Science

Quarter 3- Hybrid Module 3:

Factors Affecting Climate
Week 4

SDO Taguig City and Pateros

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Let’s Learn

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in a different part of the world?
What would the weather be like? Since you live in a tropical country like the Philippines, do
you think you’ll be able to adapt to a new environment if you go to a country like the United
States of America or England, or perhaps a continent like Africa or Antarctica?
Some of you may mistake climate with weather. But in fact, they are not the same.
Climate is the general pattern of weather in a certain area over a long period of time. On the
other hand, weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time.
In this module, you will learn to distinguish climate from weather. You will find out the
factors that affect climate. You will understand why the climate of one country differs from that
of others.

After going through with this module, you are expected to:
1. describe factors that affect climate;
2. explain how altitude and land topography affects climate;
3. explain how ocean surface and circulation directly affect the pattern of climate
around the world; and
4. enumerate and explain how different factors affect climate of an area.

Let’s Try

Directions: Read each question carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. How does the windward side differ from the leeward side of a high land?
A. The windward receives more precipitation than the leeward.
B. The leeward side has more vegetation than the windward side.
C. The windward side receives more heat than the leeward side.
D. The leeward side receives more precipitation than the windward side.
2. What happens to the temperature of air when altitude increases?
A. remains the same B. decreases C. increases D. varies
3. Which of the following BEST describes climate?
A. The weather that occurs in the atmosphere within a day.
B. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a long period of time.
C. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a short period of time.
D. The disturbance in the atmosphere that happens in a long period of time.
4. Why are the coldest places on earth found at the poles?
A. great amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface
B. great amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas
C. less amount of thermal radiation is received by these areas
D. less amount of gaseous particles trap heat from the surface
5. What will happen when the rates of evaporation and condensation are equal?
A. Clouds form. B. The humidity increases.
C. The dew point is reached. D. Precipitation occurs.

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6. Why does cloud formation disappear as the air moves slowly towards the leeward side of
a mountain?
A. The air condenses as it moves to the leeward side.
B. The amount of water vapor is not enough.
C. The temperature becomes lower.
D. There is too much water vapor.
7. Earth’s climate system is powered mainly by energy from:
A. Tilt B. The sun C. Latitude D. The rain shadow
8. As you go to the top of the mountain, what happens to temperature?
A. Nothing B. It increases
C. It decreases D. It goes up and down
9. What region receives the least amount of direct sunlight?
A. High latitudes (Polar Region) B. Middle latitudes (temperate region)
C. Low latitudes (tropical region) D. Low and middle latitude
10. If your latitude is between 66 1/2 and 90 degrees North, you live in which zone?
A. High latitudes (polar region) B. Middle latitudes
C. Low latitudes (tropics) D. On the equator
11. Long-term patterns or trends of meteorological conditions in a given area refer to its___.
A. weather B. variability C. forecast D. climate
12. The meteorological conditions in a given place on a given day refer to its _________.
A. climate B. weather C. habitat D. ecosystem
13. The actual temperature on any given day is the _________, while the range of expected
values, based on location and time of year, is the __________.
A. climate; weather B. albedo; radiative forcer
C. weather; climate D. prediction; weather
14. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of climate?
A. long-term patterns or trends B. timing of seasonal shifts
C. a few warmer days here and there D. useful for predicting weather
15. Which is not a factor that influences temperature?
A. latitude B. longitude C. altitude D. ocean current

Alternatively, please answer these questions above online!

Use the link on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop:
https://forms.gle/veF7PeNTuhTDkfox8
Write your score on the given circle.

Lesson
4 Factors Affecting Climate

Let’s Recall

In Grade 7, you have learned that the earth’s axis is not perpendicular to the
plane of its orbit. The shape of the earth resulted in the uneven heating of the earth’s
surface. The equator receives much of the radiant energy released by the sun, so
places near the equator have warm climate. The areas closer to the poles receive less
amount of heat because the angle of sunlight becomes smaller.

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Match the different volcanic terminologies Column A with the meaning/description in
Column B.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. North Pole a. A vertical elevation of an object above the surface.
2. South Pole b. point in the Northern hemisphere where rotation meets its
surface.
3. Equator c. An imaginary line around the Earth.
4. Axis d. point in the Southern hemisphere where rotation intersects
its surface.
5. Climate e. Circular movement of an earth around its center.
6. Weather f. An imaginary line around the center of the Earth.
7. Latitude g. A long-term average of weather.
8. Longitude h. The state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards
heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.
9. Altitude i. Coordinates that specifies the north-south position.
10. Rotation j. Coordinates that specifies the east and west point.

