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International organization
An international organization or international
organisation (see spelling differences), also known as an
intergovernmental organization or an international
institution, is a stable set of norms and rules meant to govern
the behavior of states and other actors in the international
system.[2][3][4] Organizations may be established by a treaty or
be an instrument governed by international law and possessing
its own legal personality, such as the United Nations, the World
Health Organization and NATO.[5][6] International The offices of the United Nations in
organizations are composed of primarily member states, but Geneva (Switzerland), which is the
may also include other entities, such as other international city that hosts the highest number of
organizations, firms, and nongovernmental organizations.[4] international organizations in the
Additionally, entities (including states) may hold observer world.[1]
status.[7]

Notable examples include the United Nations (UN), Organization for Security and Co-operation in
Europe (OSCE), Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Council of Europe (COE), International
Labour Organization (ILO) and International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL).[8]

Terminology
International organizations are sometimes referred to as intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs), to clarify the distinction from international non-governmental organizations (INGOs),
which are non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These include
international nonprofit organizations such as the World Organization of the Scout Movement,
International Committee of the Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières, as well as lobby groups
that represent the interests of multinational corporations.

IGOs are established by a treaty that acts as a charter creating the group. Treaties are formed when
lawful representatives (governments) of several states go through a ratification process, providing
the IGO with an international legal personality. Intergovernmental organizations are an important
aspect of public international law.

In 1935, Pitman B. Potter defined international organization as "an association or union of nations
established or recognized by them for the purpose of realizing a common end". He distinguished
between bilateral and multilateral organizations on one end and customary or conventional
organizations on the other end.[9]

Intergovernmental organizations in a legal sense should be distinguished from simple groupings or

coalitions of states, such as the G7 or the Quartet. Such groups or associations have not been
founded by a constituent document and exist only as task groups. Intergovernmental organizations
must also be distinguished from treaties. Many treaties (such as the North American Free Trade
Agreement, or the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade before the establishment of the World
Trade Organization) do not establish an independent secretariat and instead rely on the parties for
their administration, for example by setting up a joint committee. Other treaties have established

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an administrative apparatus which was not deemed to have been granted binding legal
authority.[10] The broader concept wherein relations among three or more states are organized
according to certain principles they hold in common is multilateralism.[11]

Types and purpose

Intergovernmental organizations differ in function, membership, and membership criteria. They
have various goals and scopes, often outlined in the treaty or charter. Some IGOs developed to
fulfill a need for a neutral forum for debate or negotiation to resolve disputes. Others developed to
carry out mutual interests with unified aims to preserve peace through conflict resolution and
better international relations, promote international cooperation on matters such as
environmental protection, to promote human rights, to promote social development (education,
health care), to render humanitarian aid, and to economic development. Some are more general in
scope (the United Nations) while others may have subject-specific missions (such as INTERPOL or
the International Telecommunication Union and other standards organizations). Common types
include:

Worldwide or global organizations — generally open to nations worldwide as long as certain

criteria are met: This category includes the United Nations (UN) and its specialized agencies,
the World Health Organization, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the World
Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It also includes globally operating
intergovernmental organizations that are not an agency of the UN, including for example: the
Hague Conference on Private International Law, a globally operating intergovernmental
organization based in The Hague that pursues the progressive unification of private
international law; the International Criminal Court that adjudicates crimes defined under the
Rome Statute; and the CGIAR (formerly the Consultative Group for International Agricultural
Research), a global partnership that unites intergovernmental organizations engaged in
research for a food-secured future.
Cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical organizations — open to members based on
some cultural, linguistic, ethnic, religious, or historical link: Examples include the
Commonwealth of Nations, Arab League, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie,
Community of Portuguese Language Countries, Organization of Turkic States, International
Organization of Turkic Culture, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS).
Economic organizations — based on macro-economic policy goals: Some are dedicated to free
trade and reduction of trade barriers, e.g. World Trade Organization, International Monetary
Fund. Others are focused on international development. International cartels, such as OPEC,
also exist. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was
founded as an economic-policy-focused organization. An example of a recently formed
economic IGO is the Bank of the South.
Educational organizations — centered around tertiary-level study. EUCLID University was
chartered as a university and umbrella organization dedicated to sustainable development in
signatory countries; United Nations University researches pressing global problems that are
the concern of the United Nations, its Peoples and Member States.
Health and Population Organizations — based on common perceived health and population
goals. These are formed to address those challenges collectively, for example the
intergovernmental partnership for population and development Partners in Population and
Development.
Regional organizations — open to members from a particular continent or other specific region
of the world. This category includes the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
(CLACS), Council of Europe (CoE), European Union (EU), Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU),
Energy Community, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Economic Community of West
African States (ECOWAS), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, African
Union (AU), Organization of American States (OAS), Association of Caribbean States (ACS),
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Islamic Development Bank, Union of South
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American Nations, Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Pacific Islands Forum, South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation[12] Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization
(AALCO) and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).

