Class Xii Geography SSM

SUPPORT MATERIAL

GEOGRAPHY
CLASS XII
2022-23
BOOK- I -FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
1. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY- NATURE AND SCOPE

Nature of Human Geography

 Human Geography studies the inter-relationship between the physical environment and socio-
cultural environment created by human beings through mutual interaction with each other.
 The elements like villages, cities, road-rail networks, etc and all other elements of material
culture have been created by human beings using the resources provided by the physical
environment. Thus, In the saying of Ellen Semple “Human geography is a study of changing
relationship between unresting man and unstable earth”.
Naturalisation of Humans
Humans interact with their physical environment with the help of technology. This indicates the level
of cultural development.
 The interaction of primitive societies with the physical environment is termed as
environmental determinism which is naturalisation of humans.
Humanisation of Nature
 With the development of technology, humans began to modify nature and created cultural
landscape. This is called possiblism or humanisation of nature.
Neo Determinism
 A middle path of neo determinism was introduced by Griffith Taylor which means that
neither is there a situation of absolute necessity (environmental determinism) nor is there a
condition of absolute freedom (possibilism).
Field and Sub-fields of Human Geography
 Human geography is inter-disciplinary in nature and develops vast linkages with other sister
disciplines in social sciences.
 The fields and sub-fields of human geography explains every aspect of all elements of human
life on the surface of the earth.
1 Consider the following statements regarding nature and scope of human geography. c
1. Human geography is the study of inter relationship between the physical
environment and cultural pattern.
2. Human geography helps us to understand the symbiotic relationship between
social groups and their natural environment.
Select the correct using the codes given below.
a Only 1
b Only 2
c Both 1 &2
d Neither 1 or 2
2 Consider the following statements regarding the approaches of the human geography. d
I. Systematic approach focus on the systematic and comparative analysis of two or
more regions
II. Regional approach is the study of specific natural or human phenomenon which
resulting into certain spatial pattern.
Select the correct using the codes given below.
a. I is true and II is wrong
b. II is true and I is wrong
c. Both I and II are true.
d. Neither I nor II are true
3 Every course of human action is limited by environment.” Which school of thought a
subscribes these line?
a. Environmental determinism
b. Possibilism
c. Neo- determinism
d. None of the above
4 Assertion(A): Physical elements includes mostly natural phenomenon. b
Reason(R): Social and cultural environment includes networks of transportation.
a. Both A and R are true and R explains A
b. Both A and R are true, but R does not explain A
c. A is true, but R is false
d. A is false, but R is true.
5 Assertion(A): Neo – Determinism based on middle path approach. a
Reason(R): There is no possibility of absolutism in this world.
6 Who introduced the concept of Neo determinism? a
a. Griffith Taylor
b. Ellen Semple
c. Ratzel
d. Hettner
7 “Human geography is the study of “the changing relationship between the unresting man b
and unstable earth.”
Mention the keyword in the above definition.
a Synthesis
b Dynamism
c Conception
d Inter relationship
8 Welfare or humanistic school of thought in human geography was mainly concerned
with the different aspects of social well-being of the people. These included aspects such
as housing, health and education. Geographers have already introduced a paper as
Geography of Social well-being in the Post Graduate curriculum’. Radical school of
thought employed Marxian theory to explain the basic cause of poverty, deprivation and
social inequality. Contemporary social problems were related to the development of
capitalism. Behavioural school of thought laid great emphasis on lived experience and
also on the perception of space by social categories based on ethnicity, race and religion,
etc. The process of adaptation, adjustment with and modification of the environment
started with the appearance of human beings over the surface of the earth in different
ecological niches. Thus, if we imagine the beginning of human geography with the
interaction of environment and human beings, it has its roots deep in history. Thus, the
concerns of human geography have a long temporal continuum though the approaches
to articulate them have changed over time. This dynamism in approaches and thrusts
shows the vibrant nature of the discipline. Earlier there was little interaction between
different societies and the knowledge about each other was limited. Travellers and
explorers used to disseminate information about the areas of their visits. Navigational
skills were not developed and voyages were fraught with dangers. The late fifteenth
century witnessed attempts of explorations in Europe and slowly the myths and
mysteries about countries and people started to open up. The colonial period provided
impetus to further explorations in order to access the resources of the regions and to
obtain inventorised information. The intention here is not to present an in-depth
historical account but to make you aware of the processes of steady development of
human geography.
I. Radical school of thought did not laid emphasis on ___________.
a. Poverty
b. Deprivation c
c. Housing
d. Social inequality
II. Which school of thought laid emphasis on lived experiences?
a. Radical
b. Behavioural
b
c. Welfare
III. Which of the following statement is NOT correct?
a. The concerns of human geography have a long temporal continuum though the
approaches to articulate them have changed over time. This dynamism in approaches
and thrusts shows the vibrant nature of the discipline. d
b. Earlier there was little interaction between different societies and the knowledge
about each other was limited.
c. Travellers and explorers used to disseminate information about the areas of their
visits. Navigational skills were not developed and voyages were fraught with dangers.
d. The late nineteenth century witnessed attempts of explorations in Europe and
slowly the myths and mysteries about countries and people started to open up.
9 The Eskimos of Tundra adapted to the extremely cold climate. This type of interaction
was between primitive human society and nature. At the time, forces of nature were
stronger and humans struggled to survive in that environment.
Name the concept which is mentioned above?
Environmental determinism
Who has initiated this concept?
Federic Ratzel
10 State some examples of metaphors used to describe the physical and human
phenomena.
Some examples of metaphors used to describe the physical and human phenomena are
as follows:
 “Face’ of the earth.
 ‘Eye’ of the storm.

 Regions, villages, towns have been described as ‘organisms’.
 Networks of roads, railways and water¬ways are described as “arteries of
circulation”.
 “Mouth’ of the river.
 ‘Snout’ (nose) of the glacier.
 “Neck’ of the isthmus.
 “Profile’ of the soil.
11 How is human geography related to other social sciences?

Human geography attempts to explain the relationship between all elements of human
life and the space they occur over. Thus human geography assumes a highly inter-
disciplinary nature. It develops close interface with other sister disciplines in social
sciences in order to understand and explain human elements on the surface of the earth.
With the expansion of knowledge, new subfields emerge and it has also happened to
human geography.
Eg:- social geography is related to sociology, psychology, anthropology, history,
epidemiology etc
12 Name the three approaches introduced in the 1970s in human geography. State the
main feature of each approach.
The three approaches are humanistic approach, radical and behavioural approach.
Welfare of humanistic school of thought in human geography was mainly concerned
with the different aspects of social well being of the people such as housing, health and
education.
Radical school of thought employed Marxian theory to explain the basic cause of
poverty, deprivation and social inequality. Contemporary social problems were related
to the development of capitalism.
Behavioural school of thought laid great emphasis on lived experience and also on the
perception of space by social categories based on ethnicity, race and religion etc
13 State the six approaches of human geography
a Exploration and description
b Regional analysis
c Areal differentiation
d Spatial organisation
e Humanistic, radical and behavioural schools
f Post modernism.
.2. WORLD POPULATION-DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY AND GROWTH
Patterns of Population Distribution

 Population distribution means arrangement distribution of people over the earth’s surface.
 Population is not evenly distributed as 90 percent of the world’s population lives in about 10
percent of its land area.
 The 10 most populous countries of the world contribute about 60 per cent of the world’s
population.
 Out of these 10 countries, 6 are located in Asia.
Density of Population
 This means the ratio between the number of people to the size of the land.
 It is usually measured in persons per sq km density of population/area.
Factors Influencing Population Distribution
 The population distribution is influenced by three factors i.e., geographical factors, economic
factors and social and cultural factors.
Geographical Factors
Environmental or natural factors such as landforms, fertile soil, suitable climate for cultivation and
availability of adequate source of fresh water are the geographical factors that affect the population
distribution.
Some geographical factors are:
 Land Forms Flat Plains and gentle slopes are preferred by people, because these are favorable
for the production of crops and to build roads and industries.
 Climate Area with less seasonal variation attract more people.
 Soil Area which have fertile loamy soil have more people living on them as these can support
intensive agriculture.
 Water People prefer to live in areas where fresh water is easily available. Because, it is the
most important factor for life.
Economic Factors
Places having employment opportunities like mineral rich areas, industrial units and urban centres
have high concentration of population. Some economic factors are:
 Industrialisation Industries provide job opportunities and attract large numbers of ‘ people.
 Minerals Minerals deposits attract industries 1 mining and industrial activities generate
 employment.
 Urbanisation Good civic amenities and the attention of city life draw people to the cities.
Social and Cultural Factors
 Places having religious importance and cultural significance are also very densely populated
areas.
Population Growth
 This refers to the change in number of inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of
time.
 When change in population is expressed in percentage, then it is called Growth Rate of
Population.
 When there is an increase in population by taking the difference between births and deaths,
then it is called Natural Growth of Population.
 There is also Positive Growth of Population which happens when birth rate is more than
death rate and Negative Growth of Population when birth rate is lower than death rate.
Components of Population Change
There are three components of population change i.e., births, deaths and migration.
Crude Birth Rate [CBR]
 Number of births in a year per thousand of population is expressed as Crude Birth Rate
(CBR). It is calculated as:
 CBR=BiP×100
 Here, Bi= live Births during the year; P = Mid year population of the area.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Number of deaths in a year per thousand of population is expressed as Crude Death Rate (CDR). It is
calculated as:
 CDR=DP×100
 Here, D= Number of Deaths; P= Estimated mid-year population of that year.
Migration
 It is movement of people across region on permanent, temporary or seasonal basis.
 The place they move is called place of origin and the place they move to is called place of
destination.
Push and Pull Factors of Migration
 The Push factors make the place of origin seem less attractive for reasons like unemployment,
poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural disasters, epidemics and
socio-economic backwardness.
 The Pull factors make the place of destination seem more attractive than the place of origin
for reasons like better job opportunities and living condition eace and stability, security of life
and property and pleasant climate.
Trends in Population Growth
 Trends show that initially growth of population was very slow but after the improvement in
Science and Technology, there had been tremendous growth in population which is called
population explosion.
 About 8000 to 12000 years ago world population was 8 million and now it has reached to 7
billion.
 In every 12 years, 1 billion people are added. Increased agriculture and industrial production,
inoculation against epidemics, improvement in medical facilities have reduced death rates.
Doubling Time of World Population
 Developed countries are taking more time to double their population as compared to
developing countries.
Spatial Pattern of Population Change

 The world population growth rate is 1.4%, it is highest in Africa i.e. 2.6% and lowest in
Europe i.e. 0.0% means neither grow nor decline.
 So even when a small annual rate is applied to very large population, it will lead to a large
population change. There is negative correlation between economic development and
population growth.
Impact of Population Change
 High increase in population leads to problems like depletion of natural resources,
unemployment and scarcity. Decline in population indicates that resources are insufficient to
maintain a population.
Demographic Transition Theory
This theory studies the changes in the population of a region as it moves from high births and high
deaths to low births and low deaths. This happens when a society progresses from rural agrarian and
illiterate to urban, industrial and literate.
There are three-staged model of Demographic Transition Theory. They are:
First Stage
This stage is marked by high fertility high mortality rate because people reproduce more to
compensate for the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply.
 People are poor, illiterate and mostly engaged in agriculture. Life expectancy is low and
population growth is slow.
Second Stage
 Level of technology increases and other facilities like medical, health, sanitation improves
due to which the death rate reduces.
 But the fertility rate and birth rate remains high due to which there is huge rise in population.
Population expands rapidly as there is wide gap between birth and death rate.
Third Stage
 The birth and death rate both reduces and the population moves towards stability.
 People become literate, urbanised and control the size of the family. There is good judicious
use of technology also.
Population Control Measures
Family planning is the spacing and preventing the birth of children. Thomas Malthus theory
(1793) states that the number of people would grow faster than the food supply thus leading
to famine, diseases and war.
 Therefore, it is essential to control the population. This is undertaken through measures like
awareness for family planning, free availability of contraceptives, tax disincentives and active
propaganda.
1 Who mentioned regarding the population control that preventive checks are better than b
the physical checks?
a. Thompson
b. Thomas Malthus
c. Ralph Waldo Emerson
d. Tailor
2 Which is measured in terms of person's per sq km.? c

a. Growth of population
b. Immigration of population
c. Density of population
d. Emigration of population
3 Which region were inhabited from early periods in history due to the present climate? D
a. Savannah region
b. Pampas
c. Prairie
d. Mediterranean region
4 Kobe- Osaka region is in a
a. Japan
b. India
c. Indonesia
d. Africa
5 Assertion : The annual population growth rate in India is 1.6 % . c

Reason: Some developed countries will take 318 years to double their population.
a. Assertion (A) correct and reason (R) is incorrect.
b. Assertion ( A) is incorrect and reason (R) is correct
c. Assertion is correct and reason is also correct but it is not the right reason for the
Assertion (A)
d. None of these is correct.
6 Migrants who are moving to a new place is called --------- b

a. Emigration
b. Immigrants
c. Emigrants
d. Immigration
7 CBR = Bi/P*1000. Here P refers to d
a. Population of an area
b. Population growth
c. Population birth
d. Mid year population of an area
8 Who stated "Asia has many places where people are few and few places where people b
are very many"?
a. Hartshorne
b. George B Cressey
c. Malthus
d. None of them
9 What is the demographic transition model? b
a. A graph that plots changes in birth and death rates and migration over time
and shows how the population grows in response.
b. A graph that plots changes in birth and death rates over time and shows how
the population grows in response.
c. A graph that plots changes in infant mortality and people per doctor over
time and shows how the population grows in response.
d. A graph that plots changes in child mortality and death rates over time and
shows how the population grows in response
10 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer d

I. The Kobe-Osaka region of Japan is thickly populated because of the presence of a
number of industries.
II. Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract large numbers of people
a. Only I is correct.
b. Only II is correct
c. Both the statements are incorrect
d. Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the statement
11 Study the graph carefully and answer the questions that follow
I. When was the stage for rapid population growth set up? a
a. During sixteenth century
b. During eighteenth century
c. During fifteenth century
d. During twentieth century
II. What was the reason behind the population growth in question 1
a. Agricultural development
b. Industrial revolution
c
c. Expanding world trade
d. Technological revolution.
III. When did population explosion take place?
a. During sixteenth century
b. During eighteenth century
c. During fifteenth century b
d. During twentieth century
IV. What was the impact of technological advancement on world population?
a. Reduction in birth rate
b. Decrease in population a
c. Reduction in death rate
d. Increase in birth rate
12
I. Among the top ten countries with the highest population, how many countries
are located in Asia?
a. Six a
b. Four
c. Nine
d. Two
II. How many countries of Africa are included in the top ten most populous
countries?
a. Three b
b. One
c. Two
d. Four
III. Ten most populous countries make up %of world’s population
a. 65%
b. 55% c
c. 60%
d. 50%
13 Why are the people of a country considered its real wealth ?

The people of a country are its real wealth because it is they who make use of the
country’s resources and decide its policies
14 Define the term population distribution

The term population distribution refers to the way people are spaced over the earth’s
surface
15 What is the meaning of density of population? Explain with examples four

geographical factors influencing the distribution of population in the world.
Density of population is the number of people living in a square kilometer of
area.
Density of population =population
Area.
Geographical factors influencing distribution of population are
1. Availability of water-people prefers to live in areas where fresh water is easily
available. River valleys are therefore the most densely populated areas of the
world. Eg- Gangetic plains are densely populated
2. Landforms: people prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes. The
mountainous and hilly areas are less populated. Eg- Himalayan region are
sparsely populated.
3. Climate: extreme climate are uncomfortable for human habitation. Areas with
comfortable climate attract more people. Eg- Mediterranean region is densely
populated.
4. Soils: areas which have fertile loamy soils have more people living on them as
these can support intense agriculture. Eg- Nile Delta
16 When does the positive growth of population take place?

When the birth rate is more than the death rate between two points of time or
when people from other countries migrate permanently to a region positive
growth of population takes place
17 Which are the two sets of factors that influence migration in the world? Explain
both the set of factors with suitable examples
The two sets of factors that influence migration in the world are
Push factors makes the place of origin seems less attractive- unemployment,
poor living conditions, political turmoil,, unpleasant climate, natural disasters,
epidemics, socio economic backwardness.
Pull factors makes the place of destination seem more attractive than the place
of origin - better job opportunities, peace and stability, security of life and
property, pleasant climate.
18 What does the Theory of Demographic Transition tell us?

