Engineering Mechanics

Statics Dynamics

Kinematics Kinetics

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⦁ Dynamics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion
of bodies under the action of forces.
⦁ It can be classified into two:
a) Kinematics
b) Kinetics

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a) Kinematics:
🞄 It deals with the study of motion of a body without considering
the forces causing the motion.
🞄 It deals with the relationship between displacement, velocity and
acceleration, and there variation with time.

b) Kinetics:
🞄 It deals with the study of motion of a body with consideration
for the forces causing the motion
🞄 It relates the force and the acceleration by the laws of motion

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⦁ A body is said to be in motion if its changing its position
with respect to a reference point

⦁ Types of Motion:
1. Translation: a) Rectilinear b)Curvilinear
2. Rotation
3. General Plane Motion – (Translation + Rotation)

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Types of Motion

Translation Rotation General Plane

Motion

Rectilinear Curvilinear

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1) Translation:
🞄 If a straight line drawn on the moving body remains parallel to
its original position at any time, then translation motion (all the
particles in the body move in parallel paths)

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1) Translation:
🞄 Its of two types:
a) Rectilinear Motion – the path followed by a particle is a
straight line (E.g. A car moving on a straight road)
b) Curvilinear Motion – the path followed by a particle is a curve
(E.g. A car moving on a curved road)

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2) Rotation:
🞄 If all the particles of a rigid body move in a concentric circle or the
body rotates about an axis, then rotation motion
🞄 E.g. Rotation of Earth, Motion of pulley, fan, motor, turbine etc.

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3) General Plane Motion:
🞄 It is a combination of both translation and rotation.
🞄 E.g. points on wheel of a moving car, a cylinder rolling down an
inclined plane etc.

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⦁ When a particle moves along a straight line, the motion is called
Rectilinear Motion
⦁ E.g. A ball thrown vertically upwards, A car travelling on a straight
road etc.

⦁ Kinematics of rectilinear motion of a particle is characterized by

specifying its displacement, velocity and acceleration.

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⦁ Displacement (s) is the change in position of a particle with respect
to certain fixed reference point.

⦁ Velocity (v) is the rate of change of displacement.

v = ds/dt
⦁ Acceleration (a) is the rate of change of velocity.
a = dv/dt =d2s/dt2 = v.dv/ds
⦁ Motion with uniform velocity: Body covers equal displacements in
equal intervals of time (i.e. velocity, v = constant or acceleration,a = 0
and Distance covered, s=vt)
⦁ Motion with uniform acceleration : Change in velocities are equal in
equal intervals of time (i.e. acceleration = constant)
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i. Motion with Uniform Acceleration:
v = u + at
s = ut + ½ at2
v2 = u2 + 2as
where u = initial velocity

v = final velocity

a = acceleration

t = time of travel

s = distance covered or displacement

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1. A body moves with an initial velocity of 4 m/s and at a uniform
acceleration of 3 m/s2. Find the distance covered in 5 seconds.
Given:
Initial velocity, u = 4m/s;
Acceleration, a=3m/s2;
Time, t= 5s
Distance covered, s = ut + ½ at2
Hence, Distance covered, s = (4x5) + (½ x 3x52) = 57.5m

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2. The initial velocity of a body moving with a deceleration of 2m/s2 is
88m/s. Find the interval of time in which the body will come to rest
and the distance covered during that interval.

Given:
Initial velocity, u = 88m/s
Acceleration, a = -2m/s2
Final velocity, v = 0

v = u + at
0 = 88 -2t
Hence, time in which body comes to rest, t = 44s
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v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = 882 + 2x -2 s
Hence, distance covered during that interval, s =1936m

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3. The speed of a truck moving at a constant speed of 30 m/s is
reduced to 20 m/s in a distance of 200 m. Determine (i) the
acceleration assuming it to be constant, and (ii) the time taken.
Also, determine the distance in which the truck can be brought to a
stop with the acceleration calculated in part (i).

Given:
Initial velocity, u = 30m/s
Final velocity, v = 20m/s
Distance covered, s = 200m

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i. Constant Acceleration:
v2 = u2 + 2as
202 = 302+2ax200
Hence acceleration, a = -1.25m/s2
The negative sign indicates that the truck is under deceleration.
ii.Time taken to reduce the speed from 30 m/s to 20 m/s: v

= u + at

20 = 30-1.25t
Hence time taken to reduce the speed from 30m/s to 20m/s, t = 8s

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iii. Distance travelled before the truck can be brought to a stop:
For the remaining part of the motion, we consider,
u = 20m/s; v = 0; a = -1.25m/s2
v2 = u2 + 2as
0 = 202+2(-1.25)s
Hence the distance travelled before the truck can be brought to a
stop, s = 160m

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4. In a car race, the car A starts and accelerates at a constant rate of
3 m/s2. Car B starts 2 seconds later but accelerates at a constant
rate of 4.6 m/s2. Determine (a) when and where the car B will
overtake A, and (b) speed of the two cars at that instant.

