CROWD CONTROL AND RIOT PREVENTION

Definition of Terms
• Tumultuous – The disturbance or interruption shall be deemed tumultuous if
caused by more than three persons who are armed or provided with means of
violence.

• Outcry – The means to shout subversive or proactive words tending to stir up the
people to obtain by means of force or violence.

• Crowd – It consists of a body of individual people with no organization, no single

partnership. Each individual’s behavior is fairly controlled and ruled by reason. All
the participants have been thrown by circumstance into a crowd for some common
purpose that may give them a least one thing in common.

• Mob – A mob takes on the semblance of organization with some common motive
for action, such as revenge for a crime committed on the scene where the crowd
assembled, an aggravated fight, or a confrontation with the police. At time like this,
there is already a strong feeling of togetherness (“we are one” attitude).

• Riot – It is a violent confusion in a crowd. Once a mob started to become violent, it

becomes a riot.
Riot, in general is an offense against the public peace. It is interpreted as a
tumultuous disturbance by several persons who have unlawfully assembled to assist
one another, by the use of force if necessary, against anyone opposing them in the
execution of some enterprise of a private nature, and who execute such enterprise in a
violent manner, to the terror of the people.
Under the law, it is punishable for any organizer or leader of any meeting attended
by armed persons for the purpose of committing any of the crimes punishable under
the Revised Penal Code, or any meeting in which the audience is incited to the
commission of the crimes of treason, rebellion or insurrection, sedition or assault upon
a person in authority or his agents (Art. 146, RPC). It is also punishable for any person
who shall cause any serious disturbance in a public place, office, or establishment, or
shall interrupt or disturb public functions or gatherings or peaceful meetings (Art. 153,
RPC).

What is the Role of Planning in Crowd Control or Riot Prevention?

A sound organizational planning, training, logistical support and a high departmental
morale are the essential success elements in modern counter-riot operations. The
control of violent civil disorder involving large segments of the population, especially in
congested urban areas, requires a disciplined, aggressive police counter-action which at
the same time adheres to the basic law enforcement precepts. This is done through
effective police operational planning.
Through planning, the law violators can be arrested and processed within the
existing legal frameworks by the exercise of reasonable force. Without an immediate
decisive police action, the continually recurring conditions of civil unrest and
lawlessness could quickly evolve into a full-scale riot. Police planning could provide the

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best police reaction and order can be restored with a minimum of property damage and
injury.
WHAT ARE THE POLICE PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES IN ANTI-RIOT
OPERATIONS?
 Containment – Unlawful assembly and riot are as contagious as plagued unless
they are quarantined from the unaffected areas of the community. In here, all
persons who are at scene should be advised to leave the area, thereby reducing the
number of potential anti-police combatants.
 Dispersal – The crowd of unlawful assembly or riot should be dispersed at once. It
may appear at first to be a legal assembly but the nature of assembly at the time of
the arrival of the police may clearly distinguish it as being unlawful. Once it is
determined, the responsibility of the police to command the people to disperse.
Crowd control formations may be done if necessary to expedite their movements.
 Prevention of Entry or Reentry – The police have to protect the area once the
people have been moved out or dissipated into smaller groups to prevent them from
returning. Enforce quarantine by not allowing the group to resume their actions.
 Arrest Violator – One of the first acts of the police upon arrival at the scene of the
disturbance is to locate and isolate individuals who are inciting the crowd to violate
or fragrantly violating the law. Prevent any attempt by the crow or mob to rescue
those arrested by enforcing total quarantine.
 Establish Priorities – Depending upon the circumstances, it is always necessary to
establish priorities. Assessing the situation to determine the nature of assistance and
number of men needed is part of the planning process.

WHAT ARE THE BASIC PROCEDURES IN ANTI-RIOT OPERATIONS?

