GENERAL KNOWLEDGE-I

(GENERAL SCIENCE & ABILITY)

PART-II
SECTION-I (General Science)
Q. No. 2. (A). Describe different methods to measure the age of the universe?
The universe, which believed to be consists of normal matter, dark matter and dark energy, is
approximately 13.8 billion years old. The age of the universe can be determined using two
different methods:
1) By studying the oldest objects within the universe
The universe cannot be younger than the objects contained inside of it. By determining the ages
of the oldest stars, scientists are able to put a limit on the age.

One way to determine the age is to determine the life cycle of a star, which is based on its mass.
The more massive stars are the more short lived ones. They burn faster than their lower-mass
siblings. For instance, a star 10 times as massive as the sun will burn through its fuel supply in
20 million years, while a star with half the sun's mass will last more than 20 billion years.

Second, the early stars aren't the only way to place limits on the age of the universe. Dense
collections of stars known as globular clusters have similar characteristics. The oldest known
globular clusters have stars with ages that appear to be between 11 and 14 billion years old. The
uncertainty still creates a limit to the age of the universe; it must be at least 11 billion years old.
It can be older, but not younger.

2) By measuring how fast the universe is expanding

The universe we live in is not flat and unchanging, but constantly expanding. The expansion rate
of the universe, a number known as the Hubble constant, is the key to determine the age. A
number of factors determine the value of this constant. The first is the type of matter that
dominates the universe. The matter usually consists of three types: normal matter, darks matter,
and dark energy. Second, density of the matter also plays a role. A universe with a low density
of matter is older. If the universe has a very low density of matter, then its extrapolated age is
larger:
1/Ho, where Ho is the value of the Hubble constant.
Astronomers believe that 1/Ho is between 12 and 14 billion years.
Q. No. 2. B) Explain the formation of lunar eclipse.
The moon moves in an orbit around the earth, and at the same time, earth orbits the sun. A lunar
eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow. This can occur only when the Sun,
Earth, and Moon are in same plane, with Earth between the other two, and only on the night of a
full moon. It is safe to see with the naked eye. The earth casts a conical shadow in space. At
point within the cone where the light of the sun is wholly blocked, it is called Umbra. Area
surrounding the umber is partially shadowed is called penumbra.

Types of lunar eclipse:

The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon's position in the orbit.
Penumbral lunar eclipse:
The moon passes through only penumbra of the earth’s shadow. It is rarely visible from the
earth, as there is slight change of the colour of the moon.
Partial lunar eclipse:
When a portion of moon in the penumbra and other portion of itis in the umbra, it makes a partial
lunar eclipse.
Total lunar eclipse:
When the entire moon passes through the umbral region of the earths’ shadow and moon is
totally obscured, the total lunar eclipse occurs. It is also called a red moon.
Q. No. 2. C) Explain the terms Dark energy and dark matter.
The Universe is thought to consist of three types of substance: normal matter, dark matter, and
dark energy. Together, the latter two accounts for 96 of the mass of the universe, and human eye
can’t see either. Normal matter consists of the atoms that make up stars, planets, human beings
and every other visible object in the Universe. It accounts for the smallest proportion of the
Universe, roughly 5%.
Dark matter Dark energy

1. A component of the universe whose 1. A hypothetical form of energy that

presence is perceived from its exerts, show the universe going
gravitational attraction rather than its through an accelerated period of
luminosity, keeping the stars orbiting expansion
around the centre of the galaxy. 2. Dark energy matter accounts for 25%
of mass of the universe
2. It accounts for 70% of mass of the 3. It produces a repulsive force
universe. (antigravity).
4. It speeds up the expansion of the
3. It produces an attractive force (gravity) universe.
5. Human eye cannot see it
4. It slows down the expansion of the
universe.

5.  It doesn’t reflect, absorb, or emit

light, therefore, it is invisible from the
human sight. .

Q. No. 2. D) Define the term black hole. What is expected inside it?

Black hole is a cosmic body of extremely intense gravity from which nothing, not even light, can
escape. Because no light can get out of it, people can't see black holes. It is invisible.

What is at the centre of a black hole?

At the centre of a black hole, it is often postulated there is something called a gravitational
singularity where gravity and density are infinite and space-time extends into infinity.

