RPH Finals Reviewer - friars used the incident as part of a larger conspiracy to

cement their dominance

Conclusion
Controversies and conflicting views on Philippine histories Fight between different sides to the story, a battle of perspectives
The Site of the First Mass (Butuan or Limasawa) supported by primary sources but what’s clear is the event is a
Background major factor in the awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos of
 Easter Sunday that time.
Did Rizal Retract
 March 31, 1521
Background
 Mazaua  December 26,1896 Rizal was accused
 Crimes of rebellion, sedition, and illegal association
Butuan Claims  December 28 governor general affirmed death sentence
 Tradition since 17th century  December 29, 7am death sentence
Retracted
 Combes and Colins Account
 Eyewitness
 Agusan River - Fr. Vicente Balaguer Testimony
Limasawa Claims
- Testimony of Cuerpo de Vigilancia
 Albo’s Log-Book
 Retraction paper
 Pigafetta testimony
 He and Josephine marriage
 Pigafetta’s map
Not Retracted
 Legazpi expedition  Legibility of retraction paper and remain hidden for years
Conclusion  Out of character
 Mazaua is Limasawa
 Limited eyewitness
 On 2021 National Historical Commission of the Philippine make the
decision but Butuan can’t accept it. Conclusion
The debate whether he retracted or not still go on.
Two Face of 1872 Cavite Mutiny
Background Where Did the Cry of Rebellion Happen?
 Two historic events Background
- Cavite Mutiny  Various accounts of the Cry give different dates and places
- Martyrdom of GoBurZa
 Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora  Different accounts regarding the cry
 All start due to abolition of privileges
Pio Valenzuela’s Cry of Pugad Lawin
Spanish Account
 August 26, 1896 Wednesday on Balintawak was confessed to the
 documentation of Spanish historian Jose Montero Vidal
- excerpts from Montero’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny Spanish investigator
- attempt in overthrowing the Spanish government
- said that Zamora influences the plan  But August 23, 1896 o Pugad Lawin in store house of Juan Ramos
 Rafael IZQUIRED, “official Report on the Cavite Mutiny” was written on his memoirs
- motivated and prepared by the native clergy
- conspiracy among the educated learners, Mestizos, lawyers Gregoria de Jesus’ Version of the cry
and residents of Manila and Cavite  August 25, 1896 near Caloocan
Filipino Version The “Cry of Bahay Toro”
 Pardo de Tavera’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny  Santiago Alvarez, Katipunan warlord
- feared that their powers in the colony would soon be  August 24, 1896 on a big barn
complete a thing of the past
- to secure the material and education advancement of the The Cry in Balintawak
country  Katipunan General Guillermo Masangkay
- merely a mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite
arsenal to the dissatisfaction arising from the draconian  August 26, 1896 Balintawak
policies of Izquierdo
- friars needed something to justify their continuing dominance  house of Apolonio Samson
 Plauchut’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny
- bitter disputes between the Filipino clerics and the friars Cry in Kangkong Balintawak
- the Governor withdrew their retirement privileges and  Teodoro Kalaw, Filipino historian
declassified of ranks
 last week of August 1896 o Biak-na-Bato Constitution of 1897 planned by Isabelo
Artacho
Conclusion
 From different accounts using primary and secondary sources o Mabini’s Consitutional Program of the Philippine Republic
o four places identified: Balintawak, Kangkong, Pugad, Lawin, of 1898
and Bahay Toro
o dates very:23,24,25 or 26 August 1896. o Provisional constitutions and the autonomy projects of
 all these places are in Balintwak, then part of Caloocan, now, in Paterno in 1898.
Quezon City
 Bonifacio and his troops may have been moving from one place 1935: The Commonwealth Constitution
to another to avoid being located by the Spanish government,  Two ACTs of the United States Congress
which could explain why there are several accounts of the cry
o Philippine Organic Act of 1902
Social, political, economic and cultural issues in the Philippines - Creation of Philippines Assembly
Evolution of the Philippine Constitution - included a bill of rights for Filipinos
 The Constitution of the Philippines, the supreme law of the
Republic of the Philippines, has been in effect since 1987 o Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, “Jones Law”

 three other constitutions that have effectively governed the - removal of the Philippine Commission, replacing it with a
country Senate

