FOUR PRINCIPLES OF MORAL DISCERNMENT/JUDGMENT

• Principle of Formal Cooperation- it occurs when someone intentionally helps another person carry out a sinful act.
• Principle of Material Cooperation - when a person's actions unintentionally help another person do something wrong.
• Principle of Lesser Evil - The principle that when faced with selecting from two immoral options, the one which is least immoral should be chosen.
• Principle of Double Effect - This principle aims to provide specific guidelines for determining when it is morally permissible to perform an action in pursuit of a
good end in full knowledge that the action will also bring about bad results.
• Conscience - the act by which we apply to our own conduct our knowledge of good and evil, whether our judgment be correct or incorrect.

TYPES OF MORAL ATTITUDE

• Callous - not feeling or showing any concern about the problems and suffering of other people
• Strict - one who chooses the hardest way to do something
• Pharisaical - marked by INSINCERE self-righteousness
• Scrupulous - involves one who is being overly critical of himself. Such a person always has a fear of sinning when there is no sin, or is in constant doubt, and/or
is in fear of committing a mortal sin; tends to see sins when there is none
• Lax - fails to see a sin when actually there is one, tends to minimize its seriousness.

DEGREES OF MORAL CERTITUDE

• Certain - the judgment about the goodness or evil of a particular action that is made without fear of being mistaken
• Doubtful/Probable - the suspension of judgment on the moral goodness or evil of action because the intellect cannot see clearly whether it is good or bad
• Perplexed - when one is compelled to choose between two evils. (Of two evils, choose the least.)