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Given:
Acceleration of car A, aA = 3m/s2
Acceleration of car B, aB = 4.6m/s2
a) When and where the car B will overtake A
Let t s be the time taken for car A from the start to when car B overtakes
it. Then the time taken by car B to reach the overtaking point is (t-2) s.
Distance covered, s = ut + ½ at2

Equation of motion of car A,

sA = (0xt) + ½ aAt2
sA = ½ aAt2 (1)
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Equation of motion of car B,
sB = [0x(t-2)] + ½ aB(t-2)2
sB = ½ aB(t-2)2 (2)
At the instant, that the car B overtakes the car A, the distance travelled
by the two cars will be equal s = sA = sB . Hence, equating the two
equations (1) and (2),
½ aAt2 = ½ aB(t-2)2
½ 3t2 = ½ 4.6(t-2)2
Solving, t = 10.39s

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Hence the time for overtaking, t =10.39s
Distance covered, s = ½ aAt2 = ½ (3) (10.39)2 = 161.93m
b) Speeds of the two cars at that instant

v = u + at

Velocity of carA, vA = 0 + aAt = (3 x 10.39) = 31.17m/s

Velocity of car B, vB = 0 + aB(t-2) = 4.6 x (10.39-2) = 38.59m/s

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1. A man standing at a bus stand sees that a bus just leaves when he is
about 20 m from the bus. If the bus accelerates at a constant rate of
1 m/s2 then determine the acceleration with which the man must
run to catch the bus within a distance of 30 m. Also, determine the
speeds of the bus and the man at that instant.

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2. At the intersection, when the traffic signal turns green, a car starts
with a constant acceleration of 3 m/s2. At the same instant, a bus
travelling in the adjacent lane crosses the signal overtaking the car
at a uniform speed of 36 kmph. Determine when and where the car
will overtake the bus. Also, determine the speed of the car at that
instant.

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ii. Vertical Motion under gravity:

Freely falling body or

Body thrown downwards

Take a = g
Towe

Towe
Take a = -g
r

r
Body thrown upwards

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ii. Vertical Motion under gravity:
v = u + at
s = ut + ½ at2

v2 = u2 + 2as

⦁ For downward motion, take a = g

⦁ For upward motion, take a = -g
where g = acceleration due to gravity= 9.81m/s2

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ii. Vertical Motion under gravity:
Note:
🞄 If a body starts from rest, then u = 0
🞄 In the case of a body dropped freely from rest, then u = 0.
🞄 If a body comes to rest, then v = 0
🞄 In the case of bodies thrown upward, velocity v at the highest point
= 0; time of ascent = time of descent;

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1. A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the ground with an initial
velocity of 20 m/s. Determine (i) the maximum height reached by
the ball, (ii) the time taken to reach the maximum height, and (iii)
the total time of flight.

Given:
hmax
Initial velocity, u = 20m/s
Upon reaching the maximum height(hmax), the final velocity, v = 0
For upward motion, s = hmax; a = -g

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i. Maximum height reached by the ball:
v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 = u2 + (2x-g x hmax)

0 = 202+(2x-9.81x hmax)

Hence Maximum height reached by the ball, hmax = 20.39m

ii.Time taken to reach the maximum height:

v=u + at

v = u +(–g)t
0 = 20-9.81t
Hence time taken to reach the maximum height, t = 2.04s 36
iii. Total time of flight :
The time of ascent is equal to the time of descent.
Hence, the total time of flight,
T = 2 x´ time taken to reach the maximum height = 2 x 2.04 =4.08 s

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2. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower, 60m high. At the same
time another stone is thrown upwards from the foot of the tower
with a velocity of 30m/s. When and where the two stones cross each

other?
Given:
h
Height of tower = 60m 1 2

Towe
60m
Initial velocity of first stone, u1 = 0

r
60-h
Initial velocity of second stone, u2 = 30m/s

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Let the two stones cross each other at a height h from the top of the
tower after t seconds.
Then, for the first stone, u1 = 0; s = h; a = g
h
For the second stone, u2= 30m/s; s = 60-h; a = -g
1 2

Towe
We know, s = ut + ½ at2 60m

r
Equation of motion for the first stone 60-h

h= u1t + ½ gt2 =0xt+ ½gt2 = ½gt2 ( 1)

Equation of motion for the second stone,
60-h= u2t + ½( -g)t2 = 30t -½gt2 (2)

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Adding equations (1) & (2),
h
We get 60= 30t
1 2
Solving t = 2s

Towe
60m
Substituting the value of t in equation (1)

r
60-h

h = ½gt2 = (½x 9.81x 22)

h = 19.62m

Therefore the two stones cross each other at a height of 19.62m from
the top of the tower after a time interval of 2seconds.