How Do Black Holes Form?

Scientists think the smallest black holes formed when the universe began. Stellar black holes are
made when the centre of a very big star collapses. Scientists think supermassive black holes were
made at the same time as the galaxy came into being. Moreover, there lies a supermassive black
hole at the centre of every galaxy. The earth is a part of Milky Way galaxy and the super massive
black hole at its centre is called Sagittarius.

Q. No. 3. A) Describe different causes and prevention of polio.

Polio (also known as poliomyelitis) is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks
the nervous system. Children younger than 5 years are more likely to contract the virus than any
other group.

Causes:

 Faeces

 Contaminated water

 Unwashed hands

 take care of or live with someone infected with polio

 handle a laboratory specimen of the virus

 have your tonsils removed

Prevention methods:

 polio vaccine (IPV)

 to wash hands before eating something

 to intake fresh and boiled water

 to wear gloves while taking care of polio infected patients

Q. No. 3. B) Define the term bio fuel. How is it helpful to promote clean energy?

Biofuel is any fuel that is derived from biomass- plant or animal waste. Animal dunk, sugar cane,
corn, rice husk are used as a raw material to produce biofuel. These raw materials are readily
available and replenish-able.

How biofuel promotes clean energy?

No greenhouse gases, like carbon monoxide, chloro-floro carbons, are released in the burning of
organic matter- raw material for the production of biofuel. Therefore, biomass does not
contribute in environmental pollution, unlike fossil fuels, which have become the major culprit
behind burgeoning climate change. Thus, biomass being a clean and green resource for the
biofuel production has become an imperative source of renewable energy.
Q. No. 3. C) Define carbohydrates. Describe different steps to digest these in the human
body.

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. They are the sugars, starches, and
dietary fibre that occur in plant foods and dairy products, providing essential elements that the
body needs for instant energy production and various vital functions.

How are carbohydrates digested?

Food Mouth stomach intestine colon.

(Carbohydrates digestion process)

All the food you eat goes through your digestive system so it can be broken down and used by
the body. Carbohydrates take a journey starting with the intake at the mouth and ending with
elimination from your colon. There’s a lot that happens between the point of entry and exit.

1. The mouth

The food goes into the mouth where it gets moisten by the saliva. Here an enzyme called
amylase begins the breakdown process of the sugars in the carbohydrates in the food.

2. The stomach

From the mouth, the carbohydrates travel through your oesophagus to stomach. At this stage, the
food is referred to as chyme. Bacteria in the chime are killed before it makes its next step in the
digestion journey.

3. The small intestine, pancreas, and liver

The chyme then goes from the stomach into the first part of the small intestine, called the
duodenum. This causes the pancreas to release pancreatic amylase. This enzyme breaks down the
chyme into dextrin and maltose. From there, the wall of the small intestine begins to make
lactase, sucrose, and maltase. These enzymes break down the sugars even further into
monosaccharides or single sugars. These sugars are the ones that are finally absorbed into the
small intestine. Once they’re absorbed, they’re processed even more by the liver and stored as
glycogen. Other glucose is moved through the body by the bloodstream. The hormone insulin is
released from the pancreas and allows the glucose to be used as energy.

4. Colon
Anything that’s left over after these digestive processes goes to the colon. It’s then broken down
by intestinal bacteria. Fibre is contained in many carbohydrates and cannot be digested by the
body. It reaches the colon and is then eliminated with stools.

Q. No. 3. D) Define the cell structure. Write down at least three difference between the
animal cell and the plant cell.

Cell definition:

Cells are the fundamental units of life from which all other living things are made. They contain
all the molecules and structures needed for individual cell survival and the survival of the
organism as a whole.

Cell structure:

Different cells have different subcellular structures, but all eukaryotes contain the same three
parts: the nucleus, the cell membrane, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the
outside of the cell, the nucleus is found in the middle of the cell, and the cytoplasm fills the gap
between the two. Buried in the cytoplasm are hundreds or thousands of subcellular structures
called organelles.

