Textile Institute

The Effect of the Licker-in Speed on Fibre Properties on Modem Carding Machines

840
—• — Licker-in motor belt pulley 0120
820 —A—Licker-in motor bell pulley <PH2

800

780
Same production line
until card

740

720

700
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680
r 1 1 1
Bale Axi-How CVT3-feed CVT3-exit Card-feed Card sliver

Processes from Bale to Carding

Fig. 7 The
change in nep size from the bale to the card exit

a higher licker-in speed was applied (Fig. 5). This result can be explained by the transfer
mechanism of the fibre mass from the licker-in zone to the cylinder. The reduced speed
ratio of the cylinder to the third licker-in at a higher licker-in speed may reduce the
tension draft on fibres during their transfer, resulting in a more gentle stripping action.
Hence less plastic deformation of fibres seems to occur during such a transfer. However,
no experimental work has been published specifically involving the effect on fibre
properties of fibrous-material transfer from the licker-in to the cylinder. Short-fibre
content, on the other hand, was higher at a higher licker-in speed (Fig. 6). Generally,

• Licker-in motor belt pulley <I»120 ,,Same production line

250- •Licker-in motor bell pulley <I>I 12 until card

200-

150-

100 H

50-

1 1 1 r r -1
Bale Axi-Flow CVT3-feed CVT3-cxit Card-teed Card sliver
Processes from Bale to Carding

Fig. 8 The change in nep count trom the bale to the card exit

/. Text. Inst., 2003. 94 Fart I. Nos 3/4 © Textile Institute 17]

Cdktepe. Goktepe. and SUteytnanov

Licker-in motor belt pulley <I>120

Licker-in motor belt pulley Ol 12
500-

400- Same production line

until card

300-

200-

KK)-
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Bale Axi-Flow CVT3-feed CVT3-e3ut Card-feed Card sliver

Processes from Bale to Carding

Ftg. 9 The change in the amount of dust, trash, and foreign material tk>m the bale to the card exit

spinning mills run the lickers-in more aggressively than they should do, so causing more
damage to the fibres, although it is known that the increase in short-fibre content after
carding should not be more than 2% (McCreight. 1997). The test results indicate that
there is more damage than the advised level at a higher licker-in speed.
However, there is no significant difference between the nep size and nep count at two
different licker-in speeds {Figures 7 and 8). which is simitar to the findings of Harrison
and Bargeron (1986). Interestingly, the total amount of trash, dust, and foreign material
seemed to be increased when a higher speed was applied (Fig. 9). Similarly, the mean
size of the trash, dust, and foreign material was greater (Fig. 10) at a higher speed. This
result indicates that a higher licker-in speed may have a negative etfect on fibre-cleaning.

340-1
Licker-in Motor Bell Pulley <t>] 20
t maleri

Licker-in MoHir Bell Piillev Ol 12

320

300
ti.dust and

280

260

240
1 _L Same production line
220 until card

I 200

180
Bale Axi-Row CVT3-feed CVT3-exit Card-feed Card sliver
Processes from Bale to Carding

Fig. 10 The change in the mean size of dust, trash, and foreign material from ihe bale to ihe card exit

172 J. Text. Inst.. 2003. 94 Pan I. Nos 3/4 © Texiile Institute

The Effect of the Licker-in Speed on Fibre Properties on Modem Carding Machines

25-
I t
24-
I I
23- I
22- I
21- I A O120
• O112
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Feed RoUer 2.and 3, Cybnder Back Flats Cylinder Front

Licker-in
Points on carding machine where the waste was collected
Fig- The fibre-length values of the waste collected at different points on the card

This contradicts the general view assuming that higher licker-in speeds lead to better
cleaning of the fibrous material. This difference is perhaps because of the triple-licker-in
design used in this work.

3.3 The Change in Fibre Properties of the Waste

The waste-fibre properties taken from six different sections of the card by a waste
collector were analysed (Figures 11-15). A typical amount of waste collected during a
10-min working is given in Table II. The amount of waste fibre taken from the doffer side
was quite small, so the waste of this part could not be analysed for its fibre properties.
When the properties of waste fibre taken from five other different sections are analysed,
the difference in fibre-elongation values seems to be quite interesting. Elongation values

76- I

74-
I •

70-

68-

66-

64- 1 1 1 ' T T
Feed Roller 2. and 3. Cylinder Back Flats Cylinder Fronl
Lickcr-in
The points on carding machine where the waste was collected

Fig. 12 Uniformity-index values of the waste collected at different points on the card

J. Text. Inst. 2003, 94 Part I. Nos 3/4 © Textile Institute 173

Gdktepe, Goktepe, and Siileymanov

26-,
* 4>120

24-

23-

22- I
21-

20-
I
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Feed Roller 2.and 3. Cylinder Back Flats Cylinder Front

