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    Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: Why in News?

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    Aadil Allie
    The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) was adopted at COP15 to set biodiversity goals for 2030. The GBF includes 4 goals and 23 targets, including restoring 30% of degraded ecosystems, conserving 30% of lands and seas, and reducing the extinction risk of known species by 10 times. Other outcomes of COP15 were commitments to provide $200 billion annually for conservation, requirements for companies to report on biodiversity impacts, and reducing $500 billion in subsidies that harm biodiversity. India called for new dedicated biodiversity funding for developing countries and said conservation efforts should be based on countries' capabilities and responsibilities.

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    Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: Why in News?

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    Aadil Allie
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    The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) was adopted at COP15 to set biodiversity goals for 2030. The GBF includes 4 goals and 23 targets, including restoring 30% of degraded ecosystems, conserving 30% of lands and seas, and reducing the extinction risk of known species by 10 times. Other outcomes of COP15 were commitments to provide $200 billion annually for conservation, requirements for companies to report on biodiversity impacts, and reducing $500 billion in subsidies that harm biodiversity. India called for new dedicated biodiversity funding for developing countries and said conservation efforts should be based on countries' capabilities and responsibilities.

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    The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) was adopted at COP15 to set biodiversity goals for 2030. The GBF includes 4 goals and 23 targets, including restoring 30% of degraded ecosystems, conserving 30% of lands and seas, and reducing the extinction risk of known species by 10 times. Other outcomes of COP15 were commitments to provide $200 billion annually for conservation, requirements for companies to report on biodiversity impacts, and reducing $500 billion in subsidies that harm biodiversity. India called for new dedicated biodiversity funding for developing countries and said conservation efforts should be based on countries' capabilities and responsibilities.

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    Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: Why in News?

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    Aadil Allie
    The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) was adopted at COP15 to set biodiversity goals for 2030. The GBF includes 4 goals and 23 targets, including restoring 30% of degraded ecosystems, conserving 30% of lands and seas, and reducing the extinction risk of known species by 10 times. Other outcomes of COP15 were commitments to provide $200 billion annually for conservation, requirements for companies to report on biodiversity impacts, and reducing $500 billion in subsidies that harm biodiversity. India called for new dedicated biodiversity funding for developing countries and said conservation efforts should be based on countries' capabilities and responsibilities.

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    Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

    For Prelims: UNCCD, COP15, Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

    For Mains: Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Outcomes of COP 15, Environmental
    Pollution & Degradation

    Why in News?

    Recently, at the 15th Conference of Parties (COP15) to the UN Convention on Biological


    Diversity “Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework” (GBF) was adopted.

    GBF includes 4 goals and 23 targets for achievement by 2030.


    The U.N. biodiversity conference concluded in Canada's Montreal.
    The first part of COP 15 took place in Kunming, China and reinforced the commitment to
    address the biodiversity crisis and the Kunming Declaration was adopted by over 100
    countries.
    What are the Key Targets of the GBF?

    30x30 Deal:
    Restore 30% degraded ecosystems globally (on land and sea) by 2030
    Conserve and manage 30% areas (terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine) by
    2030
    Stop the extinction of known species, and by 2050 reduce tenfold the extinction risk and
    rate of all species (including unknown)
    Reduce risk from pesticides by at least 50% by 2030
    Reduce nutrients lost to the environment by at least 50% by 2030
    Reduce pollution risks and negative impacts of pollution from all sources by 2030 to levels
    that are not harmful to biodiversity and ecosystem functions
    Reduce global footprint of consumption by 2030, including through significantly reducing
    overconsumption and waste generation and halving food waste
    Sustainably manage areas under agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry and
    substantially increase agroecology and other biodiversity-friendly practices
    Tackle climate change through nature-based solutions
    Reduce the rate of introduction and establishment of invasive alien species by at least 50% by
    2030
    Secure the safe, legal and sustainable use and trade of wild species by 2030
    Green up urban spaces

    What are the Other Major Outcomes of COP15?