Difference between plant and animal cells:

Plant cell Animal cell

Has a cell wall Does not have a cell wall

Has chloroplast. Does not have chloroplast

Has large vacuoles Has smaller vacuoles

Q. No. 4. (A). What is ‘Acid Rain’. Describe its causes and how it can be prevented?
The rain, a type of acid deposition, that keeps in itself some dissolved acidic gasses, such as
Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide emitted primarily from human activity – like burning of
fossil fuels – and secondarily from natural activity – like eruption of volcanoes, and lands from
atmosphere to earth in dry form is known as acid rain. A pH scale, an indicator of hydrogen ion
content in a solution, is used to separate acidic rain from normal rain. The former has a pH
ranging from 4.0 to 4.6; whereas, the latter has a pH ranging from 5.5 to 5.6. Acid rain is a result
of some causes explained hereunder.
Causes of acid rain:
A few pressing sources of acid rain are industrial sector, electricity production companies, and,
indeed, road combustion engine automobiles since all work mainly on burnt fossil fuels,
including gasoline, diesel, coal, CNG etc. These fossil fuels contain heaps of acidic gasses:
Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide, which come out at the exhaust of the engine and elevate to
the surrounding atmosphere. Here these gasses react with oxygen, remain suspended there, and,
when rainfall occurs, they react with water droplets and produce toxic acidic pollutant, acid rain.
Apart from the above stated anthropogenic activities, natural input is also present. Volcanic
eruption can form byproducts, like Sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other
toxic gasses. These gasses become source of acid rain. Lastly, Nitrogen already present in the
atmosphere is transformed into Nitrogen oxide by Lightning phenomenon, becoming an acidic
pollutant. However, the contribution of the last two causes is little than that of the human cause
in forming acid rain. Some reactions for the emitted gases are as under:
2 NO ( Nitrogen monoxide ) +O2 ( Oxygen) → 2 NO 2( Nitrogen dioxide)

2 NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide)+ H 2 O(Water )→ HNO 3 ( Nitric acid)+ HNO 2( Nitrious acid )

2 S O2 ( Sulphur dioxide ) +O2 (Oxygen ) →2 SO 3( Sulphur tri oxide)

SO 3(Sulphur trioxide)+ H 2 O(Water) → H 2 S O4 ( Sulphuric acid )

Prevention of acid rain:

Where occurs the causes of acid rain, the ways to limit the formation of the rain also exist. Some
mitigation techniques are mentioned below:
1. Abating toxic pollutant from fuels and emissions – Sulphur
Coal power plants can wash the coal or treat exhaust gasses, flue gasses, with atomized wet
limestone to capture the Sulphur content from fuel and Sulphur dioxide from flue gasses.
Moreover, catalytic converter should be installed in the automobiles to trap NOx (Nitrogen
oxides) and other acidic contents to avoid mixing into the atmosphere. Other pollutant, i.e.
Nitrogen and Nitrogen oxide, however, cannot be entrapped from the above discussed scheme.
2. Using green energy, renewable energy, resources
Being less or zero emissions fuels, renewable energy technology appears best alternative to the
conventional fossil fuels. Solar, hydroelectric, and wind can replace coal, gasoline, diesel and
others to counter the phenomenon of acid pollutant, acid rain.
3. Planting more trees rather axing them
Trees are environment friendly and absorb pollution, purifying the atmosphere at the same time.
They can prove helpful in mitigating the factor of acid rain.

Q. No. 4. (B). What is ‘Water Pollution’. Discuss its causes and measurement methods.
Name the countries with the highest and lowest percentage of it.
The contamination of water bodies – lakes, rivers, underground water, oceans, and estuaries – by
substances that are discharged untreated into water can be termed as water pollution. Not only
human encounters water borne problems form it, but the aquatic ecosystem also faces unbalance.
The pollutants in the form of petroleum, micro-organisms, harmful waste are of major concern in
water borne diseases.
Water pollution causes:
Following are some causes behind water pollution:
1. Discarding untreated municipal waste
2. Bleeding sewage lines
3. Rejecting industrial waste water
4. Silting of soil
5. Using pesticides in agrarian land
6. Disposing radioactive waste
Water pollution measurement methods:
Following are some measurement methods of water pollution:
1. Physical testing
It is performed to measure the amount total dissolved solids in water and water temperature.
2. Chemical testing
It is performed to quantify metals, hydrocarbon compounds, and nitric waste in polluted water by
measuring pH value, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
3. Biological testing
It is done to analyses the behavior of aquatic spices.
Countries with the highest and lowest percentage of water pollution:
Highest percentage of water pollution Lowest percentage of water pollution
Afghanistan Chile
Ethiopia Canada
Nigeria Denmark
Cambodia Singapore
Nepal Sweden
Ghana Austria
Bhutan Iceland
Pakistan Germany
Congo Greenland
Mexico Switzerland