Licker-in
Points on carding tnachine where the waste was collected
Fig. 13 The tenacity of the waste fibre collected at difFerent points on the card

of the waste fibres collected from the second and third lickers-in are lower when the
lickers-in are running faster. However, the fibre elongation of the waste fibres collected
from the cylinder front is higher at a higher licker-in speed, in a similar manner to the
comment made earlier for card sliver, this point can be explained by the reduced speed
ratio of cylinder/licker-in at a higher hcker-in speed, therefore resulting in less tension
draft on the fibres. Tbe elongation of both fibres in the card web and waste taken from the
cylinder front is thus higher at a higher licker-in speed. This finding indicates that the
transfer from the licker-in to the cylinder or the ratio of cylinder/licker-in speed is a
critical factor for fibre elongation. Hence, for the cases when the fibre elongation is more
important than the other fibre parameters, higher licker-in speeds may be preferred.
Another interesting point is that there are longer and stronger fibres in the waste taken
from the cyhnder back when triple lickers-in are running more slowly. The reason for this

7.8-]
1.1'
^ 7.6-
^ 7.5-
7.4-
•D
7.3-
7.2^
U
^ 7.1-
I 7.0-
CO 6 . 9 -
I 6.8-
'^ 6.7-
I
6.6-
6.5-
Feed Roller 2. and 3. Cylinder Back Flats Cylinder Front
Licker-in
Points on carding machine where the waste was collected

Fig. 14 Elongation values of the waste fibre collected at different points on the caid

174 J. Text, ln.n.. 2003. 94 Part 1. Nos 3/4 © Textile Institute

The Effect of the Licker-in Speed on Fihre Properties on Modem Carding Machines

Feed Roller 2. and 3. Cylinder Flats Cylinder

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Licker-in Back Front

The points on carding machine where waste was taken

Fig. 15 The short-fibre content of the waste collected at different points on the card

Table II
The Amount or Waste Fibre Taken from Various Sections of the Card
Diameter of Motor-belt Amount (g)
Pulley (mm)
120 112
Sections of the Card
Feed roller 32 01 25.59
2nd - 3rd Licker-in 10923 81.17
Cylinder back 30,85 32.28
Flats 98.25 104.25
Cylinder front 85,63 87.90
Dofter 1,03 0.6
Total waste % 4.56 4.22

may again be the higher speed ratio of the cylinder to the licker-in. In this case, some
good fibres cannot be transferred to the cylinder adequately and are lost as waste fibre
instead.

4. CONCLUSIONS
We investigated the effect of the different licker-in speeds of a carding machine with a
triple licker-in (TrUtzschler, DK 803) on fibre properties. Tbe speed changes were
achieved by two motor-belt pulleys giving a 7% speed difference. The change in fibre
properties from the bale to the card feed was analysed first. The infiuence of two different
licker-in speeds on the fibre properties of card sliver was then discussed in relation to the
tests carried out on Uster HVi and AHS.
There was more reduction in fibre length at a higher ticker-in speed, i.e. fibres were
damaged more. Tbe same trend was confirmed by the tests on APIS. Similarly, there was
more reduction in fibre strength and an increase in short-fibre content when a higher
licker-in speed was applied. Interestingly, tbe fibre-breaking-elongation value was higher
at a higher speed. This behaviour can be attributed to tbe decreased speed ratio of the
cylinder/licker-in at a higber licker-in speed. On tbe other hand, there was no significant
difference in nep size and nep count at two difFerent speeds, whereas the amount of total
trasii, dust, and foreign material was higher at a higher licker-in speed.

/ Text. Inst.. 2003. 94 Part I Nos 3/4 © Textile Institute 175

Goktepe, Goktepe. and SUleymanov

We also investigated tbe change in fibre properties collected as waste from the various
sections of the card by applying two different licker-in speeds. The waste fibres taken
from the cylinder front had higher elongation at a higher speed. This also confirms that
both the fibre elongation in the card sliver and the waste taken from the cylinder had
higher elongation potential as the speed ratio of cylinder/licker-in was decreased. This
point indicates that the speed ratio of cylinder/licker-in has a critical effect on the fibre-
breaking-elongation value and therefore needs to be investigated further. Another
interesting point is that there are longer and stronger fibres in the waste taken from the
cylinder back at a lower licker-in speed.
As a result, a higher licker-in speed may be preferred if the priority is the fibre
elongations provided that the cylinder speed remains the same. However, if the fibre
length, strength, and cleanliness are the first consideration, lower licker-in speeds may
give better results.
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However, it should be noted that the speed change of the triple licker-in was achieved
by two motor pulleys in this work, resulting in a speed difference of 7%. Although the
difference in the results at two different speeds mentioned above was significant, it would
be better to carry out further work with a wider range of speed changes to strengthen the
arguments put forward by this work.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wisb to express our sincere thanks to Matesa Textile Company (Kahramanmaras,
Turkey) and Basak Yam Spinnitig Co. (Kayseri, Turkey) for enabling us to use their
processing and testing facilities.

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