This theory tells us that population of any region changes form high births and
high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural
agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society.
4. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Growth and development

Growth and development both refer to changes over a period of time
Growth
 It is quantitative
 Value neutral
 May have positive or negative sign
 Change may be either positive[showing an increase] or negative[showing a decrease]
Development
 Qualitative change
 Always value positive
 Development occurs when there is positive change in quality
 Eg the population of a city grows from one lakh to two lakhs over a period of time then
growth has taken place but if there is no improvement in facilities like housing and provision
of basic services no development has taken place
Development
Earlier idea-
 measured in terms of economic growth.
 The bigger the economy of the country the more developed it was considered.
Present idea
Development aspects include
a. Quality of life people enjoy
b. The opportunities they have
c. Freedoms they enjoy
New idea of development given by
1.Dr. Mahbub- ul-Haq 2. Dr. Amartya Sen
The concept of human development was introduced by Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq
Human development =development that enlarges peoples choices and improves their lives and create
conditions where people can live meaningful lives [life with some purpose]
Basic Goal of development
 To create conditions where people can live meaningful lives.
Important aspects of human development
1. Leading a long and healthy life
2. Being able to gain knowledge
3. Having enough means to be able to live a decent life
Key areas of human development
1. Access to resources
2. Health
3. Education
Pillars of human development
4 pillars
1. Equity
2. Sustainability
3. Productivity
4. Empowerment
Equity-
 refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody
 Opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of gender, race income and caste
 Eg a large number of women and persons belonging to socially and economically backward
groups drop out of school
Sustainability
 means continuity in the availability of opportunities
 To have sustainable human development each generation must have the same opportunities.
So each generation must ensure the availability of choices and opportunities to its future
generations
 Eg if a community does not stress the importance of sending its girl children to school many
opportunities will be lost to these young women when they grow up
Productivity

means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work

Efforts to increase the knowledge of people or providing better health facilities to them
ultimately leads to better work efficiency.
Empowerment
 means to have the power to make choices
 It comes from increasing freedom and capability
 Good governance and people oriented policies are required to empower people
APPROACHES TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1. The income approach
 One of the oldest approaches to human development
 Human development is seen as being linked to income
 Level of income reflects the level of freedom an individual enjoys
 Higher the level of income the higher is the level of human development
2. The welfare approach
 This approach looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities
 Approach argues for higher government expenditure on education health social sector and
amenities
 People are not participants in development but only passive recipients
 The government is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximizing
expenditure on welfare
3. Minimum[Basic] needs approach
 This approach was initially proposed by the international labour organisation
 Six basic needs- health, education, food, water supply, sanitation and housing
 The question of human choices is ignored
 Emphasis is on the provision of basic needs of defined sections
4. Capability approach
 This approach is associated with prof Amartya Sen
 Building human capabilities in the areas of health, education and access to resources is the
key to increasing human development
Measuring human development
 The human development index ranks the countries based on their performance in the key
areas of health, Education and access to resources
 Rankings are based on a score between 0 to 1
Health
 Indicator is life expectancy at birth
Education
 Adult literacy rate
 Gross enrolment ratio
Access to resources
 Measure in terms of purchasing power[US dollars]
 Each of these dimensions is given a 1/3 weightage
 The human development index is a sum total of the weights assigned to all these dimension
HDI
 Measures the attainments in human development
 Not a reliable measure as it does not say anything about distribution
HPI[human poverty index]
 Measures the shortfall in human development
 The probability of not surviving till the age of 40
 The adult illiteracy rate
 The no of people who do not have access to clean water
 The number of small children who are underweight
Both these measure together gives an accurate picture of the human development situation in a
country
International comparisons
Based on HDI countries classified into four
 Very High
 High HDI
 medium HDI
 low HDI
HIGH HDI
 Lot of investment in social sector
 Good governance
 Former imperial powers
 Social diversity not high
MEDIUM HDI
 Adopting people oriented policies
 Reducing social discrimination
LOW HDI
 Political turmoil
 Civil war
 Famine
 High incidence of diseases
1 Which is not the reason of low HDI? b
a. Political Turmoil, Famine, Social Instability
b. Education, Good Governance, better healthcare
c. Civil war, social discrimination, political turmoil
d. None of these
2 The shortfalls of human development include b

a. underweight children
b. adult literacy
c. access to clean water
d. high life expectancy
3 Arrange the countries from highest HDI to Lower HDI as per HDI report 2020 a
1. Norway
2. Ireland
3. Switzerland
4. Hongkong
a. 1-2-3-4
b. 2-3-1-4
c. 1-4-2-3
d. 1-3-4-2
4 What is the range of measuring human development index? a

a. 0 to 1
b. -1 to 1
c. 0 to -1
5 What is the weightage given to each indicator in the human development index? C
a. 2/3
b. ½
c. 1/3
d. ¼
6 Consider the following points, evaluate them and choose the correct option d
I. If a community does not stress the importance of sending its girl children to
school, many opportunities will be lost to these young women when they grow up.
Their career choices will be severely curtailed and this would affect other aspects of
their lives.
II. Each generation must ensure the availability of choices and opportunities to its
future generations.
a. Both statements are true, statement 2 does not explain statement 1 correctly
b. Statements 1 is true but statement 2 is false and statement 2 does not
explains the statement 1
c. Both statements 1 and 2 are wrong.
d. Both Statements are correct and related to each other
7 Increasing freedom is also one of the most effective ways of bringing about
development’, who put this idea of development?
Prof.Amartya Sen
8 Name the scholar who introduced the concept of human development.

Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq
9 Examine the concept of ‘human development’ as introduced by Mahbub-ul-

Haq.
Human development is described as development that enlarges people’s choices and
improves their lives and create conditions where people can live meaningful lives [life
with some purpose]
10 What is human development? Explain with examples the four pillars of human
development in the world.
Human development is described as development that enlarges people’s choices and
improves their lives and create conditions where people can live meaningful lives
[life with some purpose]
The four pillars of development are
Equity-
 refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody
 Opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of gender, race
income and caste
 Eg a large number of women and persons belonging to socially and
economically backward groups drop out of school
Sustainability
 means continuity in the availability of opportunities
 To have sustainable human development each generation must have the
same opportunities. So each generation must ensure the availability of
choices and opportunities to its future generations
 Eg if a community does not stress the importance of sending its girl children
to school man opportunities will be lost to these young women when they
grow up
Productivity
 means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of human work
 Efforts to increase the knowledge of people or providing better health
facilities to them ultimately leads to better work efficiency
Empowerment
 means to have the power to make choices
 It comes from increasing freedom and capability
 Good governance and people oriented policies are required to empower
people
11 Explain the basic needs approach to human development of the world.

 This approach was initially proposed by the international labour
organisation
 Six basic needs- health, education, food, water supply, sanitation and
housing
 The question of human choices is ignored
 Emphasis is on the provision of basic needs of defined sections
12 ‘‘The Gross National Happiness is the measure of the country’s progress.’’

Evaluate the statement
 Bhutan is the only country in the world to officially proclaim the Gross
National Happiness (GNH) as the measure of the country’s progress.
 Material progress and technological development are approached cautiously
taking into consideration the possible harm to the environment, culture and
spiritual life
 GNH encourages to think of spiritual, non-material and qualitative aspects
of development
13 How are countries classified on the basis of human development index?

Countries can be classified into four groups on the basis of the human
development scores earned by them
14 Analyse any three features of countries with medium levels of human

development.
 Most of these countries have emerged in the period after the Second
World War.
 Some countries from this group were former colonies.
 Many others have emerged after the breakup of the erstwhile Soviet
Union in 1990.
 To improve their human development score many of these countries
are adopting more people-oriented policies and reducing social
discrimination.
 Most of these countries have a much higher social diversity
 Many in this group have faced political instability and social
uprising.
5. PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
Hunting and gathering

1. Depend on their immediate environment
2. Depend on animals they hunted and edible plants which they gathered
3. Primitive societies depend on hunting and gathering, fishing.
4. Oldest occupation, practiced in harsh climatic conditions
5. Depend on animals, for food, shelter, clothing
6. Small capital, low level of technology.
7. Practiced in High latitude areas such as Eurasia, Southern Chile. Low latitude such as Amazon,
Congo, S.E. Asian countries
8. In modern market some gathering is done such as leaves, bark nuts, fabric rubber, balata, gums and
resins.
Pastoralism
Nomadic Herding: herders depend on animals for food, transport, and shelter and clothing.
 Keep on moving from one place to another along with their animals.
 Each nomadic community Occupies a well identified territory.
 Variety of animals are kept indifferent regions
 Sahara and Asiatic deserts: sheep, goat, and camel
 Tibet: yak, Andes: llamas, arctic region: Reindeer
Regions:
1. Core regions extending from Atlantic coast of N Africa through Arabian Peninsula to central China
2. Second region extends in Tundra region of Eurasia
3. Third region is found in S.W Africa and Madagascar transhumance: seasonal movement of people
along with their herds to mountains in summer and to plains in winter. Ex. Gujjars, Bakarwals,
Gaddis and Bhotias in Himalayas
The number of pastoral nomads is decreasing due to:
1. Imposition of political boundaries
2. New settlement plans by different countries
Commercial livestock rearing:

1. It is more organized
2. Capital intensive
3. Practised in permanent ranches
4. Larger areas and divided in to parcels
5. Animals are moved from one parcel to another
6. Number of animals are kept based on capacity of the pasture
7. Animals are sheep, cattle, goats and horses and products are meat, wool, hides and skin
8. Practiced in New Zealand, Australia Argentina Uruguay and USA.
Agriculture
Types of agriculture
Subsistence agriculture
(a) Primitive subsistence agriculture
(b) Intensive subsistence agriculture
Primitive subsistence agriculture:

1. Also called shifting cultivation/ slash and burn agriculture
2. Practiced by tribes in topics
3. Land holdings are small
4. Do not use fertilizers
5. Change the land frequently
6. After 5 years they come back again.
7. It is called Jhuming in N.E. India, Milpa in South America, Ladang in Malaysia
Intensive subsistence agriculture:
1. Found in densely populated areas
2. There are two types -
A. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation:
(a) Dominated by rice crop,
(b) Land holdings are very small
(c) Family labour is used
(d) Less use of machine
(e) Manual labour is used
(f) Farm yard manure is used
(g) Yield per unit is high but per labour is low
B. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated crops other than paddy
(a) Depends on climate, soil, relief other crops are cultivated.
(b) Mainly practiced in SE Asia.
(c) Wheat, barley, soya bean, sorghum is cultivated
(d) In India wheat is grown in western parts of Ganga plain
(e) Millets are grown in western parts of south India
(f) Irrigation is used
Plantation agriculture:
1. Introduced by Europeans
2. Found in tropics
3. Important crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane, banana, &pine
apples
4. Large estates, capital, managerial, technical support
5. Scientific methods of cultivation
6. Single crop specialization,
7. Cheap labour
8. Good system of transport
9. Export oriented
10. (a)The French established cocoa and coffee in west Africa
(b)The British setup tea gardens in India and Sri Lanka Rubber plantation in Malaysia,
sugarcane and banana in west indies
(c) Spanish and Americans introduced coconut and sugarcane in Philippines
(d) Dutch started sugarcane in Indonesia
(e) Fazandas are large coffee plantations managed by British in Brazil
Extensive commercial grain cultivation

1. Practiced in semi- arid lands of mid latitudes
2. Wheat is the main crop
3. Corn, barley oats and rye are grown
4. Large land holdings
5. Machines are used
6. Low yield per acre but high yield per person
7. Practiced in prairies, pampas, velds, down, Canterbury plains.
Dairy farming:
1. Most advanced and efficient type of animal rearing
2. Highly capital intensive
3. Animal shed, storage facilities, mulching machines are used
4. Special emphasis is laid on breeding health care
5. Highly labour intensive
6. No off season
7. Practiced nearby urban areas and industries
8. Development of transportation, refrigeration, pasteurization has increased the marketing
Mediterranean agriculture:
1. Highly specialized commercial agriculture
2. Practiced in the countries around Mediterranean Sea also central Chile, SW Africa, SW
Australia& California
3. It is an important supplier of citrus fruits
4. Viticulture is specialized in this region
5. Best quality wine is produced from grapes
6. Low quality grapes are used for raisins, and currants
7. Olives and figs are also grown
8. Fruits and vegetable are grown in winter which are great demand in Europe
Market gardening and horticulture:

1. Vegetable, fruits and flowers are grown
2. Small farms, located nearby urban areas
3. Good transportation is required
4. Labor and capital intensive
5. Use of irrigation, HYV seeds, fertilizers & pesticides are used
6. Green houses and artificial heating is used in cold regions
7. Practiced in NW Europe, NE USA & Mediterranean regions
8. Netherlands is famous in growing tulips flower
9. The regions where vegetable is grown is called Truck Farming
Factory farming:
1. Factory farming is also practiced in NW Europe
2. It consists of poultry farming livestock rearing
3. They are fed on factory feedstuff and carefully supervised against diseases
4. Heavy capital investments
5. Veterinary services, heating and lightning is provided
6. Breed selection and scientific breeding is important feature
Cooperative farming:
1. A group of farmers form a society
2. Pool their resources to get more profit
3. Individual farms remain intact
4. Farming is a matter of cooperative initiative
5. Societies help farmers in getting agriculture inputs
6. Sell the products at the most favourable terms
7. Help in processing products at cheaper rates
8. Practiced in Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden & Italy
Collective farming:
1. Social owner ship for means of production and labour
2. It is also called as Kolkhoz
3. It was introduced in erstwhile USSR
4. Farmers pool their resources like land livestock labour
5. A small land is allowed to retain of their own to grow their own crops
6. Yearly targets are fixed by the government
7. Government fixes the product rates
8. Excess produce is distributed among the farmers
9. The farmers are to pay taxes for their own land
10. Members are paid according to their nature of the work
11. Exceptional work is rewarded by the government
Mining:
1. There are stages of minerals copper age, bronze age, iron age
2. Actual development is started with the industrialization
Factors affection mining activity:

1. Physical factors - size, grade, and mode of occurrence of mineral
2. Economic factors - demand for mineral, technology available, capital, labour, and transportation
Methods of mining:
1. Depend on mode of occurrence of mineral there are two types of mining
A. Surface /opencast mining

1. Easiest, and cheapest mining
2. Occur close to the surface
3. Low safety precautions
4. Large and quick output
B. Underground/shaft mining
1. Vertical shafts to be sunk
2. Minerals are extracted and sent to surface
3. It requires specialized drills, lifts, haulage vehicles, ventilation systems
4. This method is risky poisonous gases, fires, floods and caving leads to accidents
5. It requires large investment
6. Developed countries are showing less interest but developing countries are more interest due to
large labour availability
1 Human activities which generate income are known as - a
a) Economic activities
b) Social service
c) Non – economic activities
d) All of the above
2 People engaged in primary activities are called - B
a) White collar worker
b) Red collar worker
c) Pink collar worker
d) Brown collar worker
3 Which activities are directly depended on environment? a

a) Primary activities
b) Secondary activities
c) Tertiary activities
d) Quaternary activities
4 Which is the oldest economic activity ? d
a) Hunting
b) Gathering
c) Trade
d) Both (a) and (b)
5 Chicle is made from the milky juice of c
a) Sugarcane
b) Cocoa
c) Zapota
d) None
6 Which activity is known as domestication of animals? c
a) Agriculture
b) Hunting
c) Pastoralism
d) Nomadism
7 What causes the decline in the number of pastoral nomads? d
a) Imposition of political boundaries
b) Settlement plans
c) Harsh climatic conditions
d) Both (a) and (b)
8 Which type of pastoralism is more organised and capital intensive? b

a) Pastoral nomadism
b) Commercial Livestock Rearing
c) Nomadism
d) Dairy farming
9 Match the columns A,B and C
A B C
Transhumance USA, New zealand, Sahara,Andes,
Australia, Argentina Mongolia, Central
China
Commercial Livestock Nomadic herding Gujjars, Bakarwals and
farming gaddis
Cattle, Seasonal migration of Only one type of animal

Sheep,goats,camels people with animals reared
Transhumance- Seasonal migration of people with animals - Gujjars, Bakarwals and
gaddis
Commercial Livestock farming – USA, New zealand, Australia, Argentina - Only one
type of animal reared
Cattle, Sheep,goats,camels- Nomadic herding -Sahara,Andes, Mongolia, Central China
10 In which activity only one type of animal is reared? b

a) Pastoral nomadism
b) Commercial Livestock Rearing
c) Mixed farming
d) Dairy farming
11 Transhumance takes place in which activity? c
a) Hunting
b) Gathering
c) Pastoralism
d. Plantation
12 Which type of agriculture is marked by the use of primitive tools also known as shifting c
cultivation?
a) Intensive subsistence agriculture
b) Commercial grain farming
c) Primitive subsistence agriculture
d) Hunting
13 In which of the following regions extensive commercial grain cultivation is not practiced? d
a) American and Canadian praires
b) Pampas of Argentina
c) European steppes
d) Amazon basin
14 Which one of the following doesn’t follow monoculture? c

a) Dairy farming
b) Plantation agriculture
c) Mixed farming
d) Commercial grain farming
15 Match the following
Europeans Crops introduced in colonies

A. French 1. Tea garden in India
B. Spanish and Americans 2. Sugarcane in Indonesia
C. British 3. Coffee and cocoa in West Africa d
D. Dutch 4. Coconut and Sugarcane in Philippines
A B C D
a. 4 1 3 2
b. 2 3 1 4
c. 4 3 2 1
d. 3 4 1 2
16 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer A
1. Commercial grain cultivation is practised in the interior parts of semi-arid lands of the
mid-latitudes.
2. There is high yield per acre but low yield per person.
Options
a) Only 1 is correct.
b) Only 2 is correct
c) Both the statements are incorrect
d) Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the statement

1. Dairy farming is highly capital intensive.
2. Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines add to the
cost of dairy farming.
Options
1. Market gardening and horticulture is practiced near urban areas
2. High income group of consumers are located in urban areas.
Options
1. The regions where farmers specialise in vegetables only, the farming is known
as truck farming.
2. The distance of truck farms from the market is governed by the distance that a
truck can cover overnight, hence the name truck farming.
Options
1. Collective farming or the model of Kolkhoz was introduced in erstwhile Soviet
Union
2. To improve upon the inefficiency of the previous methods of agriculture and to
boost agricultural production for self-sufficiency.
Options
21 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer A
1. The surface mining also known as open-cast mining is the easiest and the
cheapest way of mining minerals that occur close to the surface.
2. Surface mining is risky.
Options
d) Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains the
statement
22 Match the following - b

Areas of extensive commercial grain farming Continent
A. Downs 1. Eurasia
B. Prairies 2. Australia
C. Pampas 3. Africa
D. Velds 4. South
America
E. Steppes 5. North
America
A B C D E
a. 4 1 3 2 5
b. 2 5 4 3 1
c. 5 3 2 1 4
d. 1 2 4 5 3
23 Depending on the mode of occurrence and the nature of the ore, mining is of two types:
surface and underground mining. The surface mining is the easiest and the cheapest way
of mining as minerals that occur close to the surface. Overhead costs such as safety
precautions and equipment is relatively low in this method. When the ore lies deep below
the surface, underground mining method has to be used. In this method, vertical shafts
have to be sunk, from where underground galleries radiate to reach the minerals. Minerals
are extracted and transported to the surface through these passages. It requires specially
designed lifts, drills, haulage vehicles, ventilation system for safety and efficient
movement of people and material. This method is risky.
1. Which type of mining is also known as open-cast mining?
a) Underground mining c
b) Shaft mining
c) Surface mining
d) Sea bed mining
2. In which type of mining the output is large and rapid?
a) Underground mining b
b) Opencast mining
c) Shaft mining
d) None of the above
3. What type of accidents can occur in underground mining? d

a) Poisonous gases
b) fires
c) floods
d) All of the above
4. Why developed countries are retreating from mining?
a) Large labour force
c
b) Striving for higher standard of living
c) High labour costs
d) Fatal accidents
24 Map based questions

Identify and name the areas of subsistence gathering marked as A and B
Areas of subsistence gathering

A. Amazon Basin
B. Tropical Africa
25 Identify and name the areas of nomadic herding marked as A, B and C
Areas of nomadic herding

A. South – West Africa
B. Tundra region of Eurasia
C. Islands of Madagascar
26 Identify the areas of commercial Livestock Rearing marked as A and B
Areas of commercial Livestock Rearing

A. United States of America
B. Uruguay
27 Identify and name the areas of extensive commercial grain farming marked as A and B
Areas of extensive commercial grain farming

A. Australian Downs
B. Canadian and American Prairies
28 Identify and name the areas of mixed farming marked as A and B.
Areas of mixed farming