Regional organizations

In regional organizations like the European Union, African Union, NATO, and ASEAN, there are
restrictions on membership due to factors such as geography or political regimes. To enter the
European Union (EU), the states require different criteria; member states need to be European,
liberal-democratic political system, and be a capitalist economy.[13]

The oldest regional organization is the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, created in
1815 by the Congress of Vienna.

Participation and involvement

There are several different reasons a state may choose membership in an intergovernmental
organization. But there are also reasons membership may be rejected.

Reasons for participation:

Economic rewards: In the case of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
membership in the free trade agreement benefits the parties’ economies. For example,
Mexican companies are given better access to U.S. markets due to their membership.
Political influence: Smaller countries, such as Portugal and Belgium, who do not carry much
political clout on the international stage, are given a substantial increase in influence through
membership in IGOs such as the European Union. Also for countries with more influence such
as France and Germany, IGOs are beneficial as the nation increases influence in the smaller
countries’ internal affairs and expanding other nations dependence on themselves, so to
preserve allegiance.
Security: Membership in an IGO such as NATO gives security benefits to member countries.
This provides an arena where political differences can be resolved.
Democracy: It has been noted that member countries experience a greater degree of
democracy and those democracies survive longer.

Reasons for rejecting membership:

Loss of sovereignty: Membership often comes with a loss of state sovereignty as treaties are
signed that require co-operation on the part of all member states.
Insufficient benefits: Often membership does not bring about substantial enough benefit to
warrant membership in the organization.

Privileges and immunities

Intergovernmental organizations are provided with privileges and immunities that are intended to
ensure their independent and effective functioning. They are specified in the treaties that give rise
to the organization (such as the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United
Nations and the Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the International Criminal Court),
which are normally supplemented by further multinational agreements and national regulations
(for example the International Organizations Immunities Act in the United States). The
organizations are thereby immune from the jurisdiction of national courts. Certain privileges and

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immunities are also specified in the Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in their
Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character of 1975,.[14] which however
has so far not been signed by 35 states and is thus not yet in force (status: 2022).[15]

Rather than by national jurisdiction, legal accountability is intended to be ensured by legal

mechanisms that are internal to the intergovernmental organization itself[16] and access to
administrative tribunals. In the course of many court cases where private parties tried to pursue
claims against international organizations, there has been a gradual realization that alternative
means of dispute settlement are required as states have fundamental human rights obligations to
provide plaintiffs with access to court in view of their right to a fair trial.[17][18]: 77  Otherwise, the
organizations’ immunities may be put in question in national and international courts.[18]: 72  Some
organizations hold proceedings before tribunals relating to their organization to be confidential,
and in some instances have threatened disciplinary action should an employee disclose any of the
relevant information. Such confidentiality has been criticized as a lack of transparency.[19]

The immunities also extend to employment law.[20][21] In this regard, immunity from national
jurisdiction necessitates that reasonable alternative means are available to effectively protect
employees’ rights;[22] in this context, a first instance Dutch court considered an estimated duration
of proceedings before the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization of 15
years to be too long.[23]

United Nations Agencies and Related organizations

The United Nations focuses on five main areas: "maintaining peace and security, protecting human
rights, delivering humanitarian aid, supporting sustainable development, and upholding
international law".[24] UN agencies, such as UN Relief and Works Agency, are generally regarded
as international organizations in their own right. Additionally, the United Nations has Specialized
Agencies, which are organizations within the United Nations System that have their member states
(often nearly identical to the UN Member States) and are governed independently by them;
examples include international organizations that predate the UN, such as the International
Telecommunication Union, and the Universal Postal Union, as well as organizations that were
created after the UN such as the World Health Organization (which was made up of regional
organizations such as PAHO that predated the UN). A few UN special agencies are very centralized
in policy and decision-making, but some are decentralized; for example, the country-based projects
or missions’ directors and managers can decide what they want to do in the fields.[25]

The UN agencies have a variety of tasks based on their specialization and their interests. The UN
agencies provide different kinds of assistance to low-income countries and middle-income
countries, and this assistance would be a good resource for developmental projects in developing
countries. The UN has to protect any kind of human rights violation, and in the UN system, some
specialized agencies, like ILO and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),
work in the human rights' protection fields.[26] The UN agency, ILO, is trying to end any kind of
discrimination in the work field and child labor; after that, this agency promotes fundamental
labor rights and to get safe and secure for the laborers.[27]

History
The origin of IGOs can be traced way back from the Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815, which was
an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the
downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon.[28] States then became the main decision makers who
preferred to maintain their sovereignty as of 1648 at the Westphalian treaty that closed the 30
years’ war in Europe.

