University of Central Punjab

Functional English

Topic:

Parts of speech

 Nouns
 Pronouns
 Adjectives
Submitted by:

Name:Muhammad Umar Naheed

Class: ADP CS (1st semester)

Roll.No: B3F22UASCS016

Submitted to:

Professor Yasir Khan

‫بسم ہللا الرحمن الرحیم‬

Parts of speech

Noun and Its Kinds with examples

Nouns are an all-star team of words and always

have a player ready to step up to the plate, no matter the

challenge. Common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns,

and concrete nouns are our go-to nouns but there are

many types of nouns ready to get in the game. To learn

the difference between all these nouns, use this guide to

link to in-depth articles about each type of noun.

What is a noun?
A noun is a word that refers to a person, place, or thing.

The category of “things” may sound super vague, but in

this case it means inanimate objects, abstract concepts,

and activities. Phrases and other parts of speech can also

behave like nouns and can be the subject in a sentence, as

in Jogging is a fun exercise. Here, the verb jogging acts

like a noun and is the subject of the sentence.

Different types of nouns

1) Common nouns

Common nouns are words that refer to undefined or

generic people, places, or things. For example,

the country is a common noun that refers to a generic

place while the word Canada is not a common noun

because it refers to a specific place. Common nouns are

only capitalized when they begin sentences or are used in

the names or titles of something, as in Grand

Canyon or Iron Man.

Examples of common nouns:

house, cat, girl, foot, country

2) Proper nouns

Proper nouns help distinguish a specific person, place, or

thing. These words should be capitalized. The names and

titles of things are always proper nouns, such as the brand

name Starbucks and the personal name Jenny.

Examples of proper nouns:

Spain, Fido, Sony

3) Singular nouns

Singular nouns are nouns that refer to only one person,

place or thing. For example, a cat is one animal and

a banana is one fruit.

Examples of singular nouns:

house, cat, girl, foot, country

4) Plural nouns

A plural noun refers to more than one of

something. Many singular nouns just need an S added at

the end to make them plural (e.g., bee becomes bees). For

some nouns that already end with an S, you may need to

add -es to the end to make their plural forms

(e.g., classes and buses). Some singular nouns also change

spelling when made plural (e.g. countries and babies).

Examples of regular plural nouns:

houses, cats, girls, countries

Not all nouns follow this pattern. Those that become

plural in other ways are called irregular plural

nouns. Some examples

are man and men, wolf and wolves, foot and feet,

and sheep and … sheep.

Examples of irregular plural nouns:

person and people

life and lives

mouse and mice

tooth and teeth

5) Concrete nouns
A concrete noun is something that can be perceived

through the five senses. If you can see, hear, touch, taste,

or smell something, it uses a concrete noun.

Examples of concrete nouns:

table, apple, rabbit, ear

6) Abstract nouns

Abstract nouns are intangible ideas that can’t be

perceived with the five senses, such as social concepts,

political theories, and character traits. For example, the

abstract noun anger refers to an emotion and the abstract

noun 

courage refers to a quality a person has.

Examples of abstract nouns:

love, creativity, democracy

7) Collective nouns

A collective noun is a noun that functions as a singular

noun while referring to a group of people or things. A

collective noun refers to a group that functions as one unit

or performs the same action at the same time. For

example: the team plays in the main gym.

Examples of collective nouns:

crowd, flocks, committee, a sum of money

8)Compound nouns

A compound noun combines two or more words into one.

Compound nouns can appear as a single word, multiple

words used separately, or words connected by hyphens.

Examples of compound nouns:

dry-cleaning, jack-in-the-box, toothpaste, haircut, output,

ice cream, potato chip

9) Countable nouns
A countable noun (also known as a count noun) is one

that you can count. When you have three books or 10

pennies, you are describing a noun that is countable.