1. Assess the Situation
– Determine whether the original purpose of the gathering was lawful or not
– Determine also the lawfulness at the time of arrival at the scene
– Assess their attitude, emotional state, and their general condition
– Determine any state of intoxication and other conditions that may lead to
violence
– Identify the cause of the problem
– Locate and identify leaders or agitators
2. Survey the Scene
– Determine as soon as possible the best condition of the command post
– Locate the best vintage point of observations
– Consider geographical factors such as natural barriers, buildings, and
weather condition
– Note the best method of approach
3. Communicate
– Report on your assessment, keeping your assessment brief but concise,
giving your superior the sufficient data with which to proceed for plans of
action
– Ask for assistance or help from the command post hence remain close to
the radio as possible until additional units arrived or to communicate new
developments.
4. Maintain a Watchful Waiting
– Make your presence known to the people in the vicinity
– If the crowd is too much to handle, stay near the command post and wait
for additional supports units
– Use radio or other means of communications to call for assistance

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– Make preparations for decisive police action.
5. Concentrate on Rescue and Self-Defense
– Take care of the immediate needs of the situation until help arrives
– Apply first aid to the injured people and self-protection must be
considered
– Remember the primary objective of protecting lives, property and the
restoration of order
6. Maintain an Open Line of Communication
– Keep the dispatcher advised on the progress of the scene
– Continue directing the support units to the scene and the general
perimeter control
7. Establish a Command Post
– Follow what is in your contingency plan for civil disturbance
– Make every officer aware of the command post for proper coordination
8. Take immediate action for serious violations
– Arrest perpetrators
– Isolate the leaders or agitators from the crowd
– Show full police force strength
9. Give the dispersal order
– Disperse the crowd upon order
– Anti-riot formations and procedures must be used
– Use of force necessary for dispersal maybe considered

WHAT ARE THE GENERAL GUIDELINES IN HANDLING RIOT?

1. Preplanning must be high on the agenda whenever the department anticipates
any disorder or major disturbance.
2. Meet with responsible leaders at the scene and express your concern for
assuring them their constitutional guarantees. Request them to disperse the
crowd before attempting to take police action.
3. Maintain order and attempt to quell the disturbance without attempting to punish
any of the violators.
4. Use only the force that is necessary but take positive and decisive action.
5. Post the quarantine area with signs and barricades, if necessary.
6. Keep the traffic lane open for emergency and support vehicle.
7. Consider the fact that most impressive police action at the scene of any type of
major isturbance is the expeditious removal of the leaders by a well-disciplined
squad of officers.
8. For riot control, consider the following:
 Surprise Offensive – The police action in its initial stages at a riot must be
dramatic. The elements of surprise may enhance effectiveness of riot control.

 Security of Information – Plans for action and communications regarding the

movement of personnel and equipment should be kept confidential

 Maximum utilization of Force – A show of police force should be made in a well-

organized manner, compact, and efficient in a military-type squad formation.

 Flexibility of Assignments – Officers and terms should be flexibility assigned to

various places where the need is greatest.

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 Simplicity – Keep the plan as simple as possible and the instructions are direct to
avoid mass confusion among the officers.

WHAT ARE THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN CROWD CONTROL AND RIOT

OPERATIONS?
1. Snipers – Certain psychopathic people may attempt to take advantage of the
mass confusion and excitement at a riot scene by taking a concealed position
and shooting at people with some type of weapons, usually rifle.

How to handle this?

– clear the area of innocent bystanders
– isolate the area and guard against possible escape of the suspects
– use whatever force necessary to take him into custody
– assign anti-snipers team especially in aggravated situations

• Arsonist – Persons holding torch in their hands are potential arsonists. They
must be taken into custody immediately.

• Looters – Acts of simple misdemeanor thefts or may consists of robbery of

breaking and entering. Take the suspects into custody by whatever means are
necessary.

RALLIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS GUIDELINES

a. The PNP adheres to the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials adopted
by the General Assembly of the United Nations which requires law enforcement
officials to respect and protect human dignity, maintain and uphold the human
rights of all persons, and limit the use of force to situations where it is strictly
necessary and to the extent required for the performance of their duty.
b. Public assemblies held in freedom parks or in private properties do not need a
permit for the activity. Public assembly with permit or one held in a freedom park or
private property shall not be dispersed as long as it remains peaceful and no
incident of violence occurs.

c. The PNP shall provide police assistance only when requested by the leaders or
organizers for maintenance of peace and order or to ensure the safety of those
participating in the public assemblies held in freedom parks or in private properties.

d. A public assembly held in a public place must have a permit from the mayor of
the city or municipality exercising jurisdiction over the place where it will be held.

e. A public assembly held with or without a permit may be peacefully dispersed. A

public assembly with a permit may be dispersed if the same is being held in
violation of the terms and conditions imposed in the permit. In both cases, before
conducting any dispersal operation, the PNP shall notify the concerned organizers
and leaders of the public assembly.

f. Lightning demonstrations or rallies in areas where public assembly is prohibited

shall be dispersed peacefully. However, should any of the participants refuse to

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disperse voluntarily or violate any law or ordinance during an unauthorized public
assembly, they shall be taken into police custody and be charged accordingly.

g. Ground Commanders are responsible in determining whether there is a permit

for the holding of the public assembly.

h. Close coordination with the mayor of the city or municipality, or his

representative where the public assembly is being held should always be
maintained especially when a permit has not been issued but an application has
been filed prior to the holding of the public assembly.

i. Maximum tolerance shall be exercised in the conduct of dispersal operations.

Violators of the law shall be apprehended and brought to the nearest Police Station
for proper disposition.

LIMITATIONS ON THE ROLE OF THE PNP DURING RALLIES AND

DEMONSTRATIONS
The PNP shall not interfere with the holding of a public assembly. However, to
ensure public safety and to maintain peace and order during the assembly, the
police contingent under the command of a Police Commissioned Officer preferably
with the rank of Police Senior Inspector may be detailed and stationed in a place at
least one hundred (100) meters away from the area of activity.

POLICE RESPONSES DURING PUBLIC ASSEMBLY

The following are the police responses during the planning stage, initial and
peaceful stage, confrontational stage, violent stage and post operation stage:

a. During Planning Stage

1) Initiate dialogue with the leaders/organizers to ensure the peaceful holding of a
public assembly, including among others, the detail of police escorts.
2) Prepare appropriate security and CDM contingency plans.

b. During Initial and Peaceful Stage

 With Permit or Held in Freedom Parks/ Private Properties

The PNP shall not interfere with the holding of a public assembly. However, to
adequately ensure public safety, a CDM contingent, under the control and supervision
of a PCO shall be stationed at least one hundred (100) meters away from the area
where the public assembly is being held.
Monitor the activities at the public assembly area and respond to any request for
police assistance.

 Without Permit or Permit has been Revoked

As soon as it becomes apparent that an assembly is being held in a public place,
the Ground Commander shall immediately conduct an inquiry whether the assembly is
covered with a permit or not.
If a permit could not be shown, verification should immediately be done with the Office
of the Mayor having jurisdiction over the place where the public assembly is being held.

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Should the Office of the Mayor confirm that a permit has not been issued, the
leaders/organizers shall be informed of the fact that they are violating the law and will
be asked to disperse peacefully.
The PNP shall exhaust all peaceful remedies to persuade the demonstrators to
disperse. This may include the involvement of Local Chief Executives / community
leaders when available to intervene in the situation so that dispersal operations could
be avoided. Should negotiation fail and the demonstrators refuse to disperse
voluntarily and peacefully, thereby causing public inconvenience, CDM contingents may
commence dispersal operations.

 During Breach of Peace/Confrontational Stage (With or without

permit)
No public assembly with a permit shall be dispersed. However, when a public
assembly becomes violent, the CDM contingents may disperse such public assembly in
the following manner:
1) At the first sign of impending violence, the Ground Commander shall call the
attention of the leaders/organizers of the public assembly and ask the latter to
prevent any possible disturbance. CDM contingents shall hold the line to prevent
demonstrators from proceeding to other areas where the holding of a public
assembly is prohibited.