Let’s Explore
Activity 1: When the Sun’s Rays Strike
Directions: Study the illustration below and answer the questions that follow.

The Sun’s rays and the Earth

Source: Grade 7 Science Module

Questions
1. How much is the tilt of the earth’s axis?

2. Which part of the earth receives most of the sun’s rays?

3. Why does the amount of heat receive by places far from the equator become less?

4. Why are the coldest places on earth found near the poles?

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5. Why are places with high temperature found at the equator?

6. How does latitude affect climate?

To learn more about how altitude affects climate visit the link below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzFkJV5UrVw
You may take down notes and share it to your classmates in Facebook and Messenger.

Let’s Elaborate

Climate vs. Weather

What is the difference between weather and climate?
Weather is the day-to-day state of the atmosphere, and its short-term variation in minutes to
weeks. People generally think of weather as the combination of temperature, humidity,
precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and wind. We talk about changes in weather in terms of the
near future: "How hot is it right now?" "What will it be like today?" and "Will we get a typhoon
this week?"
Climate is the weather of a place averaged over a period of time, often 30 years. Climate
information includes the statistical weather information that tells us about the normal weather,
as well as the range of weather extremes for a location.

Factors Affecting Climate

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Latitude - A location’s position relative to the equator
determines how much solar radiation it receives, and
therefore affects its temperature.
You have noticed that most of the sun’s rays
strike vertically in places near the equator. This makes
the temperature higher in these areas, resulting in
warm climate. Places that are not always vertically hit
by the sun’s rays experience cold climate. As the latitude increases,
the smaller the angle of the sun’s rays strike the surface. Therefore, when
the area is farther from the equator, the air temperature is lower. When the
place is closer to the equator, the air temperature is higher.

Proximity to bodies of water

Places that are near the oceans
have moderate climate as the
body of water regulates the
temperature. Even as both soil
and water absorb the same
amount of heat, the temperature
of water rises more slowly than
that of soil. Because soil heats up
faster than water, air temperature
above the sea is lower than above ground during day time. Warm air thus moves out from
land to sea, slowing down the rise of air temperature above land. Thus, places without a body
of water nearby tend to have higher air temperature during day time.

Altitude/Elevation- As you go up in the

Troposphere temperature decreases. Therefore,
the higher the elevation of the land, the colder it is,
generally. Why Baguio is much colder than Manila?
“The City of Baguio is located high up in the
mountains in the province of Benguet, Luzon. Air at
higher elevations is cooler because the pressure is
low. That's why Baguio is really cold.”

Topography- Topography is another factor

that affects the climate of a certain place. One
of the topographic features of an area is
mountain. Mountainous areas greatly affect
the amount of precipitation in a certain region.
The area in which the wind blows is called the
windward side.Here, the wind is blocked by the
mountain, forcing it to move upward. As it moves up, the water vapor condenses and forms
clouds. This will result in precipitation on the windward side.
The air moves down towards the opposite region called leeward side. The cold air
mass starts to absorb heat and becomes warm and dry. As a result, the area near the leeward

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side becomes dry and has less precipitation. The dry region on the leeward side is called rain
shadow. Vegetation in this region includes desert plants and grassland.

Ocean Currents- When ocean current

carries cold water, the air above it becomes
colder. When this ocean current moves
toward the coastal region, the temperature
of that area becomes lower. For example,
the southwestern parts of Singapore and
Indonesia have lower temperature because
of the cold air brought by West Australian
Current. On the other hand, the ocean
current that carries warm water makes the
air warmer. When this current goes toward a land mass, the temperature of that place
becomes higher. For example, the warm Kuroshio Current that comes from the northeastern
part of the Philippines brings warm water. This raises the temperature of places in the
southeastern part of Japan. Therefore, ocean currents that bring along cold water inland make
the climate cold. On the other hand, ocean currents that take along warm water to coastal
areas make the climate warm.

To visualize how ocean currents work, you may visit this link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4pWafuvdrY
You may take down notes and share it to your classmates in Facebook and Messenger.

Prevailing Winds- The prevailing wind is the most

frequent wind direction a location experiences. The
prevailing wind systems in the Philippines are as
follows:
1. Northeast (NE) monsoon - from November
to February
2. Southwest (SW) monsoon - from July to
September
3. Trade winds - winds in the tropics. They
generally come from the east. The trade
winds prevail during the rest of the year
whenever NE monsoons are weak.

Let’s Dig In
Activity 2: The Higher the colder

Directions: Study the table below and answer the questions that follows.

