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Chapter-2 (Varieties of Living Organism)

The document describes the key characteristics of different types of living organisms. It explains that eukaryotes like plants, animals, fungi and protozoa have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles in their cells, while prokaryotes like bacteria do not. It provides examples and describes common features of each group, including their cellular structure, nutrition, and whether they are unicellular or multicellular. The document also defines pathogens as organisms that cause disease and notes that fungi, bacteria, protozoa and viruses can all be pathogens.

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68 views

Chapter-2 (Varieties of Living Organism)

The document describes the key characteristics of different types of living organisms. It explains that eukaryotes like plants, animals, fungi and protozoa have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles in their cells, while prokaryotes like bacteria do not. It provides examples and describes common features of each group, including their cellular structure, nutrition, and whether they are unicellular or multicellular. The document also defines pathogens as organisms that cause disease and notes that fungi, bacteria, protozoa and viruses can all be pathogens.

Uploaded by

ToXic
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Name: Topic: Varieties of living organisms

Prepared by- Reza sir (BISC).


Eukaryotic Organisms
(Specification Point 1.2 =Describe the common features shown by eukaryotic organisms: plants, animals, fungi and protoctists)

 Eukaryotes are organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles inside their cells.
 They can be unicellular (only one cell) or multicellular (more than one cell).

PLANTS

 Eg: herbaceous legumes (peas), cereals (wheat)


 Multicellular
 Cells contain a nucleus, chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls
 All feed by photosynthesis
 Store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
 Contain a large, central cell vacuole.

Fig: A typical plant cell

ANIMALS

 Eg: humans (mammals), butterflies (insects)


 Multicellular
 Cells contain a nucleus but no cell walls or chloroplasts
 Feed on organic substances made by other living things
 Store carbohydrates as glycogen.

Fig: A typical animal cell


FUNGI

 E.g. moulds, mushrooms, yeast


 Most are multicellular with a
mycelium of thread-like structures
called hyphae which have many nuclei
but some are single-celled (eg yeast is
single celled)
 Cells have nuclei and cell walls made
from chitin
 Feed by saprotrophic (on dead or
decaying material) or parasitic (on live
material) nutrition by secreting
extracellular enzymes onto the food
Fig: A typical fungal cell
 May store carbohydrates as glycogen.

PROTOCTISTS

 E.g. Amoeba (like an


animal), Chlorella (like a
plant)
 Most are unicellular
 All have a nucleus; some
may have cell walls and
chloroplasts, meaning some
protoctists photosynthesize
like plants and some feed on
organic substances made by
other living things like
animals.
Fig: Two typical protoctist cells

Prokaryotic Organisms
Specification Point 1.3

 Describe the common features shown by Prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria.

 Prokaryotes do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles inside


their cells.
 E.g. bacteria (Lactobacillus d. bulgaricus (rod-shaped bacterium used in yoghurt production),
Pneumococcus (spherical bacterium that causes pneumonia).
 Unicellular and microscopic.
 Have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids.
 Some can carry out photosynthesis but they mainly feed off other organisms, either dead or alive.
Name: Topic: Varieties of living organisms
Prepared by- Reza sir (BISC).

Fig: A typical bacterial cell

Pathogens
(Specification Point 1.4 =Understand the term pathogen and know that pathogens may include Fungi, Bacteria, Protoctists or Viruses)

 An organism that causes disease


 Fungi, protoctists, bacteria and viruses can all be pathogens

VIRUSES

 E.g. Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Influenza virus


 Much smaller than bacteria
 They are not made from cells and are not considered living organisms as they do not carry out all
the life processes
 Parasitic – reproduce inside host cells by hijacking the cell’s mechanisms to make multiple copies
and then bursts out of the cell to spread throughout the host
 Able to infect every type of living cell
 The envelope is used to gain entry into host cells
 The capsid is a protein coat used to protect the genetic information
 The DNA or RNA contains the code for building new viruses

Fig: A typical virus

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