Examples of countable nouns:

table, apple, rabbit, ear

10) Uncountable nouns

An uncountable noun (also known as a mass noun) is one

that cannot be counted. For example, happiness cannot be

counted. You don’t say that you have “a happiness” or

“three.” Uncountable nouns typically don’t have plural

forms.
Examples of uncountable nouns:

salt, seafood, luggage, advice

 important information

Nouns make up the majority of the English

language. More nouns appear every year as people

come up with new ideas, media, and technologies.

However, a noun’s basic function never changes.

It is a person, place, or thing, and it may be one or

more of the types of nouns that we all know and

love.
Pronoun:-

 What Is A Pronoun?

Common Types

 Singular And Plural Pronouns

 

 Reaching Pronoun Agreement

 

 Establishing Pronoun Reference

Nouns do a lot of work in our sentences. They fulfill

the important jobs of acting as subjects and objects.
Sometimes, though, a noun needs a break or there’s
not a noun that perfectly suits a sentence. When
nouns need a helping hand, who are they going to
call? No, not ghostbusters (that’s still a noun)—they
call on pronouns.
Pronouns can do all of the jobs that nouns do and
many of them are shorter and more versatile.
Pronouns let us say things like I am proud
of myself or It is time to ask somebody for
help. Pronouns are a major part of speech and
correctly using them will drastically improve your
speech and writing.
What is a pronoun?

A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun in a

sentence. The noun that is replaced by a pronoun is
called an antecedent. For example, in the
sentence I love my dog because he is a good
boy, the word he is a pronoun that replaces the
noun dog.
Generally speaking, pronouns allow us to shorten
our sentences and make them sound less repetitive.
For example,
 The construction workers are building the
office. The construction workers are making
good progress. The construction
workers should finish the project in no time.
 The construction workers are building the

office. They are making good

progress. They should finish the project in no
time.
You can see that the second set of sentences is
both shorter and sounds less repetitive than the first
set of sentences.
⚡️Pronoun quick tip

Grammatically, pronouns function much like nouns:

they can be used both as subjects and objects; they
refer to people, places, and things; they can be
singular or plural; and they can be modified by
adjectives. The “noun” in pronoun will help you
remember that pronouns behave much the same
way that nouns do.
Pronoun list

 He
 It

 You

 I

 They

 We

 Who

 Him

 Them

 Whoever

 Anyone

 Something

 Nobody

We use a bunch of different pronouns in our writing

and in speech. Listed below are just some of the
pronouns that we use every day:
 I
 me

 you

 he

 she

 it

 we

 they

 us

 them

 who

 what

 this

 that

 anyone

 nobody

 something

Pronoun examples

The following examples show how we use pronouns

in sentences.
 We looked for Britney at her house,
but she wasn’t there.
 I took my car to the mechanic to get it fixed.
 This is the best birthday ever!
 Someone donated $500 to our charity.
Andy thinks that mayonnaise goes well
with anything.
Types of pronouns

There are many different types of pronouns that we

use in writing and speech. For now, we will briefly
look at each of these different types. If you want to
explore each one in more detail, we have provided
an extensive guide to each type of pronoun in the
links below:
 Possessive pronouns
 Personal pronouns
 Relative pronouns
 Reflexive pronouns
 Indefinite pronouns
 Demonstrative pronouns
 Interrogative pronouns
 Intensive pronouns
 Reciprocal pronouns
 

 
Common types of pronouns

Possessive pronouns

A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses

possession, ownership, origin, relationship, etc.
Possessive pronoun examples

mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs

Possessive pronouns used in sentences

 That toy on the shelf is mine.

 All of the houses in our neighborhood look the

same, but ours is the only one with a satellite

dish.
 Wendy and Ronald separated the french fries

into two piles: the left one was hers and the

right one was his.
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are pronouns that we use to
refer to people and, sometimes, animals. The
pronouns it, they, and them can also apply to
objects.
Personal pronoun examples

 I, you, she, he, it, we, they, me, us, them

Personal pronouns used in sentences
 I am afraid of mice.
 The toaster gets really hot when it heats
bread.
 My cats are friendly, so you can safely
pet them.