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3. A stone is dropped into a well and the splash is heard after 3s. If the
speed of sound in air is 340 m/s, determine the depth of the well.
Given: Stone Sound
t1 t2
Total time taken = 3s h
u=0 vs=340m/s
Speed of sound in air, vs=340m/s
Let h be the depth of well, t1 be the time taken by the stone to strike the
water and t2 be the time taken by the sound to reach the top of well.

Then total time taken = t1+t2 = 3s

t2 = 3-t1

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We know, s = ut + ½ at2
Stone Sound
For stone, u = 0; a = g; s = h; t = t1
Equation of motion of stone is, t1 t2
h
u=0 vs=340m/s
h = (0xt1)+(½ gt1 )
2
h=½ gt 2 (1)
1

For sound, vs= 340m/s(constant); s = h; t = t2

For constant velocity motion, s = vt
Equation of motion of sound is,
h = (vst2) = (340t2) (2)
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Equating the equations (1) & (2), ½ gt1 = 340t2
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Substituting for t2,
2
½ gt1 = 340(3-t1)
2
4.905t1 + 340t1 -1020 = 0
Solving the quadratic equation and disregarding the negative value
of t1, we have t1 = 2.88 s
Therefore, t2 = 3 – t1 = 3-2.88 = 0.12s
The depth of the well is given by substituting the value of t2 in the
equation (2)

Depth of well, h = 340t2 = (340x0.12) = 40.8 m

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iii. Motion with Variable Acceleration:
🞄 The equations derived for uniformly accelerated motion are not
applicable to motion with variable acceleration.
🞄 In this case, displacement, velocity and acceleration are
functions of time.

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iii. Motion with Variable Acceleration:
🞄 The four quantities – displacement, velocity, acceleration and time
are related as

v = ʃadt

s = ʃvdt

🞄 When one or more of the above quantities are specified, the others
can be obtained by the process of differentiation or integration,
using the above relationships.

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1. The motion of a particle along a straight line is defined as
s = 25t+5t2-2t3, where s is in metres and t is in seconds. Find (i) the
velocity and acceleration at the start; (ii) the time particle reaches
maximum velocity and (iii) the maximum velocity of the particle

Given:
Displacement, s = 25t+5t2-2t3
Hence,
Velocity, v = (ds/dt)= 25+10t-6t2
Acceleration, a = (dv/dt) = 10-12t

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(i) Velocity and acceleration at the start:
At the start, t = 0
Velocity, v = 25+(10x0)-(6x0)= 25 m/s

Acceleration, a = 10 – (12x0) = 10 m/s2

(ii) Time particle reaches maximum velocity :

At the maximum velocity, (dv/dt) = 0, i.e, a = 0

0 = 10 – 12t

Time, t = 0.83s

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(iii) Maximum velocity of the particle :
The maximum velocity is at t = 0.83s
Therefore, vmax = 25+10t – 6t2

vmax = 25 + (10x0.83) –(6x 0.832) = 29.17m/s

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2. The displacement of a particle is given by s = t3 -3t2 + 2t+5. Find the
time at which the acceleration is zero and the time at which the
velocity is 2m/s. (H.W)

Given:
Displacement, s = t3 -3t2 + 2t+5
Hence,
Velocity, v = (ds/dt)= 3t2 -6t+ 2
Acceleration, a = (dv/dt) = 6t -6

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i. Time at which acceleration is zero:
a = 6t -6 = 0
t = 1s
ii. Time at which velocity is 2m/s:
v = 3t2 -6t+ 2 = 2
3t2 -6t+ 2 – 2 =0
3t2 = 6t
t = 2s

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3. A point is moving in a straight line with acceleration given by
a = 15t -20. It passes through a reference point at t = 0 and another
point 30m away after an interval of 5 seconds. Calculate the
displacement, velocity and acceleration of the point after a further
interval of 5 seconds.

Given:
Acceleration, a = 15t -20
At t =0, s = 0;
At t = 5s, s = 30m

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Acceleration, a = 15t -20
Velocity, v = ʃadt = (15t2/2) -20t + c1 = 7.5t2 -20t + c1
Displacement, s =ʃvdt = (7.5t3/3) –(20t2/2) + c1t + c2 = 2.5t3 –10t2+ c1t + c2

At t = 0, s = 0,

0 = 0 -0 +0 + c2
Therefore, c2 = 0
At t = 5s, s = 30m,
30 = (2.5x 53) – (10x52) + (c1x5) + 0
30 = 312.5 – 250 + 5c1

Therefore, c1 = -6.5
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Displacement, velocity and acceleration at the end of 10s:
Displacement, s = 2.5t3 –10t2+ c1t + c2
= (2.5x 103) – (10 x 102) + (-6.5 x 10) + 0
s = 1435m
Velocity, v = 7.5t2 -20t + c1
= (7.5 x 102) – (20 x 10) + (-6.5)
v = 543.5 m/s
Acceleration, a = 15t -20
= (15 x 10) -20
a = 130 m/s2
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⦁ Kinetics is the study of the relation existing between the forces acting
on the body, the mass of the body and the motion of the body.

