CHAPTER IV

SENSATION AND
PERCEPTION

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Describe the relationship between
sensation and perception;
• Classify the various sense
receptors and their functions;
• Illustrate some of the uses and
applications of perception;
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Apply the concepts of sensation and
perception through abstract painting;
• Relate some advertisements to
sensation and perception;
• Justify your position on the concepts of
extra sensory perception.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
You can see a candle
burning 30 miles away
on a clear, dark night,
hear the tick of a
watch at 20 feet (under
quiet conditions)?
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Loud music (or loud
noises) can lead to
permanent hearing
loss?
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
WHAT DO YOU SEE?

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SENSATION AND
PERCEPTION

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SENSATION
the process of detecting,
receiving, converting and
transmitting information
resulting from stimulation
of sensory receptors.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
PERCEPTION
the process of selecting,
identifying, organizing and
interpreting sensory input into a
useful and meaningful mental
representations of the world in the
light of relevant memories from
past experiences.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
BASIC FUNCTION
The basic function of
sensation is detection of
sensory stimuli, whereas
perception generally
involves interpretation of
the same stimuli.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
BASIC FUNCTION
Our senses tell us
something is out there.
Our perception tell us
what that something
is.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
BASIC FUNCTION
In practice, sensation
and perception are
virtually impossible to
separate, because
they are part of one
continuous process.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
The Processes of Sensation and Perception
Information (e.g. light, sound)—activate our sense receptors in the
sensory organs which receive and process sensory information from
environment.

Transduction—after stimuli enter sensory organs, the sense receptor will

change/covert the stimulus into electrical signals called neural impulses which are
sent to the brain.

When neural impulses reach the particular area in the brain, they are changed into
meaningless bits of information called sensation which involves the detection of
sensory stimuli.

These meaningless bits of information are then changed into meaningful and complete
images called perception—the interpretation of sensory stimuli.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SENSATION

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Sensation is the
process of detecting
and encoding stimulus
in the world.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
The Human Senses

Vision (sense of
sight) sensitive to
LIGHT ENERGY Auditory (sense of
hearing)
stimulated by
SOUND ENERGY
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
The Human Senses
Olfaction (sense of
smell) stimulates our
nostrils by
CHEMICAL ENERGY

Gustation (sense
of taste)
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
The Human Senses
Tactile (skin senses
for pressure,
temperature, pain)
THERMAL ENERGY

Vestibular (sense
of balance)
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
The Human Senses
Kinesthesia (sense
of posture and
movement)

Organic (sensation from

internal organs such as
hunger, thirst, drowsiness)
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Sensory Reduction
the process in which
we filter and analyze
sensory information
before they are sent
to the brain.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Why do we need to reduce the amount of
sensory information we receive?
So that the brain is not So that the brain is not
overwhelmed with overwhelmed with
unnecessary information unnecessary information
because it needs to be because it needs to be
free to respond to stimuli free to respond to stimuli
that have meaning for that have meaning for
survival. survival.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Parts of the Brain
Stimulated by
Senses

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SOME GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SENSE RECPETORS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Sensory Adaptation

repeated or constant
stimulation decreases
the number of sensory
messages sent to the
brain, which causes
decreased sensation.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Thresholds
SENSORY
refers to a point above THRESHOLDS
which a stimulus is
perceived and below DIFFERENCE
which it is not perceived. THRESHOLDS
It determines when we
first become aware of a ABSOLUTE
stimulus. THRESHOLDS
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SEX
DETERMINATION
The 23rd pair of
chromosomes
are two special
chromosomes, X
and Y, that
determine our
sex.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SENSE OF SIGHT
(VISUAL SENSATION)