CLASSIFIED: ENGLISH LITERATURE

1. Augustine was sent by pope gregory to convert the british to Christianity.

2. The Venerable Bede- a monk, greatest Anglo saxon scholar who wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English nation.
3. Geoffrey Chaucer- Canterbury tales
4. Sir Thomas Malory- Le Morte d' Arthur
5. Everyman- regarded as the best of the morality
6. Francis Bacon- famous essayist
7. John Bunyan- The pilgrim's progress
8. John Milton- Paradise Lost
9. John Donne- greatest of the Metaphysical poet
10. Edgar Allan Poe- short story genre and
GENERAL EDUCATION BULLETS (PLEASE STUDY)
 /p/ sound is voiceless. 
 A chemical change is any change that results in the production of one or more substances that differ in chemical properties and composition from the
original substances. 
 A group of student researchers believe that high blood pressure is due to too much salt in the diet. This is best classified as a hypothesis. 
 Amphibians are the animals which live on land but return to the water to breed. 
 Ang epiko ay ang tulang pasalaysay na naglalahad ng buhay at kabayanihan ng isang tao sa isang partikular na lugar. 
 Ang gintong panahon ng mga manunulat noong panahon ng Amerikano ay batid sa uring maikling kwento. 
 Ang paggamit ng globo ay nabibilang sa kagamitang biswal. 
 Ang pangungusap na Umaaraw na ay isang pangungusap na penomenal. 
 Ang tamang sulat ng 1/3 ay isang katlo. 
 An object floating in water displaces less than its own volume. 
 A plant growing on a shady side of a tall fence bends around the corner of the fence towards the sunlight. This illustrates positive phototropism. 
 A seismograph can detect the magnitude of an earthquake. 
 Aspirin has been known to retard the blood-clotting process allowing us to use aspirin to reduce the possibility of stroke. 
 Ayon kay Balagtas, “ang laki sa layaw, karaniwa’y hubad” kaya ang mga bata ay hindi sumusunod sa magulang. 
 A young girl left her baby at the household of a monastery. The child grew up without knowing her mother and father. The right of self-assertion is
deprived of the child. 
 Bahasa Malaysia is the Asian language nearest to Filipino. 
 Blissful is synonymous with ecstatic. 
 Boyle’s law states that at constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure. 
 Capitalism is an economic system based on free enterprise. 
 Cases of robberies have tremendously decreased because of SOPHISTICATED security schemes installed in almost all banks in the country. Sophisticated
means high-tech. 
 Cebu: Sinulog, Kalibo: Ati-atihan, Iloilo: Dinagyang 
 Cell walls present in plant cells are made up of cellulose. 
 Chloroplasts play an active role in the chemical processes required by plant cells to make food. On the other hand, animal cells have no chloroplasts,
animals must obtain food from outside sources. 
 Decomposers are organisms responsible for the return of substances in the bodies of the dead plants and animals to the soil. 
 Dolphins and whales are mammals that live in the sea. They feed their young on milk with mammary glands is the characteristic possessed only by
mammals. 
 Elements are classified according to the number of protons in its nucleus. 
 Eutrophication is an environmental condition that has been blamed for the usual occurrence of fish kills. 
 Hemoglobin is the iron-containing compound which gives the red corpuscles its color. 
 Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot manufacture their own food. 
 Hydrogen is much lighter than air. 
 In connection with government transactions involving public interest, the full disclosure policy is adopted by the Constitution to ensure public
accountability and transparency. 
 In The Count of Monte Cristo, Edmond Dante was wrongfully imprisoned in The Devil’s Island. 
 In the process of manufacturing food, plants store the energy from the sun. 
 John F. Kennedy was the American president who said, “Ask not what America will do for you, but what together can we do for the freedom of man.”
 Kundiman ang tawag sa awit ng pag-ibig. 
 Loss of qualified teachers going abroad is a type of Brain drain. 
 Monera is considered as the most primitive kingdom. 
 in English verse, a poetic foot having one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable is trochaic.
 Night blindness in children and adults is attributed to the deficiency in Vitamin A in the diet. 
 Not all microorganisms are harmful. Yeasts promote the rising of bread for baking. 
 Our diet must include three types of food: energy foods, body-building foods and maintenance foods. The energy foods are carbohydrates and fats. 
 Phenotype may be defined as visible expression of genotype.  
 Plants need carbon dioxide, water, light and chlorophyll in order to make starch by photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide enters plants through holes in the
leaves called stomata. 
 Political party is not an element of a state. 
 Positive geotropism is exhibited by the roots of plants. 
 Productivity is the principle of taxation that the Philippines lack if it fails to raise the needed revenue and therefore borrows from other countries to cover
its expenses. 
 She described her classmate’s statement as too SOPHOMORIC. This means immature. 
 Sikatuna was the chieftain of Bohol with whom Miguel Lopez de Legaspi had blood compact with in 1565. 
 Solid, of the state of matter, has the strongest intermolecular force of attraction. 
 Sound waves travel the slowest in gases. 
 Sugar and starches are carbohydrates. 
 Taxonomy is the branch of Biology concerned with the classification of organisms. They are arranged in the following hierarchy: kingdom-phylum-class-
order-family-genus-species. Members of the same species have the most in common with one another. 
 Technology is the application of scientific concepts and principles. 
 Testosterone promotes the development of secondary male sexual characteristics. 
 The area and perimeter of a square are numerically equal if the side length is 4. 
 The Bill of Rights guaranteed that no private property shall be taken for public use without just compensation. 
 The building blocks from which all matter is composed are known as atoms. 
 The credit cooperative promotes thrift among members and generates funds in order to lend to its members. 
 The Earth travels around the Sun once each year. The Earth spins on its axis once each day. 
 The ecosystem is the interaction of a colony of ants to the nonliving and living things in its habitat. 
 The examination will take place a quarter after five. Nora should be in the venue at 5:15 PM. 
 The Filipino trait of “pakikisama” is said to be ambivalent because it can be used for or against the person who values it. 
 The government taxes people’s labor through an income tax. 
 The hardware is the physical components of the computer. 
 The line from the Koran, “Woe to every backbiter,” talks of misery for those who talk ill of others. 
 The liquid portion of the blood is the plasma. 
 The lizard is an organism which is cold blooded with a dry scaly skin. 