⦁ 3 types of problems:

1. Motion on horizontal plane

2. Motion on inclined plane
3. Motion of connected bodies
⦁ 3 general approaches:
1.Direct application of Newton’s second law (F = ma)
2. Use of work – energy principles
3. Solution by impulse-momentum equation
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⦁ Equation of motion in kinetics relates force, mass and acceleration.
⦁ According to Newton’s second law, the rate of change of momentum
of an object is directly proportional to the force applied and the
motion takes place in the direction in which the force acts. Thus the
force (F) is equal to the product of mass(m) and acceleration (a).

F = ma
⦁ When a system of forces act on a body, the resultant force or net
force is equal to the product of mass (m) and acceleration (a) in the
direction of the resultant force.

Resultant force or Net force = ma

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1. A block weighing 1000N rest on a horizontal plane. Find the
magnitude of the force required to give the block an acceleration of
2.5m/s2 to the right. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the
block and the plane is 0.25

Given:
Weight of the block, W= 1000N

Acceleration, a=2.5m/s2

Coefficient of kinetic friction, µ = 0.25

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Since there is no motion in the vertical direction,
Net force in the vertical direction = 0
RN – W = 0
RN = W = 1000N Free Body Diagram of Block
Since there is motion in the horizontal direction,
Net force in the horizontal direction = mass x acceleration
F - µRN = ma
F - µW = (W/g)a
F – (0.25x1000) = (1000/9.81) x 2.5
Hence the force required, F = 504.84N

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1. A body of mass 50kg slides down a rough inclined plane whose
inclination to the horizontal is 30˚. If the coefficient of friction
between the plane and the body is 0.4, determine the acceleration of
the body.

Given:
Mass of the body, m= 50kg

Inclination to the horizontal, α = 30˚

Coefficient of friction between the plane and the body , µ = 0.4

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Free Body Diagram of Body

Since there is no motion normal to the inclined plane,

Net force perpendicular to the inclined plane = 0
RN – Wcosα = 0

RN = Wcosα

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Since there is motion along the inclined plane,
Net force along the inclined plane = mass x acceleration
Wsinα - µRN = ma
Wsinα - µWcosα = (W/g)a
W(sinα - µcosα)= (W/g)a
sinα - µcosα= a/g

sin30 – (0.4cos30)= (a / 9.81)

Free Body Diagram of Body
Hence acceleration of the body, a = 1.51m/s2
Note: Take force in the direction of motion as positive and force
opposite to the direction of motion as negative

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2. Two blocks A and B of weights 250N and 500N respectively are
held stationary 10m apart on a 20˚ inclined plane. The coefficient of
friction between the plane and block A is 0.3 while it is 0.2 between
the plane and the block B. If the blocks are released simultaneously,
calculate a) the acceleration of block A and block B, b) the time
taken and distance travelled by each block before they are at the
verge of collision.

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Given:
Weight of the block A, WA= 250N
Weight of the block B, WB= 500N

Inclination to the horizontal, α = 20˚

Coefficient of friction between the plane and the block A, µA= 0.3
Coefficient of friction between the plane and the block B, µB= 0.2

Distance between two blocks = 10m

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Since there is no motion normal to the inclined plane,
Net force perpendicular to the inclined plane = 0
RNA – WAcosα = 0

RNA = WAcosα
Since there is motion along the inclined plane,
Free Body Diagram of Block A
Net force along the inclined plane = mass x acceleration
WAsinα - µARNA = mAaA
WAsinα - µAWAcosα = (WA/g)aA
WA(sinα - µAcosα)= (WA/g)aA
sinα - µAcosα= aA/g

sin20 – (0.3cos20)= (a A/ 9.81)

Hence acceleration of the block A, a A= 0.59m/s2 63
Since there is no motion normal to the inclined plane,
Net force perpendicular to the inclined plane = 0
RNB – WBcosα = 0

RNB = WBcosα
Since there is motion along the inclined plane,
Free Body Diagram of Block B
Net force along the inclined plane = mass x acceleration
WBsinα - µBRNB = mBaB
WBsinα - µBWBcosα = (WB/g)aB
WB(sinα - µBcosα)= (WB/g)aB
sinα - µBcosα= aB/g

sin20 – (0.2cos20)= (a B/ 9.81)

Hence acceleration of the block B, a B= 1.51m/s2 64
Let the two blocks collide after a time period of ‘t’ seconds.
Let x be the distance covered by block A in t seconds,
then the distance covered by block B = 10 + x

We know, s = ut + (½ a t2)

For block A, x = (0xt) +(½ aAt2) (1)

For block B, 10 + x = (0xt) +(½ aBt2) (2)
Subtracting (1) from (2),

10 = ½ t2 (aB – aA)
10 = ½ t2 (1.51 – 0.59)

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Solving, the time taken for collision, t = 4.66s
Distance covered by the block A, x = (½ aAt2)
= (½ x 0.59 x 4.662) = 6.41m
Distance covered by the block B = 10 +x = 16.41m

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⦁ Consider two bodies connected by a light inextensible string passing
over a smooth weightless pulley.