    Money for Nature:


    Signatories aim to ensure USD200 billion per year is channelled to conservation
    initiatives, from public and private sources.
    Wealthier countries should contribute at least USD20 billions of this every year by 2025,
    and at least USD30 billion a year by 2030.
    Big Companies Report Impacts on Biodiversity:
    Companies should analyse and report how their operations affect and are affected by
    biodiversity issues.
    The parties agreed to large companies and financial institutions being subject to
    “requirements” to make disclosures regarding their operations, supply chains and
    portfolios.
    Harmful Subsidies:
    Countries committed to identify subsidies that deplete biodiversity by 2025, and
    then eliminate, phase out or reform them.
    They agreed to slash those incentives by at least USD500 billion a year by 2030 and
    increase incentives that are positive for conservation.
    Monitoring and reporting progress:
    All the agreed aims will be supported by processes to monitor progress in the future, in a
    bid to prevent this agreement meeting the same fate as similar targets that were agreed in
    Aichi, Japan, in 2010, and never met.
    National action plans will be set and reviewed, following a similar format used for
    greenhouse gas emissions under U.N.-led efforts to curb climate change. Some observers
    objected to the lack of a deadline for countries to submit these plans.

    How India Presented its Demands at the Conference?

    India called for an urgent need to create a new and dedicated fund to help developing
    countries successfully implement a post-2020 global framework to halt and reverse
    biodiversity loss.
    So far, the Global Environment Facility which caters to multiple conventions, including
    the UNFCCC and UN Convention to Combat Desertification, remains the only source
    of funding for biodiversity conservation.
    India also said that conservation of biodiversity must also be based on 'Common but
    Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities' (CBDR) as climate change also
    impacts nature.
    According to India, developing countries bear most of the burden of implementing the
    targets for conserving biodiversity and, therefore, require adequate funding and technology
    transfer.

    What is the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)?

    CBD is a legally binding treaty to conserve biodiversity that has been in force since 1993 and
    has been ratified by 196 nations.
    It sets out guidelines for countries to protect biodiversity, ensure sustainable use, and
    promote fair and equitable benefit sharing.
    It aims at achieving a historic deal to halt and reverse biodiversity loss on par with the
    2015 Paris Agreement on climate change.
    The CBD Secretariat is based in Montreal, Canada.
    The Parties (Countries) under CBD, meet at regular intervals and these meetings are called
    Conference of Parties (COP).
    In 2000, a supplementary agreement to the Convention known as the Cartagena Protocol on
    Biosafety was adopted. It came into force on 11th September 2003.
    The Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living
    modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology.
    The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of
    Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) was adopted in 2010 in Nagoya, Japan at COP10. It
    entered into force on 12th October 2014.
    It not only applies to genetic resources that are covered by the CBD, and to the benefits
    arising from their utilization but also covers traditional knowledge (TK) associated with
    genetic resources that are covered by the CBD and the benefits arising from its utilization.
    The COP-10 also adopted a ten-year framework for action by all countries to save
    biodiversity. Officially known as “Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020”, it provided a set
    of 20 ambitious yet achievable targets collectively known as the Aichi Targets for biodiversity.
    India enacted Biological Diversity Act in 2002 for giving effect to the provisions of the CBD.

    UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

    Q. “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by (2018)

    (a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change


    (b) The UNEP Secretariat
    (c) The UNFCCC Secretariat
    (d) The World Meteorological Organisation

    Ans: (c)

    “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now”, is an initiative launched by the UNFCCC secretariat
    in 2015.
    The initiative is a pillar under Momentum for Change which seeks to achieve climate neutrality.
    Climate neutrality is a three step process, which requires individuals, companies and governments
    to measure their climate footprint; reduce their emissions as much as possible and offset what
    they cannot reduce with UN certified emission reductions. Therefore, option (c) is the correct
    answer.

    Source: TH
    PDF Refernece URL: https://www.drishtiias.com/printpdf/kunming-montreal-global-biodiversity-framework

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