 The ozone layer is the region of the atmosphere which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation. 
 The red light has the least frequency but the longest wavelength. 
 The saying “Every right has a corresponding duty” means that rights and duties are reciprocal. 
 The secretion given off by the liver which helps in the digestion of fats is the bile. 
 The speed increases as sound waves travel from a less dense medium to a denser medium. 
 The theme of the quote, “Have a good bank account, a good cook and a good digestion” is security. 
 The use of auxins may stimulate the growth of the roots in plant cuttings. 
 The vacuole is the part of the plant cell that stores water, sugar and minerals. 
 The weight of an atom comes mostly from its protons.  
 Timawa refers to the class of Filipinos who were free and independent. 
 Uploading refers to the process of sending a file from the computer to another computer in a network. 
 When coal is burned, stored energy is being released in the form of thermal energy. 
 Xylem is a vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals; phloem is a vascular tissue that conducts food. 
 “Ako ay isang ibon na nakakaigayang pakinggan.” Ito ay isang pagwawangis. 
 “Daig ng maagap ang masipag.” Ito ay isang uri ng salawikain. 
 “My loyalty to my party ends where my loyalty to my country begins.” This statement came from Manuel Quezon. 
 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION TERMS:
 • Withitness - the teachers perceive everything in all areas of the classroom at all times.
 • Desists - the teacher engages in an effort to stop a misbehavior
 • Ripple effect - the teacher corrects one student or calls attention to a student for his or her Misbehavior (called desist) and it "ripples" to other students
causing them to behave better.
 • Overlapping - the teacher supervises and attends to more than one group or activity at the same time.
 • Satiation- the students have focused on one learning aspect too long and begin to lose interest, make more mistakes, and misbehave.
 • Jerkiness - the teacher fails to develop a consistent flow of instruction thus causing students to feel lesson momentum jerks from slow to fast.
 • Stimulus bound - the teacher has the students engaged in a lesson and then something attracts his or her attention; He or she loses the instructional
focus and momentum while dealing with the other issue.
 • Thrust - the teacher teaches too slowly or too fast or switches back and forth, thus failing to acquire and hold an appropriate momentum for students to
learn.
 • Dangles - the teacher continues to find materials, review lesson plans, and talks with individual students when class as a whole is ready for instruction
 • Truncation - the teacher engages in a dangle, yet fails to resume the original, dropped activity.
 • Flip flops - the teacher is engaged in one activity and then returns to a previous activity that the students thought they had finished.
 • Slowdowns - the teacher, when teaching, moves too slowly and stops instruction to often. Thus, the students lose interest or learning momentum.
 • Over dwelling - the teacher dwells on an issue and engages in a stream of talk clearly longer than the time needed for students' understanding.
 • Fragmentation - the teacher engages in a type of slowdown, for example, the teacher breaks down an activity into sub-parts that could be taught as a
single unit.
 • Group focus - the teacher keeps the attention of all members of the class at all times, which assists in maintaining an efficient classroom and reducing
student misbehavior.
 • Group alerting - the teacher obtains and holds the attention of the class, both at the beginning of a lesson and as the activities change within a lesson.
 • Accountability - the teacher holds all members of the class responsible for their learning and behavior.
 • Core values - the community of caring program is built on five: care, respect, trust and moral consciousness, responsibility, and family.
 • Site facilitator - an individual in a given school who is responsible for the implementation of a program.
 • Coordinating committee - a local committee helps in the implementation of the Community of Caring classroom management model.
 • Core character traits - these are eight traits of respect, responsibility, honesty/trust, caring/fairness, perseverance, self-discipline, courage, and citizenship
that are the basis for the Learning for Life program.
 • Career exploration - a focus in some management programs such as Learning for Life which provides information on post-secondary education, career
readiness, becoming a productive citizen, and transitioning, from high school to the real world.
 • Skills for growing - the Kindergarten and elementary portion of the Lions Quest program.
 • Skills for adolescents - the middle school portion of the Lions Quest program.
 • Skills for action - the high school portion of the Lions Quest program.
 • Self-concept - an individual's perception of himself or herself, including such things as social competence, academic skills, gender roles, and cultural
identity.
 • Managing yourself responsibly - this unit in the Positive Action program consists of managing time, energy, thoughts, actions, money, feelings, and talent.
 • Treating others the way you like to be treated - a unit in the Positive Action model that encourages students to teach others the way they like to be
treated.
 • Being honest with yourself and others - this unit in the Positive Action model includes telling the truth, doing what you say you'll do, not blaming others,
admitting mistakes, and knowing
 • Personal strengths and weaknesses - improving yourself continuously - this unit in the positive action program consists of setting and achieving goals,
persisting and believing your potential.
 • Thoughts-actions-feelings circle - a student has a thought, acts on it, and feels something because of that action.
 • Readiness phase - in this part of the decision making and problem-solving model, students learn self- control, as well social awareness and group
participation skills in lessons on topics such as following directions, listening, resisting and avoiding provocation, monitoring emotions, and working with
others.
 • Instructional phase - as part of the Social Decision Making and Problem Solving model, students learn a social decision-making strategy to help them in
social problem situations.
 • Application phase - the final phase in the Social Decision Making and Problem Solving model in which teachers use role-playing, guided practice,
modelling, and mock situations to help students learn to apply their skills.
 • Decision-making process - this eight-step model in the Social Decision Making and Problem Solving model helps students apply critical thinking and
feeling.
 • Movement management - the teacher keeps lessons and groups engaged at an appropriate pace with smooth transitions and varying activities.
 • Service learning - the curriculum integrated academic instruction with meaningful community service both to strengthen academics and promote civic
responsibility.