⦁ Since the pulley is smooth and weightless, the tension (T) in the
string on both sides of the pulley will be the same
⦁ Since the string is inextensible, the magnitude of acceleration (a) of
the two bodies will be same
⦁ Draw separate free-body diagrams for each body, consider the motion of
each body separately, apply the Newton’s law of motion
(Net force = ma) to each body and solve for the unknowns.
⦁ Note: Take force in the direction of motion as positive and force
opposite to the direction of motion as negative
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1. Two blocks are joined by an inextensible string as shown in
figure. If the system is released from rest, determine the
velocity of block after it has moved 2m. Assume the coefficient
of friction between the block and the plane is 0.25. The pulley
is weightless and frictionless.

Given:
mA= 200kg
mB= 300kg
µ = 0.25

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Assume the block B moves downward and
the block A moves towards the right.

Let T be the tension in the string and a be

the acceleration of the two blocks. T
(Since the pulley is frictionless and
weightless, the tension (T) in the string on T

both sides of the pulley will be the same.

Also, since the string is inextensible, the
magnitude of acceleration (a) of the two
bodies will be same)

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Consider the horizontal motion of block A,
Net force = mass x acceleration
T - µRN = mAa

T = µRN + mAa = µmAg + mAa

Consider the vertical motion of block B,
Free Body Diagram of Block A
Net force = mass x acceleration
mBg –T = mBa

Substituting for T,
mBg – (µmAg + mAa)= mBa
(300x9.81)- [(0.25x200x9.81) + (200a)]= 300a
Hence acceleration of the system, a = 4.905m/s2
Free Body Diagram of Block B
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We know,
v2 = u2 + 2as
For u =0, a = 4.905m/s2 & s =2m
v2 = 0 + (2x4.905x2)
Hence velocity of the block after it has moved 2m, v = 4.43m/s

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2. Determine the tension in the string and acceleration of the two
bodies of mass 300kg and 100kg connected by a string and
frictionless pulley as shown in figure.

Given:

mA = 300kg
mB = 100kg

76
Here we have two bodies connected by a multiple
pulley system. One pulley is fixed and the other
pulley is movable.
In this type of problems, draw the FBDs of pulleys
and consider the forces acting on fixed pulley
and fix the direction of motion.

Considering the fixed pulley,

the force 150g>100g. Hence
block A moves downward and
block B moves upward

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⦁ As the pulleys are frictionless and weightless, the
tension at every point of the string is equal to T
⦁ Block A moves downward and B moves upward
⦁ As the string is inextensible, its total length is
constant. The downward displacement of A will
be half the upward displacement of B (xA = xB/2)
⦁ Hence the acceleration of A will be half the
acceleration of B (aA = aB/2)

Acceleration of block attached to movable pulley =

[ Acceleration of block attached to fixed pulley ]
2
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Consider the downward motion of body A,
Net force = mass x acceleration
mAg - 2T = mAaA
300x9.81 - 2T = 300aA

150x9.81 – T = 150aA (1) (1)

Free Body Diagram of Body A

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Consider the upward motion of body B,
Net force = mass x acceleration
T - mBg = mBaB
T – (100x9.81)= 100x2aA = 200aA (2)
Adding equations (1) & (2),
(150-100)9.81 = 350aA
Hence,
Acceleration of body A, aA = 1.4m/s2

Acceleration of body B, aB = 2aA = 2.8m/s2

Tension in the string, T = mB (g + aB ) = 1261N
Free Body Diagram of Body B
80
3. The system of bodies shown in figure starts from rest. Determine
the acceleration of the body B and the tension in the string
supporting body A.

Given:
WA = 500N
WB = 750N
Inclination, α = 30˚

81
Here we have two bodies connected by a multiple
pulley system. One pulley is fixed and the other
pulley is movable.
In this type of problems, draw the FBDs of pulleys
and consider the forces acting on fixed pulley
and fix the direction of motion.
Considering the fixed pulley, the
force 500 > 187.5. Hence block A
moves downward and block B
moves upward along the inclined
plane

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⦁ As the pulleys are frictionless and weightless, the
tension at every point of the string is equal to T
⦁ Block A moves downward and B moves upward
⦁ As the string is inextensible, its total length is
constant. The upward displacement of B will be
half the downward displacement of A (xB = xA/2)
⦁ Hence the acceleration of B will be half the
acceleration of A (aB = aA/2)

Acceleration of block attached to movable pulley =

[ Acceleration of block attached to fixed pulley ]

83
Free Body Diagram of Body A
Net force = mass x acceleration
WA - T = mAaA
WA - T = (WA /g) aA
500- T = (500/9.81)aA = (500/9.81)2aB
500 – T = (1000/9.81)aB (1)
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Free Body Diagram of Body B