A. Eastern North America
B. Parts of Eurasia
29 Explain any five characteristics of extensive commercial grain cultivation practised in the
world
The main characteristics of extensive commercial grain cultivation are as follows:
 It is more organized
 Capital intensive
 Practised in permanent ranches
 Larger areas and divided in to parcels
 Animals are moved from one parcel to another
 Number of animals are kept based on capacity of the pasture
 Animals are sheep, cattle, goats and horses and products are meat, wool, hides and
skin
 Practiced in New Zealand, Australia Argentina Uruguay and USA.
30 Classify intensive subsistence agriculture into two categories practised in the world. How
are they different from each other? Explain
Classification of intensive subsistence agriculture :-
A. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation.
B. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy.
Intensive subsistence agriculture Intensive subsistence agriculture
dominated by wet paddy cultivation. dominated by crops other than
paddy.
Rice is the dominant crop. Wheat, soybean, barley and sorghum are
grown.
Land holdings are very small due to
high density of population. Land holdings are big.
Work is done with manual labour Machinery deployed for cultivation.
Farmyard manure is used to maintain Fertilizers and pesticides are used

soil fertility.
31 Explain any three features of underground mining methods in different countries of the
world
The three features of underground mining methods in different countries of the world.
a. Vertical shafts to be sunk
b. Minerals are extracted and sent to surface
c. It requires specialized drills, lifts, haulage vehicles, ventilation systems
d. This method is risky poisonous gases, fires, floods and caving leads to
accidents
e. It requires large investment
32 "Dairy farming is the most advanced and efficient type of rearing of milch animals in the
world." Analyse the statement with examples
It is true that dairy farming is the most advanced and efficient type of rearing of milch
animals in the world. This is because it is highly capital as well as labour intensive. For
example, animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines add to
the cost of dairy farming. Special emphasis is laid on cattle breeding, healthcare and
veterinary services.
It is labour intensive also due to the caring, feeding and milching processes involved. The
developed means of transportation, refrigeration, pasteurisation and other preservation
processes are used to increase the duration of storage ofvarious dairy products. Thus, due
to these specialised operations, dairy farming is very advanced and efficient form of
rearing activity.
33 "There is low yield per acre but high yield per person in the interior parts of semi-arid
lands of the mid latitudes in the world." Support the statement with suitable examples.
The interior parts of semi-arid lands of the mid latitudes in the world are the areas where
extensive commercial grain cultivation takes place.
Here the size of farms is very large and population is in small number. That is why entire
operations of cultivation right from ploughing to harvesting is mechanised. Therefore,
yield per person is high as the number of people working in farms is less and lot of
machines are used. However, the size of the farms are very large due to which per acre
production or yield is low even though the total production is high. This type of
agriculture is practised in Eurasian Steppes, Canadian and American Prairies, Pampas of
Argentina, Velds of South Africa, Australian Downs and the Canterbury Plains of New
Zealand. Wheat is the principal crop and other crops are corn, barley, oats and rye
34 Describe any five characteristics of the economic activities of hunting and gathering
practised in the world.
Characteristics of hunting and gathering practised in the world are as follows:
 Gathering and hunting are the well-known oldest economic activities.
 Gathering is practised in region with harsh climate conditions. It often involves
primitive societies, which extract both plants and animals for food, shelter and
clothing.
 People living in very cold and extremely hot climates, survive on hunting.
 The early man used stone, tools, twigs or arrows, so animals were hunted in
limited numbers. Now due to excessive and illegal hunting (poaching), many
species have become extinct or endangered.
 Gatherers collect valuable plants, leaves, bark of trees. Gatherers also collect
medicinal trees. After simple processing, they sell the products in the markets.
 Gathering requires a small amount of capital investment and operates at a very low
level of technology
35 Explain any five features of nomadic herding in world
Nomadic herding is also called pastoral nomadism. It basically primitive subsistence
activity, in which depend upon animals for food, clothing, tools and transport.
Characteristics of nomadic herding are as follows:
 They move from one place to other place with their livestock in search of quality
pastures and water. Each nomadic community occupies a well identified territory
as a matter of tradition.
 Different variety of animals are reared in different regions of the world e.g. in
Tropical Africa, cattles are most important livestock; in the hilly areas of Tibet and
Andes, Yak and Llamas and in Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas, Reindeer is the most
important livestock.
 Movement in search of pastures is undertaken either over vast grassland or
mountainous regions. Movement from plains to mountains in summer season and
vice-versa is called transhumance.
 It is practised by tribes such as Gujjars, Bakkerwals and Gaddis in the mountain
region of Himalayas where the move from plain to mountains in summers and
from mountain to plains in winters.
 Now-a-days, number of pastoral nomads are declining and their areas are also
reducing in size due to imposition of political boundaries and new settlement
plans by different countries.
36 Define the term commercial livestock rearing. Explain any four characteristics
Commerical livestock rearing is a specialised activity in which only one type of animal is
reared for products such as meat, wool, hides, which are processed, packed and exported.
The five characteristics of commercial livestock rearing are as follows:
 It is more organized
 Capital intensive
 Practised in permanent ranches
 Larger areas and divided in to parcels
 Animals are moved from one parcel to another
 Number of animals are kept based on capacity of the pasture
 Animals are sheep, cattle, goats and horses and products are meat, wool, hides and
skin
 Practiced in New Zealand, Australia Argentina Uruguay and USA.
37 Define the term 'mixed farming'. Explain any four characteristics of mixed farming
practised in the world
Mixed farming refers to the primary activity in which animal husbandry is practised along
with crop cultivation. Important animals are cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry animals.
The characteristics of this type of activity are :
 High capital expenditure on constructing farms, buildings and buying various
machineries for agriculture and animal husbandry.
 In this type of activity, chemical fertilisers and green manures are used on a large
scale. Farmers require skills and expertise in this farming.
 Fodder crops are important components of mixed farming as they are used to feed
animals.
 The farms in mixed farming are moderate in size.
 Inter-cropping and crop rotation are used here for growing crops such as wheat,
barley, oats, rye, maize etc.
 This is practised in highly developed regions of the world. For example North
Western Europe, Eastern North America, Eurasia and Temperate latitudes of
Southern Continents.
38 What is the importance of dairy farming? Why is it mainly practised near urban and
industrial centers of the world? Explain two reasons
Dairy farming is most efficient and mordernised type of rearing milch animals.The milch
animals such as cows and buffaloes are used to extract milk and produce dairy products.
It is because of the following reasons:
 It is capital intensive and it requires large investments.
 Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines are
required in this type of farming. So, it is very efficient form of agriculture.
 Cattle breeding, healthcare and veterinary services are given more attention in this
type of farming.
 It is highly labour intensive too as it requires extensive care in feeding and
milching.
 Dairy products are stored by the processes of refrigeration, pasteurisation and other
preservation processes. These processes are highly advanced and efficient.
 Reasons for its Concentration Near urban areas Dairy farming is mainly practised
near urban and industrial centres because of following reasons:
 These regions provide ready markets for fresh milk and dairy products.
 High income groups reside in the urban areas which creates high demand for these
products. Milk and dairy products are perishable goods and need to be transported
soon. So, to reduce the time of transportation, the farms are located near urban
centers
39 Differentiate between co-operative farming and collective farming

Co-operative farming Collective farming
Co-operative farming takes place when Collective farming takes place when
farmers pool their resources voluntarily for there is social ownership of means of
efficient and profitable farming. production.
In co-operative farming, farmers have In collective farming, farmers pool all

individual ownership of the resources. their resources, though they are allowed
to keep very small piece of land for their
own use.
Co-operative societies help farmers in In collective farming, all farm inputs are
buying farm inputs on favourable terms. provided by the government.
Co-operative societies also help the farmers In collective farming, farm products are
in selling the farm products profitably. sold to the state at a fixed price.
Co-operative farming has been successful It was introduced in erstwhile Soviet

in many European countries and that is Union in order to improve the
why, it is practised in many other countries inefficiency of previous method of
of the world. agriculture.
40 Discuss the important characteristic features of plantation agriculture. Name a few
important plantation crops from different countries
Originally introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in the tropics, plantation

agriculture is distinct from other kinds of agricultural practices because of it’s specific
features.
The characteristic features of this type of farming are:
 Profit oriented large-scale production system
 Large estates and plantations
 Huge capital investment
 Totally market oriented
 Scientific method of cultivation
 Cheap and large skilled labour supply
 Monoculture
 It is a link between agriculture and industry.
 They are provided with well-developed transportation facilities where raw material
provided by them is processes.
 Important Plantation Crops:
 The French established cocoa and coffee plantations in West Africa.
 The British set up
 Large tea gardens in India and Sri Lanka,
 Rubber plantations in Malaysia and
 Sugarcane and banana plantations in West Indies.
 Spanish and Americans invested heavily in coconut and sugarcane plantations in
the Philippines.
 The Dutch once had monopoly over in sugarcane plantation in Indonesia.Some
coffee fazendas (large plantations) in Brazil are still managed by Europeans.
41 Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follows
1. Identify the picture and give suitable title to it.

2. Why do the products of these activities cannot compete in the world market?
3. Write any two characteristics of this activity.
4. List out the high latitude areas where it is practiced.
1. Gathering
2. Synthetic products often of better quality and at lower prices, have replaced many
items supplied by the gatherers in tropical forests.
3. This type of activity requires a small amount of capital investment and operates at
very low level of technology. The yield per person is very low and little or no
surplus is produced
4. Northern Canada, northern Eurasia and southern Chile
1. Identify the picture and give suitable title to it.

2. What is transhumance?
3. Name the tribes of India who practice transhumance.
1. Pastoral nomadism
2. The process of migration from plain areas to pastures on mountains during
summers and again from mountain pastures to plain areas during winters is
known as transhumance.
3. Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis and Bhotiyas
43
1. Identify and name the type of primary activity.

2. Reindeer are reared by which communities in Northern Alaska?
3. Mention the areas where this activity is practiced?
1. Commercial livestock rearing
2. Eskimos
3. The northern regions of Alaska
1. Name the type of agriculture in which the farming areas consume all or nearly so
of the products locally grown.
2. Identify the type of agriculture in the given picture.
3. In which area in India it is practiced ?
4. What are the other names of this type of agriculture?
5. What is its impact on environment?
1. Subsistence agriculture
2. Primitive subsistence agriculture
3. North eastern states
4. Shifting cultivation or slash and burn agriculture
5. Deforestation and soil erosion
45
1. Identify and name the type of agriculture.

2. In which area of the world is it practiced.
3. Which is the dominant crop?
4. Name the type of agriculture which depends on irrigation.
1. Intensive subsistence agriculture
2. Monsoon Asia
3. Rice
4. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy
46
1. Name the type of agriculture introduced by Europeans.

2. What are Fazendas?
3. Name a few important crops of this type of agriculture.
1. Plantation agriculture
2. Coffee plantation in Brazil
3. Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Sugarcane
47
1. How will you define the type of farming shown in the picture?
2. Why is it practiced near urban and industrial centers?
3. What factors makes it a costly activity?
4. What all are given special emphasis in this activity?
1. Dairy farming
2. High income consumers are located in such areas
3. Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines
4. Special emphasis is laid on cattle breeding, health care and veterinary services
48
1. Viticulture is the speciality of which type of agriculture?

2. What are the various uses of grapes in this region ?
3. What are the other important crops of this agriculture?
4. Which parts of the world have greater demands for fruits and vegetables grown in
this region?
1. Mediterranean agriculture
2. Wine, making raisins and currants
3. Figs and olives
4. European and north America
49
1. Give a suitable title to the pictures given.

2. Why this type of agriculture is practiced near urban areas?
3. Name one region which practice this type of agriculture.
4. Which country specialises in growing tulips?
5. Name the type of farming where farmers specialize in and grow only vegetables.
1. Market Gardening and Horticulture

2. High income consumers are available in urban areas
3. North west Europe, North east USA
4. Netherlands
5. Truck farming
50
1. Identify the diagram and give suitable title to it.

2. What type of mining activities are shown as A and B.
3. Which type of mining is the most dangerous?
4. In which type of mining the output is large and rapid?
5. Why developed countries are retreating from mining?
6. State the two groups of factors which affect the profitability of mining.
1. Methods of mining
2. A- surface mining B- underground mining
3. Underground mining
4. Surface mining
5. High labour cost
6. Physical and economic factors
6. SECONDARY ACTIVITIES
Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable
products. Secondary activities involve manufacturing processes and construction (infrastructure)
industries. Conversion of iron ore into steel, making yarn out of cotton, etc. The secondary sector
depends on the primary sector for the raw materials necessary for production. People engaged in
secondary activities are called blue-collar workers.
Characteristics of modern large-scale manufacturing
The following are the characteristics of modern large-scale manufacturing –
1. Specialisation of skills/Methods of production – It involves the production of large quantities

of standardised parts by each worker performing only one task repeatedly, making the worker
specialised in that skill.
2. Mechanisation – The industries use machines for the production processes. Automation is the
advanced stage of mechanisation wherein, human thinking during the manufacturing process
is not required.
3. Technological Innovations – Modern technology and constant innovations are done through
research and development strategy for quality control, eliminating waste and inefficiency and
combating pollution.
4. Organisational Structure and Stratification – Modern manufacturing is characterised by
complex machine technology, vast capital, extreme specialisation, and division of labour.
Large organisations and executive bureaucracy.
5. Uneven Geographic Distribution – The manufacturing industries are concentrated in regions
rich in minerals and other resources. Modern manufacturing industries cover less than 10% of
the world’s land area and these nations have become the centres of economic and political
power.
Industrial Locations
Industries should be located at places where the production costs are minimum in order to maximise
profits. The following factors influence industrial locations:
1. Access to market- “Market” means people who have a demand for the manufactured goods
and also have the ability to purchase (purchasing power) from the sellers at a place.
2. Access to raw materials – Industries based on cheap, bulky and weight-losing materials (ores)
are located close to the source of raw materials like sugar, steel and cement industries.
3. Access to labour supply – Labour supply is also an important factor in the location of
industries. However, increased mechanisation, automation and flexibility of industrial
processes have decreased the dependence of industries on labour.
4. Access to sources of energy – Industries requiring more power are situated close to the source
of energy supply like the aluminium industry.
5. Access to transportation and communication facilities – Efficient transportation and
communication are essential for the development of industries.
6. Government policies – Government adopts regional policies to promote balanced economic
development and hence set up industries in particular areas.
7. Access to Agglomeration Economies/link between industries – It refers to the benefits
derived from the linkages that exist between different industries
Classification of Manufacturing Industries

Industries are classified on the basis of:
1. Size
2. Raw materials/Inputs
3. Products/Outputs
4. Ownership
1. Classification on the basis of size –
a) Household or Cottage Industries –
 The smallest manufacturing unit.

 Simple tools and local raw materials are used by the artisans.
 Products are made at home with the help of family members or part-time labourers.
b) Small Scale Industries –
 These are characterised by simple power-driven machines, local raw material and semi-
skilled labour.
 It provides employment and increases local purchasing power.
c) Large Scale Industries –
 It involves mass production, multiple raw materials, huge energy, specialised workers,
advanced technology, mass production and large capital.
 Large-scale industrial regions are broadly classified into two types-
 Traditional large-scale industrial regions which are thickly clustered in a few, more
developed countries.
 High technology large-scale industrial regions which are diffused to less developed
countries.
2. Classification on the basis of raw materials/inputs –
a) Agro-based Industries –
 The industries procure raw materials from the fields and farms which are processed into
finished products like fruit juices, oil, beverages, sugar, rubber, textiles, etc.
b) Mineral-based Industries –
 Here minerals are used as raw materials.

 Ferrous metallic minerals (for iron and steel industries), non-ferrous metallic minerals (for
aluminium, copper and jewellery industries), and non-metallic minerals (for cement and
pottery industries) are used.
c) Forest-based Industries – Forests provide timber for the furniture industry, wood, bamboo and
grass for the paper industry and Lac for the lac industry.
d) Animal-based Industries – Industries that depend on animal products include leather, woollen
textile and ivory (made from the tusks of elephants) industries.
3. Classification on the basis of output/product-
a) Basic Industries – The industries that produce raw materials to be used in other industries are
called basic industries. For example, iron and steel forms the base for other industries, and therefore,
it is called the basic industry.
b) Non-Basic industries/Consumer Goods Industries – These industries produce goods which are
directly consumed by the consumer e.g., industries manufacturing soaps and detergents, bread and
biscuits.
4. Classification on the basis of ownership-
a) Public Sector Industries – These are owned and managed by the governments. In India, these
industries are called Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). Mixed economies have both Public and
Private Sector Enterprises. Socialist economies have mostly state-owned industries.
b) Private Sector Industries – These are owned and managed by private organisations. In Capitalist
economies, industries are generally owned by private investors.
c) Joint Sector Industries – These are managed by Joint Stock Companies or established and
managed by private and public sectors together.
RUHR COAL FIELD –GERMANY
One of the major industrial area
2. Coal, iron, steel are bases for the economy
3. Demand for coal declined so industry shrinking
4. Ruhr region is producing 80% of steel production
5. Problems of industrial waste and pollution
6. New industries emerged in the place of old industries such as car assembly new chemical industry,
universities.
CONCEPT OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY

Latest generation manufacturing unit
2. Application of R&D unit
3. Professional workers(white collar) share large group
4. Highly skilled specialists (blue collar) also working
5. Robotics are used in assembly line
6. Computer Aided Design is used
7. Electronic controls
8. Neatly spaced, low modern dispersed office plant and lab buildings
9. Planned business parks for high-tech industries
10. Regionally concentrated, self sustained highly specialized techno-poles
11. Silicon valley in San Francisco and silicon forest near Seattle are techno poles.
1 Jindal steel is under this sector of economy. b

a) Public
b) Private
c) Joint
d) Co-operative
2 Which of the following sub-sectors of cotton textile industry did Mahatma Gandhi a
support by encouraging the use of Khadi?
a) Handloom
b) Powerloom
c) Mill-sector
d) None of these
3 Why traditional heavy industries also called smokestack industries? c
a. Because they produce smoke stacks.
b. Because they are easily recognizable from a distance as the presence of
stacks surround the main factory.
c. Because of the presence of flue-gas stacks continuously release smoke and
cause high pollution
d. Because these industries continuously release chemicals through sewage
pipes
4 Which of the following is not a reason why certain industries tend to be located c
closer to the urban areas?
a. Efficient transport
b. Skilled labour
c. Open land area
d. Efficient
5 Jute industry in West Bengal grown up based on………. c
a. Availability of labour
b. Government policies
c. Availability of raw jute
d. Transport network
6 Match the following b
Industries based on raw material Product
a. Agro based i. wool
b. forest based ii. cement
c. animal based iii. plastic
d. mineral based iv. rubber
e. chemical based v. lac
Select one
a. a.-iv,b.-i., c.-iii.,d.-ii,e.-v
b. a.-iv.,b.-v.,c.-i.,d.-ii.,e.-iii
c. a.-iii.,b.-ii.,c.-iv.,d.-v.,e.-i.
d. a.-iii.,b.-v.,c.-I,d.-iv.,e.-ii.
7 Assertion(A): the iron and steel industry has shifted from the coal fields towards a
iron ore fields.
Reason(R): now a days, only 1/6th quantity of the coal is required than earlier, for
the processing of same amount of iron ore.
8 Assertion(A): maximum concentration of jute mills in India is located between B
Naihati and Kolkata.
Reason(R): jute industry in India, is traditionally export oriented.
9 Complete the following
Classification of industries
Inputs output a. ….. size
b. ……. c.…… d. ….. e. …f.. …..
Ans: a. ownership, b. agro based, c.mineral based, d.chemical based, e.forest

based f. animal based
10
Identify the type of industry?