 Keywords:
 1. Idealism – spiritual, values, ideal
 2. Realism- science/ what is real
 3. Empiricism- senses
 4. Naturalism- innate
 5. Existentialism- choice, decision, unique
 6. Essentialism- specialization, basic, fundamental
 7. Perennialism- classic, literature, traditional
 8. Pragmatism- activation of skills
 9. Progressivism-child-centered
 10. Epicureanism- perfection
 11. Agnosticism- atheist, unknown
 12. Stoicism- passionate emotions
 13. Hedonism- pleasure
 14. Humanism- humans
 15. Constructivism- prior knowledge activation
 16. Reconstructionism- solution to a social problem
 17. Scholasticism- rationalization of church
 Additional Terms:
 1. Metacognition- thinking about thinking
 2. Recitation- thinking aloud
 3. Schooling- system controlled by teacher
 4. Rebus- making a poem out of a concept
 5. Indoctrination- religion, without addition nor subtraction

 Theories:
 1. Stages of development- jean piaget, thinking
 2. Cognitivism- discovery learning, Jerome bruner, concrete to abstract
 3. Behaviorism- environment, watson
 4. Connectionism- classroom environment, Thorndike
 5. Humanism- Carl Rogers, child centered
 6. Operant conditioning- reinforcement/punishment, Bf skinner
 7. Classical conditioning- habit and stimuli Ivan Pavlov
 8. Meaningful learning- conceptual, graphic organizers, Ausubel
 9. Insightful learning- Activation of prior knowledge, problem solving, Koehler
 10. Moral development- value formation, Kohlberg
 11. Hierarchy of need theory- needs, Maslow
 12. Attachment theory- caregiver, john Bowlby
 13. Identity statuses- jame Marcias, confusion
 14. Field theory- internal and external environment
 15. Bio ecological- system of environment, Brofenbrenner
 16. Choice theory- glasser, decision
 17. Social learning- bandura, modeling
 18. Socio-cultural- Vygotsky, scaffolding more knowledgeable other (mko)