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Name of Place Elevation above Sea level Annual average temperature
(0 C)
(m)
BACOLOD 10 27.5
BAGUIO 1500 18.3
LAOG 20 27.3
MANILA 10 27.7
TACLOBAN 20 29.4
TAGAYTAY 640 22.7
ZAMBOANGA 30 27.6
SOURCE: mapcarta.com

Questions
1. Which place is the coldest?
2. Which place is the hottest?
3. Based on the data what is the relationship between altitude and the average temperature
of a place?

Activity 3: Ocean Currents

Directions: Study the map below and answer the questions that follows.

The map shows different loops or gyres of surface currents around the world. In the
northern hemisphere, the current flows in a clockwise direction. On the other hand, in the
southern hemisphere, the current flows in counterclockwise direction. These clockwise and
counterclockwise of ocean currents are caused by the Coriolis Effect. Ocean currents that flow

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away from the equator carries warm water. The air above the warm water has higher
temperature. When ocean currents that bring cold water move towards a coastal region, the
temperature of that area decreases as warmer air from the land flows to the sea resulting in a
cold climate. When warm ocean currents that take along warm water go to a land mass, the
temperature of that place increases as warmer air above the water flows inland, resulting in a
warm climate.
Questions:
1. What are the different ocean currents that carry warm water? Give at least three
examples.

2. What are the different ocean currents that carry cold water? Give at least three examples.

3. What kind of air does Greenland Current take along? Explain.

4. How do the Kamchatka Current and Kuroshio Current affect the northeastern part and
southern part of Japan?

5. How do ocean currents affect climate?

Let’s Remember

Directions: Accomplish the Map of Main Idea below by writing the five main factors that
affect the climate of an area and briefly describe how each factor affects climate

Climate

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Let’s Apply

Describe the climate of the Philippines and identify the factors that affects our climate.
To Learn more about the climate of the Philippines, you may visit the link below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ypJb9XCfI8
You may take down notes and share it to your classmates in Facebook and Messenger.

Let’s Evaluate

Directions: Read each questions carefully. Write the letter of the BEST answer on the
space provided before the number.

____ 1. Wilma recently migrated to Washington, DC in the United States on October 31st last
year. She is originally from Manila, Philippines. She knows that come November; it’s already
fall season in the USA which means it would be cold. What she finds fascinating is when she’s
taking a walk around noon time to look for a fast-food chain in the city, the sun was never
positioned directly overhead as she can see from her shadow. The sun seems to be just above
the horizon. On the other hand, when she was in Manila on the same month of the year and
the same time of the day, the sun would be directly above her and it would feel hot outside.
Which statement best explains Wilma’s observation about factors that determine the climate
of a place?
I. The amount of solar energy a particular location receives is the most important
factor in determining that location’s temperature.
II. The lower the latitude, the more sunlight an area will receive. At the equator, days
are equally long year-round, and the sun is just about directly overhead at midday.
III. The tropics are warmer than the temperate regions. The polar areas are in
between, both in latitude and average air temperature.
IV. The amount of sunlight that strikes the ground is different at each latitude.
A. II and IV only B. I and III only
C. I and IV only D. II, III and IV only

____ 2. Which side of the mountain often receives the most precipitation?
A. leeward side B. rain shadow C. windward side D. peak

____ 3. During summer, many people visit Baguio because of the cold weather. What do
you think makes Baguio cold?
A. The latitude
B. The altitude
C. The topography
D. The distance from the ocean

____ 4. Why do places at the same latitude but different altitudes have different climate?
A. Amount of heat received varies.

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B. Amount of precipitation differs.
C. Higher altitudes have lower temperature.
D. Higher altitudes have higher temperature.

____ 5. Vicky’s mother is an OFW in Canada. Vicky lives in the Philippines but spends her
vacation in Winnipeg, Canada from April to May which is summertime in the Philippines. The
temperature was 34 degree C when Vicky left Manila but when she arrived in Winnipeg, it
was 4⁰C. The weather in Manila is hot and humid while Winnipeg is cold and dry. How do
you explain the difference?

I. The Philippines is in both the northern and eastern hemisphere while Canada is
positioned in both the northern and western hemisphere.
II. Manila’s latitude is 14o 35’ N while Winnipeg’s is 49° 53’ N which means that
Manila is much closer to the equator.
III. Manila is located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay while Winnipeg is found on
the eastern edge of the Canadian prairies.
IV. Canada is found in North America while the Philippines is in Asia.