2) If actual violence reaches a point where rocks or other harmful objects from
the participants are thrown at the CDM contingents or the non-participants, or
at any property causing damage to it, the Ground Commander shall audibly warn
the participants that if the disturbance persists, the public assembly will be
dispersed;

3) If the violence or disturbance does not stop, the Ground Commander shall
audibly issue a warning to the participants of the public assembly, and after
allowing a reasonable period of time to lapse, shall immediately order it to
disperse. With the use of CDM formations, the rank of demonstrators shall be
disbanded, contained, and isolated from each other, and should be prevented
from regrouping.

4) Water cannons and riot sticks maybe used to repel aggression and to
disperse demonstrators and reserve CDM contingents may be employed when
situation requires.

5) No arrest of any leader, organizer or participant shall be made unless he

violates during the assembly a law, statute, or ordinance.

d. During Violent Stage

1) Non-lethal weapons and equipment may be used to suppress violence, to protect
lives and prevent further damage to properties.
2) The PNP security elements shall be tactically deployed to provide immediate
assistance to the CDM contingents.

e. Post-Operation Stage:
1) CDM contingents shall be withdrawn after the area has been cleared of possible
danger to public safety.
2) Sufficient police force shall be maintained to ensure peace and order in the area.

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Guidelines in the Use of Non-Lethal Weapons

a. Shield and Truncheon

During the confrontational stage, truncheon may be utilized only to push back
demonstrators and not as an instrument to strike individuals. However, when
demonstrators become aggressive, truncheon shall be the principal non-lethal weapon
for dispersal. In such situation, CDM contingents shall nonetheless, use the same with
caution and due diligence to avoid unnecessary injury.

b. Water Cannons
Water cannons may be utilized when demonstrators become unruly and aggressive
forcing troops to fall back to their secondary positions.

c. Tear Gas
Tear gas may be utilized to break up formations or groupings of demonstrations who
continue to be aggressive and refused to disperse despite earlier efforts.

HOSTAGE SITUATION/BARRICADED SITUATIONS

Procedure to be followed in a Hostage Situation

The following steps shall be undertaken:
a. A Crisis Management Task Group shall be activated immediately.
b. Incident scene shall be secured and isolated.
c. Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry and exit to the incident
scene.
d. Witnesses’ names, addresses, and other information shall be recorded.
Witnesses shall be directed to a safe location.

Negotiators
 Note: Negotiator is the Mayor of the area. In his absence, he may tap a
representative or may designate the Ground Commander as the negotiator himself.
No one shall be allowed to talk to the hostage-taker without clearance from the
negotiator or Ground Commander.
 An assault team shall be alerted for deployment in case the negotiation fails.
Members of the assault team shall wear authorized and easily recognizable uniform
during the conduct of the operation.
 The assault shall be planned to ensure minimal threat to life for all parties.
 An ambulance with medical crew and a fire truck shall be detailed at the incident
area.
 Proper coordination with all participating elements shall be done to consolidate
efforts in solving the crisis.
 In negotiating for the release of a hostage, the safety of the hostage shall always be
paramount.

Guidelines during Negotiations

a. Situation must be stabilized first and contained before the start of the
negotiation;
b. Do not introduce outsiders (non-law enforcement officers) into the negotiation
process, unless their presence is extremely necessary in the solution of the crisis.

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If so introduced, they shall be properly advised on the do’s and don’ts of hostage
negotiations; and
c. Police officers without proper training shall not be allowed to participate in
hostage negotiations.