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
DARK ADAPTATION AND
BRIGHTNESS ADAPTATION

The process of
preparing the eye
to see under low
illumination and
high illumination.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
VISUAL ACUITY
Refers to sharpness of
vision which can be
measured in terms of the
smallest object than can be
seen at a standard distance
or the greatest distance at
which standardized object
can be seen.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Hyperopia
Myopia
Color Blindness
COMMON VISUAL
Astigmatism
DEFECTS
Color Vision
Diplopia
Tunnel Vision
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Hyperopia or
People with
Farsightedness
hyperopia can see
distant objects very
well, but have
difficulty focusing
on objects that are
up close.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Myopia or
nearsightedness is a common vision
condition in which
you can see objects
near to you clearly,
but objects farther
away are blurry
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Astigmatism
is a common vision condition that
causes blurred vision.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Tunnel Vision
occurs when one
loses visual acuity
in the peripheral
visual fields while
retaining visual
acuity in the central
regions.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Diplopia or
Double Vision occurs when a
person sees a
double image
where there
should only be
one.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Color Vision
refers to the ability
to discriminate
based only on
spectral differences
between stimuli that
differ in no other
property
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Color Blindness
occurs when you
are unable to see
colors in a normal
way. It is also
known as color
deficiency.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SENSE OF HEARING
(AUDITORY SENSATION)

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STRUCTURE OF THE EAR

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SOUND WAVES
exist as variations of pressure in a
medium such as air. They are created by
the vibration of an object, which causes
the air surrounding it to vibrate. The
vibrating air then causes the human
eardrum to vibrate, which the brain
interprets as sound.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SOUND WAVES

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Frequency

ATTRIBUTES OF
Intensity
SOUND WAVES

Timbre

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Frequency
describes the
number of waves
that pass a fixed
place in a given
amount of time.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Intensity
is defined as the
power carried by
sound waves per
unit area in a
direction
perpendicular to
that area.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Timbre
describes those
characteristics of
sound which allow the
ear to distinguish
sounds which have the
same pitch and
loudness
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SENSE OF SMELL
(OLFACTORY SENSATION)

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STRUCTURE OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
CLASSIFICATION OF ODORS
ODOR EXAMPLES
Flowery Fragrant odor of certain flower
Fruity or Ethereal Oranges
Spicy All odors of spices
Resinous Odors of pine woods, sandals
Burnt or Smoky Smell of anything burning
Foul Smell of decaying organic matter
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SENSE OF TASTE
(GUSTATORY SENSATION)

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
TASTE CENTERS IN THE TONGUE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SALT

PRIMARY TASTE SOUR

QUALITIES
BITTER

SWEET
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SENSE OF TOUCH
(CUTANEOUS OR SKIN
SENSATION)

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
CUTANEOUS SENSATION

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
EPIDERMIS

SKIN LAYERS DERMIS

HYPODERMIS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
PRESSURE

SENSORY PAIN
FUNCTIONS OF SKIN
WARMTH

COLD
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Reaction to warmth
PHENOMENA OF is longer than cold.
WARMTH AND  The threshold for
COLD SENSATION cold is less than
(THERMAL the threshold for
EXPERIENCE warmth.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Adaptation to
PHENOMENA OF warmth is more
WARMTH AND rapid than
COLD SENSATION adaptation to cold
(THERMAL because people
EXPERIENCE are already warm
inside.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Because warmth
PHENOMENA OF receptors are set
WARMTH AND deeper than cold
COLD SENSATION receptors, it is easier
(THERMAL to locate cold
EXPERIENCE receptors than warmth
receptors in the skin.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Because the blood
PHENOMENA OF
supply is involved in
WARMTH AND skin sensation,
COLD SENSATION anything that affects
(THERMAL the blood supply
EXPERIENCE affects sensitivity.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
PHENOMENA OF  It is possible to
WARMTH AND brace up cold
COLD SENSATION sensation by taking
(THERMAL alcoholic drinks, but
EXPERIENCE the relief is just
temporary.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
PERCEPTION

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
The word perception comes from the Latin
words: perception-, percepio
Meaning:
"receiving, collecting, action of taking
possession, apprehension with the mind or
senses."