Mention the characteristics of industry?
Differentiate agri business and agro processing?
Answer:
a. agro based industry
b. it involves the processing of raw materials from the field and the farm into
finished products for rural and urban markets.
c. Agri business is commercial farming on an industrial scale often financed by
business whose main interest lie outside agriculture. Agro processing includes
canning, producing cream, fruit processing and confectionery
11 What is automation ?
Where machines, use gadgets to do work, it is called automation. It is without
human thinking. It is an advanced stage of mechanisation. These have computer
control systems
12 Secondary activities add value to natural resources.’ Explain with two

examples.
Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials
into more usable products. Most of the materials from the farm, forest, mine and
the sea are transformed into valuable products. Secondary activities, therefore are
concerned with manufacturing, processing and construction (infrastructure)
industries
13 What are the characteristics of traditional large scale Industrial regions ?

Traditional Large-Scale Industrial Regions
These are based on heavy industry, often located near coalfields and engaged in
metal smelting, heavy engineering, chemical manufacture or textile production.
These industries are now known as smokestack industries
14 Explain why high-tech industries in many countries are being attracted to the
peripheral areas of major metropolitan centers?
High technology, or simply high tech, is the latest generation of manufacturing
activities. Professional workers make up for a large number of the total workforce.
These professional skilled workers are located in urban areas, and due to high rent
in the central areas of the cities, they situate themselves in the periphery.
The industry is also situated in the periphery because of the low rent, and also
because of the closeness to the urban centres which provide them with availability
of the workers. Neatly spaced, low, modem, dispersed, office-plant-lab buildings
rather than massive assembly structures, factories and storage areas mark the high-
tech industrial landscape. This requires large areas for massive set up which due to
increased population in major metropolitan cities is not available. Hence, these
industries are set up near the urban centers where adequate space is available. Also
their situation near urban places helps them to gain access to the-urban market, and
also to tap the skilled workforce that is available therein due to availability of
educational institutes.
Example in case would be Gurgaon in Haryana, which has grown into one of the
greatest high tech hub near Delhi.
7. TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES
GIST OF THE LESSON:

1. Tertiary activities are related to service sector.
2. Majority of workers get employment in tertiary sector and a moderate proportion is employed in
the secondary sector in a developed economy.
3. They include both production and exchange.
4. Production includes provision of service.
5. Output is indirectly measured in terms of wages and salaries.
6. Exchange involves trade transport and communication.
7. Provide commercial output service.
8. Specialized skills are involved.
Types of tertiary activities
SOME SELECTED EXAMPLES
Tourism :
1. Tourist regions
2. Factors affecting tourism: demand , transport
3. Tourist attractions: climate, landscape history and art, culture and economy Empowered
workers,
4. Medical Tourism
QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES – Knowledge oriented sector

1. Collection production and dissemination of information .
2. Production of information
3. Research and development
4. Specialized knowledge
5. Technical skills
6. Administrative competence
QUINARY ACTIVITIES : The highest level of decision makers, policy makers.

Often referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions.
Trends in quinary activities include -
1. Knowledge Processing Outsourcing
2. Home shoring
3. Business Processing Outsourcing
Outsourcing : Giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency and to reduce costs.
Large no. of call centers in India and China opened.
Advantages :
 Cheap
 Availability of skilled persons,
 English language communication skills
 Out migrating countries.
MEDICAL SERVICES FOR OVERSEAS PATIENTS I INDIA

1. India is leading country in medical tourism
2. World class hospitals are located in India
3. Abundant benefits for the developing countries
4. It is cheap for developed countries
5. Advantages for patients
6. Developed transport in India
DIGITAL DIVIDE
1. Availability of information and communication technology
2. It is uneven in the world
3. It depends on the government policy
4. Developed countries provide but developing countries still to provide the ICT to their people.
1 Which one of the following is a tertiary activity? c
a) Farming
b) Weaving
c) Trading
d) Hunting
2 Giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency is known as b

a) BPO service
b) Outsourcing
c) Data processing
d) IT services
3 Which one of the following sectors provides most of the employment in Delhi, d
Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
a) Primary
b) Secondary
c) Quaternary
d) Service
4 Jobs that involve high degrees and level of innovations are known as: b
a) Secondary activities
b) Quinary activities
c) Quaternary activities
d) Primary activities
5 Which one of the following activities is related to quaternary sector? b

a) Manufacturing computers
b) University teaching
c) Paper and Raw pulp production
d) Printing books
6 Which one out of the following statements is not true? c

a) Outsourcing reduces costs and increases efficiency.
b) At times engineering and manufacturing jobs can also be outsourced.
c) BPOs have better business opportunities as compared to KPOs.
d) There may be dissatisfaction among job seekers in the countries that
outsource the job.
7 Complete the following table by writing appropriate answer:
Personal communication and Mass communication
8 Tertiary activities depend on : a

a) Skill
b) Machinery
c) Factory
d) Production
9 Door – to –door service is provided by. a

a) Retail trading
b) Wholesale trading
c) Mandis
d) Bi – weekly markets
10 Who operates on wholesaler’s capital? c

a) Large stores
b) Chain stores
c) Retailer
d) Departmental stores
11 Which of the following markets can generally be periodic markets? b

a) Urban markets
b) Rural markets
c) Quasi – urban markets
12 Expand CBD. b
a) Commercial Business District
b) Central Business District
c) Central Business Department
13 What are mandis? c

a) Urban centres
b) Rural markets
c) Wholesale markets
d) Co-operatives
14 Expand ICT a
a) Information Communication Technology
b) Industrial and chemical technology
c) IT and communication Technology
15 Assertion (A) Over 40% of the GDP of world is generated by tourism. b
Reason (R) As a country develops, the number of people working in the primary
sector declines whereas those in the tertiary sector increases.
In the context of two statements, which one of the following is correct?
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
16 Define tertiary activity.

Tertiary activities are related to the service sector. Manpower is an important
component of the service sector as most of the tertiary activities are performed by
skilled labour, professionally trained experts and consultants. These services require
other theoretical knowledge and practical training
17 Which is the world’s single largest tertiary activity?
Tourism has become the world’s single largest tertiary activity in total registered
jobs (250 million) and total revenue (40 per cent of the total GDP).
18 Define consumer cooperatives, Departmental stores and chain stores

Consumer cooperatives- Provide large-scale retailing.
Departmental stores - Heads of each department purchase and sells commodities.
Chain stores -They experiment sale of goods in one store and apply the results to
other stores.
19 What are the factors that affect transport services?

Factors Affecting Transport
1. Demand for transport is influenced by the size of population. The larger the
population size, the greater is the demand for transport.
2. Routes depend on: location of cities, towns, villages, industrial centres and
raw materials, pattern of trade between them, nature of the landscape
between them, type of climate, and funds available for overcoming obstacles
along the length of the route
20 What is digital divide?

Opportunities emerging from the Information and Communication Technology
based development is unevenly distributed across the globe. There are wide ranging
economic, Political and social differences among countries. Developed countries in
general have surged forward providing ICT access and benefits to its citizens
whereas the developing countries have lagged behind and this is known as the
digital divide.
21 What are trading centres? Write a note on trading centres of the world.
The towns and Cities where buying and selling of items take place which were
produced elsewhere are known as trading centres. Trading centres may be divided
into rural and urban marketing centres.
 Rural marketing centres cater to nearby settlements. These are quasi-urban
centres of rudimentary type. These form local collecting and distributing
centres. Personal and professional services are not well-developed. Most of
these have mandis (wholesale markets) and retailing areas. They supply
goods and services demanded by rural folk. Periodic markets are held here
weekly or bi- weekly. These markets are held on specified dates and move
from one place to another.
 Urban marketing centres provide specialised urban services. They provide
ordinary goods and services as well as many of the specialised goods and
services required by people. Urban centres offer manufactured goods.
specialised markets for labour, housing, semi or finished products are held.
Provide services of educational institutions and professionals such as
teachers, lawyers, consultants, physicians, dentists and veterinary doctors
22 What are the factors that affect tourism?

Factors Affecting Tourism
 Demand : Since the last century, the demand for holidays has increased
rapidly. Improvements in the standard of living and increased leisure time,
permit many more people to go on holidays for leisure.
 Transport : The opening-up of tourist areas has been aided by improvement
in transport facilities. Travel is easier by car, with better road systems. More
significant in recent years has been the expansion in air transport. For
example, air travel allows one to travel anywhere in the world in a few hours
of flying time from their homes. The advent of package holidays has reduced
the costs.
23 “ Tourism is highly labour intensive activity of unique kind in the world”.

Support this statement with examples
 Tourism is highly labour intensive activity of unique kind in the world.
 Many local persons, are employed to provide services like accommodation,
meals, transport, entertainment and special shops serving the tourists.
 Tourism fosters the growth of infrastructure industries, retail trading, and
craft industries (souvenirs).
 In some regions, tourism is seasonal because the vacation period is
dependent on favourable weather conditions, but many regions attract
visitors all the year round.
24 ‘Outsourcing has resulted in opening up a large number of job opportunities in
several countries’. Analyse the statement with three suitable examples
 Outsourcing has resulted in opening up a large number of job opportunities
in several countries.
 Outsourcing is coming to those countries where cheap and skilled workers
are available like India, China, Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines and Costa
Rica.
 Outsourcing countries are facing resistance from job-seeking youths in their
respective countries.
 New trends in quinary services include knowledge processing outsourcing
(KPO) and ‘home shoring’, the latter as an alternative to outsourcing.
25 1. Differentiate the following:

a. Retail and wholesale trading services
b. BPO and KPO
Retail trading Wholesale trading
Rural marketing centres are concerned Wholesale trading is concerned with

with sale of goods directly to customer. purchasing goods from manufacturers and
selling to retailers.
Act as intermediaries between Act as intermediaries between retail stores and
wholesaler and customer. manufacturers.
It is done through fixed establishments It is always through fixed place.
or stores.
Retailers do not give credit to customers Wholesalers give credit to retail stores.
Buy and sell goods in small quantities. Buy and sell goods in large quantity
High pricing Low pricing

BPO KPO
It stands for Business Processing It stands for Knowledge Processing
outsourcing Outsourcing
It is outsourcing of business activities It is information driven knowledge
such as customer care. outsourcing.
Involves less high skilled workers as Involves more high skilled workers.
compared to KPO
Enables companies to reduce cost and Enables companies to create additional
increase efficiency. business opportunities.
E.g. Data processing, accounting, E.g. Research and development- learning,
services, call centres and customer business research, intellectual property
support. research, legal profession and banking sector.
26 Explain the importance of service sector in the development of a country.
 Service sector is very important for the development of economy in the
world.
 Services occur at many different levels. Some are geared to industry, some to
people, and some to both industry and people, e.g. the transport systems.
 Low-order services, such as grocery shops and laundries.
 High-order services like those of accountants, consultants and physicians.
 Services are provided to individual consumers who can afford to pay for
them. Such as Physical labour like gardener, launderers and barber.
 Mental labour like Teacher, lawyers, physicians, musicians.
 This sector provides employment to a large number of people.
 Service sector facilitates the flow of money in an economy . For example,
buying and selling of items. Trading helps in the exchange of money and
commodities among different regions.
 International trade also helps in flow of foreign currency.
 In developed countries, a large proportion of GDP is contributed by service
sector, as it is a major sector of economy in these countries.
 In the initial stages of economic development, larger proportion of people
worked in the primary sector.
 In a developed economy, the majority of workers get employment in tertiary
activity and a moderate proportion is employed in the secondary sector.
 Making and maintaining highways and bridges, maintaining fire fighting
departments and supplying or supervising education and customer -care are
among the important services most often supervised or performed by
governments or companies
27 What is tourism? Analyse any four tourist attractions in the world
Tourism is travel undertaken for purposes of recreation rather than business. It has
become the world’s single largest tertiary activity in total registered jobs (250
million) and total revenue (40 per cent of the total GDP).
Factors of tourist attractions are:-
1. Climate: People from colder regions wants to visit warm, sunny places. This
is one of the main reasons for the importance of tourism in Southern Europe
and the Mediterranean lands. The Mediterranean climate offers almost
consistently higher temperatures, long hours of sunshine and low rainfall
.attracts tourists from Europe, People taking winter holidays have specific
climatic requirements, either higher temperatures than their own homelands,
or snow cover suitable for skiing.
2. Landscape: Attractive environment like mountains, lakes, spectacular sea
coasts and landscapes not completely altered by man are important tourist
destinations.
3. History and Art: The history and art of an area have potential
attractiveness. People visit ancient or picturesque towns and archaeological
sites, and enjoy exploring castles, palaces and churches.
4. Culture and Economy: These attract tourists with a penchant for
experiencing ethnic and local customs. Besides, if a region provides for
the needs of tourists at a cheap cost, it is likely to become very popular.
Home-stay has emerged as a profitable business such as heritage homes in
Goa, Madikere and Coorg in Karnataka.
28 What is medical tourism? Explain the scope of medical services for the overseas
patients in India.
 When medical treatment is combined with international tourism activity, it
lends itself to what is commonly known as medical tourism. India, Thailand,
Singapore and Malaysia are the fast emerging countries of medical tourism
in the world. The reasons responsible for this are as follows-
 World class hospitals located in metropolitan cities cater to patients all over
the world.
 It brings the trend of outsourcing of medical tests and data interpretation.
 Hospitals in India, Switzerland and Australia have been performing certain
medical services – ranging from reading radiology images, to interpreting
Magnetic Resonance Images (MRIs) and ultrasound tests.
 Outsourcing holds tremendous advantages for patients, if it is focused on
improving quality or providing specialised care.
29 Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and
interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and
evaluation of new technologies. Often referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions, they
represent another subdivision of the tertiary sector representing special and highly
paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists,
financial and legal consultants, etc. Their importance in the structure of advanced
economies far outweighs their numbers.
Outsourcing or contracting out is giving work to an outside agency to improve
efficiency and to reduce costs. When outsourcing involves transferring work to
overseas locations, it is described by the term off – shoring, although both off –
shoring and outsourcing are used together. Business activities that are outsourced
include information technology (IT), human resources, customer support and call
centre services and at times also manufacturing and engineering. Data processing is
an IT related service easily be carried out in Asian, East European and African
countries, In these countries , IT skilled staff with good English language skills are
available at lower wages than those in the developed countries. Thus, a company in
Hyderabad or Manila does work on a project based on GIS techniques for a country
like U.S.A or Japan. Overhead costs are also much lower making it profitable to get
job-work carried out overseas, whether it is in India, China or even a less populous
country like Botswana in Africa.
Answer the following questions
I. Which among these is a quinary activity?
a) Administrative offices
b) Car manufacturing
c) Horticulture A
d) Trade and commerce
II. Which of these is an advantage of outsourcing?
a) Low operating cost
b) Transfer of technology D
c) Tax saving
d) All of the above
III. Which of the following activities are usually outsourced?
a) IT services
b) Engineering services D
c) Data processing
d) All of the above
IV. Why are most of the services outsourced to Asian countries?
a) Availability of cheap IT staff
b) Low taxes in Asia A
c) Large number of customers in Asia
30 Communication services involve the transmission of words and messages, facts

and ideas. The invention of writing preserved messages and helped to make
communication dependent on means of transport. These were actually carried by
hand, animals, boat, road, rail and air. That is why all forms of transport are also
referred to as lines of communication. Where the transport network is efficient,
communications are easily disseminated. Certain developments, such as mobile
telephony and satellites, have made communications independent of transport.
Allforms are not fully disassociated because of the cheapness of the older systems.
Thus, very large volumes of mail continue to be handled by post offices all over the
world. The use of telecommunications is linked to the development of modern
technology. It has revolutionised communications because of the speed with which
messages are sent. The time reduced is from weeks to minutes. Besides, the recent
advancements like mobile telephony have made communications direct and
instantaneous at any time and from anywhere. The telegraph, morse code and telex
have almost become things of the past. Radio and television also help to relay news,
pictures, and telephone calls to vast audiences around the world and hence they are
termed as mass media. They are vital for advertising and entertainment. Newspapers
are able to cover events in all corners of the world.Satellite communication relays
information of the earth and from space. The internet has truly revolutionised the
global communication system .
1. Which among the following service involves transmission of words and C
messages?
a. Trade
b. Transport
c. Communication
d. Satellites D
2. Which is the fastest means of communication?
a. Mobile phones
b. Trains
c. Satellites
d. Both a and c
3. What are modes of mass media? D
a. Radio
b. Television
c. Newspaper
d. All of the above c
4. Which among the following has its vast usefulness nowadays?
a. Radio
b. Television
c. Internet
d. Telegram

1.Tertiary activities involve the commercial output of services
rather than the production of tangible goods.
2.They are not directly involved in the processing of physical
raw materials.
Options
32 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer a

1.Rural marketing are quasi-urban centres.
2.They provide specialised goods and services required by
people
Options
33 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer b

1. Wholesale trading is the business activity concerned with the sale of goods
directly to the consumers.
2. Retailer operates very largely on the wholesaler’s capital.
Options
d) Both statements are correct and statement 2 correctly explains
the statement

1. Transport is a service or facility by which people, materials and
manufactured goods are physically carried from one location to another.
2. It is an organised industry created to satisfy man’s basic need of mobility.
Options
35 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer a

1. Demand for transport is influenced by the size of population.
2. The smaller the population size, the greater is the demand for transport.
Options
1. India has emerged as the leading country of medical tourism in the world.
2. Medical tourism brings abundant benefits to developing countries like India,
Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia
Options
37 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer b

1. The highest level of decision makers or policy makers perform quaternary
activities.
2. The Quaternary Sector along with the Tertiary Sector has replaced most of
the primary and secondary employment as the basis for economic growth.
Options
38 Study the diagram am given below and answer the questions that follows-
1. Identify and name the type of trading center.

2. What are mandis?
3. Which marketing centres are organised at different temporal intervals?
1. Rural marketing centres

2. Wholesale rural markets
3. Periodic markets
1. Identify and name the type of trading centre.

2. Write down its major characteristics.
1. Urban marketing centres
2. They have more widely specialised urban services.
They provide ordinary goods and services as well as many of the specialised goods
and services required by people.
Urban centres offer manufactured goods as well as many specialised markets
1. Give a suitable title to the given picture.

2. To which sector of service do they belong?
3. State one typical features of the service shown in the picture.
1. Dabbawala Service in Mumbai

2. Service sector
3. They provide (Tiffin) service to about 1,75,000 customers all over the city.
41 Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follows -.
1. Which is the world’s single largest tertiary activity?