Net force along the inclined plane = mass x acceleration

2T - WBsinα = mBaB

2T - 750sin30 = (750/9.81)aB
T – 187.5= (375/9.81)aB (2)

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Adding equations (1) & (2),
312.5 = (1375/9.81) aB
Hence,
Acceleration of body B, aB = 2.23m/s2
Acceleration of body A, aA = 2 aB = 4.46m/s2

Tension in the string, T = 187.5+ (375/9.81)aB= 272.74N

86
4. Determine the tension in the inextensible string and the acceleration
of the masses. Consider the pulley as massless and coefficient of
friction as 0.20. Block A=200 kg and block B=100kg

Given:
WA = 200g
WB = 100g
Inclination, α = 40˚
Coefficient of friction, µ = 0.2

87
Here we have two bodies connected by a multiple
pulley system. One pulley(P) is fixed and the
other pulley(Q) is movable.
In this type of problems, draw the FBDs of pulleys
and consider the forces acting on fixed pulley and
fix the direction of motion.

Considering the fixed pulley, the

force 1261.15>50g. Hence block
A moves downward along the
inclined plane and block B
moves upward.
88
As the pulleys are frictionless and weightless, the
tension at every point of the string is equal to T
Block A moves downward and B moves upward
As the string is inextensible, its total length is
constant. The upward displacement of B will be

half the downward displacement of A (xB = xA/2)

Hence the acceleration of B will be half the
acceleration of A (aB = aA/2)

Acceleration of block attached to movable pulley

= [ Acceleration of block attached to fixed pulley ]
2
89
Free Body Diagram of Body A

Net force = mass x acceleration

200gsin40 – T - µRN = mAaA
200x9.81sin40 – T – (0.2x200x9.81cos40) = 200aA
1261.15 - T – 300.6= 200aA = 200x2aB
960.55 – T = 400aB (1)

90
Free Body Diagram of Body B

Net force = mass x acceleration

2T – 100g = mBaB

2T – 100x9.81 = 100aB
T – 490.5= 50aB (2)

91
Adding equations (1) & (2),
470.05= 450aB
Hence,
Acceleration of body B, aB = 1.04m/s2
Acceleration of body A, aA = 2 aB = 2.08m/s2
Tension in the string, T = 490.5+ 50aB= 542.5N

92
⦁ D’Alembert’s Principle is an application of Newton’s second law to a
moving body.

⦁ Newton’s second law of motion F = ma can be written as F –ma =0 or

[F+(-ma)] = 0
⦁ Thus by applying a force (-ma) on the body, the body will be in
equilibrium as the sum of all the forces acting on the body is zero. Such
an equilibrium is called ‘dynamic equilibrium’ and the force -ma is a
called an inertia force.

🞄 The magnitude of inertia force is equal to the product of the mass and
acceleration, and it acts in a direction opposite to the direction of
acceleration.
99
⦁ The statement of the equation [F+(-ma)] = 0 is known as
D’Alembert’s Principle
⦁ D’Alembert’s principle states that the resultant of a system of force
acting on a body in motion is in dynamic equilibrium with the
inertia force.

⦁ Thus a problem in dynamics can be converted into an equivalent

problem in statics using D’Alembert’s Principle.

10
0
1. A force of 300N acts on a body of mass 150kg. Calculate the
acceleration of the body using D’Alembert’s principle.
Given:
Force, F = 300N
Mass, m = 150kg
Using D’Alembert’s principle, F+(-ma) = 0
300 + (-150a) = 0
Hence acceleration, a = 2 m/s2

10
1
i. Lift moves downward with uniform acceleration
ii. Lift moves upward with uniform acceleration
iii. Lift moves with uniform velocity

10
2
i. Lift moves downward with uniform acceleration:
Let W be the weight of man, R be the reaction of the force applied
by the man on the floor of the lift and a be the acceleration of the
lift

Consider the downward motion of lift,

Net force = mass x acceleration
W – R = ma
W – R = (W/g)a
a
R = W – (W/g)a
R = W[ 1 - (a/g)]

10
3
ii. Lift moves upward with uniform acceleration:
Consider the upward motion of lift,
Net force = mass x acceleration
R -W = ma

R - W= (W/g)a
a
R = W + (W/g)a
R = W[1+(a/g)]

10
4
iii. Lift moves with uniform velocity (a = 0):
Consider the upward motion of lift,
Net force = mass x acceleration
R -W = ma

R- W= (W/g)x0
R=W

10
5
i. Lift moves downward with uniform acceleration
R = W[ 1 - (a/g)]
ii. Lift moves upward with uniform acceleration
R = W[ 1 + (a/g)]

iii. Lift moves with uniform velocity

R=W

10
6
1. A lift has an upward acceleration of 1.2m/s2. What force will a man
weighing 750N exerts on the floor of the lift? What force would he
exert if the lift had an acceleration of 1.2m/s2 downwards. What
upward acceleration would cause his weight to exert a force of 900N
on the floor?