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
PERCEPTION

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)
 Intensity – The more intense
the stimulus, the more likely it
is to be attended to and
perceived. Too much
intensity, however, may be
distracting.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)
 Repetition – This is one
factor that advertisers use
very effectively. One-minute
“spot commercials” over radio
or TV repeated every hour
can catch the attention of the
listener or viewer.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)

 Contrast – an
intensified difference
from the immediate
surroundings.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)
 Continuity – stimuli that
maintain a flow of
regularity are better
perceived than
discontinuous irregular
stimuli.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)
 Closure – It is possible
for an individual to
“complete” an
“incomplete” stimulus
presented to him.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)
 Movement –
moving stimuli are
more likely to
attract attention
than stationary
ones.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)

 Principle of Similarity
– we tend to perceive
like or similar elements
as belonging together.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)
 Figure and ground–
some objects stand out
clearly in our awareness
while others recede into
the background.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)
 Contours – are formed
whenever there is a
marked difference in the
brightness or color of
the background.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)

 Muller-Lyer Illusion
– is the distortion in
the length of a line
enclosed in arrow-
heads
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)
 Poggendorf Illusion – is
a geometrical illusion in
which a straight line
appears to become jagged
as it passes through two
parallel rectangles.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STIMULUS CHARACTERISTICS
(EXTERNAL CUES)
 Zollner Illusion – is an
illusion of visual space
perception in which two
parallel lines intersected by
numerous short diagonal
lines slanting in the opposite
direction seem to diverge.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
PERCEIVER (INTERNAL CUES)
 Motivation – We tend to
perceive more those objects
or stimuli that are consistent
with our motives  Past Experience –
Experiences that are
rewarding and punishing tend
to color our perception.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
PERCEIVER (INTERNAL CUES)
 Frame-of-reference – refers to the
interrelated characteristics of stimulation from
the external environment and qualities of the
perceiver which function jointly in determining
perception.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
PERCEIVER (INTERNAL CUES)
 Set – is defined as a temporary tendency or
expectancy to respond in a certain way or fashion.

 Interests and attitudes – people attend to those

aspects pf their environment that they are
interested in.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
TYPES OF PERCEPTION

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Perception of Objects
 We perceive objects, not their sensory
qualities. The sensory inputs that we
receive through our sensory organs come
into our awareness as shapes, patterns
and forms.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Perception of Depth
 Monocular Cues
 Geometry of Perspective or Linear
Perspective
 Light and Shadow
 Movement

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Perception of Depth
 Binocular Cues
 these are retinal disparity and
convergence.
 Convergence occurs when you bring an
object very close to the eyes.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Perception of Movement

 Real Motion – is the movement

perceived from the physical
movement of objects in the
environment.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Perception of Movement
 Apparent Motion
 Stroboscopic illusion or
effect – apparent motion of
two stimuli which are
presented in close
succession.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Perception of Movement
 Apparent Motion
 Autokinetic effect –
perceived when a person
fixes his eyes on a small
stationary spot of light in a
darkened room.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Perception of Movement
 Apparent Motion
 Induced Movement – a
stationary object may be
perceived to move when its
frame or background moves.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Perception of Movement
 Apparent Motion
 Stationary patterns – it is caused by after
images – dark images that persist in
perception after viewing a dark object.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Perception of Time
 it is related to some factors among which are
certain variables within our experience, some
organic conditions which give us cues to the
passage of time and the nature of the activity
engaged in.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Perception of Persons

 Is a complex matter, but highly

valuable to the smooth operation
of human relationships.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SPECIAL TYPE OF
PERCEPTION:
EXTRASENSORY
PERCEPTION (ESP)

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
 perception that occurs independently of the
known sensory processes.
 refers to the reception and processing of
information not obtained through the physical
senses, but are sensed by through an
individual's mind.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

 Coined by renowned psychologist J.B. Rhine,

the term was used to refer to psychic abilities
and temporal operations. ESP is commonly
called sixth sense, a fairly popularized topic in
media and related industries.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Telepathy
 Is the transfer of
thought from one
person to another
without the usual
aid of the sense.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Precognition
 Simply means
the ability to
anticipate
future events

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Clairvoyance
 The ability to see without
the use of the eyes and
thus to disclose
information that could
have been received by
regular sensation.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Psychokinesis
 The capacity for
making objects
move by using
only thought
processes.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
ACTIVITY 8:

ABSTRACT
PAINTING

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
ACTIVITY 9:

THE ADVERTISEMENT

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
ACTIVITY 10:

POSITION PAPER ON EXTRA

SENSORY PERCEPTION

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SUMMATIVE TEST 4

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya & J. Tuguinay (2020)