2. What is the total registered employment in this activity?
3. What is the total revenue earned by this activity?
4. What are the factors affecting this activity
1. Tourism
2. 250 million
3. 40percent of GDP
4. Demand and Transport
8. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
GIST OF THE LESSON

LAND TRANSPORT
ROADS
 Economical for short distance
 Offer door to door service
 Unmetalled roads not effective and serviceable for all seasons
 Worlds total motorable road length-15 million km[33% north America]
 Highest road density-North America[continent] Japan[country]
 Highest number of vehicles-north America
SOLUTIONS OF URBAN TRANSPORT PROBLEMS

 Higher parking fee
 Mass rapid transit
 Improved public bus service
 Express ways
Highways
 Metalled roads connecting distant places
 80m wide with separate traffic lanes
 Constructed for unobstructed vehicular movement
 Highway density is high in North America [0.65 km per sq km]
 Every place is within 20 km distance from a highway.
 Trans Canadian high way
o Vancouver to St John’s
 Alaskan highway
o Edmonton[Canada] to Anchorage[Alaska]
 Pan American highway
o Will connect south America, central America, USA and Canada
 Transcontinental Stuart highway Australia
o Darwin-Melbourne
 Trans Canadian Highway
 Russia
o Moscow -Vladivostok high way
 India
o NH-7 Varanasi-Kanyakumari is the longest highway
o Golden quadrilateral[super Expressway]- connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata
 Africa
o Algiers to Conakry in Guinea
• Cairo- Cape town
Border roads
 Roads laid along international boundaries
 Connects remote areas with major cities
 Imp for defence-connects military camps
RAILWAYS
 Transport bulky goods
 Passenger over long distances
 Railway gauges
o Broad gauge[greater than 1.5m]
o Standard[1.44m]
o Meter gauge[1m]
o Smaller gauge[less than 1m]
 Commuter trains-
o Trains that carry passengers to and from the cities
o Popular in UK, USA, Japan and India
 Europe has most dense rail network in the world
 Highest rail density- Belgium 1km/6.5km2
 Underground railway important in London and Paris
 Channel tunnel connects London with Paris
Transcontinental railways
Railways that run across the continent and link its two ends
Trans Siberian railway
o In Russia
o St Petersburg to Vladivostok
o Longest-9332km
o Double tracked
o Electrified
o Connects Asian region to west European market
o Chita-agro centre
o Irkutsk- fur centre
o Connection with Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, china
Trans Canadian railway

o Connect Halifax to Vancouver
o 7050km
o Constructed for political reason
o Connects Quebec Montreal industrial region with the wheat belt of the Prairie region and the
coniferous forest region in the north
o Loop line-Winnipeg-thunder Bay- connect with great lakes waterway
o Called economic artery of Canada
o Wheat and meat are the important exports on this route
The Australian Trans Continental railway

o From Perth to Sydney[runs east west]
o North south line-Adelaide-Alice spring to Darwin- Birdum
The Union and Pacific Railway

o Connects New York [Atlantic coast] to San Francisco[Pacific coast]
o Exports- ores, grain, paper, chemicals, machinery
Orient Express
o From Paris to Istanbul
o The journey time from London to Istanbul reduced to 96 hours against 10 days by sea route
o Exports- cheese, bacon, oats, wine, fruits, machinery
Trans Asiatic Railway [proposed]

o Istanbul to Bangkok[Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar]
WATER TRANSPORT
Advantages of water transport
1. Provide smooth highway traversable in all directions
2. There is no maintenance cost
3. It is much cheaper because the friction of water is less than that of land
4. Does not require route construction
5. The energy cost is lower
6. Ideal for carrying bulky goods over long distances from one continent to other.
7. Environment friendly
Water transport is divided into

1. Ocean routes
2. Inland waterways
Improvements in water transport

o Ships equipped with radar, wireless and other navigation aids
o Refrigerated chambers for perishable goods
o Tankers
o Use of containers [cargo handling easier]
Important ocean routes

1. The north Atlantic Sea Route
2. The south Atlantic sea route
3. The Mediterranean -Indian Ocean route
4. The Cape of Good Hope Sea Route
5. The North Pacific Sea Route
6. The South Pacific Sea Route
MAJOR OCEAN TRADE ROUTES

THE NORTH ATLANTIC SEA ROUTE
 This links north eastern USA and north western Europe[industrially developed regions of the
world]
 The foreign trade over this route is greater than that of the rest of the world combined
 One fourth of the world’s foreign trade moves on this route
 It is the busiest ocean trade route of the world
 It is called the Big Trunk Route
 Both the coasts have highly advanced ports and harbour facilities
The South Atlantic sea route

o Connects west European and west African countries with brazil, Argentina and Uruguay
o The traffic is less compared to north Atlantic sea route because
7. limited development and population in south America and Africa
8. south America and Africa both have similar products and resources
THE MEDITERRANEAN –INDIAN OCEAN ROUTE

o This route connects the developed countries of the Europe in the west with developing countries
of east Africa, south Asia and south east Asia through the Mediterranean sea, the red sea and
the Indian ocean
o Important ports- port Said, Aden, Mumbai, Colombo, Singapore
THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE SEA ROUTE

o This route connects Western European region with west Africa, south Africa, south east Asia
and Australia and new Zealand
o This is 6400km longer than the Suez canal route[Liverpool and Colombo]
o The volume of trade from both east and west Africa is on the increase due to the development
of the rich natural resource[ gold, diamond, oil palm, copper ]
THE NORTH PACIFIC ROUTE

o Trade across north pacific ocean moves by several routes which converge at Honolulu
o This sea route links the ports on the west coast of North America with those of Asia
o Important ports are Vancouver, san Francisco, Yokohoma, manila and Singapore
THE SOUTH PACIFIC SEA ROUTE

o Connects western Europe and north America with Australia, new Zealand and the scattered
pacific islands via the panama canal
o This route is also used for reaching Hong Kong, Philippines and Indonesia
 Honolulu is an important port on this route
Coastal shipping
o Convenient mode of transportation in countries with long coastlines
o Eg- USA, china, India
o Shenshen states in Europe are most suitably placed for coastal shipping
o Can reduce congestion on the land route
Shipping canals
o The Suez and the Panama canals are two vital man made navigation canals or waterways
The Suez Canal

o Connects Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea.
o About 160 kms long, 11 to 15m deep
o A sea level canal without locks
o Constructed in 1869 in Egypt
o Terminal ports are Port Said[north] and Port Suez [south]
o Reduces distance between Europe and S.E.Asia
o About 100 ships travel daily and each ship takes 10-12 hours to cross this canal
o The tolls are high so some ship use the longer cape route whenever consequent delay is not
important
o A navigable fresh water canal from the Nile also joins the suez canal in Ismailia.
o A railway line follows the canal to suez and from Ismailia there is a branch line to Cairo
The Panama Canal -

o Connects Atlantic ocean[east] and Pacific ocean [west]
o 72 kms long
o It has 6 lock systems
o It shortens the distance between New York and San Francisco by 13000 km by sea
o Constructed by US government across the Panama Isthmus
o Terminal ports are panama and Colon
o US government purchased 8 km of area on either side and name it the canal zone
o Panama handles 5 % of worlds shipping
Inland waterways
o Rivers, canals, lakes, coastal areas
Development of inland waterways dependent on

o Navigability [width, depth] of the channel
o Continuity in water flow
o Transport technology in use
Lost importance-Reasons
o Competition from railways
o Lack of water due to diversion for irrigation
o Poor maintenance
Measures for development

1. Enhance navigability by dredging
2. Stabilizing river banks
3. Building dams/barrages for regulating the flow of water
Rhine waterway
o From Basel[Switzerland ]to Rotterdam[Netherlands]-700 km
o World’s most heavily used waterway
o Connects the industrial area of Switzerland, Germany, France, Belgium and Netherlands with
the north Atlantic sea route
Danube waterway
o Serves eastern Europe
o From black forest in Germany to Black sea
The Great Lakes-St Lawrence seaway
o Lakes- Superior, Huron, Erie, Ontario are connected by Soo canal and Welland canal
o Commercial waterway in the northern part of north America
o The ports on this route equipped with all facilities of ocean ports
o Large ocean vessels are navigable in this route[upto montreal]
o canals constructed to avoid rapids
The Mississippi waterway

o Mississippi-Ohio waterway connects interior USA with gulf of Mexico
o Up to Minneapolis large streams are navigable
AIR TRANSPORT
Advantages
o Fastest
o Can reach inaccessible areas
o Strategically important
Disadvantages
o Costly
o Construction of airport very expensive
o Manufacturing of air crafts and its operations require elaborate infrastructure
Intercontinental air routes

o Dense network in eastern USA, west Europe, SE Asia
o USA accounts for 60% of airways of the world
o Africa, Asiatic part of Russia and South America lack air services
o Limited air services between 10-35  S latitudes- reasons
o Sparse population
1. Limited land mass
2. Low economic development
Pipelines
o For transport of liquids and gases-water, petroleum and natural gas
o Also used to transport liquefied coal
o USA has dense network of pipelines
o Eg- Big Inch-carries petroleum from gulf of Mexico to NE states of USA
Communications
o Telephones-use of optic fibre cables instead of copper cables
o Advantages
 Allows transmission of large quantity of data
 Rapid and secure transmission of data
 Error free transmission
Satellite communication
o Emergence due to space research of USA and USSR
o Unit cost and time is less invariant in terms of distance
o India-use for long distance communication, television and radio, weather forecasting
Cyber space
o It is the electronic digital world for communicating or accessing information over computer
network without physical movement of the sender and the receiver
o Major internet users- USA, UK, Germany, Japan, China and India
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following mean of transportation is not suitable to carry peoples from one place
to another place?
a. Railways
b. Pipelines
c. Aeroplane
d. Ropeway
2. The first public railway line was opened in 1825 in northern England between which of the
following places?
a. Between Stockton and Darlington
b. Between Stockton and Birmingham
c. Between Darlington and Dortmund
d. Between Darlington and Birmingham
3. In which of the following continent highest road density and highest number of vehicles are
registered?
a. Western Europe
b. Africa
c. Australia
d. Northern America
4. Which of the following highway links Edmonton in Canada to Anchorage in Alaska?
a. Alaskan Highway
b. Trans Canadian Highway
c. Pan American Highway
5. Which of the following is the longest highway of India?
a. National Highway No. 4
b. National Highway No. 7
c. National Highway No. 9
d. National Highway No. 15
6. Which of the following factor is responsible for the low traffic on the south Atlantic sea route
as compared to the South Atlantic Ocean sea route?
a. Low population and limited development in South America and Africa
b. Production of same commodities and availability of same resources as well in
South America and Africa
c. Low level of technology
d. Both (a) and (b)
Answers
1. Pipelines
2. Between Stockton and Darlington
3. Northern America
4. Alaskan Highway
5. National Highway No. 7
6. Both (a) and (b)
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is a transport network?
Several places [nodes] joined together by a series of routes [links] to form a pattern
2. When and where was the first public railway line opened?
Between Stockton and Darling ton in 1825
3. Which country has the highest road density in the world
Japan
4. Name the tunnel which joins London with Paris.
Channel Tunnel
5. What are commuter trains?
Trains- that carry passengers to and from the cities
6. What is transcontinental railway?
Railways that run across the continent and link its two ends
7. Name the places connected by the union and pacific railway line.
Connects New York [Atlantic coast] to San Francisco [Pacific coast]
8. Name the terminal stations of the orient express railway
From Paris to Istanbul
9. Why is the traffic less on the Cape of Good Hope sea route? Give two reasons
The traffic is far less on the Cape of Good Hope Route because of -
i) Limited development of this route.
ii) More time consuming
10. How much percentage of world shipping is handled by the Panama Canal?
5%
11. Which is the most important riverine inland waterway of Russia?
The Volga waterway
12. Which is the famous petroleum pipeline of USA?
Big Inch
13. What is internet? Or what is cyber space
It is the electronic digital world for communicating or accessing information over
computer network without physical movement of the sender and the receiver
14. Name the countries having majority of internet users.
Major internet users- USA, UK, Germany, Japan, China and India
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Explain the merits and demerits of road transport in the world
Merits of road transport:
i) Road transport is the most economical for short distances.
ii) It offers door-to-door service.
iii) It plays a vital role in a nation's trade and commerce and for promoting tourism.
Demerits of road transport:
i) During rainy season, un-metalled roads become un-motorable.
ii) Even the metalled roads are seriously handicapped during heavy rains and
floods. City roads suffer from chronic traffic congestions.
iii) The quality of roads varies greatly between developed and developing
countries because road construction and maintenance require heavy
expenditure.
2. Classify roads into two categories. Explain any four significant features of the road transport
of developed countries of the world
Highways and border roads
a. Developed countries have resources to construct and maintain good quality roads
b. The intensity of vehicular traffic is more
c. In developed countries good quality roads are universal and provide long distance
links in the form of motorways, autobahns[Germany] and interstate highways for
speedy movement
d. Lorries of increasing size and power to carry heavy loads are common.
3. What are the three major types of inland waterways of the world? State three factors on which
the development of inland waterways depends.
Types of inland water ways
Rivers, canals., lakes
Factors on which the development of inland waterways depend
1. Navigability width and depth of the channel
2. Continuity of water flow
3. Transport technology in use
4. What is the significance of inland waterways? explain the three factors responsible for the
development of inland waterways in the world
 Rivers, canals, lakes and coastal areas have been important inland waterways
 Boats and steamers are used as means of transport for cargo and passengers
 Rivers are the only means of transport in dense forests
 Very heavy cargo like coal cement timber and metallic ores can be transported
through inland waterways
Factors for development
1. Navigability width and depth of the channel
2. Continuity in the water flow
3. Transport technology in use
5. Why have inland waterways lost their significance?
1. Competition from railways
2. Lack of water due to diversion for irrigation
3. Poor maintenance
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Define the term ‘transport’ describe any four features of highways of North America.
Transport is a service or facility for the carriage of persons and goods from one place to the
other using humans, animals and different kinds of vehicles
Features of highways of North America
1. Highway density is high, about 0.65 km per sq km
2. Every place is within 20km distance from a highway
3. Cities located on the pacific coast are well connected with those of the Atlantic coast
4. The cities of Canada in the north are linked with those of Mexico in the south
2. Suggest any five measures to overcome urban transport problem
1. Higher parking fee
2. Mass rapid transit
3. Improved public bus service
4. Express ways
5. Car pooling
3. What is the importance of roads? Explain any three reasons for the existence of good quality
roads in the developed countries?
1. Road transport is the most economical for short distances as compared to railways
2. Freight transport by road is gaining importance because it offers door to door service
3. cost of construction is cheap
4. they can negotiate steep gradient
Reasons
Developed countries have resources to construct and maintain good quality roads
The intensity of vehicular traffic is more
High capacity vehicles which are common need good roads
In developed countries good quality roads are universal and provide long distance links
in the form of motorways, autobahns[Germany] and interstate highways for speedy
movement
4. Which is the busiest sea route in the world? Describe its four characteristics.
The north Atlantic sea route
1. This links north eastern USA and north western Europe[industrially developed
regions of the world]
2. The foreign trade over this route is greater than that of the rest of the world
combined
3. One fourth of the world’s foreign trade moves on this route
4. It is the busiest ocean trade route of the world
5. It is called the Big Trunk Route
6. Both the coasts have highly advanced ports and harbour facilities
5. Name the principal mode of transportation in the world which is used for carrying liquid and
gaseous materials only. Mention any four characteristics of this mode of transportation
Principal mode of transporting liquid and gaseous materials
Pipeline
Characteristics of pipeline transportation
1. Used extensively to transport liquid and gases
2. Pipelines can also be used to transport liquefied coal
3. Water, petroleum, natural gas and milk are supplied through pipelines from producing
areas to consuming areas
4. About 17 per cent of all freight per tonne-km is carried through pipelines in USA
5. In Europe Russia, West Asia and India pipelines are used to connect oil wells to refineries
and to ports and domestic markets
6. Pipelines are the most convenient and efficient mode
6. Describe any five achievements of satellite communication in the world ( CBSE2009)
1. Artificial satellites connect even the remote corners of the globe with limited onsite
verification
2. These have rendered the unit cost and time of communication invariant in terms of
distance
3. It has made long distance communication, television and radio very effective
4. Weather forecasting through television is boon.
5. It connects about 1000 million people in more than 100 countries.
7. What is satellite communication? How has it brought revolutionary changes in the field of
communication in the world? Explain
Communication through the use of satellite.
1. Artificial satellites connect even the remote corners of the globe with limited onsite
verification
2. These have rendered the unit cost and time of communication invariant in terms of
distance
3. It has made long distance communication, television and radio very effective
4. Weather forecasting through television is boon.
5. It connects about 1000 million people in more than 100 countries.
8. Explain the significance of each of the transport and communication services available in the
world
Significance of transport and communication services
Transport
 Transport is a service by which persons and goods are physically carried from one
location to another
 It is an organised industry created to satisfy man’s basic needs of mobility
 Modern society requires speedy and efficient transport system to assist in the
production, distribution and consumption of goods
 The value of the material is significantly enhanced by transportation
 Development directly or indirectly depends on transport services
 In selecting the mode of transport the distance in terms of time or cost is taken into
consideration
Communication services
 It involves the transmission of ideas and messages
 Initially communications were sent through persons animals and by different means of
transport
 The modern development in communication such as mobiles telephones and satellites
etc have made communication independent of transport
 The use of telecommunications has revolutionized communications because of theri
speed with which messages are sent
 Radio and television helped to relay news and pictures to vast audiences around the
world
 Newspapers cover events around the world
 Satellite relays the information of the earth from space
 The internet has revolutionized global communications
DIAGRAM/MAP BASED QUESTIONS
1. Name the trans-continental railway showing the given map

Trans Siberian railway
2. Mention the terminal stations of this railway line
It runs from St Petersburg in the west to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast in the east
3. Write any four characteristics of this transcontinental railway line.
a. It is a major rail route of Russia
b. It runs from St Petersburg in the west to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast in the east
c. It passes through Moscow. Ufa, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Chita and Khabarovsk
d. It is the most important route in Asia and the largest[9332km]double tracked and
electrified transcontinental railway in the world
e. It has helped in opening up its Asian region with west European markets
f. It runs across Ural mountains, Ob and Yenisei rivers,
g. Chita is an important Agro centre and Irkutsk fur centre
h. These are connecting links to the south namely to Odessa, Ukraine-Baku on the
Caspian coast, Tashkent[Uzbekistan],Ulan Bator[Mongolia] and Shenyang[Mukden]
and Beijing in china
4. In which country does this railway line lie?
Russia
5. What is the total length of this railway line?
9332km
6. Write down any one significance of this railway line.
It has helped in opening up Russia’s Asian region with west European markets
1. In which country does this railway line lie?