Q. No. 4. (C). Write a comprehensive note on ‘Smog’.

The suspended particles of smoke and dust in fog or water particles is known as smog. Being a
form of air pollutant, smog – yellowish, blackish fog – makes the atmosphere turbid and cause
problems, like eye irritation, bronchial diseases, pulmonary problem, and pneumonia to human.
Moreover, plant and animal are also affected. Two types of smog are common: photochemical or
Los Angles smog and sulfurous or London smog. Photochemical smog is formed by exposing of
sunlight to the suspended gases and dust particles emitted from the burning of fossil fuels. These
gases include precursors: sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and volatile organic
compounds (VOC). As a result of this photochemical reaction, reaction by sunlight exposure,
ground level ozone is formed. High concentration of ground level ozone in atmosphere blocks
ultraviolet (UV) rays coming from the sun, thus restraining vitamin D form the sun from human.
Secondly, sulfurous smog develops from the huge sulfur oxides (SOx) content exhausted from
automobiles, industries, and human activities in air. To avoid worse circumstances of smog,
nonrenewable fossil fuels should be replaced by renewable fuels.
Q. No. 4. (D). Describe different causes of ‘Tsunami’. Is there any difference between a
Tsunami and a tidal wave? Name the worst Tsunami ever recorded.
Causes of Tsunami:
Tsunami – seismic sea, ocean waves – is caused by following given reasons:
1. Submarine tectonic plate earthquake
The rise, fall motion of ocean floor significantly displaces water, creating intense rolling waves,
Tsunami.
2. Underground land slide
The steep point, continental slope, on the sea floor have on it the sediments that result Tsunami
when they are prone to slide.
3. Volcanic eruption
Eruption of coastal, underground volcanos can also displace water and cause Tsunami.
Difference between a Tsunami and a tidal wave:
There is much difference between Tsunami and tidal wave and is tabularized below.
Tidal wave Tsunami
It is created by the force of the sun or the It is created by the seismic activity of the
moon earth
It can reach a height of 55 feet It can have wavelength of about 200
kilometers and speed of about 800 kilometers
It occur at the coastal areas It occurs mainly in the Pacific ocean
It is much frequent It is rare and depends upon seismic activity

Worst ever Tsunami

The Tsunami that occurred in Sumatra, Indonesia (Indian Ocean), 2004 was the worst in the
history. The Tsunami reported nearly 230,000 lives and affected 14 countries. Moreover, the
magnitude of earthquake was recoded to be 9.3 Richter scale, and the height of Tsunami was
nearly 98 feet.

Q. No. 5. (A). Write a note, how data is stored on a ‘Hard Disk’.

Hard disk, computer memory, comprises coated aluminum or glass disk known as platter, on
which data is stored. The data storage on the magnetized platter surface in the form of
categorized sectors and tracks: tracks are designed concentric circles on the platter; whereas
sectors are made by dividing a circular tracks into various defined wedges.

