Identifying and Analyzing Claims related to one side of an issue.

If so, the claim is

also called a position.
Explicit(direct): describes something that is very
clear and without vagueness or ambiguity. Kinds of Claims
o Claims of Fact
Implicit (indirect): often functions as the opposite, o Claims of Policy
referring to something that is understood, but not o Claims of Value
described clearly or directly, and often using
implication or assumption. CLAIMS OF FACT
o Claims of fact relate to the statements that
o Knowing this information will help you infer or can be verified, no matter how difficult.
guess about what you read. This will help you They are not dependent merely on a
evaluate a claim made by the author and will person’s preference but can be true or
help you recognize the writer’s arguments and false.
evidence so you can begin judging his/her work. o Facts that are universally accepted are not
considered claims of facts because there
o Once a thesis statement is established, you as a is no more disagreement about their
reader will know what a text is claiming. That truthfulness. Claims of fact talk about what
claim defines what the author wants you to do, is or what is not.
think, or believe by the time you finish reading o Refers to a condition has existed (past),
his or her work. An author’s argument is only as exists (present), or will exist (future).
valuable as its claim. Inferences made are based on data,
documents, and scientific observation, and
o If the text’s claim is irrelevant to anything research.
readers care about, few will want to read the
argument supporting it. If the author’s claim Guide Questions: Did it happen? Does it exist? Is it
seems obvious, readers will wonder why true? How can its truthfulness be verified? Is it a fact?
someone bothered to argue for it.
How to defend your claims of facts?
o If a claim cannot be settled by appealing to o State the claim clearly.
evidence, some readers may be interested in o Define terms that may be controversial or
that opinion, but few will have reason to engage ambiguous so that readers know exactly
the argument. In this lesson, you will be what you mean.
identifying and analyzing the different types of o Make sure that your evidence fulfills the
claims. appropriate criteria.
o Make clear when conclusions about the
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CLAIM data are inferences, or interpretations, not
facts
o A claim should be argumentative and
debatable. Examples:
o A claim should be specific and focused. 1.The oldest known disease in the world is leprosy.
o A claim should be interesting and engaging. 2.Cancer is not contagious.
o A claim should be logical. It should result from 3.The climate will get warmer in the next few years
reasonable weighing of support provided. because of global warming.
4.The atmosphere has too much carbon dioxide.

CLAIMS
o A claim is a statement that is not considered CLAIMS OF VALUE
acceptable by all. A claim may be unverified or o Claims of value are evaluative statements. They
controversial to a certain degree. It is usually are statements about which is better, more
important, more desirable, more needed, or
more useful. They may also relate to what is
good or bad. How to defend your claims of policy?
o Require the use of standards evaluation, o Convince your audience that a problem exists.
presentation of advantages or moral standards o Make your proposal clear.
used, use of example to concretize abstractions, o Establish that there is a need for a change.
and use of credible experts. o Consider the opposing arguments.
o Devote a major part of your essay to providing
Guide Questions: Which claims endorse what is that your proposal is an answer to the opposing
good or bad? What qualities should be considered arguments and there are distinct benefits for
good? Why? Which of these values content with your readers in adopting your proposal.
others? Which ones are more important, and why? o Support your proposal with solid data, but don’t
Whose standards are used? neglect the morel considerations and the
commonsense reasons, which may be even
How to defend your claims of value? more persuasive.
o Try to make clear that the values or principles
you are defending should have priority on any Examples:
scale of values. 1. A dress code should be introduced for all students
o Keep in mind that you and your readers may 2. The death penalty must be revived.
differ about their relative importance. 3. A nation ID system should be adopted.
o Suggests that adherence to the values you are 4. Beauty contest should be banned.
defending will bring about good results in some 5. The government must devote more fund to
specific situation or bad results if respect for the building schools than building roads.
values is ignored.
o Since value terms are abstract, use examples
and illustrations to clarify meaning and make Hypertext & Intertextuality
distinctions.
o Use testimony of others to prove that Linear Text
knowledgeable or highly regarded people to
share your values. o refers to traditional text that needs to be read
from beginning to the end. Here, the reader
Examples: makes sense of the text according to the
1. Death penalty is unjust. grammatical and syntactic arrangement of the
2.It’s more fun in the Philippines. words.
3.It is better to have loved and lost, than never to o Moreover, this type of text has an order or
have loved at all. sequence; it’s typically the author of the text
4.It is more advantageous for a Filipino child to grow who decides the order of the text, or its reading
up speaking Filipino instead of English. path.
5.Buying ad fixing a house is better than building a o Generally, texts printed on paper are considered
new one as linear texts.
o Novels, poems, short stories, letters, educational
CLAIMS OF POLICY texts, all those texts were ad from the beginning
o Claims of policy are all about what should be. to the end, are linear texts
They say that a particular situation should arise. o Linear text is the most common type of reading.
They prescribe a particular course of action that It is the traditional method of reading we are
would lead to a condition. taught as children.
o They are usually made in relation to solve o However, linear text or line rereading is not
societal problems. You can easily identify this always advantageous; it may prove
claim if the argument/position has the terms disadvantageous when you are in a hurry and
“should”, “must”, etc. need to find some information quickly. This is
because reading a linear text involves reading
o Are specific and measurable actions that need the whole text from the beginning to the end,
to be done in order to address issues or and it may take a considerable amount of time
concerns presented in argument or proposition. to find the specific information you need
Nonlinear text
In the article "whale" in an electronic encyclopedia,
o text is the opposite of linear text. As its name for example, a hypertext link at the mention of the
suggests, it is nonlinear and non-sequential. In blue whale enables the reader to access the article
other words, the readers do not have to go on that species merely by clicking on the words "blue
through the text in a sequential manner in order whale" with a mouse.
to make sense of the text. This type of text has
many reading paths since it’s the readers who The hyperlink is usually denoted by highlighting the
decide the sequence of reading, not the author relevant word or phrase in text with a different font or
of the text. color.