Canada
2. Name the two ocean coasts which are linked by this railway line.
Atlantic and Pacific
3. Name the trans-continental railway of North America constructed in 1886.
Trans Canadian railway
1. Name the railway line shown in the given map

Australian Trans Continental Railway
2. Name the terminal stations of Australian trans-continental railway
Perth and Sydney
3. In which country this railway line lies?
Australia
4. Name the two ocean coasts which are linked by this railway line.
Indian ocean and Pacific Ocean
5. Name the ports located on the coast of Spencer Gulf through which this railway line passes
Port August and Port Pirie
1. Name the shipping canal shown in the map

Suez canal
2. What do the railway lines and fresh water canal indicate about the relief of the region shown in
the map
The region is a plain
3. How did relief help in reducing the cost of construction of this shipping canal?
The cost got reduced as the canal does not require lock system
4. Which one of the following waterways has drastically reduced the oceanic distance between
India and Europe.(1) the Rhine waterway (2)the Cape of Good Hope sea route(3)Suez canal
and(4) the Panama Canal.
Suez canal
5. Name the country through which this canal passes
Egypt
6. Which two seas are connected by this canal
Red sea and Mediterranean sea
7. Write two points of importance of this canal.
Connects Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea.
Reduces distance between Europe and S.E.Asia
8. Name the two ports located at the ends of Suez Canal
Port Said and port Suez
9. Name any two lakes through which Suez Canal passes
Great Bitter lake and Little Bitter lake
1. Name the shipping canal shown in the map

The Panama Canal
2. Name the two oceans connected by Panama Canal.
Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean
3. Name the terminal ports of this shipping canal.
Colon and Panama City
4. Name the country which has constructed this canal
USA
5. Why does this canal have lock system?
For maintaining the water level required for the ship to cross the canal
6. Why is this canal mostly used by USA
It shortens the distance between New York and San Francisco. So the panama canal
was constructed by the US government
1. Name the inland waterway of Europe shown in the photograph.
Rhine waterway
2. How has this inland waterway been a boon in the development of the countries
1. It is navigable for 700km from Rotterdam to Basel in Switzerland.
2. Ocean going vessels can reach upto Cologne
3. River Ruhr flows through rich coal files and joins river Rhine thus making the whole
basin prosperous manufacturing area
4. It connects the industrial areas of Switzerland, Germany, France Belgium and the
Netherlands with the north Atlantic sea routes
5. It is the world’s busiest waterway
9. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
 Exchange of goods and services among countries across national boundaries is international trade
 Initial form of trade is barter system
History of international trade

 In ancient times-trade was restricted to local markets [ transporting goods over long distances was
risky]
 Silk route- Rome to china-transport of Chinese silk, roman wool and precious metals. Goods also
collected from India, Persia and central Asia
 15th century- European colonialism gave a new form of trade- slave trade
 After industrial revolution-industrialised nations imported raw materials and exported finished
products to on industrialized nations
 Later half of 19 century-industrial nations became each other’s principle customers
Why does international trade exists?

 Result of specialization in production
Basis of international trade
1. Difference in national resources
 National resources are unevenly distributed because of differences in geology, relief, soil and
climate
 Geology determines the mineral resource base and topographical differences ensure diversity of
crops and animals raised
 Climate influences the type of flora and fauna in a given region
2. Population factors
 Distinctive forms of art and craft develop in certain cultures which are valued world over
 Eg porcelains from china, carpets of Iran
 Densely populated countries have large volume of internal trade but little external trade
 Standard of living of the population determines the demand for better quality imported products
3. Stage of economic development
 Stage of economic development influence the nature of items traded
 In agriculturally important countries agro products are exchanged for manufactured goods
 Industrialised nations export machinery and finished products and import food grains and other
raw materials
4. Extent of foreign investment
 It boost trade in developing countries which lack in capital
 They develop capital intensive industries like mining, oil drilling, plantation agriculture etc
 The industrial nations ensure import of food stuffs and minerals and create markets for their
finished products
5. Transport
Expansion of rail, ocean and air transport, better means of refrigeration and preservation trade has
experienced spatial expansion
Important aspects of international trade
1. Volume of trade
 The total value of goods and services traded is called the volume of trade
2. Composition of trade
 The nature of goods and services imported and exported by countries have undergone changes
 Beginning of last century- trade of primary products was predominant
 Later manufactured goods gained prominence
 Currently services have been showing an upward trend
3. Direction of trade
 The developing countries of the present used to export valuable goods and artefacts etc to
European countries
 19th century-reversal in the direction of trade
 European countries started exporting manufactured goods for exchange of food stuffs and raw
materials from their colonies. Europe and USA emerged as major trade partners. The third
important trading country was Japan
 Second half of 20th century-drastic change in trade pattern
 Europe lost its colonies, while India china and other developing countries started competing with
developed countries
Balance of trade
 The difference between the volume of goods and services imported as well as exported by a
country to other countries
 Negative/ unfavourable balance of trade= import value> export value
 Positive/favourable= export value> import value
 Negative balance- country spends more on buying goods than it can earn by selling its goods.
This would ultimately lead to exhaustion of its financial reserves
Types of international trade
2 types
 Bilateral trade
Trade done by two countries with each other. The countries enter into agreement to trade
specified commodities amongst them
 Multilateral trade
Trade conducted with many trading countries. The same country can trade with a number of
other countries
Free Trade
 The act of opening up economies for trading is known as free trade or trade liberalization
 The trade barriers like tariffs is brought down for free trade
 Trade liberalization allows goods and services from everywhere to compete with domestic
products and services
Dumping
 The practice of selling a commodity in two countries at a price that differs for reasons not related
to costs is called dumping
World trade organisation
 1948- GATT[General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade] formed
 Aim- to liberalise the world from high customs tariff and various other types of restrictions
 1994- decision to set up a permanenet institution for looking after the promotion of free and fair
trade amongst nation
 GATT- transformed to WTO-on 1st January 1995
World Trade Organisation
 It is the only international organisation dealing with the global rules of trade between nations
 It sets the rules for the global trading system
 It resolves disputes between its member nations
 It also covers trade in services such as telecommunication and banking and issues llike
intellectual rights
WTO-Criticisms
 Free trade widening the gulf between rich and poor[influential nations in the WTO focus on their
own commercial interests]
 Developed countries have not fully opened their markets to products from developing countries
 Issues of health, worker’s rights child labour and environment are ignored
Regional trade blocs
 Emergence of trade blocs- reasons
a. Failure of the global organisations to speed up intra regional trade
b. To encourage trade between countries with geographical proximity, similarity and
complementarities in trading items
c. To curb restrictions on trade of the developing world
 120 regional trade blocs generate 52% of the world trade
International trade-advantages
1. Regional specialization
2. Higher level of production
3. Better standard of living
4. World wide availability of goods and services
5. Equalization of prices and wages
6. Diffusion of knowledge and culture
International trade-disadvantages
1. Dependence on other countries
2. Uneven levels of development
3. Exploitation of resources
4. Commercial rivalry leading to wars
5. Create more pollution
6. Health concerns not addressed
Gateways of international trade
Cargoes and travelers pass from one part of the world to another through ports. So they are
called gateways of international trade
Facilities provided by ports
1. Docking[structure for handling ships]
2. Loading and unloading
3. Storage facilities for cargo
4. Maintenance of navigable channels
5. Arranging tugs[a boat that move vessels that cannot move themselves alone] and barges[ flat
bottom boat built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods]
6. Labour and managerial services
Types of port
1. On the basis of the type of traffic handled- 3 types
 Industrial ports
 These ports specialize in bulk cargo[transported unpacked in large quantities]
 Eg- grains, ore
 Commercial ports
 Handle general cargo, packaged products and manufactured good[boxes, bales, barrels]
 Also handle passenger traffic
 Comprehensive ports
 Handle bulk and general cargo
2. On the basis of location- 2 types
 Inland ports
 Located away from sea coast
 Linked to the sea through a river or canal
 Eg-kolkata on river hugli
 Outports
 These are deep water ports built away from the actual ports
 Serve parent ports by receiving large sized ships unable to reach them
 Eg- Athens- outport- Piraeus
3. On the basis of functions-5 types

 Oilports
 Deal in the processing and shipping of oil
 Some are tanker ports and some are refinery ports
 Ports of call
 These are ports which originally developed as calling points on main sea routes for refueling,
watering and taking food item
 Eg Singapore
 Packet station
 Also called ferry ports
 Concerned with the transportation of passengers and mail across water bodies covering short
distances
 Eg-Dover in England and Calais in France across English channel
 Entrepot ports
 These are collection centres where the goods are brought from different countries for export
 Eg Singapore
 Naval ports
 These are ports which have only strategic importance
 These ports serve warships and have repair workshops for them
 Eg kochi
1 What is barter system?

Initial form of trade is barter system. A commodity is exchanged for another
commodity
2 What is international trade?

Exchange of goods and services among countries across national boundaries is
international trade
3 What was the initial form of trade in the primitive society?

Initial form of trade is barter system
4
1. What form of trade is depicted in the figure

Barter
2. Where does this mela take place?
Jagirod 35 km from Guwahati
5
1. Name the type of trade shown in the above advertisement. Also write the name
of the continent where it was prevalent.
Slave trade. It was prevalent in Africa
2. When did slave trade emerge in the world
15th century
3. In which year slave trade was abolished in Denmark, Great Britain and USA
It was abolished in Denmark in 1792, Great Britain in 1807 and United States
in
1808.
6 How is the difference in national resources a basis of international trade? Explain with
three examples.
Difference in national resources
 National resources are unevenly distributed because of differences in geology,
relief, soil and climate
 Geology determines the mineral resource base
 topographical differences ensure diversity of crops and animals raised
 Climate influences the type of flora and fauna in a given region
7 What are the important aspects of international trade?
Volume of trade
 The total value of goods and services traded is called the volume of trade
Composition of trade
 The nature of goods and services imported and exported by countries have
undergone changes
 Beginning of last century- trade of primary products was predominant
 Later manufactured goods gained prominence
 Currently services have been showing an upward trend
Direction of trade
 The developing countries of the present used to export valuable goods and
artefacts etc to European countries
 19th century-reversal in the direction of trade
 European countries started exporting manufactured goods for exchange of
food stuffs and raw materials from their colonies. Europe and USA emerged
as major trade partners. The third important trading country was Japan
 Second half of 20th century-drastic change in trade pattern
 Europe lost its colonies, while India china and other developing countries
started competing with developed countries
8 What is it detrimental for a nation to have negative balance of payments?

Negative balance- country spends more on buying goods than it can earn by
selling its goods. This would ultimately lead to exhaustion of its financial
reserves
9 What is free trade?

The act of opening up economies for trading is known as free trade or trade
liberalization
10 What is dumping?
The practice of selling a commodity in two countries at a price that differs for
reasons not related to costs is called dumping
11 Where is the headquarters of WTO located?

Geneva Switzerland
12 W.T.O. is often criticized for widening the Gap between developed and developing
countries. Examine critically.
 Free trade widening the gulf between rich and poor[influential nations in the
WTO focus on their own commercial interests]
 Developed countries have not fully opened their markets to products from
developing countries
 Issues of health, worker’s rights child labour and environment are ignored
13 Name the regional trade bloc of which India is a member.
SAFTA
14 Where is the headquarters of ASEAN situated?
Jakarta, Indonesia
15 Which are the two types of ports based on location? Write any two features of each
type of port.
On the basis of location- 2 types
Inland ports
 Located away from sea coast
 Linked to the sea through a river or canal
 Eg-kolkata on river hugli
Outports
 These are deep water ports built away from the actual ports
 Serve parent ports by receiving large sized ships unable to reach them
 Eg- Athens- outport- Piraeus
16 Match the following

List I- inland ports, out ports, oil ports, ports of call, packet stations, entrepot ports,
naval ports
List II- kochi, Rotterdam, Calais, Aden, Tripoli, Athens, Memphis
List I List II
Inland ports Memphis
Out ports Athens
Oil ports Tripoli
Ports of call Aden
Packet station Calais
Entrepot ports Rotterdam
Naval ports Kochi
.
BOOK II-INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
1. INDIA-POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY, GROWTH AND
COMPOSITION
• India is the second most populous country after China in the world with its total population of 1,210
million (2011).
• India’s population is larger than the total population of North America, South America and
Australia put together.
• Population data are collected through Census operation held every 10 years in our country.
Distribution of Population
• India has a highly uneven pattern of population distribution. UP has the largest share of population
followed by Maharashtra, Bihar and West Bengal.
• U.P., Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh along with Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Karnataka and Gujarat, together account for about 76 per cent of the total population of
the country. On the other hand, share of population is very small in the states like Jammu & Kashmir
(1.04%), Arunachal Pradesh (0.11%) and Uttarakhand (0.84%) inspite of theses states having fairly
large geographical area.
• Physical Factors: Climate along with terrain and availability of water largely determines the
pattern of population distribution. Northern Indian plains, coastal plains – deltas have higher
concentration because of favourable physical factors unlike the mountains and deserts areas of our
country where it is either too cold or too warm/dry.
• Socio Economic & Historical Factors: Evolution of settled agriculture and agricultural
development, pattern of human settlement, development of transport network, industrialization and
urbanization are significant factors in determining population distribution. People settle in areas with
favourable terrain, soil, climate, access to water (Ganga plains), minerals, industries (mining and
industrial towns) and urban centres where conducive factors for settlement are available.
Density of Population
• Density of population is expressed as number of persons per unit area. It helps in getting a better
understanding of the spatial distribution of population in relation to land.
• The density of population in India (2011) is 382 persons per sq km.
• It varies widely in the states from 17 persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh to 11,320 persons per
sq km in the NCT, Delhi. Bihar has the highest density with 1106 persons per sq km.
• The hilly/rugged/desert areas have relatively low density due to terrain and harsh climate. Density
is a crude measure of human and land relationship.
• To get a better insight into the human-land ratio in terms of pressure of population on total
cultivable land, the physiological and the agricultural densities should be found out which are
significant for a country like India having a large agricultural population.
• Physiological density = total population / net cultivated area
• Agricultural density = total agricultural population / net cultivable area
• Agricultural population includes cultivators and agricultural labourers and their family members.
Growth of population
• It is the change in the number of people living in a particular area between two points of time. Its
rate is expressed in percentage. Population growth has two components namely; natural and induced.
• Natural growth is analysed by assessing the crude birth and death rates, the induced components are
explained by the volume of inward and outward movement of people in any given area.
• The decadal and annual growth rates of population in India are both very high and steadily
increasing over time. The annual growth rate of India’s population is 1.64 percent (2011).
• There are four phases of population growth in India (2011).

→ Phase I: 1901-1921 – Period of stagnant of growth since in this period growth rate was very low.
Both the birth rate and death rate were high keeping the rate of increase low. Poor health and medical
services, illiteracy of people at large and inefficient distribution system of food and other basic
necessities were largely responsible for a high birth and death rates in this period.
→ Phase II: 1921-1951 – Period of steady growth. An overall improvement in health and sanitation
throughout the country brought down the mortality rate. The crude birth rate remained high in this
period leading to higher growth rate than the previous phase.
→ Phase III: 1951-1981 – Period of population explosion. The average annual growth rate was as
high as 2.2 percent. After the Independence, the development activities through planning helped to
improve living conditions leading to high Birth Rate. Apart from this, ‘international migration’ was
also responsible bringing immigrants from other countries.
→ Phase IV: Post 1981 till present. The growth rate of country’s population though remained high,
has started slowing down gradually. A downward trend of crude birth rate is held responsible for
such a population growth. This was, in turn, affected by an increase in the mean age at marriage,
improved quality of life particularly education of females in the country.
Regional Variation in Population Growth
• The States like Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Puducherry, and Goa
show a low rate of growth not exceeding 20 percent over the decade.
• A continuous belt of states comprising Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and
Jharkhand, the growth rate on the average remained 20-25 percent.
• During 2001-2011, the growth rates of almost all States and Union Territories have registered a
lower figure compared to the previous decade.
• At present the share of adolescents i.e., up to the age group of 10-19 years is about 20.9 percent
(2011), among which male adolescents constitute 52.7 per cent and female adolescents constitute
47.3 per cent.
• The Government of India has undertaken certain policies to impart proper education to the
adolescent groups so that their talents are better channelised and properly utilised.
• The National Youth Policy is one example which has been designed to look into the overall
development of our large youth and adolescent population.
→ The National Youth Policy (NYP–2014) launched in February 2014 proposes a holistic ‘vision’
for the youth of India, which is “To empower the youth of the country to achieve their full potential,
and through them enable India to find its rightful place in the community of nations”. The NYP–
2014 has defined ‘youth’ as persons in the age group of 15–29 years.
→ The Government of India also formulated the National Policy for Skill Development and
Entrepreneurship in 2015 to provide an umbrella framework to all skilling activities being carried out
within the country, and to align these to common standards and link skilling with demand centres.
Population Composition
• It is the field of study with coverage of age, sex, residence, ethnic characteristics, tribes, language,
religion, literacy and education, marital status, occupational characteristics, etc.
Rural – Urban Composition
• Compositions of population by their place of residence is an important indicator of socio-economic

status of a country. In India 68.8% live in the villages.
• U.T. has smaller percentage of small rural population (Dadra and Nagar Haveli have 53% of rural
people).
• Distribution of rural population reveals that both at Intra and Inter state levels, the relative degree of
urbanisation and extent of rural-urban migration regulated the concentration of rural people.
• Urban population has increased in almost all the states and UTs – as a result of development in
socio-economic conditions and rural-urban migration.
• Urban population is high along the main transport links in the North Indian plains, the industrial
areas of Kolkata, Mumbai and other areas.
• It is low in the agriculturally stagnant areas of middle and lower Ganga plains, Telangana, non-
irrigated western Rajasthan, remote hilly areas, desert, flood prone areas of Peninsular India, etc.
Linguistic Composition
• According to linguistic survey of India (1903- 1928), there were 179 languages and 544 dialects in
India. In modern India, there are about 22 scheduled languages and many non-scheduled languages.
• Among the scheduled languages, the speakers of Hindi have the highest percentage. The smallest
language groups are Sanskrit, Bodo and Manipuri speakers (2011).
• The speakers of major Indian languages belong to four languages families with their sub families
and branches.
→ Four languages families are Austric, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan and Indo-European.
Religious Composition
• Religion affects the cultural and political lives of most Indians.
• The spatial distribution of religious communities shows that certain states have more people.
• Hindu (70%–90%) form a major group in many states except the borders along Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Tibet and in some scattered areas within the country.
• Muslim, the largest religious minority are mainly in J.K, some districts of West Bengal, Kerala,
U.P and in the UTs of Delhi and Lakshadweep.
• Christians are most concentrated in the rural areas of Chotanagpur, hills of Manipur, Goa, Kerala,
Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, etc.
• Sikhs are concentrated in Punjab, Haryana and Delhi.
•Jains and Buddhists form the smallest religious groups and are concentrated in selected areas. Jains
in urban areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra while the Buddhists in Maharashtra, Sikkim,
Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Tripura, Lahul and Spiti in Himachal Pradesh.
• The other religions of India include Zoroastrians, tribal and other indigenous faiths and beliefs
concentrated in small pockets scattered throughout the country.
Composition of Working Population
• The population of India according to their economic status is divided into three groups, namely;
main workers, marginal workers and non-workers.
• In India, the proportion of workers (both main and marginal) is only 39.8 per cent (2011) leaving a
vast majority of about 60 per cent as non-workers.
• The proportion of working population, of the states and Union Territories show a moderate
variation from about 39.6 per cent in Goa to about 49.9 per cent in Daman and Diu.
• About 54.6 percent of total working population are cultivators and agricultural labourers, whereas
only 3.8% of workers are engaged in household industries and 41.6 % are other workers including
non- household industries, trade, commerce, construction and repair and other services.
• Male workers out-number female workers in all the three sectors.
Promoting Gender Sensitivity through ‘Beti Bachao–Beti Padhao’ Social Campaign
• The division of the society into male, female and transgender is believed to be natural and
biological. But, in reality, there are social constructs and roles assigned to individuals which are
reinforced by social institutions.
• These biological differences become the basis of social differentiations, discriminations and
exclusions.
• The Government of India has duly acknowledged the adverse impacts of these discriminations and
launched a nationwide campaign called ‘Beti Bachao – Beti Padhao’.
• The number of female workers is relatively high in primary sector, though in recent years there has
been some improvement in work participation of women in secondary and tertiary sectors.
• The spatial variation of work participation rate in different sectors in the country is very wide.
→ The states like Himachal Pradesh and Nagaland have very large shares of cultivators.
→ On the other hand states like Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, West
Bengal and Madhya Pradesh have higher proportion of agricultural labourers.
→ The highly urbanised areas like Delhi, Chandigarh and Puducherry have a very large proportion of
workers being engaged in other services.
1 The average density of population of India (2011) is per km. B