BOMB, BOMB THREAT AND BOMB INCIDENT EMERGENCY

RESPONSE PROCEDURES
 Bomb
A bomb can appear obvious or concealed and can vary in size, shape or
sophistication and may not necessarily explode such as in the case of incendiary and
dirty bombs. It may be referred to as Improvised Explosives Device (IED) or ordnance.
 Bomb Threat
Bomb threat is either a written or verbal threat communicated through electronic
means, oral or other means that threatens to place or uses an IED at a certain time,
date, or place against any specific person or place. The FR, the police investigator, and
the police detective must remember the following basic facts on bomb threat:

a. A threat is considered only a threat until something visible is found;

b. Determined bombers do not frequently give warnings of a possible
explosion/incendiary attack;
c. Threats are an excellent way to disrupt productivity without actually risking life, limb
and/or property;
d. The consequences of conviction for “threatening” are not necessarily as serious as
those that could result from actual placement/initiation of a bomb.

First Responder’s Procedure on Bomb Threat

The following are the guidelines for FRs during a bomb threat:

Upon receipt of the information:

1) Treat all threats as serious until proven otherwise;
2) Determine the exact location of the establishment under threat.
3) Assess or analyse the threat whether it is a long term or a short term threat.
4) Consider evacuation options such as:
Option 1 - Do Nothing
Option 2 - Search with partial evacuation
Option 3 - Search and evacuation
Option 4 - Evacuate immediately
5) Alert Explosives Ordnance Demolition Team (EODT) for bomb search mission
and emergency readiness before going to the crime scene.
6) Proceed immediately to the scene.
7) Notify Higher Headquarters of any development.

First Responder’s Procedure in Case of Actual Bomb Explosion

The following are guidelines for FRs during cases of actual bomb explosions:

a. Upon receipt of the report:

1) Identify exact location of the incident;
2) Alert EOD teams and direct them to proceed to the area;
3) Notify Higher Headquarters of the situation;

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4) Request assistance of medical personnel; and
5) Proceed to the scene immediately.

b. Upon arrival at the scene:

1) Cause immediate evacuation of the injured;
2) Direct occupants of the establishment to evacuate;
3) Maintain order and control crowd;
4) Notify Higher Headquarters of the situation;
5) Seal off location until EOD Team determines if a secondary device exists;
6) Conduct rescue operations at the scene when necessary;
7) Initiate immediate investigation if investigators have not yet arrived and
determine the following: Time of detonation/explosion, Time when the call
for bomb threat was received, Type of device.
8) Submit incident report immediately
9) Avoid issuing “speculative” press releases or statements

CRIME SCENE OPERATIONS/INVESTIGATION

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DISASTER AND EMERGENCY PLANNING

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Emergency and disaster planning is one of the most important interrelated
function in a security system. It is important in any organization as physical security,
fire protection, guard forces, security of documents and personnel security.
Emergency and disaster planning refers to the preparation in advance of protective
and safety measures for unforeseen events resulting from natural and human actions.

Disaster plans outline the actions to be taken by those designated for specific
job. This will result in expeditious and orderly execution of relief and assistance to
protect properties and lives. These plans must also be rehearsed so that when the bell
ring, there will be speed and not haste in the execution. Speed is the accurate
accomplishment of a plan as per schedule, while haste is doing a job quickly with
errors. Plans therefore must be made when any or all of the emergencies arise. Those
plans, being special in nature, must be prepared with people whose expertise in their
respective field is legion together with the coordination and help of management,
security force, law enforcement agencies, and selected employees.

Planning is necessary to meet disaster and emergency conditions and it must be

continuing and duly supported by management. On aspect of the plans will be to
consider recovery measures to be undertaken by the organization. Being prepared for
the eventuality gives better chances of protection and eventual recovery than those not
prepared. Without planning, the emergency or disaster can become catastrophic. With a
good, suitable plan to follow, the unusual becomes ordinary, hence, the mental
preparedness for easy survival and recovery.

ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE CRISIS (DISASTER) MANAGEMENT

“Like any other construction project, the crisis (disaster) management pyramid requires
a solid foundation”

Placed within the pyramid are the following:

• Think about the unpopular (1)
• Recognizing dangers and opportunities(2)
• Defining the control and crisis response(3)
• Harness and Environment (4)
• Containing the Damage (5)
• Successful Resolution (6)
• Return to Normalcy (7)
• Avoid Repetition (8)

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LIST OF EFFECTIVE CRISIS (DISASTER) MANAGEMENT BASED ON THE
PYRAMID
1.Good Planning
a. Consider all possibilities
b. Don’t focus only on immediate problem
c. Establish contacts
2. Good Personnel
a. Look for experience and knowledge
b. Train, test and evaluate
c. Use people effectively and humanely
d. Organize to mitigate stress
3. Good Shakedowns
a. Test plans and people
b. Evaluate and revise plans
c. Keep an open mind
4. Maintain Control Be creative
a. Look for the real proble
b. Have confidence in your plans
c. Keep records
5. Get Back to Normal
a. Evaluate and document
b. Give reward
c. Analyze implication

The PNP Search and Rescue Uniform and Equipment

1. Standard PNP Search and Rescue Uniform

Upper Garment: Athletic T-Shirt (Blue T-shirt round neck with “PULIS” marking)
Lower Garment: Camouflage Green with Combat Boots

2. Unit Equipment.
 Each PNP SAR Team shall be equipped with the PNP Search and Rescue Blue Box
containing the following items: LIGHTING, SHELTER, HAND TOOLS, DIGGING
TOOLS
 Additional Recommended Team Equipment: Spine Board, Neck Brace, Reliable
Alternate Communication.

3. Individual PNP SAR Equipment:

 Each PNP SAR Team member shall carry with him a Backpack containing the
following items: Carriage Equipment, First Aid, Lighting, Personal Safety

Disaster Action Team Duties

• Supervise the formulation of policies
• Ensure the development of procedures
• Participate in preparing plans
• Oversee and anticipate in exercise of plans
• Select crisis management/disaster center
• Participate in personnel training
• Review preparation of materials
• Delegate authority
• Brief personnel

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• Ensure the assembly of supplies
• Ensure preparation of rest, food, medical area

PNP DISASTER RESPONSE OPERATIONS

 Safety and Response General Guidelines for all PNP Units
1. Security and safety of personnel must always be considered in the conduct of
disaster response operations.
2. All PNP Units/Offices shall train their men on disaster incident management using
their available resources.
3. All responding units shall operate on their existing logistical and financial allocation.
On the other hand, the NHQ PNP shall provide additional logistics and financial support
on a case to case basis.
4. Timely reports on disaster operations to include report on the extent, nature and
location of damages should be immediately relayed to higher headquarters and local
NDRRMC.
5. PNP personnel shall wear the standard PNP Search and Rescue attire while
performing disaster response operations.
6. Coordination between echelons of the civil organization and military units is
encouraged.
7. Level of response of all task group shall be done as much as possible at the lowest
level and only seek assistance to the next level when resources (manpower and
material) are not enough to manage the disaster incident.
8. The adjacent PNP units or stations which are not affected by the disaster shall
immediately respond and assist the severely affected area.
9. Only the designated Public Information Officer of the PNP unit concerned is
authorized to release information to the media. However, Unit Commanders may issue
relevant statement and information to the media as the situation may require.
10. PNP Units/Offices and personnel must have reliable alternate communication
equipment to ensure 24-hour connectivity.
11. PNP offices/units are encouraged to acquire additional Search and Rescue
Equipment (Team and Individual) as may deemed suitable in their peculiar requirement.