o There are many definitions of the term nonlinear Hyperlinks can also connect text with pictures,
text. Most people consider texts with visuals or sounds, or animated sequences. Hyperlinks between
graphs along with it as examples for nonlinear different parts of a document or between different
texts. Some examples include flowcharts, charts, documents create a branching or network structure
and graphs (ex: pie chart, bar graphs), that can accommodate direct, unmediated jumps
graphical organizers such as knowledge maps to pieces of related information.
and store maps. In fact, any text that is not read
from the beginning to the end falls into the The treelike structure of hyperlinked information
category of nonlinear text. For example, contrasts with the linear structure of a print
considered an encyclopedia or a telephone encyclopedia or dictionary, for example, whose
dictionary. We do not read them from the contents can be physically accessed only by means
beginning to the end; We skim through them to of a static, linear sequence of entries in alphabetical
obtain specific information we need. order. Hyperlinks are, in a sense, cross-references
that afford instant access to their target pieces of
information. Such links are most effective when used
HYPERTEXT on a large array of information that is organized into
many smaller, related pieces and when the user
Nelson (1987) described hypertext as a series of requires only a small portion of information at any
chunks connected by links that offer readers one time. Hyperlinks have been used most
different pathways. It is non-linear or multi-linear, successfully by Web sites on the Internet.
non-sequential, nodal, and allows for the reader’s
navigation control. Advantages of Hypertext
1. Multiple paths of inquiry.
Ted Nelson coined the words “hypertext” and 2. Individualized Learning opportunities.
“hypermedia” in 1965 and worked with Andires Van 3. Reader/Learner control
Dam to develop the hypertext editing system in 1968. 4. Support the connection of ideas.
5. Some text is suited of hypertext
Hypertext is when you type a word and attach a link 6. Creating new references.
to that word so that upon clicking on that word, the 7. Critical thinking.
reader is sent to the site attached. 8. Ease of navigation.
9. Asynchronous communication
Hyperlink
Disadvantages of hypertext
a link between related pieces of information by 1. Paper-based information is more comfortable
electronic connections in order to allow user easy to read
access between them 2. computer or gadget is required
3. readers disorientation
Hypertext, a hyperlink involving text, is a feature of 4. cognitive overhead causes strain eye strain
some computer programs that allow the user of 5. too much control
electronic media to select a word from text and INTERTEXTUALITY
receive additional information pertaining to that
word, such as a definition or related references "Inter" means used to form words meaning between
within the text. or among groups of people, things, or places. "Text"
is the written words in a book or magazine. In other 4. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, and J.R.R.
words, intertextuality is the shaping of a text Tolkien's Lord of the Rings.
meaning by another text. 5. Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres is a contemporary
retelling of Shakespeare's King Lear, Wide Sargasso
Derived from the Latin intertexto, meaning to Sea by Jean Rhys is an intertextual work of Charlotte
intermingle while weaving, intertextuality is a term Bronte's Jane Eyre as it includes the wife of a
first introduced by French semiotician Julia Kristeva secondary character from the novel as one of its
in the late sixties. In essays such as "Word, Dialogue, own and offers an alternative point of view on similar
and Novel," Kristeva broke with traditional notions of social issues of the prior narrative.
the author's "influences" and the text's "sources," 6. Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials series is an
positing that all signifying systems, from table inverted retelling of John Milton's Paradise Lost.
settings to poems, are constituted by the manner in 7. Matt Groenig's television show The Simpsons uses
which they transform earlier signifying systems. multiple intertextual references to literature, films,
other tv shows, and commercials for its storylines
A literary work, then, is not simply the product of a and jokes.
single author, but of its relationship to other texts
and to the structures of language itself.
"Any text," she argues, "is constructed of a mosaic of Types of Intertextualities
quotations; any text is the absorption and
transformation of another" 1. Allusion - This literary device involves directly
referring to something else, often another literary
text. Examples of allusion may be as simple as
What Is Intertextuality? referring to a character or quoting a line.

The concept of intertextuality is a literary theory 2. Parody - When one piece of writing uses many of
stating all works of literature are a derivation or have the same elements of another but does it in a new
been influenced by a previous work of literature. and funny way, this is an example of parody. The
There is deliberate intertextuality, which purposely parody may copy the setting, plot, characters, or
borrows from texts, and there is latent intertextuality, other parts of the original work
which is when references occur incidentally-the
connection or influence isn't deliberate--as all 3. Pastiche - A pastiche borrows elements from one
written text makes intertextuality possible. or more works and reconfigures them to create
something new. It is generally a respectful type of
Some intertextual references are exact lines of borrowing that gives credit to the original and is not
dialogue or action, while others are more vaguely plagiarism
referenced. The definition of intertextuality includes
forms of parody, pastiche, retellings, homage, and
allegory. Any work of literature that is involved in the Importance of Intertextuality
creation of a new text is considered intertextual.
Even though it's a solitary activity, reading can
7 Examples of Intertextuality actually be a shared experience. You and your
favorite writers have read many of the same books.
According to Kristeva, nearly all works contain some When an author and the reader have a common
form of reference to another work of the past. Below understanding of a text, this allows the author to
are examples of many famous writings that employ communicate to the reader in terms of that original
the use of intertextuality: text. Intertextuality is important because it is another
form of communication between the reader and the
1. The main plotline of Disney's The Lion King is a take author.
on Shakespeare's Hamlet.
2. The structure of James Joyce's Ulysses is modeled
after Homer's Odyssey.
3. J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series makes use of T.H.
White's The Sword in the Stone, C