(A) 216
(B) 382
(C) 221
(D) 324
2 Which state has the largest population? A

(A) Uttar Pradesh
(B) West Bengal
(C) Kerala
(D) Punjab
3 Which state has the highest density of population? D
(A) Haryana
(B) Uttar Pradesh
(C) West Bengal
(D) Bihar
4 Which state has the highest sex ratio? A

(A) Kerala
(B) Himachal Pradesh
(C) Odisha
(D) Tamil Nadu
5 Where does India rank as a world population? B
(A) First
(B) Second
(C) Fifth
(D) Seventh
6 When was the first census held in India? B
(A) 1871
(B) 1881
(C) 1891
(D) 1861
7 How much percent of World’s population is in India? C

(A) 10.7%
(B) 12.7%
(C) 16.7%
(D) 18.7%
8 Which state has the lowest population? B
(A) Punjab
(B) Sikkim
(C) Assam
(D) Rajasthan
9 Which state has the lowest density of population? C

(A) Haryana
(B) Rajasthan
(C) Arunachal
(D) Mizoram
10 In how many years India’s population will be doubled? C

(A) 32 years
(B) 34 years
(C) 36 years
(D) 38 years
11 India’s population as per the 2011 census is: D

(A) 1028 million
(B) 3287 million
(C) 3182 million
(D) 1210 million
12 Which one of the following states has the highest proportion of the urban D
population in India according to the 2001 Census?
(A) Tamil Nadu
(B) Kerala
(C) Maharashtra
(D) Goa
13 Which one of the following is the largest linguistic group of India? C
(A) Sino-Tibetan
(B) Austric
(C) Indo-Aryan
(D) Dravidian
14 State the four phases into which Indian demographic history is divided.
The process of change in a society, population is called the demographic
Transition. It consists of four stages in India:
 Period of Stagnant growth rate—Before 1921 (High death and birth rates)
 Period of Steady growth rate—1921 to 1951 (High birth rate low declining
death rate)
 Period of rapid growth rate —1951 tol981 (Death rate declining faster than
birth rate)
 Period of declining growth rate—(after 1981) (Low birth rate and low death
rate)
15 ‘The distribution of population is highly uneven in India.’ Give three examples.
India has an uneven distribution of population:
- Plains have more population than mountains, deserts and forested lands have
less population.
- Large states have greater population.
- River basins and coastal plains have dense population.
16 Explain the factors responsible for low female participation in economic
activities.
- Joint family system
- Low educational and social state of female
- Frequent childbirth
- Lack of suitable employment opportunities
17 Write down the major causes responsible for the variations in the growth rate of
northern and southern India.
- Literacy rate is higher in the southern states
- Urban population is higher in southern states than the northern states.
- Southern states have higher economic development.
- Birth rate in southern states is comparatively lower.
18 “Apart from birth and death, migration is another way by which the population
size changes.” Justify the statement.
Migration is one of the major factors that affects the population change. Rural
urban migration is important factor contributing to the population growth of
cities. Population declines due to out-migration or immigration of people to
foreign countries. Population increases due to in-migration or immigration of
people from foreign countries.Internal migration does not make any change but
international migration makes the differences in the size of population. Marriage
is a social factor which changes the size of population. Facilities of education,
health, etc. inspire people to migrate. Due to employment facilities people
migrate from their birth place.
4. HUMAN SETTLEMENT
GIST OF THE LESSON

● Settlement -Cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live.
● They vary in size from hamlet to metropolitan cities, they may be small and large, closed or
spaced, and they may practice primary/secondary/tertiary activities.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS

RURAL URBAN
1. Primary occupation other than primary
2. Provide raw material process the raw material
3. Produce food provide services
4. Low income high income
5. Low density high density
6. Spaced clustered
TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENT:
CLUSTERED SETTLEMENTS:
1. Compact and closely built houses
2. Living area is different from surrounding farms
3. Recognizable pattern
4. Different shapes such as geometric rectangular, radial, linear,
5. Sometimes defence may cause shape of the settlement
6. Availability of water also decides the shape
SEMI-CLUSTERED SETTLEMENTS:
1. Formed due to result from tendency of clustered in restricted area of dispersed settlement
2. Segregation of large settlement may also cause
3. Some may be forced to live separately from the main village
4. Dominance group live in the center of the village
5. People of lower strata live in out skirt of the village
6. Most common in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
HAMLETED SETTLEMENTS
1. Physically separated and located in different place having common name
2. They are locally called panna, para palli,nagla ,dhani
3. They are motivated by social and ethnic factors
4. Found mostly in middle and lower ganga valley
DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS:
1. They are isolated huts or hamlets
2. Located on hills or agricultural lands
3. It is due to nature of terrain, and land resource, water
4. Found in Meghalaya, Uttaranchal, HP, and Kerala
URBAN SETTLEMENTS
1. Compact and large in size
2. Non Agriculture, eco., admin activities
3. Exchange of goods and services
4. Directly linked with rural settlements
EVOLUTION OF TOWNS IN INDIA
1. ANCIENT TOWNS:
1. Developed as religious and cultural towns.
2. Towns in India having historical background Over 2000 years old
3. Patna, Varanasi, Madurai, are examples
2. MEDIEVALTOWNS:
1. They are the headquarters of kingdoms
2. There are more than 100 towns
3. They are fort towns developed over ruined forts
4. Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra & Nagpur
3. MODERN TOWNS:
1. They are developed by British and other Europeans
2. Generally located on the coast
3. They were forts constructed by Europeans
4. Ex. Surat, Goa, Pondicherry, Mumbai, Madras, Calcutta
Classification of Towns on the basis of Population Size
1.Urban centre with population of more than one lakh is called a city or Class I town
2.Cities accommodating population size between one to five million are called metropolitan
cities.
3.More than five million are mega cities
Urban agglomeration-
(i) a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths,
(ii) two or more contiguous towns
with or without their outgrowths, and
(iii) a city and one or more adjoining towns with their outgrowths together forming a
contiguous spread.
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
1. Administrative towns: All capitals of states with national capital
2. Industrial towns: Mumbai. Salem, Coimbatore Modinagar, Jamshedpur
3. Transport towns: They may be ports primarily engaged in export and import activities Kandla,
Cochin, vizag or hubs of inland transport, such as Agra, Dhulia, Mughalsarai, Itarsi, Katni, etc.
4. Commercial towns: Satna, Kolkata
5. Mining towns: Digboi, Ranigunj, Jharia
6. Garrison cantonment towns: Ambala, Mhow. Jalandhar
7. Educational towns: Pilani, Aligarh, Varanasi
8. Religious cultural towns: Amritsar, Varanasi, Tirupati
9. Tourist towns: Shimla, Mussori, Nainital
1 The type of settlements found in the lower valleys of the Himalayas are b
a. Semi-clustered
b. Hamleted
c. Dispersed
d. Clustered
2 Which among the following is not an ancient city? b
a. Varanasi
b. Harappa
c. Pataliputra
d. Madurai
3 Match the following b
1. Mining town A. Coimbatore
2. Industrial town B. Ambala
3. Garrison town C. Digboi
4. Educational town D. Varanasi
a. 1A,2C,3D,4B
b. 1C,2A,3B,4D
c. 1B,2C,3A,4D
d. 1C,2B,3D,4A
4 The clustered rural settlement is a

a. Closely built up houses
b. Sparsely built up houses
c. Scattered houses
d. Infinite built up houses
5 Cities having more than 5 million population are known as b

a. Metropolitan city
b. Mega city
c. Class I city
d. Million city
6 A town containing military base is known as c

a. Defence town
b. Military town
c. Garrison town
d. Fort town
7 Ghaziabad, Rohtak, Gurugram are the examples of- c

a. Port towns
b. Garrison towns
c. Satellite towns
d. Transport towns
8 Nainital, Mussoorie, Shimla are c

a. Transport town
b. Recreational town
c. Tourist town
d. Holiday town
9 Which of these is not a medieval town? d
a. Delhi
b. Hyderabad
c. Jaipur
d. Madurai
10 Nagaland is a state in India having nucleated settlement. Identify the reason behind the b
same
a. Tribal tradition
b. Security reason
c. Scarcity of water
d. Caste
11 In which one of the following environments does NOT one expect the presence of a
dispersed rural settlements-?
a. Alluvial plain of Ganga
b. Forest area of India
c. Desert area of Rajasthan
d. Hilly area of North –East
12 How many metropolitan cities are there in India? b
a. 468
b. 53
c. 60
d. 4
13 Which of the following is NOT matched correctly? c

a. City - 1 Lakh and more
b. Metropolitan city- 10 Lakh to 50 Lakh
c. Urban agglomeration - 55 to 60 Lakh
d. Mega city - More than 50 Lakh
14 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer: d

I. Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of social relationship, attitude and
outlook.
II. Rural people are less mobile and social relations among them are intimate
whereas way of life is complex and, social relations are formal in urban areas.
d. Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the
statement
15 Assertion(A):There are number of towns in India having historical background a

spanning over 2000 years
Reason(R):These towns have been developed by Britishers and Europeans.
a. Only Assertion is correct.
b. Only Reason is correct.
c. Both Assertion and Reason is correct and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
d. Both Assertion and Reason correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
16 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer: c

I. The clustered rural settlements are fragmented into several units physically separated
from each other bearing a common name.
II. These units are locally called panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani, etc. in various parts of
the country.
d. Both statements are correct and statement II correctly explains the statement
17
I. Which class of urban centres has the lowest urban population?

a. Class V C
b. Class I
c. Class VI
d. Class III
II. What is the population size of a Class I Town?
a. 1 lakh and more A
b. More than 5 million
c. 1 to 5 million
d. 10 lakhs and more
III. What is the population size of the second class of cities?
a. 50 000 to 99 9999 A
b. 20,000-49,9999
c. 1,00,000 -10,00,000
d. 10,000-19,999
IV. Which among the following is not a megacity in India
a. Bengaluru
b. Hyderabad D
c. Chennai
d. Kochi
18 The number of towns in India is: b

a. 4161
b. 5161
c. 6161
d. 7161
19 Which one of the following is NOT part of the definition of a town as per the census of c
India?
a. Population density of 400 persons per sq km.
b. Presence of municipality, corporation, etc.
c. More than 75% of the population engaged in the primary sector
d. Population size of more than 5,000 persons
20 Urbanization is expressed in terms of c
a. Absolute number
b. Ratio
c. percentage
d. none of above
21 Settlements vary in size and type. They range from a hamlet to metropolitan cities. With
size, the economic character and social structure of settlements changes and so do its
ecology and technology. Settlements could be small and sparsely spaced; they may also
be large and closely spaced. The sparsely located small settlements are called villages,
specialising in agriculture or other primary activities. On the other hand, there are fewer
but larger settlements which are termed as urban settlements specialising in secondary
and tertiary activities. The basic differences between rural and urban settlements are as
follows:
• The rural settlements derive their life support or basic economic needs from land
based primary economic activities, whereas, urban settlements, depend on processing of
raw materials and manufacturing of finished goods on the one hand and a variety of
services on the other.
• Cities act as nodes of economic growth, provide goods and services not only to urban
dwellers but also to the people of the rural settlements in their hinterlands in return for
food and raw materials. This functional relationship between the urban and rural
settlements takes place through transport and communication network.
• Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of social relationship, attitude and outlook.
Rural people are less mobile and therefore, social relations among them are intimate. In
urban areas, on the other hand, way of life is complex and fast, and social relations are D
formal
I. Rural and urban settlements differ in terms of:
a. economic activities
b. differ in terms of social relationships
c. attitude and outlook
d. all of these
II. The sparsely located small settlements are called ………….., specializing in
agriculture or other primary activities.
a. towns C
b. cities
c. villages
d. None of these.
III. Rural people are …………… relationship among them are ………..
a. less mobile, intimate A
b. more mobile, less intimate
c. less active, intimate
d. more active, less intimate
IV. Which of these statements is not true?
a. Villages are rural settlements that specialize in primary activities such as B
forestry, farming, fishing, diary, etc.
b. Rural settlements are centers of manufacturing finished goods
c. Cities provide goods and services to both urban dwellers and rural population
living nearby
d. Urban settlements are based on tertiary activities.
22 Census of India classifies urban centres into six classes. Urban centre with population
of more than one lakh is called a city or class I town. Cities accommodating population
size between one to five million are called metropolitan cities and more than five
million are mega cities. Majority of metropolitan and mega cities are urban
agglomerations. An urban agglomeration may consist of any one of the following three
combinations: (i) a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths, (ii) two or more
contiguous towns with or without their outgrowths, and (iii) a city and one or more
adjoining towns with their outgrowths together forming a contiguous spread. It is
evident from Table 4.2 that more than 60 per cent of urban population in India lives in
Class I towns. Out of 468 cities, 53 cities/ urban agglomerations are metropolitan cities.
Six of them are mega cities with population over five million each. More than one-fifth
(21.0%) of urban population lives in these mega cities. Among them, Greater Mumbai
is the largest agglomeration with 18.4 million people. Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai,
Bengaluru and Hyderabad are other mega cities in the country.
I. Urban centres with population of more than 1 lakh is called ………………. A
a. class I town
b. Class III Town
c. Class IV town
d. Class V Town
II. Cities having population size between 1 to 5 million are called
……………………….
a. Mega cities
b. Class V towns C
c. metropolitan cities
d. Class VI towns
III. Out of 468 cities, how many are metropolitan cities?
a. 43 B
b. 53
c. 58
d. 62
IV. What percentage of urban population lives in mega cities? C
a. 10 percent
b. 15 percent
c. 21 percent
d. 30 percent
23 Which of the following factors are not responsible for the different kind of rural d
settlements found in India?
a. Nature of terrain
b. Availability of water
c. Defiance against thefts and robberies
d. Planning structure
24 Sometimes settlement is fragmented to several units physically separated from each c
other bearing a common name. Such kind of settlements is known as
a. Isolated settlements
b. Clustered settlements
c. Hamleted settlements
d. Semi-clustered settlements
25 Which of the following possess a good example of Fort town? d
a.Delhi
b.Jaipur
c.Agra
d.All of the above
26 Which of the following urban agglomerations is the largest agglomeration? a
a.Greater Mumbai
b.Delhi
c.Chennai
d.Bengaluru
27 Which of the following features is not associated with urban areas? C
a.Cities act as nodes of economic growth
b.Social relations are formal
c.Urban people are less mobile
d.Urban settlements depend on processing of raw materials,
manufacturing of finished goods and a variety of services
28 Distinguish between rural and urban settlements.
Rural Settlement:
● Primary activities are main occupation in these settlements and 75% population
isengaged in primary occupation
● Population size is low in these settlements
● Rural people are less dynamic and social relations are intimate.
Urban Settlement
● Non agriculture work is the main occupation in these settlements and 75%
● Population is engaged in these activities.
● Population size is large in these settlements
● Urban people are dynamic and their social relations are formal and complex.
29 Write three differences between clustered and dispersed settlements of India.
Clustered
(i) These settlements are found in fertile plains
(ii) Streets are not well drained
(iii)Houses are close to each other and their size is small.
Dispersed
(i) These settlements are found in hilly regions or desert areas
(ii) Settlements are neat and clean with drainage arrangements
(iii)Houses are big and are located at gaps
30 Write the factors which affect the types of settlements in India.
(i) Physical feature-
A- Nature of land-Relief
B- Altitude
C- Climate and water supply.
(ii) Cultural and human factors-
A- Caste
B- Religion.
(iii)Security factors
A- Political disturbances
B- War.
31 Name those towns which have become mega cities
The following towns have become Mega Cities : Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi,
Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad.
32 What are garrison towns? What is their function?

Garrison towns are those towns which are established for security functions during the
British rule. Their main function is related to defense. For example, Ambala, Jalandhar,
Babina, etc.
33 Define human settlements.
Human settlement means clusters of dwelling of any type or size where human
beings live.It refers to an organised colony of human beings together with
buildings in which they live or use and the paths and streets over which they
travel.
34 Name the towns that have developed in India after independence?

Modern towns have developed in India after independence. The British and other
Europeans have developed a number of towns in India. They first developed some
trading ports such as Surat, Daman, Goa.
35 What factors are responsible for different types of human settlements?

There are various factors and conditions responsible for having different types of rural
settlements in India. These include:
● Physical features – nature of terrain, altitude, climate and availability of
water
● Cultural and ethnic factors – social structure, caste and religion
● Security factors – defence against thefts and robberies
36 Discuss the features of different types of rural settlements with examples.

The Different types of rural settlements are:
1. Clustered Settlements-It is a compact or closely built up area of houses. Such
Settlements are generally found in fertile alluvial plains and in the north-eastern
states. ex-Gangetic plains of U.P.
2. Semi-Clustered Settlements-In such settlements, the land-owning and dominant
community occupies the central part of the main village,whereas people of
lower strata of society and manual workers settle on the outer flanks of the
village. ex-Gujarat andRajasthan plains.
3. Hamleted Settlements-When Settlement is fragmented into several units bearing a
common name. These units are locally called' Panna, Para, Palli, Nagla, Dhani etc.ex-
Chhattisgarh and lower valleys of the Himalayas.
4. Dispersed Settlements-Such settlements appear in the form of isolated huts or

hamletsof few huts in remote jungles or on small hills with farms or pasture on the
slopes.ex-Meghalaya,Uttarakhand,Himachal Pradesh.
37 Describe functional classification of town.

