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    net/publication/299437455

    Multipath Fading in Cellular Mobile Communications/A Handbook on Cellular


    Mobile Communication Laboratory A MATLAB-Based Approach

    Technical Report · March 2016


    DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1961.8967

    CITATIONS READS

    0 1,792

    1 author:

    Rony Kumer Saha


    Stanford University
    87 PUBLICATIONS   503 CITATIONS   

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    Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

    CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION - A FUNDAMENTAL PERSPECTIVE (Technical Note) View project

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    CMCL 03: Multipath Fading in Cellular Mobile Communications

    3.1 Basic Propagation Mechanisms and Concept of Fading

    Reflection is a phenomenon (Figure 3.1) that occurs when an EM wave impinges upon an
    obstruction with dimensions very large compared to the radio wave wavelength such as earth
    surface, building, or wall.

    Diffraction occurs from the signal obstruction obstructed by a surface (earth, buildings, or walls)
    with sharp irregularities (edges), which may interfere constructively or destructively at the
    receiver.
     According to Huygens principle, all points on a wave front can be considered as point
    sources for the production of secondary wavelets, and these wavelets combine to produce
    a new wave front in the direction of propagation (Figure 3.2).
     Diffraction is caused by the secondary wavelets into the shadowed region and the strength
    of the diffracted waves is the sum of all secondary wavelets in the shadowed region.

    Scattering occurs when the dimension of the obstacles is small compared to the wavelength and
    the number of obstacles per unit volume is quite large.

    Direct wave
    Transmitter

    Receiver
    ve
    ct ed wa
    Refe

    Earth Ground

    Distance (d)
    Figure 3.1: Two ray ground reflection model.
    But in reality, because of having such obstructions in the way of signal propagation as reflection,
    diffraction, and scattering of radio waves occurred, which causes multipath propagation (varies
    with the type and area of obstruction). These signals have longer path than direct signal, and the
    magnitude as well as the phase difference varies with the path length of the signals.

    The received signals from various radio paths are summed at the MS antenna. This summing can
    be either constructive or destructive. In the destructive case, the sum signal has power that is clearly
    smaller than the average level of the received signal, and the received signal is said to be in a fade.
    The effect can cause fluctuations in the received signal’s amplitude, phase, and angle of arrival.
    The overall phenomenon of radio propagation is called multipath fading. The urban environment
    is the most common and unpredictable propagation environment in cellular communication
    systems, which is characterized by dense urban, urban, and suburban environments with
    Q

    Huygens secondary sources

    Knif
    e ed
    ge
    h

    shadowed region
    Receiver in
    Source

    d1 d2

    Figure 3.2: Knife-edge diffraction.

    the density of civil structure variation. The signal received at the receiver is a result of direct rays,
    reflected rays, and shadowing as shown in Figure 3.3. Figure 3.3 shows a typical urban
    environment showing direct path and multipath propagation.

    Figure 3.3: Multipath fading.

    Figure 3.4 represents an overview of fading channel manifestations. It starts with two types of
    fading effects that characterize mobile communications: large-scale and small-scale fading. In this
    experiment, we limit our focus on small scale fading.
    RK Saha - A Handbook on Cellular Mobile Communication Laboratory-A MATLAB based Approach
    Personal use only permitted, not for any commercial purposes

    3.9 Appendix: M-file: Multipath Fading in Cellular Mobile Communications

    Rayleigh Fading Channel

    % Rayleigh Fading Model

    %-------------------------------------------------------
    % Frequency Flat Rayleigh fading
    %--------------------------------------------------
    Ray_c_ff = rayleighchan(1/10000,100);
    sig = 1i*ones(2000,1); % Generate signal
    Ray_y_ff = filter(Ray_c_ff,sig); % Pass signal through channel

    %-------------------------------------------------------
    % frequency Selective Rayleigh fading
    %--------------------------------------------------
    Ray_c_fs = rayleighchan(1/10000,100,[0 0.5/50000;],[0 -10]);
    sig = 1i*ones(2000,1); % Generate signal
    Ray_y_fs = filter(Ray_c_fs,sig); % Pass signal through channel

    %-----------------------------------------------------
    % Display all properties of the Rayleigh Fadedchannel

    disp(Ray_c_ff)
    disp(Ray_c_fs)
    %-----------------------------------------------------

    % Plot power of faded signal, versus sample number.

    subplot 221
    plot(20*log10(abs(Ray_y_ff))),grid
    title('Rayleigh frequency flat')
    xlabel('Sample number')
    ylabel('Faded signal power')

    subplot 222
    plot(20*log10(abs(Ray_y_fs))),grid
    title('Rayleigh frequency selective')
    xlabel('Sample number')
    ylabel('Faded signal power')

    %---------------------------------------------------------
    Rician Fading Channel
    %--------------------------------------------------------
    % Rician fading Model
    %--------------------------------------------------------

    %-------------------------------------------------------
    % Frequency Flat rician fading
    %--------------------------------------------------
    Ric_c_ff = ricianchan(1/10000,100,3);
    sig = 1i*ones(2000,1); % Generate signal
    Ric_y_ff = filter(Ric_c_ff,sig); % Pass signal through channel

    © RK Saha Exp 04 Page 3 of 4


    %-------------------------------------------------------
    % frequency Selective Rayleigh fading
    %--------------------------------------------------
    % c_fs = ricianchan(1/10000,100,3,[0 0.5/50000;],[0 -10],3);

    Ric_c_fs = ricianchan(1/10000,100,3,[0 0.5/50000;],[0 -10]);


    sig = 1i*ones(2000,1); % Generate signal
    Ric_y_fs = filter(Ric_c_fs,sig); % Pass signal through channel

    %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    % Output1
    %----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    % Display all properties of the Rayleigh Faded channel

    disp(Ric_c_ff)
    disp(Ric_c_fs)
    %-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    % Output2
    %----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    % Plot power of faded signal, versus sample number
    %------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    subplot 223
    plot(20*log10(abs(Ric_y_ff))),grid
    title('Rician frequency flat')
    xlabel('Sample number')
    ylabel('Faded signal power')

    subplot 224
    plot(20*log10(abs(Ric_y_fs))),grid
    title('Rician frequency selective')
    xlabel('Sample number')
    ylabel('Faded signal power')
    %---------------------------------------------------

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