A. I and II only B. II and III only

C. III and IV only D. I and IV only
7. If you live near the ocean, in the middle latitudes, what kind of winters would you expect?
A. Harsh, extreme winters B. Mild winters
C. No winters at the beach. D. Warm winters
8. The farther you live from an ocean, the more likely you will have __________.
A. little to no temperature change from summer to winter
B. extreme temperature differences in summer and winter
C. a tropical climate
D. an Arctic climate
9. How does higher altitude affect climate?
A. The closer you get to the equator, the hotter it gets.
B. the higher you go above sea level, the colder it gets.
C. The further you get from the equator, the colder it gets.
D. The process by which heat from the sun is trapped near Earth's surface.
10. Which diagram best illustrates how air is rising over a mountain produces precipitation?

A B C D

11. Why does the windward side of this mountain have a wet climate?

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A. Rising air compresses and cools, causing the water droplets to evaporate.
B. Rising air compresses and warms, causing the water vapor to condense.
C. Rising air expands and cools, causing the water vapor to condense.
D. Rising air expands and warms, causing the water droplets to evaporate.
12. On a clear summer day, the surface of the land is usually warmer that the surface of a
nearby body of water because the water ___________.
A. receives less heat B. reflects less heat
C. has a higher density D. has a higher specific heat capacity

13. Very cold climates occurs at Earth’s North and South Poles because the polar regions
A. are usually farthest from the sun B. receive the most hours of daylight
C. absorb the greatest amount of sunlight D. receive low-angle solar radiation

Base your answers to questions 14 and 15 on the map below, which represents an
imaginary continent. Location A and B are on opposite sides of a mountain range on a planet
like Earth. Location C is on the planet’s Equator.

14. Compared to the climate of location A, the climate of location B would most likely to be
A. warmer and more humid B. cooler and more humid
C. warmer and less humid D. cooler and less humid
15. Location C most likely experiences
A. low air pressure and low precipitation
B. low air pressure and high precipitation
C. high air pressure and low precipitation
D. high air pressure and high precipitation

Alternatively, please answer these questions above online!

Use the link on your cellphone, laptop, or desktop:
https://forms.gle/zr1BXF4jVoTkGoR88
Write your score on the given circle.

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Let’s Extend

Procedure:
1) Use the table of factors that influence climates above and answer the questions in the
analysis and comprehension section which refer to the diagram.
• The diagram represents an imaginary continent on the Earth surrounded by water.
• The arrows indicate the direction of the prevailing winds.
• The large mountain ranges are also indicated.
• Points A, B and E are located at sea level: points C and D are in the foothills of the
mountains. Point F is high in the mountains.

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Questions:
1. What is the direction of the wind in the region:
a) Above and below 60º North latitude?
b) Above and below 60º South latitude?
c) Between 60º and 30º North and South Latitude?
d) Between 30º North and South Latitudes and the equator?
2. What could be the reason for the change in wind directions?

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3. Give the locations of the 2 mountain ranges.
4. Which city probably has the same type of weather year-round? Why?
5. What factor would cause location F to have a colder yearly climate than any other
location?
6. What 3 factors would cause location E to have the greatest annual rainfall?
7. Which location, C or D, would you expect to have the greatest annual rainfall of the two?
Explain your rationale.
8. Which location, A or B would you expect to have the greater range in temperature during
the year? Explain your rationale for that answer.
9. Location A is in the center of a large desert. What factor could account for its low annual
precipitation?
10. What 3 factors would cause the climate in location D to be cooler than at location B?

References
Printed Materials:
Science Learner’s Material 9, Department of Education

Electronic Sources:
https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/arctic-meteorology/climate_vs_weather.html
https://research.noaa.gov/sites/oar/EasyDNNNews/10430/620300c1768EDNmainearth_
system_interactions.jpg
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgyw4qt/revision/1
https://www.montananaturalist.org/wp-content/uploads/rain-shadow-graphic-by-
Eileen-Chontos-e1538509722692.jpg
https://www.dreamstime.com/weather-versus-climate-vector-illustration-educational-
differences-diagram-nature-measurement-scheme-temperature-days-image162882783

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Development Team of the Module
Writer: MARISSA G. ALOJADO, TI

Editor:
Content Evaluators: JOSIELYN V. AUMAN

Illustrator: VICTOR G. TALEON, TI

Layout Artist: VICTOR G. TALEON, TI
HYBRID MODULE TEAM:
DR. MELEDA POLITA – SDS (Team Leader)
DR. REA MILANA-CRUZ – (School Principal IV-WBNHS)
JAYAR E. LONGASA – MT I (WBNHS)
Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD Chief
DR. ELLERY G. QUINTIA, CID Chief
DR. MARIVIC T. ALMO, EPS-SCIENCE
DR. DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ALS

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros Upper Bicutan Taguig City

Telefax: 8384251

Email Address: [email protected]

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