o the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution  1932, the Filipino independence mission led by Sergio Osmeña
and Manuel Roxas, the United States Congress passed the
o the 1973 Constitution Hare-Hawes Cutting Act with the promise of granting
Filipinos’ independence
o the 1986 Freedom Constitution
1897: Constitution of Biak-na-Bato  opposed by then Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and
 provisionary Constitution of the Philippine Republic during consequently, rejected by the Philippine Senate.
the Philippine Revolution
 November 1, 1897  1934 the Tydings-McDuffie Act, or the Philippine
 borrowed from Cuba Independence Act, was passed by the United States
 written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer in Spanish, and Congress
later translated into Tagalog
 provided authority and defined mechanisms for the
1899: Malolos Constitution
establishment of a formal constitution by a constitutional
 Upon the defeat of the Spanish to the Americans in the
convention
battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898
 members of the convention were elected and held their
 Philippine Declaration of Independence was issued on June 12,
first meeting on 30 July 1934, with Claro M. Recto
1898,
unanimously elected as president.
 selected a commission to draw up a draft constitution on
 constitution was crafted as promise to grant independence
17 September 1898
to the Philippines.
 Approved by the Congress on 29 November 1898
 interrupted by the events of the World War II, with the
 Promulgated by Aguinaldo on January 21, 1899 Japanese occupying the Philippines was declared an
independent republic on 4 July 1946
 Tittle “The Political Constitution of 1899”
1973: Constitutional Authoritarianism
 patterned after the Spanish Constitution of 1812, with  1965, Ferdinand E. Marcos was elected president
influences from the charters of Belgium, Mexico, Brazil,
 1967, Philippine Congress passed a constitutional convention
Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Guatemala, and the French
to change the 1935 Constitution
Constitution of 1793
 Marcos’s re-election in 1969
 shared similar social, political, ethnological and governance
conditions with the Philippines  November 20, 1970 Elections of the delegates
 Felipe Calderon, main author  began formally on 1 June 1971, with former President
Carlos P. Garcia unfortunately died, and succeeded by
 Also influence by:
Diosdado Macapagal
o Kartilya and the Sangunian-Hukuman by Emilio Jacinto in
1896  Before the convention finished its work martial Law was
declared Attempt to Amend or Change the 1987 Constitution
 1987 Constitution provided for three methods by which the
 29 November 1972 the convention approved its proposed Constitution can be amended
constitution.
o Constituent Assembly
 president would serve a 6-year term and could be elected
to an unlimited number of terms o Constitutional Convention

 Presidential Decree No. 73 setting the date of the plebiscite o People’s Initiative
to ratify or reject the proposed constitution on 30  starting with the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos
November 1973
 first attempt was in 1995, Secretary of National Security Council
 Citizen Assemblies were held, from 10-15 January 1973 Jose Almonte drafted a constitution, but it was exposed to the
 17 January 1973, issued a proclamation announcing that the media and it never prospered
proposed constitution  1997, when a group called PIRMA hoped and gather signatures
merely a way for the President to keep executive powers from voters to change the constitution through a people’s
initiative
 August 1983, Benigno Aquino Jr. opposition leader
assassinated  Joseph E. Estrada investigate the issues surrounding charter
change focusing on the economic and judiciary provisions of the
 forced to hold “snap” elections and said elections were constitution and blocked
fraud
 House Speaker Jose de Venecia endorsed constitutional change
 EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986 through Constituent Assembly and not successful since the term
of president Arroyo was mirred in controversy and scandal
 Corazon Aquino, was installed as president on 25 February
1986  During President Benigno Aquino III, Speaker of the House,
Feliciano Belmonte Jr. who attempted to introduce amendments
1987: Constitution after Martial Law to the Constitution that concern economic provisions that aim
 established the Philippines as a “democratic republican State” toward liberation
 safeguard the country from the experience of martial law  2016 Duterte supported federalism
despotism
Policies on Agrarian Reform
 president may still declare martial law, but not longer than a  rectification of the whole system of agriculture
period of 60 days
 centered on the relationship between production and the
 president and the vice president are elected and serve 6-year distribution of land among the farmers
term
 production and distribution in farming and related enterprises
 Congress divided into two Houses
Land Ownership in the Philippines under Spain
o the Senate  system of pueblo agriculture
o the House of Representatives o rural communities were organized into a pueblo and given
land to cultivate
 created a party list system
o not allowed to own their land- the King of Spain owned it
 established three independent Constitutional
o Filipinos cultivate land and they paid their colonial tributes in
o Civil Service Commission, a central agency in charge of the form of agricultural products
government personnel
 Law of Indies
o Commission on Elections, mandated to enforce and
administer all election laws and regulations o the Spanish crown awarded tracts of land to