In the form of magnetic field, the data is stored on hard disk. On the sectors, a magnetized region
exists, which indicates a storage unit, a bit. For the hard disk to write data on it, sectors are
magnetized either in north-south polarity or south-north polarity. Both the polarities can be
categorized as binary digits: 0 and 1. When a sector is made magnetized (1), the data remain
stored even after the power is shut off. To read and write data on the platter, data heads are
basically used. For one platter, two pairs of read-write headers that are mounted on a controlled
arm and move along the radius of the platter are present to manage data on both sides of it. This
is how a data is stored on a hard disk.
Q. No. 5. (B). How an ‘Optical Fiber’ is constructed? How is it helpful in transmitting the
electromagnetic radiations?
Optical fiber, a reflective glass strand, is 0.005 inches in diameter and is made by the below
given techniques. Optical fiber construction consists of five major components that are
elaborated hereunder:
1. Core:
The central, transparent part of the optical fiber is called core, which carries through it the data in
light signal form. The core is made of plastics or silica glass having the diameter ranging from 8
µm – 50 µm (micrometers). The core has a high value of refractive index – a measure of light
bending in case of medium change, and the core is made of dielectric material, insulating
material.
2. Cladding:
The thin glass layer surrounding the core is cladding. Cladding, together with core, form a basic
unit to satisfy the principle of optical fiber. Its diameter is up to 125 µm. The cladding, also, is
made with a dielectric material possessing a refractive index less than that of a core. This
difference of refractive index helps to transfer the light signal by the phenomenon called as total
internal reflection.
3. Primary buffer:
Just after the cladding, primary buffer coating in available. The main purpose to use this coating
is to create a reinforcement for the optical fiber core, to acts like a shock absorber, and to bear
the cable bends. It does not have to do anything with the working light signal and has a diameter
up to 250 µm.
4. Strengthening fibers:
As the name indicate, this fiber provides strength to the core against the tensions and crushing
forces during installation and is a network of Kevlar, a special yarn.
5. Cable jacket:
The last part of the optical fiber is protecting cable jacket. It varies in color, but the sole purpose
is to keep other parts of the fiber intact and safe from external disturbance.
Optical fiber for transmission of electromagnetic radiation:
Electromagnetic radiation possessing wavelengths within the range from 850 nm to 1550 nm are
capable to make their way through optical fibers. Moreover, this range falls in infrared spectrum.
Therefore, for optical fiber to transmit unattenuated data, the infrared radiation are useful.

Q. No. 5. (D). What is ‘Artificial Intelligence’? How is it helpful for humanity?

Artificial intelligence:
The imitation of a human intellect by a computer or computer programmed robot is called of
artificial intelligence or AI. The distinctive human logical, reasoning, problem-solving, and
experiencing qualities are supposed to be developed in the computer machines through training
them by machine learning technique, thus, generating artificially intelligent agents. By time,
these computers are becoming more sophisticated, yet they cannot perform as flexible as a man
can.
Benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) to humanity:
1. Eliminating human error
Human innately exhibits the feature of doing errors, but the computer are largely free from
errors. Owing to artificial intelligence, a machine or a computer is capable to work on a great
number of algorithms, to facsimile human intellect, and to implement deep and machine learning
capabilities. For example, weather forecasting has remain a technical aspect for air trafficking.
This need is fulfilled by computers that perform enumerate computation for a larger weather data
sets, climate informatics.
2. Enhancing automation through AI
With some AI techniques, like deep learning and machine learning, advance machine has been
developed to improve productivity. These schemes has reduced human workload over time in the
manufacturing, production, and service sectors. Moreover, the cost of services is also becoming
cheap.
3. Improving security concerns
AI has facilitated the human with intelligent robots, unmanned armed vehicles (UAVs), air jets,
and weapons, which have limited the human causalities in case of border conflicts or skirmishes.
Artificial intelligence has made the machines to excess the areas unapproachable to man.

SECTION-II (Ability)
Q. No. 6. (A). It takes 3 liters of paint to cover an area of 24 square meters. What
percentage increase in the quantity of paint would be required to cover an area of 50.4
square meters?
Solution:

24 m2 area can be covered by liters of paint = 3 L (liters)

2 3 1
1 m area can be covered by liters of paint = L= L
24 8
1
2
50.4 m required area can be covered by liters of paint = × 50.4 L
8
1 504
2
50.4 m required area can be covered by liters of paint = × L
8 10

50.4 m required area can be covered by liters of paint = 6.3 L

2

In order to get the percentage increase in the quantity of the paint, percentage change formula
can be used as under:
Percentage increase in the paint quantity =
2 2
paint required for 50.4 m − paint required for 24 m
×100
paint required for 24 m 2
6.3 L−3 L
= ×100
3L
3.3 L
= × 100
3L
Therefore, the percentage increase in the paint quantity = 110 %
Q. No. 6. (B). An automobile travels 3 km towards south, 4 km towards west, 5 km towards
north and 2 km towards south-east. How far is it from its starting position?
Solution: N

C
2 Km
Applying Pythagoras theorem x Km
5 Km A
(AB) + (BC) = (CA)
2 2 2
W B E
2 Km
(4) 2 + (2) 2 = (x + 2) 2 4 Km
16 + 4 = (x + 2) 2
20 = (x + 2) 2 S
C 2 Km
√ 20=( x+2) 3 Km x Km
Or B A
4 Km
( x +2 )=√ 20
( x +2 )=2 √ 5

x=2 √ 5−2
x=2 ( √ 5−1 ) Km

Therefore, the automobile is 2 ( √ 5−1 ) Km away from the starting position.