Case (i) When the lift moves upward W = 750N

a = 1.2m/s2 ; W = 750N
a
Net force = mass x acceleration

R -W = ma R
Free Body Diagram of man
10
7
R - W= (W/g)a
R = W + (W/g)a
R = W[1+(a/g)]
Force exerted on the floor of the lift, R = W[1+(a/g)]
R = 750[1+(1.2/9.81)] = 841.74N

10
8
Case (ii) When the lift moves downward
a = 1.2m/s2 ; W = 750N
Net force = mass x acceleration W = 750N

W – R = ma
a
W – R = (W/g)a

R = W – (W/g)a R
R = W[ 1 - (a/g)] Free Body Diagram of man

Force exerted on the floor of the lift, R = W[1-(a/g)]

R = 750[1-(1.2/9.81)] = 658.26N

10
9
Case (iii) Required upward acceleration for R =900N
R = 900N ; W = 750N
W = 750N
R = W[1+(a/g)]
900 = 750[1+(a/9.81)] a

Required upward acceleration, a = 1.96m/s2

R = 900N

Free Body Diagram of man

11
0
2. An elevator of total weight 5000N starts to move upwards with a
constant acceleration of 1 m/s2. Find the force in the cable during
the acceleration motion. Also find the force at the floor of the
elevator under the feet of a man weighing 600N when the elevator
moves up with a uniform retardation of 1m/s2.

11
1
Case (i) When the elevator moves upward with uniform acceleration
a = 1m/s2 ; W = 5000N T
Net force = mass x acceleration
T – W = ma
a
T – W = (W/g)a
T = W + (W/g)a
T = W [1+ (a/g)]
W = 5000N
Force in the cable during the acceleration motion,
Free Body Diagram of elevator
T = 5000[1+(1/9.81)] = 5509.68N

11
2
Case (ii) When the elevator moves upward with uniform retardation
a = -1m/s2 ; W = 600N
W = 600N
Net force = mass x acceleration
R - W = ma a

R - W = (W/g)a
R = W + (W/g)a R
Free Body Diagram of man
R = W [1+(a/g)]
Force at the floor of the elevator under the feet of a man during the
deceleration motion,

R = 600[1+(-1/9.81)] = 538.84N

11
3
⦁ When a particle moves along a curved path, the motion is called
Curvilinear Motion
⦁ This type of motion can occur along a vertical plane such as a
missile fired from a cannon or along a horizontal plane such as a
car or a bike travelling on a curved road.

11
4
⦁ Projectile motion is a special case of curvilinear motion with
constant acceleration occurring in the vertical plane.
⦁ Projectile motion is the motion of an object thrown or projected
into the air, subject to only the acceleration of gravity

⦁ E.g. Motion of a missile or a ball hit in air.

11
5
11
6
⦁ Projectile: A particle which is projected into space at an angle to the
horizontal is called a projectile.
⦁ Trajectory: The path traced by the projectile is called trajectory.
⦁ Velocity of projection (u): The velocity with which the projectile is
projected into space is called velocity of projection.
⦁ Angle of projection (α): The angle with the horizontal at which the
projectile is projected is called angle of projection.
⦁ Time of flight (T): The time during which the projectile is in motion
is called time of flight. It’s the interval of time since the projectile is
projected and hits the ground.
11
7
⦁ Range (OA): Range is the horizontal distance between the point of
projection and the point where the projectile strikes the ground.
⦁ Point of projection(O): The point from which the projectile is
projected into space is called point of projection.

11
8
hmax

11
9
⦁ Consider the motion of a projectile projected from point O with a
velocity u and angle of projection α.
⦁ The projectile has motion in horizontal as well as vertical
directions.
⦁ Since there is no force (neglecting air resistance) in the horizontal
direction, the horizontal component of velocity (ucosα) remains
constant throughout the flight.

⦁ The vertical component of velocity (usinα) is under the action of

gravity and hence its value varies.

12
0
Let P(x,y) be the position of the particle after t seconds, x is the
horizontal distance travelled in t seconds and y is the vertical
distance travelled in t seconds.

Since ucosα is constant, x = ucosαt

t = (x/ucosα) (1)
The vertical distance, y = usinαt + ½ (-g)t2 [Using, s = ut + ½ at2]
Substituting for t from (1),

y = usinα (x/ucosα) - ½ g (x/ucosα) 2

y = xtanα- ½ g (x2/u2cos2α) This is an equation of a parabola. Hence
the trajectory is a parabola
12
1
Expression for maximum height (hmax):
In vertical direction, initial velocity, u = usinα; At the maximum height
(s = hmax), velocity, v=0
For upward motion, a = -g
Using, v2= u2+ 2as

0 = u2sin2α +[2(-g)hmax]
hmax = (u2sin2α/2g)

12
2
Expression for time of flight(T):
In vertical direction, initial velocity, u = usinα; At the maximum height
(s = hmax), velocity, v=0. Let t be the time taken to reach hmax
Using, v = u + at
0 = usinα +(-g)t
Time taken to reach maximum height, t = (usinα/g)
Since time of ascent = time of descent,
Time of flight, T = 2t = (2usinα/g)