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns connect dependent clauses to

independent clauses.
Relative pronoun examples

 who, whom, which, what, that

Relative pronouns used in sentences

 I need to find a person who can read

Swedish.
 She doesn’t want to eat a meal that is too

spicy.
 This book, which ends on a cliffhanger, is

really exciting.
Reflexive pronouns

A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun used as an object

of a verb that refers to the same person or thing as
the subject of the verb.
Reflexive pronoun examples

myself, yourself, itself, herself, himself,

ourselves, themselves
Reflexive pronouns used in sentences

 Ken looked at himself in the mirror.

 I like to cheer myself up with desserts.

 The silly clowns made fools of themselves.

Intensive pronouns

Intensive pronouns refer back to the subject in order

to add emphasis. Intensive pronouns are identical in
appearance to reflexive pronouns.
Intensive pronoun examples

myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,

ourselves, themselves
Intensive pronouns used in sentences

 I built my house myself.
 The children made the cookies themselves.

 Often, the stress of giving a speech is worse

than the speech itself.

Indefinite pronouns

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that doesn’t

specifically identify who or what it is referring to.
Indefinite pronoun examples

 some, somebody, anyone, anywhere,

nothing, everybody
Indefinite pronouns used in sentences

 This note could have been written

by anybody.
 Someone ate my lunch.
 The water splashed everywhere.
 
Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are used to point to specific

things.
Demonstrative pronoun examples

this, that, these, those



Demonstrative pronouns used in sentences

 This is my favorite shirt.

 I don’t know what that is, but it definitely isn’t
friendly.
 I need you to fix these.
Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are pronouns used to ask

questions about unknown people or things.
Interrogative pronoun examples

 who, whom, what, which, whose

Interrogative pronouns used in sentences

 Who wrote this letter?

 What is an amphibian?

 Which is the correct answer?

Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns express mutual relationships or

actions.
Reciprocal pronoun examples

 each other, one another

Reciprocal pronouns used in sentences

 My sister and I love each other.

 The members of the team support one
another.
 The two fishermen love to compete with each
other.
 was hers and the right one was his.
Singular and plural pronouns

Like nouns, pronouns can either be singular or

plural.
Singular pronouns

Singular pronouns refer to a single person or thing.

Like singular nouns, singular pronouns must use
singular verbs.
Singular pronoun examples

 I, he, she, it, one, this, someone, something,

anyone, nobody
Singular pronouns used in sentences

 Melanie is so good at movie trivia

that she never gets a single question wrong.
 Somebody is standing next to the window.

 This is the best cake I have ever eaten.

Plural pronouns

Plural pronouns refer to multiple people or things.

Plural pronouns must use plural verbs.
Plural pronoun examples

 we, they, us, them, ourselves, themselves,

those, these, many, several, others
Plural pronouns used in sentences

 We go to the gym every day.

 These paintings aren’t as old as those are.
 Several of the ducks know that children like
to feed them bread.

How to reach pronoun agreement

When using a pronoun, it must agree in number with

its antecedent. This means that a singular noun can
only be replaced by a singular pronoun, and a plural
noun can only be replaced by a plural pronoun. Take
a look at the following two examples:
 The basketball rolled until it hit the door.

 The basketball rolled until they hit the door.

Of these two sentences, only the first one makes

sense. We are only referring to a single basketball,
so we need to use a singular pronoun like it and not
a plural pronoun like they. When you are unsure
about what kind of pronoun you need, think about
what noun is being replaced and use a pronoun that
is of the same number.
There are a few things to keep in mind when
considering pronoun agreement:
Firstly, the
pronouns everyone, everybody, everything,
and everywhere are treated as singular pronouns
even though they often refer to multiple people and
things. For example, we would say Everybody was
hiding rather than Everybody were hiding.
Secondly, some pronouns can be used as either
singular or plural. When we encounter these
pronouns in sentences, we usually rely on context to
help us determine if they are singular or plural. For
example,
You are my best friend. (Based on the
singular word friend, we know that you is a
singular pronoun.)
 You are my best friends. (Based on the plural