Q. No. 6. (C). Tahir started a business with a capital of Rs. 15,000. After 5 months Umar
also joined him with an investment of Rs. 30,000. At the start of 9th month, Usman joined
them by investing Rs. 45,000. At the end of the year they earned a profit of Rs. 406,000.
Find the share of each one.
Solution:
Tahir’s initial and first month investment = Rs. 15,000/-
Tahir’s investment for 12 months / 1 year = Rs. 15,000 × 12
= Rs. 180,000/-
Umar’s initial and sixth month (June) investment = Rs. 30,000/-
Umar’s investment for 7 months = Rs. 30,000 × 7
= Rs. 210,000/-
Usman’s initial and ninth month (September) investment = Rs. 45,000/-
Umar’s investment for 4 months = Rs. 45,000 × 4
= Rs. 180,000/-
Total profit at the end of the year = Rs. 406,000/-
Ratio of the investment share by the three will be,
Tahir : Umar : Usman
180,000 : 210,000 : 180,000
6 :7 : 6
Total share of the three = 6 + 7 + 6 = 19
Therefore,
6
Tahir’s profit at the end of the year = × 406,000
19
Tahir’s profit at the end of the year = Rs .128,210.5 /−¿
7
Umar’s profit at the end of the year = × 406,000
19
Umar’s profit at the end of the year = Rs .149,578.9 /−¿
Usman’s profit at the end of the year = Rs .128,210.5 /−¿ (Same as that of Tahir’s)

Q. No. 6. (D). A man left his property of Rs. 640,000. A debt of Rs. 40,000 was due to him
and Rs. 5,000 was spent on his burial. Distribute the amount between his widow, one
daughter and two sons according to the Islamic Law.
Solution:
Worth of the man’s property = Rs. 640,000/-
Total worth of property left after debt payment and burial payment = Rs. 640,000 – Rs. 40,000 –
Rs. 5,000
Total worth of property left after debt payment and burial payment = Rs. 595,000/-
According to Islamic Law, first, the widow will be apportioned the man’s property by the share
1
equal to
8
1
i. Widow’s share = × 595,000
8
Widow’s share = Rs .74,375 /−¿
Remaining worth of property after paying the share to window = Rs. 595,000 – Rs. 74,375
Remaining worth of property after paying the share to window = Rs. 520,625/-
ii. Children’ share
Ratio of daughter’s share : first son’s share : second son’s share
1:2:2
Total share of remaining worth of property between children = 1 + 2 + 2 = 5
1
Therefore, Daughter’s share = ×520,625
5
Daughter’s share = Rs .104,125 /−¿
First son’s share = Twice the share of daughter = 2 × 104,125
First son’s share = Rs. 208,250/-
Second son’s share = Rs. 208,250/-

Q. No. 7. The breakdown of average monthly expenditure for a family is given in the
following Figure:
(A). Calculate from the figure what percentage of the family’s expenditure is on ‘other ’?

Solution:
Percentage expenditure on other + Percentage expenditure on Travel + Percentage expenditure
on Childcare + Percentage expenditure on Rent + Percentage expenditure on Local tax +
Percentage expenditure on Utilities + Percentage expenditure on Food = 100 %
That is, Percentage expenditure on other + 10 % + 15 % + 26 % + 10 % + 8 % + 15 % = 100 %
Percentage expenditure on other + 84 % = 100 %
Percentage expenditure on other = 100 % - 84 % = 16 %
(B). Approximately what fraction of the family’s monthly expenditure do’ ‘utilities’, ‘rent’
and ‘food’ represent?
Solution:
Fraction / percentage of the family’s monthly expenditure on ‘utilities’, ‘rent’ and ‘food’ = 8 % +
26 % + 15 %
Fraction / percentage of the family’s monthly expenditure on ‘utilities’, ‘rent’ and ‘food’ =
49 %