During the Event

• Establish shift schedules immediately
• Delegate tasks
• Focus underlying problem
• Maintain control
• Follow organizational policies

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• Use prepared procedures
• Innovate as needed
• Ensure that information is shared with the entire team

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• Review all press release and public statements
• Double check or confirm information if possible
• Aid victim and their families
• Try to anticipate future consequences
• Control stress of team members
• Ensure log maintenance

On Post Event (after the Incident)

• Evaluate effectiveness of plans
• Evaluate adequacy of procedures
• Debrief personnel
• Evaluate equipment and training used
• Revise plans and procedures in the light of new experience
• Reward personnel as appropriate
• Document events
• Prepare after-action reports
• Arrange an orderly transition to normal conditions

The Chain of Events during a Crisis/Disaster

• Security receives initial report of emergency
• Security notifies Disaster Team Leader
• Team leader decides if immediate action is required
• If action is required, he notifies the other team members to convene at the crisis
management center
• Initial liaison established and actions taken: create log, contact of family,
employees involved, government or law enforcement liaison contacts, prepare
contingency press guidance, others.
• Respond to

CRIME MAPPING

Crime mapping identifies not only where the actual crime took place, but also
looks at where the perpetrator “lives, works, and plays” as well as where the victim
“lives, works, and plays.” Crime analysis has identified that the majority of criminals
tend to commit crimes within their comfort zones, and crime mapping is what allows
police and investigators to see where that comfort zone might be.

Crime mapping
 term used in policing to refer to the process of conducting spatial analysis within
crime analysis.
 the process of using a geographic information system to conduct spatial analysis of
crime problems and other police-related issues.

Crime Mapping and Analysis (Manning, 2008)

An operating system of crime mapping has a number of essential elements that
constitute it. As used in policing, crime mapping has a number of salient features. Crime
mapping is a technique based on software (usually ERSI, ArcView, or MapInfo) that
converts geo-coded addresses or locations (one set of files) so that maps, tables, and
figures can be merged with them and maps created. These maps can display an array

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of signs (tables, graphs, or other figures) on maps of a city or political area, combined
with pictures, sound, drawings, and diagrams. A wide range of facts can be included,
such as fire risks, demographic characteristics, indices of disorder and quality-of-life
offenses, addresses of those on parole, registered sex offenders, and more
conventional police generated data concerning juvenile gangs, patterns of adult crime,
and traffic.

COMPONENTS OF CRIME MAPPING AND CRIME ANALYSIS

Crime mapping is complementary to all forms of crime analysis in that it plays an
important part in almost every analysis.

1. Technical component: the software and knowledge needed to make tables,

graphs, figures, and models. This is the arena of the experts, the technicians,
the repair people, and the often civilian analysts.
2. Implementation Process: the capacity to fit such materials into organizational
planning, strategic plans, unit objectives, evaluations, and operating
procedures.
3. Integration in daily police operations of crime mapping. All of these
components must be examined in context to see what effects CM/CA has.
The focus here is primarily upon the implementation and the resultant
meeting-based uses of the data. In this sense, this study taps into the ritual
and expressive aspects of the work rather than the consequences of
introducing the CM/CA process into the organization’s work in the area at
large.

IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES ON CRIME MAPPING

1. A point feature is a discrete location that is usually depicted on a GIS-generated
map by a symbol or label.

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2. A line feature is a real-world element that can be represented on a map by a
line or set of lines.
3. A polygon feature is a geographic area represented on a map by a multisided
figure with a closed set of lines.
4. A polygon feature is a geographic area represented on a map by a multisided
figure with a closed set of lines.

TYPES OF CRIME MAPPING

1. Single-Symbol Mapping
In single-symbol maps, individual, uniform symbols represent features such as the
locations of stores, roads, or states.

2. Graduated Mapping
Crime analysts often use graduated maps—that is, maps in which different sizes or
colors of features represent particular values of variables.

3. Chart Mapping
Chart mapping allows the crime analyst to display several values within a
particular variable at the same time (e.g., variable = crime, values = robbery, assault,
and rape).

4. Density Mapping
In density mapping, analysts use point data to shade surfaces that are not limited to
Area boundaries (as is the case in graduated color mapping).

5.Interactive Crime Mapping

Rather than a type of mapping, the term interactive crime mapping refers to
simplified geographic information systems made available to novice users over the
Internet.

“Hinayaan ka ni Lord na umabot hanggang dito dahil alam niyang kakayanin

mo hanggang dulo.” – Mymy

------Happy vacation, see you next semester------

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