word friends, we know that you is a plural

pronoun.)
How to establish pronoun reference

When using a pronoun, it should be clear who or

what the pronoun is referring to. When reading or
listening to a sentence, it should be easy to
determine what a pronoun’s antecedent is. With that
in mind, here are some tips to help you out.
1. Use a noun first before replacing it with a
pronoun:
❓ Unclear: After an exciting race, she narrowly
won. She celebrated her victory.
✅ Clear: After an exciting race, Dasha narrowly
won. She celebrated her victory.
2. Use an appropriate pronoun to refer to a person
or a thing. For example, we don’t use the
pronoun it to refer to people, and we don’t use the
pronoun someone to refer to an inanimate object.
For animals, we can use the pronoun it when we
don’t know the animal’s sex.
❌ Incorrect: The trophy looked like he was brand
new.
✅ Correct: The trophy looked like it was brand new.
Adjective and its types:

Adjectives are one of the most

exciting parts of speech that we have. Without

adjectives, you wouldn’t be able to tell your

friends which movies are great and which

are overrated. Adjectives also allow us to

describe ourselves as being amazing, incredible,

fantastic, and—of course—humble. Most

importantly, adjectives let us explain the

difference between funny memes and bad ones.

Based on these indisputable facts, adjectives are

clearly important parts of grammar. But did you
know that there are many different types of
adjectives? It’s true! In fact, there are at least 13—
yes, 13!—types of adjectives that we commonly use.
What is an adjective?

An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or

a pronoun. In general, adjectives usually give us
more information about a noun or pronoun by
describing it or providing more information about it.
For example, the adjective funny is used to say
something causes fun or laughter.
We are going to look at types of adjectives that we
commonly use in everyday writing and speech.
Before we do, though, there are a couple things we
need to address first.
Cumulative and coordinate adjectives

These two terms for adjectives have more to do with

good writing practices than grammatical concepts.
The terms cumulative adjectives and coordinate
adjectives are often used in guides or advice
covering writing, proper adjective order, or
punctuation. The term coordinate adjectives is
used to refer to adjectives that can be written in any
order and are usually separated by a comma or the
word and. For example, the
words heavy and huge are the coordinate
adjectives in the sentence He was carrying a huge,
heavy stone. The term cumulative adjectives is
used to refer to adjectives that fall under different
categories, often don’t use commas, and follow
adjective order as in the adjectives used in the
sentence He was a young French man.
Determiners

Unlike nouns and verbs, the types of adjectives are

not as strictly defined. For this reason, style guides
and grammar resources may not consider some of
the types of adjectives you are about to learn about
to actually be adjectives at all. In particular, a style
guide may consider words that act as possessives,
demonstratives, interrogatives, and quantifiers to
either be their own parts of speech or a type of word
known as determiners, which also often
includes articles. While we will treat these words as
adjectives, you shouldn’t be surprised if you see
them referred to as a different part of speech.

Common types of adjectives

We are going to briefly examine 13 different types of

adjectives. If you’d like to learn about each type of
adjective in more detail, you can check out all of our
amazing guides to the different kinds of adjectives!
1.Comparative adjectives
2.Superlative adjectives
3.Predicate adjectives
4.Compound adjectives
5.Possessive adjectives
6.Demonstrative adjectives
7.Proper adjectives
8.Participial adjectives
9.Limiting adjectives
10. Descriptive adjectives
11. Interrogative adjectives
12. Attributive adjectives
13. Distributive adjectives

1. Comparative adjectives

Comparative adjectives are used to compare two

different people or things to each other. Some
examples of comparative adjectives include words
such as smaller, faster, more expensive, and less
reasonable.
Comparative adjective examples

 Whales are larger animals than dolphins.

 We moved to a cheaper apartment.

 The sequel was even more incredible than

the first movie.

2. Superlative adjectives

Superlative adjectives are used to compare more

than two people or things by indicating which one is
the most supreme or extreme. Some examples of
superlative adjectives include words such
as smartest, loudest, most impressive, and least
valuable.
Superlative adjective examples

 Adrian is the fastest member of our team.