o Commission on Audit, which examines all funds, - religious orders

transactions and property accounts of the government
- repartimientos for Spanish military as a reward for their
and its agencies
service
 Office of the Ombudsman was created to investigate complaints
- Spanish Encomenderos,
that pertain to public corruption, unlawful behavior of public
officials and other public misconduct. o Filipinos were not given the right to own land, and only
worked  Pres. Elpidio Quirino, the Land Settlement Development
Corporation (LASEDECO) was established to accelerate and
 Hacienda system expand the resettlement program for peasants
o Law ordering landholder to register their landholdings  became the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation
o Lands were claimed and registered in other’s people’s names Administration (NARRA) under President Ramon Magsaysay

o peasant families who were “assigned” to the land were driven  Republic Act No. 1199 or the Agricultural Tenancy Act
out or forced to come under the power of these people
o govern the relationship between landholders and tenant
Landownership in the Philippines under the Americans farmers
 land policies to increase the small landholders and distribute
ownership to a bigger number of Filipino tenants and farmers o protecting the tenurial rights of tenants and enforced
tenancy practices
 Philippine Bill of 1902 the disposal of public lands
o Court of Agricultural Relations was created in 1955
 Americans were also given rights to own agricultural lands in - to improve tenancy security
the country
- fix land rentals of tenanted farms
 enacted Act No. 496 or the Land Registration Act
- resolve land disputes
o which introduce Torrens system to address the absence of
earlier records of issued land titles and conduct accurate o Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration
land surveys (ACCFA)

 1903, the homestead program - to provide warehouse facilities

o allowing the tenant to enter into an agricultural business by - assist farmers in marketing their products
acquiring a farm of at least 16 hectares
o government lacked funds and provided inadequate support
o limited to areas in Northern Luzon and Mindanao services for the programs

 Landownership worsened, because there was no limit to the size o landed elite did not fully cooperate and they criticized the
of landholdings people could possess programs

 accessibility of possession was limited to those who could afford  major stride during the term of President Diosdado Macapagal
to buy, register, and acquire fixed property titles through the Agricultural Land Reform Code (Republic Act No.
3844)
 Not all friar lands were sold or leased to American and Filipino
business interest o abolished share tenancy in the Philippines
o emphasize owner-cultivator ship, farmer independence, equity,
 Many were forced to return to tenancy
productivity improvement, and public land distribution
 Filipino hacienderos purchased or forcefully took over the lands o Congress did not make any effort to come up with a separate
from the farmers who could not afford to pay debts bill to fund its implementation
 Commonwealth government situation Agrarian Reform Efforts under Marcos
 Presidential Decree No. 27 or the Code of Agrarian Reform of
o President Quezon laid down a social justice program
the Philippines the core of agrarian reform during the Marcos
focused on the purchased of haciendas divided and sold to
regime
tenants
o National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) to assign public  landowner may retain an area of not more than seven (7)
defenders to assist peasants in court battles for their hectares
rights to the land  “Operation Land Transfer” on lands occupied by tenants of
o problems on budget allocation for the settlement program more than 7 hectares

o widespread peasant uprisings  “Masagana ‘99”, farmers were able to borrow from banks and
purchase three-hectare plots of lands and agricultural inputs
o World War II put a halt to all
Post 1986 Agrarian Reform
Post-War Interventions Toward Agrarian Reform  22nd of July 1987 Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive
 President Roxas passed Republic Act No. 34 to establish a 70-30 Order 229
sharing arrangement between the tenant and the landlord
 1988, the Congress passed Republic Act No. 6657 Comprehensive  Polo System (prestacion personal)
Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), which introduced the program
with the name redistribution of agricultural lands  Males were required to provide labor for 40 days a year
(reduced to 15 days a year in 1884).
 retain not more than five hectares
Taxation Under the Americans
 Hacienda Luisita issue  Americans followed the Spanish system of taxation with some
modifications
 Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) distributed only 58.25% of
the total area target to be covered by the program  Urbana would be replaced by tax on real estate known as the
land tax
 Ramos signed Republic Act No. 8532 in 1998 to amend the CARL
and extend the program to another 10 years  The Internal Revenue Law of 1904: 10 sources