(C). If the family spends Rs.11600 on utilities, how much is the family’s total expenditure?
Solution:
Expenditure on utilities = Rs. 11,600 /-
Percentage expenditure on utilities = 8 %
It means, 8 % of the total expenditure is on utilities, which can be written as:
8 % of family’s total expenditure = Rs. 11,600/-
8
of family ’ s total expenditure = Rs. 11,600/-
100
8
× family ’ s total expenditure = Rs. 11,600/-
100
100
Family’s total expenditure = Rs. 11,600 ×
8
Family’s total expenditure = Rs. 145,000/-

(D). ‘Other’ expenditure comprises savings, entertainment and luxury items, which are
spent in the ratio 3 : 4 : 1. Calculate how much the family saves each month if monthly
income is Rs.24,000.
Solution:
Family’s monthly income is Rs.24,000/-
The expenditure on ‘Other’ = 16 % of the family’s monthly income
16
The expenditure on ‘Other’ = × Rs .24,000
100
The expenditure on ‘Other’ = Rs. 3840/-
Ratio of savings, entertainment and luxury items can be written as below.
Savings : Entertainment : Luxury items
3:4:1
Total share of spending and saving = 3 + 4 + 1 = 8
3
Family saving for each month = × Rs .3840
8
Family saving for each month = Rs. 1440/-

Q. No. 8. (A). Police officers are in pursuit of a stolen vehicle. Officer Baker is directly
behind the stolen car. Officer Lopez is behind Baker; Officer O'Malley is behind Lopez.
Officer Reinhart is ahead of the stolen car and coming from the opposite direction. Officer
Reinhart makes a U-turn and joins the pursuit. He pulls in behind Officer Lopez. Officer
Baker pulls up on the driver's side of the stolen vehicle and Officer Lopez pulls up on the
other side. Which officer is directly behind the vehicle?
Solution:

Reinhart
car
Stolen
Lopez car Baker car
car
Road Divider

Baker car

Lopez car

Reinhart
car
Road Divider

O’Malley
car

Therefore, Officer Reinhart will be directly behind the vehicle when Officer Baker and Officer
Lopez takes their position on the sides of the stolen vehicle.
Q. No. 8. (B). Define a Histogram. How is it constructed? What information may be
deduced from it?
Definition:
A representation of a frequency of data points in the form of vertical bar graph called bin is
known as histogram. The bin is the limit of range, in which data points can be adjusted. The bins
are distinctive from bar graph since histogram has bins without spacing between them. Whereas,
in bar graphs, bins are separated with a gap between them. Discrete data, as well as, continuous
data can be interpreted in the form of histogram.
Construction of a histogram:
Following steps can be employed to form a histogram:
1. Choose an appropriate scale to represent fixed range, limit, or width of the bin on the
horizontal or x axis.
2. Choose an appropriate scale to interpret the frequencies of the subject matter on the vertical
or y axis.
3. Ultimately, draw the bins or bars correspondingly to the given data and its frequencies.
What information may be deduced from it?
Histogram informs about the frequency distribution of a given data.

Q. No. 8. (C). Look at this series: F2, __, D8, C16, B32, What number should fill the blank?
Solution:
By looking at the series, it is evident that the alphabets are in descending (decreasing) order;
whereas, digits are the multiple of 2 (2 is being multiplying each time).
I.e. F2, E (2 × 2), D (2 × 2 × 2), C (2 × 2 × 2 × 2), B (2 × 2 × 2 × 2× 2)
F2, E4, D8, C16, B32
Q. No. 8. (D). In a certain code language LANDMINE is written as PYRBQGRC. How will
HOMEMADE be written in that code language?
Solution:

LANDMINE

PYRBQGRC

HOMEMADE

? ? Q CQYBC

D-2 I-2

A B C D E F G H I J K L M

E-2
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

N+4

A-2

L+4

M+4

So, it is clear that H = F (H – F), and O = S (O + 4)

Therefore, HOMEMADE will be coded as FSQCQYBC