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The first and oldest international organization—being established employing a treaty, and creating
a permanent secretariat, with a global membership—was the International Telecommunication
Union (founded in 1865). The first general international organization—addressing a variety of
issues—was the League of Nations, founded on 10 January 1920 with a principal mission of
maintaining world peace after World War I. The United Nations followed this model after World
War II. This was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations
Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945.[29] Currently,
the UN is the main IGO with its arms such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the
General Assembly (UNGA), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the Secretariat (UNSA), the
Trusteeship Council (UNTC) and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Other IGOs include
Regional Councils like ICES and the Mediterranean Science Commission (CIESM), and continental
blocks like the European Union (EU), African Union (AU), East African Community (EAC), and
Multi- National Companies (MNCs) like SHELL.

Expansion and growth

Held and McGrew counted thousands of IGOs worldwide in 2002[30] and this number continues to
rise. This may be attributed to globalization, which increases and encourages the co-operation
among and within states and which has also provided easier means for IGO growth as a result of
increased international relations. This is seen economically, politically, militarily, as well as on the
domestic level. Economically, IGOs gain material and non-material resources for economic
prosperity. IGOs also provide more political stability within the state and among differing
states.[31] Military alliances are also formed by establishing common standards in order to ensure
security of the members to ward off outside threats. Lastly, the formation has encouraged
autocratic states to develop into democracies in order to form an effective and internal
government.[32]

According to a different estimate, the number of IGOs in the world has increased from less than
100 in 1949 to about 350 in 2000.[33][34]

See also
Politics portal

World portal

Intergovernmentalism
International financial institutions
International organisations in Europe
International relations
International trade
Index of international trade topics
List of intergovernmental organizations
List of organizations with .int domain names
List of regional organizations by population
List of supranational environmental agencies
List of trade blocs
Multilateralism
Non-aggression pact
Regional Economic Communities
Regional integration
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Regional organization
Supranational aspects of international organizations
Supranational union
Trade bloc
World government

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Further reading
Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, M. 2004. Rules for the World: International Organizations in
Global Politics. Cornell University Press.
Hurd, Ian. 2018. International Organizations: Politics, Law, Practice. Cambridge University
Press.
Lall, Ranjit. 2017. "Beyond Institutional Design: Explaining the Performance of International
Organizations." International Organization 53: 699-732.
Claude, Inis L. Jr. (1964) [1959]. Swords into Plowshares: The problems and progress of
international organization (3rd ed.). New York: Random House. OCLC 559717722 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/oclc/559717722).
IGO search (http://www.igo-search.org/) Free service allowing search through websites of all
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) as recognized and profiled by the Union of
International Associations.
Nedergaard, Peter; Duina, Francesco (August 2010). "Learning in international governmental
organizations: the case of social protection" (https://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/239517095/Learning_in
_International_Governmental_Organizations.pdf) (PDF). Global Social Policy. 10 (2): 193–217.
doi:10.1177/1468018110366617 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468018110366617).
S2CID 144435350 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144435350).

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"Reports on the activities of various intergovernmental organizations" (https://web.archive.org/

web/20090211115838/http://www.asil.org/rio/index.html). ASIL-RIO reports, American Society
of International Law. Archived from the original (http://www.asil.org/rio/index.html) on 11
February 2009.
Walker, Gloria. Consolidation and corruption: the effect of IGO membership on level of
corruption in emerging eemocracies (http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p61398_index.html).
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Hilton
Chicago and the Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois, September 2, 2004. Retrieved 26 May
2009.

External links
Headquarters of International Organisation (http://www.thegeneralknowledge.in/2015/03/headq
uarters-of-international.html) List of International Organisation and their Headquarters
Procedural history and related documents (http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ario/ario.html) on the
'Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations in the Historic Archives (http://lega
l.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html) of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
World News related documents (https://web.archive.org/web/20141228214550/http://snn.co.in/
world-news.html) on the World News related documents
IGO Search (https://web.archive.org/web/20120722070858/http://library.stanford.edu/depts/jon
sson/collections/intl/igosearch.html): IGO/NGO google custom search engine built by the Govt
Documents Round Table (GODORT) (https://web.archive.org/web/20080807171534/http://wiki
s.ala.org/godort/) of the American Library Association.
Intergovernmental organization (https://hls.harvard.edu/dept/opia/what-is-public-interest-law/pu
blic-service-practice-settings/public-international-law/intergovernmental-organizations-igos/) at
hls.harvard.edu

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