CARPER and the Future of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines 01. licensed taxes on firms dealing in alcoholic beverages and
 expired in 2008, leaving 1.2 million farmer beneficiaries and 1.6 tobacco
million hectares of agricultural land to be distributed to
02. excise taxes on alcoholic beverages and tobacco products
farmers
03. taxes on banks and bankers
 2009, President Arroyo signed Republic Act No. 9700 or the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with 04. document stamp taxes
Reforms (CARPER) may remain pending on June 30, 2014
05. the cedula
 1 million hectares of land to 900, 000 farmer beneficiaries
06. taxes on insurance and insurance companies
 500, 000 hectares of lands remain undistributed
07. taxes on forest products
 DAR and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
08. mining concessions,
(DENR) are the government agencies mandated to fulfill CARP
and CARPER 09. taxes on business and manufacturing
 two agencies have proved incapable of fully achieving the goal 10. occupational licenses
of agrarian reform in the Philippines
 1913, the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act was passed, resulting
Evolution of Philippine Taxation in a reduction in the revenue of the government as export
Taxation in Spanish Philippines taxes levied
 imposed the payment of tributes (tributes) from the Filipinos
 tax receipts be increased to make up for the loss
 handled by encomenderos
 changes were made to the 1904 Internal Revenue Act
 Exempted from the payment of tributes
 1914, an income tax was introduced
o Principals
 1919, an inheritance tax was created
o Alcaldes
 1932, a national lottery was established to create more revenue
o Gobernadores for the Government
o cabezas de barangay Taxation during the Commonwealth Period
o soldiers, members of the civil guard  Income tax rates were increased in 1936

o government officials  1937, cedula tax was abolished

o vagrants  1940, a residence tax was imposed on every citizen aged 18

years old
 poll tax collected through a certificate of identification called
the cedula personal,1884  1939, the Commonwealth government drafted the Nation
Internal Revenue Code
 1872 two direct tax
o normal tax of 3%
o Urbana is a tax on the annual rental value of an urban real
estate o a single turnover tax of 10%

o industria is a tax on salaries o Taxes on liquors, cigarettes, forestry products, and mining
were increased
Fiscal policy from 1946 to present
 United States advised the adoption of direct taxation
administration of president Manuel Roxas declined

 economic growth came during the time of president Elpidio

Quirino through the implementation of import and exchange
controls

 Magsaysay, Garcia, and Macapagal promise to study the tax

structure and policy of the country through the creation of a
tax commission in 1959 by means of Republic Act No. 2211

 1959 to 1968, Congress did not pass any tax legislation

 Tax Law of 1969 did not increase the ratio of income tax to
general tax revenue

 Marcos’s years (1981-1985), the tax system was dependent on

indirect taxes, which made up 70% of total tax collection
average annual rate of 15%

 Corazon Aquino reformed the tax system through the 1986 tax
reform program
o introduction of the value-added tax (VAT),
o Executive Order 127 tax collection and tax audits were
intensified
o 10.7% in 1985 to 15.4% in 1992

 Fidel Ramos in 1992 allowed for continued economic growth.

o Comprehensive Tax Reform Pgrogram 1997
o VAT broadened in 1997 through Republic Act 7716

 President Joseph Estrada in1998 was too short to constitute any

change in the tax system

 President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo undertook increased

government spending without adjusting tax collections
o Expanded Value Added Tax (E-VAT) was signed into law as
Republic Act 9337
o February 2006, the VAT tax rate increased from 10% to
12%.

 President Benigno Aquino in 2010 promised that no new taxes

would be imposed and additional revenue would have to come
from adjusting existing taxes
o Republic Act No 10351 government revenues from alcohol in
2015 made up 1.1% of the Goss Domestic Product

 President Rodrigo Duterte promised tax reform

o in income taxes to lower income tax rates shouldered by
working Filipinos.