 Out of all of my books, this one is the oldest.

 We are trying to figure out the least

confusing way to explain the lesson to the

new students.
3. Predicate adjectives

Predicate adjectives are adjectives that appear in

the predicate of a sentence as a subject

complement rather than directly next to the nouns or

pronouns that they modify. Predicate adjectives

follow linking verbs in sentences and

clausesPredicate adjective examples

 Andrea is tall.
 Freddy became angry.
 The steak looks delicious.
4. Compound adjectives

Compound adjectives are adjectives that are

formed from multiple words, which are usually
connected by hyphens. Some examples of
compound adjectives include never-ending, cross-
eyed, and run-of-the-mill.
Compound adjective examples

 She had enough of the double-

dealing salesman.
 My happy-go-lucky daughter loved our trip to

Disneyland.
 The better-off members of the city live by the

river.
5. Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives are often used to express

possession or ownership. The most commonly used
possessive adjectives
are my, your, its, her, his, our, their, and whose.
Possessive adjective examples

 My favorite food is pizza.

 Sydney spent the day with her parents.
 Canadians celebrated their team’s victory at
the Olympics.
6. Demonstrative adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives are used to express

relative positions in space and time. The most
commonly used demonstrative adjectives
are this, that, these, and those.
Demonstrative adjective examples

 This watch is cheaper than that one.

 This weekend is going to be really fun.

 Watch out for those prickly rose bushes next

to you.
7. Proper adjectives

Proper adjectives are adjectives formed from proper

nouns. In general, proper adjectives are commonly
used to say that something is related to a specific
person or place. Proper adjectives include words
such as African, Napoleonic, and Shakespearian.
Proper adjective examples

 He was reading a Russian newspaper.

 I think Haitian food is tasty.
 We studied the history of Victorian England
in school today.
8. Participial adjectives

 Participial adjectives are adjectives that are based

on participles, which are words that usually end in -
ed or -ing and derive from verbs. Participial
adjectives include words ike amazing,impressed
and fascinating.
Participial adjective examples

 Travis was late for his swimming lessons.

 Please hand me my reading glasses.
 The silly clown cheered up
the bored children.

9. Limiting adjectives

Limiting adjectives are adjectives that restrict a noun

or pronoun rather than describe any of its
characteristics or qualities. Limiting adjectives
overlap with other types of adjectives such as
demonstrative adjectives and possessive adjectives.
Limiting adjectives include words such
as these, your, and some.
Limiting adjective examples

 I bought some eggs at the store.

 She found three pennies under the couch
cushions.
Take a look at that house over there.
10. Descriptive adjectives

Descriptive adjectives are adjectives that describe

the characteristics, traits, or qualities of a noun or
pronoun. Most adjectives are descriptive adjectives.
Words such as purple, friendly, and attractive are
examples of descriptive adjectives.
Descriptive adjective examples

 A lot of interesting people visit this park.

 She told a scary story.

 The leaves turned orange and red.

11. Interrogative adjectives

Interrogative adjectives are adjectives that are

used to ask questions. The interrogative adjectives
are what, which, and whose.
Interrogative adjective examples

 What color is your favorite?

 Which button turns off the lights?

 Whose turn is it to wash the cat?

12. Attributive adjectives

Attributive adjectives are adjectives that are

directly next to the noun and pronoun that they
modify. Usually, attributive adjectives come directly
before nouns and pronouns but they modify. But
they can sometimes appear after them.
Attributive adjective examples

 She has beautiful handwriting.
 The hungry gorilla ate the fresh mangoes.

 Keith gave his dad something special for his

birthday.
13. Distributive adjectives

Distributive adjectives are used to refer to

members of a group individually. Examples of
distributive adjectives include each, every, either,
and neither.
Distributive adjective examples

 Each puppy got their own little doghouse.

 Every member of the team scored a goal.
 I’ll be happy if either candidate wins the
election.
The
End