12
3
Expression for range(R):
Range is the horizontal distance travelled in T seconds.
Since the horizontal component of velocity ucosα is constant,
Range, R = ucosαT= ucosα(2usinα/g)

R = [u2(2sinαcosα)]/g
R = (u2sin2α/g)
R is maximum when sin2α = 1, i.e, when 2α = 90⁰ or α = 45⁰
Rmax = (u2/g)

12
4
 Maximum height of particle, hmax = (u2sin2α/2g)
 Time of flight, T = 2t = (2usinα/g)
 Range, R = (u2sin2α/g)

12
5
1. A particle is projected in air with a velocity 100m/s and at an
angle of 30⁰ with the horizontal. Find
a) Maximum height of particle
b) Time of flight
c) Horizontal Range
Given:
u = 100m/s
α = 30⁰

12
6
a) Maximum height of particle(hmax):
hmax = (u2sin2α/2g)
hmax = [1002sin230/(2x9.81)] = 127.42m
b) Time of flight(T):
Time of flight, T = 2t = (2usinα/g)
T= [(2x100xsin30)/9.81] = 10.19s
c) Horizontal Range(R):
R = (u2sin2α/g)
R= [(1002sin2x30)/g] = 882.8m

12
7
2. A body is projected at an angle such that its horizontal
displacement is 3times that of maximum height. Find the angle
of projection.

Given:
Range, R = 3 hmax
 Maximum height of particle, hmax = (u2sin2α/2g)
Range, R = (u2sin2α/g)
(u2sin2α/g) = 3 x (u2sin2α/2g)
2sin αcos α = (3/2) sin2α

12
8
tanα = (4/3)
Angle of projection, α = 53.13⁰

12
9
⦁ Work:When a force(F) acting on a particle causes a displacement of
the particle(s), the force is then said to have done work(W) on the
particle.

⦁ Work done, W = Fs
⦁ S.I unit of work is Newton metre (Nm).1 Nm= 1 Joule (J).

13
0
⦁ Energy: It is the capacity to do work. It has the same unit as that of
work (Nm).

⦁ Mainly 2 types of energy:

◦ Potential Energy - energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
position (P.E = mgh)
◦ Kinetic Energy - energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
velocity (K.E = ½mv2)

13
1
⦁ Work-energy principle states that the work done by a force acting on
a particle during its displacement is equal to the change in K.E of the
particle during that displacement.
Work done = Change in kinetic energy
Fs = ½mv2-½mu2 = ½m(v2-u2)

13
2
⦁ Consider a body of mass m moving with an initial velocity u. Let s be
the displacement of the body and v be the final velocity. Let F be the
net force in the direction of displacement and a be the acceleration of
the body .

⦁ Applying Newton’s second law,

Net force, F = ma
F = m(dv/dt) = m(dv/ds)(ds/dt) = m(dv/ds)v

13
3
F = mv(dv/ds)
Fds = mvdv

Integrating on both sides,

Fs = ½m(v2-u2) Work Energy Principle

13
4
⦁ Impulse:When a large force acts over a short period of time, that
force is called an impulsive force.

⦁ Impulse of force F acting over a time interval from t1 to t2,

⦁ S.I unit of impulse is Newton seconds (Ns)

⦁ Momentum: The product of mass and velocity is called momentum
or linear momentum. It has the same direction as the velocity of the
particle.

13
5
⦁ The impulse-momentum equation or principle states that the total
change in the momentum of a particle during any time interval is
equal to the impulse of the force acting during the same interval of
time.
Impulse of force = Final momentum – Initial momentum
Ft = mv2 - mv1 = m(v2 - v1)

13
6
⦁ Consider a body of mass m. Let v1 be the velocity at time t1 and let
v2 be the velocity at time t2. Let F be the net force acting on the body
during this time interval .

⦁ Applying Newton’s second law,

Net force, F = ma
F = m(dv/dt)

Fdt = mdv

13
7
Integrating on both sides,

F(t2-t1) = mv2 - mv1

Ft = = m(v2 - v1) Impulse Momentum Equation

13
8
⦁ Principle of Conservation of Momentum: For a system of particles,
when sum of the impulses due to external forces is zero, the
momentum of the system remains constant or is conserved.

Final momentum of the system = Initial momentum of the system

13
9
⦁ An elastic collision is one where there is no loss of kinetic energy in
the system as the result of the collision.
⦁ An inelastic collision is a type of collision where there is a loss of
kinetic energy. The lost kinetic energy is transformed into thermal
energy, sound energy, and material deformation.

14
0
Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision

Momentum Conserved Conserved

Kinetic Energy Conserved Not Conserved

Principle of Can be applied Can be applied

Conservation of
Momentum

Principle of Can be applied Cannot be applied

Conservation of
14
Kinetic Energy 1