Functional Classification of Towns
On the basis of dominant or specialised functions, Indian cities and towns can be
broadly classified as follows:
● Administrative towns and cities-Towns supporting administrative headquarters of
higher order are administrative towns, such as Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal,
Shillong, Guwahati, Imphal, Srinagar, Gandhinagar,Jaipur Chennai, etc.
● Industrial towns- Industries constitute prime motive force of these cities such as
Mumbai,Salem, Coimbatore,Modinagar, Jamshedpur, Hugli, Bhilai, etc.
● Transport Cities-They may be ports primarily engaged in export and import
activities such as Kandla, Kochi,Kozhikode, Vishakhapatnam, etc. or hubs of
transport such as Agra, Dhulia, Mughal Sarai, Itarsi, Katni,etc.
● Commercial towns-Towns and cities specialising in trade and commerce are kept
in this class. Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna, etc. are some examples.
● Mining towns- These towns have developed in mineral rich areas such as
Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi, Ankaleshwar, Singrauli, etc.
● Garrisson Cantonment towns- These towns emerged as garrisson towns such as
Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Babina, Udhampur, etc.
● Educational towns- Starting as centres of education, some of the towns have
grown into major campus towns such as Roorki, Varanasi, Aligarh, Pilani,
Allahabad etc.
● Religious and cultural towns- Varanasi, Mathura, Amritsar, Madurai, Puri, Ajmer,
Pushkar,Tirupati, Kurukshetra,Haridwar, Ujjain came to prominence due to their
religious/cultural Significance.
38 Discuss the classification of Indian towns on the basis of their evolution in different
periods. Also give their features.
The classification of Indian towns on the basis of their evolution in different periods are
as follows :
a. Ancient Towns:
i. The number of towns in India have a historical background spanning over 2000
years. Most of them have developed as religious or cultural centres.
ii. One of the important towns among the ancient towns is Varanasi.
iii. Examples of ancient towns: Prayag (Allahabad) Pataliputra (Patna), Madurai.
b. Medieval Towns:
i. In the medieval period there are about 100 existing towns.
ii. Most of them are headquarters of kingdoms and principalities. These are fort towns
which came up on the ruins of ancient towns.
c. Modern Towns:
i. In India, European and British and European developed Modern Towns.
ii. Starting their foothold on coastal locations they first developed some trading ports
such as Surat, Daman and Diu, Goa, Pondicherry, etc.
iii. Then the British consolidated their hold around three principal modern towns
Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai (Madras) and Kolkata (Calcutta) and built them in
British style.
iv. Rapidly extending their domination either directly or through control over the
princely states they established their administrative centres, hill towns as summer
resorts and added administrative, new civil and military areas to them.
v. Towns based on modern industries also evolved after 1850. Example: Jamshedpur.
5. LAND RESOURCE AND AGRICULTURE
GIST OF THE LESSON:
LAND USE CHANGES IN INDIA - THREE TYPES OF CHANGES

1. Size of economy: (measured in terms of value for all the goods and services produced
in the economy) grow over time; change in income level, marginal lands will become
useful
2. . Composition of the economy: the secondary and tertiary grew much faster than
primary activities especially agriculture
3. The contribution of agricultural activities reduces over time. The share of Agriculture
has declined. No. of people fed by Agriculture is increasing.
INCREASE IN THREE CATEGORIES
1. Forest
2. Area under non agricultural use
3. Current fallow land
4. Net sown area
FOUR AREAS DECLINED
1. Barren and waste land
2. Cultivable waste land
3. Area under pastures & tree crops
4. Fallow lands.
COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES
1. The CPRs are used by common purpose / society owned by state
2. Provide fodder for livestock fuel for the households
3. Produce minor forest products such as fruits, nuts, fiber, and medicinal plants
4. Every member has right to access
AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN INDIA
1. Contribution of land in agricultural use is more important
2. Lack of access to land leads to poverty
3. Productivity depends on quality of land
4. Land ownership has social value in rural areas
TOTAL CULTIVABLE LAND = NET SOWN AREA+FALLOW LAND + CULTURABLE
WASTE LAND
1. Since there is no extra land available only the high yielding varieties can increase the
productivity
2. Number of times the land can be increased by providing irrigation Crop intensity can be
raised
CROPPING SEASONS
TYPES OF FARMING
● Protective irrigation acts as a supplementary source of water over and above the rainfall. The
strategy of this kind of irrigation is to provide soil moisture to the maximum possible area.
● Productive irrigation is meant to provide sufficient soil moisture in the cropping season to
achieve high productivity.
● Dry land farming is largely confined to the regions having annual rainfall less than 75 cm.
● Wetland farming, the rainfall is in excess of soil moisture requirement of plants during the
rainy season. Such regions may face flood and soil erosion hazards.
CROPPING PATTERN
FOOD GRAINS - CEREALS:

RICE
● a crop of tropical humid areas
● grown on sea level to 2000 meters altitude,
● 3000 varieties are grown
● grown in three seasons AUS,AMAN, & BORO in west Bengal
● In the Himalayas and northwestern parts of the country, it is grown as a kharif crop during the
southwest Monsoon season.
● 22% of rice production in India , second after china.
● ¼ area is under rice cultivation.
● Leading states- WB, PUN UP
● Yield level high in- Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal
and Kerala.
WHEAT:
● second most important crop,
● 12% of production is from India,
● It is primarily a crop of temperate zones.
● Generally in winter it is grown. I.e. rabi season.
● Concentrated in north and central regions of the country i.e. Indo-Gangetic Plain, Malwa
Plateau and Himalayas up to 2,700 m altitude.
● Grown in North and central India - irrigation is essential .
● Rain fed crops in Himalayan region.
● 14% of the area is under wheat cultivation.
● Leading producers - UP, PUN, HAR, RAJ& MP
JOWAR:
● 5.3 % cropped area is under this crop,
● Main food crop in semiarid areas of central and southern India.
● Maharashtra alone produces ½ of the production,
● Others are KK, MP AP & Telangana
BAJRA:
● Hot and dry climatic conditions in northwestern and western parts of the country.
● Grown in drought resistant crop,
● it is cultivated alone or mixed crop,
● 5.2% of total cropped area.
● Leading producers - MH, GUJ , RAJ, HAR
MAIZE:
● Grown any type of land.
● It is food and fodder crop,
● 3.6% total cropped area, it is grown all over India,
● the leading producers - Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Rajasthan
and Uttar Pradesh
● Yield is high in southern states
PULSES:
● rich source of protein,
● Increase natural fertility.
● Used in crop rotation,
● India is the leading producer of pulses.
● concentrated in dry lands,
● 11% of total cropped area.
● GRAMS, TUR ARE MAJOR CROPS.
● GRAM :
■ cultivated in subtropical area,
■ Rabi season- rain fed crop - central, western and northwestern parts of the
country.
■ 2.8% of total cropped area,
■ leading producers are MP, UP, MH, AP, Telangana & RAJ
● TUR(ARHAR)
● Second important pulse crop,
● it is also called red gram or pigeon pea,
● rain fed crop,
● 2% of total cropped area,
● Maharashtra alone contributes about one-third of the total production of tur.
● Other leading producers are - . UP, KK GUJ & MP
OIL SEEDS:
● Extracting edible oils.
● Dry lands of Malwa plateau, Marathwada, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Telangana, Rayalseema region
of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka plateau are oilseeds growing regions of India.
● occupy about 14 percent of total cropped area in the country
GROUND NUT:
● 18.8% of total production of the world is in India
● ,rain fed,
● in Kharif season,
● 3.6% of total cropped area,
● leading producers are GUJ, TN, Telangana, AP, KA& MH
RAPE SEED, MUSTARD:
● consists of rai,, sarson, toria & taramira ,
● they are subtropical crops,
● grown in Rabi season,
● frost sensitive,
● irrigated crop,
● 2/3 under irrigation
● 2.5 % of cropped area is under this crop.
● Leading producers are RAJ, UP, HAR, WB ,MP
Other Oilseeds
● Soyabean is mostly grown in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra
● Sunflower cultivation is concentrated in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
and adjoining areas of Maharashtra
FIBRE CROPS;
COTTON:
● grown in Kharif season,
● semi arid region,
● short staple and long staple are grown,
● black soil is suitable,
● India ranks 4th in the world. After China, USA and Pakistan.
● 8.3% of world production.
● 4.7% total cropped area.
● Three cotton growing areas, i.e. parts of Punjab, Haryana and northern Rajasthan in north-west,
● Gujarat and Maharashtra in the west and
● plateaus of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
● Leading producers of this crop are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana
JUTE:
● used for packing material,
● Cash crop - in West Bengal and adjoining eastern parts of the country.
● India produces 3/5 of the world's production.
● 0.5 % total cropped area is under this crop,
● West Bengal accounts for about three-fourth of the production in the country.
● Bihar and Assam are other jute growing areas.
Other Crops
Sugarcane
● tropical crop,
● cultivated in sub-humid regions,
● irrigated crop,
● India is the second largest producer,
● 23% of the world’s production comes from India.
● The leading producers are UP, MS, KK,TN, AP
Tea:
● Plantation crop,
● Tea leaves have a high content of caffeine and tannin.
● Grown in hilly areas, heavy rainfall is needed,
● started in1840 in Assam by the British.
Grown Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Nilgiris, Western Ghats,
● 28% of world production comes from India.
● India ranks 3rd after Sri Lanka & China.
● 53.2% total cropped area is under this crop.
● Leading producers are WB & TN
Coffee;
● three varieties ARABICA, ROBUSTA, LIBERICA,
● 4.3% of world production comes from India.
● Sixth after BRAZIL, VIETNAM, COLOMBIA, INDONESIA, MEXICO.
● Leading producers are KK, TN, KER
STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT
Govt. of India took steps to increase the production
1. Switching over from cash crops to food grains
2. Increase crop intensity
3. Increasing cultivated area
4. Improvement of irrigation
5. Intensive agricultural district program me and intensive agricultural area programme were
launched
6. Use Of HYV seeds, fertilisers, irrigation, pesticides
7. Introduction of GREEN REVOLUTION
8. Large agriculture inputs
GROWTH OF AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Production and yield increased (wheat, rice, oilseeds, sugarcane, tea pulses, cattle, milk, and
groundnut)
2. Expansion of irrigated area.
3. Use of HYV seeds
4. Use of modern agricultural technology
5. Increased consumption of chemical fertilizers
Green Revolution
Achievements of Green Revolution:
1. There is a remarkable increase in farm production and productivity.
2. The country has become self-sufficient in food grain production.
3. The income of farmers has increased and their quality of life has also improved.
4. Production of wheat rose six times or 562%
5. There was a three-fold rise in the production of rice.
6. The supply of raw material to industries like sugarcane, cotton etc. recorded a remarkable
increase.
7. The food security helped the nation to pursue other policies to raise its prestige in the
commodity of nations.
8. The increase in the level of income made the villages more active in other spheres of life of
the people.
9. Great variety came in agricultural products and consequently the price did not increase much.
10. The changes came in the thinking process of farmers.
PROBLEMS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
1. Dependence on erratic monsoon
2. Low productivity
3. Constraints of financial resources and indebtedness
4. Lack of land reforms
5. Fragmentation of land holdings
6. Lack of commercialization
7. Vast under-employment
8. Degradation of cultivable land.
1 Which of these correctly defines barren and wastelands? b
a) Land which is left uncultivated for more than 5 years
b) Land which cannot be brought under cultivation with the use of current
technology
c) Physical extent of a land on which crops are sown
d) Lands under orchards and fruit trees
2 Which type of land use is owned by the village panchayat or the government? c
a) Land put to non- agricultural uses
b) Forests
c) Area under permanent pastures and grazing lands
d) Culturable wastelands
3 Any land which is left fallow for more than 5 years is included in which category of b
land use?
a) Current fallow
b) Culturable wastelands
c) Net sown area
d) Fallow other than current fallow
4 The Indian agriculture has been facing which of these problems d

a) Low productivity
b) Over dependence on monsoon
c) Very small landholdings
d) All of the above
5 The physical extent of land on which crops are sown and harvested is known as? c
a) Current fallow
b) Culturable wastelands
c) Net sown area
d) Fallow other than current fallow
6 The increase of which land use category is a recent phenomenon due to use of a
culturable wastelands?
a) Net sown area
b) Current fallow
c) Forests
d) Barren and wastelands
7 Which of these categories of land use has registered an increase from 1950-51 to b
2014-2015?
1) Land under forest
2) Net sown area
3) Land under pastures
a) 1,2 and 3
b) 1 and 2
c) 2 and 3
d) 1 and 3
8 The cropping intensity can be calculated by c
a) GCA X NSA / 100
b) GCA / 100 X NSA
c) GCA / NSA X 100
d) NSA / GSA X 100
9 Which of these is a rabi crop in northern India? d

1. Rice
2. Cotton
3. Wheat
4. Gram
5. mustard
a) 1 and 2
b) 1,2,3,4 and 5
c) 2,3 and 5
d) 3,4 and 5
10 More than 54% of total cropped area in India is occupied by a

a) Cereals
b) Pulses
c) Oil seeds
d) Fiber crops
11 ‘Aus, aman, and boro’ are varieties of which crop? b

a) Wheat
b) Rice
c) Pulses
d) oilseeds
12 Wheat is mainly grown in India in which of these regions? b
1. Punjab
2. UP
3. Himachal Pradesh
4. Gujarat
a) 2,3 and 4
b) 1,2 and 3
c) 1,3 and 4
d) 1 and 4
13 Which of these crops is grown in rainfed areas? a
a) Rice
b) Sugarcane
c) Pulses
d) All of these
14 Tea is mainly grown in which of these regions in India? a
1) Slopes of nilgiris
2) Cardamom hills
3) Darjeeling hills
a) 1,2 and 3
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) 1 and 2
15 Which of these is true regarding the growth and development in Indian agriculture? b
1. The yields of crops like rice and wheat have increased since independence
2. Net irrigated area in the country has declined in India in past 50 years
3. Use of pesticides has decreased in India after 1990- till 2009
a) 1 and 2
b) Only 1
c) Only 2
d) 1,2 and 3
16 Arrange the following states in sequence as per their position in the production of a
wheat?
1. UP
2. Madhya Pradesh
3. Punjab
4. Haryana
a) 1,2,3,& 4
b) 3,2,4&1
c) 4,3,2&1
d) 2,4,3&1
17 Following is a cultural practice adopted for giving rest to land so that—---------------- b
-
a) Land could be cultivated again
b) Land could regain its fertility
c) Land could be used for animal rearing
d) Land could be used to grow another crop
18 Assertion and reason
Directions- the following questions are two statements labeled as Assertion (A) and
other labeled as Reason(R).
In the context of two statements, which one of the following is correct?
Codes
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) Both A and R are true and R is the not correct explanation of A
c) A is true and but R is false
d) A is false but R is true
I. Assertion-(A) - The contribution of agriculture has declined over time but the
pressure on land for agriculture has not declined
Reason -(R)- The number of people in India is increasing day by day a
II. Assertion-(A) - as per the land use data of 1950-51 to 201-15, there has been
an increase in area under forest a
Reason -(R) - these are an increase in demarcated areas under forest rather than an
actual increase in forest cover.
19 Fill in the blanks

1. The …………. is measured in terms of values of all goods and services
produced?
Answer- size of the economy
2. ………… is the cultivable land which is left uncultivated for more than a year
but less than 5 years
Answer - fallow other than fallow
3. …………… cropping season is largely coincides with south-west monsoon
Answer- Kharif
4. ……… is a short duration summer cropping season which begins after the
harvesting of rabi crops
Answer- Zaid
5. ……… is a beverage crop and is an indigenous crop of hills in northern china
Answer- tea
6. Assured supply of water through ………… is a prerequisite for the success of
green revolution in a region
Answer- irrigation
7. The long staple cotton which is grown in north-western parts of the country is
known as………..
Answer- narma
20 Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Land, according to its ownership, can broadly be classified under two broad heads –
private land and common property resources (CPRs). While the former is owned by
an individual or a group of individuals, the latter is owned by the state meant for the
use of the community. CPRs provide fodder for the livestock and fuel for the
households along with other minor forest products like fruits, nuts, fiber, medicinal
plants, etc. In rural areas, such land is of particular relevance for the livelihood of the
landless and marginal farmers and other weaker sections since many of them depend
on income from their livestock due to the fact that they have limited access to land.
CPRs also are important for women as most of the fodder and fuel collection is done
by them in rural areas. They have to devote long hours in collecting fuel and fodder
from a degraded area of CPR. CPRs can be defined as a community's natural resource,
where every member has the right of access and usage with specified obligations,
without anybody having property rights over them. Community forests, pasture lands,
village water bodies and other public spaces where a group larger than a household or
family unit exercises rights of use and carries responsibility of management are
examples of CPRs.
i)What is the most important feature of Common Property Resources? B
a) It is owned by women.
b) Every member has access to these resources
c) It is controlled by the government
d) d) None of the above
ii) Which of the following is/are common property resources?
a) Pasture land D
b) Village wells
c) Public parks
All of these
iii) The marginalised sections can obtain which of the following products from CPRs?
a) Medicines D
b) Fruits
c) Fodder
d) All of these
iv) Common property resources are mainly found in which of the following areas? A
a) Rural areas
b) Urban areas
c) Semi urban areas
d) Metropolitan areas
21 Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows:
The Indian agricultural economy was largely subsistence in nature before
Independence. It had dismal performance in the first half of the twentieth century.
This period witnessed severe droughts and famines. During partition about one-third
of the irrigated land in undivided India went to Pakistan. This reduced the proportion
of irrigated area in Independent India. After Independence, the immediate goal of the
Government was to increase food grains production by (i) switching over from cash
crops to food crops; (ii) intensification of cropping over already cultivated land; and
(iii) increasing cultivated area by bringing cultivable and fallow land under plough.
Initially, this strategy helped in increasing food grains production. But agricultural
production stagnated during the late 1950s. To overcome this problem, Intensive
Agricultural District Programme (IADP) and Intensive Agricultural Area Programme
(IAAP) were launched. But two consecutive droughts during the mid-1960s resulted
in a food crisis in the country. Consequently, the food grains were imported from
other countries. New seed varieties of wheat (Mexico) and rice (Philippines) known
as high yielding varieties (HYVs) were available for cultivation by the mid-1960s.
India took advantage of this and introduced package technology comprising HYVs,
along with chemical fertilisers in irrigated areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. Assured supply of soil moisture through
irrigation was a basic prerequisite for the success of this new agricultural technology.
This strategy of agricultural development paid dividends instantly and increased the
food grains production at a very fast rate. This spurt of agricultural growth came to
be known as ‘Green Revolution’. This also gave fillip to the development of a large
number of agro-inputs, agro-processing industries and small-scale industries. This
strategy of agricultural development made the country self-reliant in food grain
production. But the green revolution was initially confined to irrigated areas only.
This led to regional disparities in agricultural development in the country till the
seventies, after which the technology spread to the Eastern and Central parts of the
country. The Planning Commission of India focused its attention on the problems of
agriculture in rainfed areas in 1980s. It initiated agro-climatic planning in 1988 to
induce regionally balanced agricultural development in the country. It also
emphasised the need for diversification of agriculture and harnessing of resources for
development of dairy farming, poultry, horticulture, livestock rearing and
aquaculture. Initiation of the policy of liberalisation and free market economy in the C
1990s is likely to influence the course of development of Indian agriculture.
i) New seed varieties of wheat were bought from which of the following countries?
a) Philippines
b) Sri lanka
c) Mexico
d) USA C
ii) Food grains were imported in the country in the mid-1960s for which of the
following reason?
a) Floods
b) Cyclones
c) Drought
d) Green revolution C
iii) Which of the following measures were taken by the planning commission to
induce regionally balanced agricultural development?
a) Green revolution
b) Horticulture development d
c) Agro climatic planning
d) liberalisation
iv) Which of the following is/are components of the green revolution?
a) Irrigation supply
b) High yielding seeds
c) Fertilisers
d) All of the above
22 Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:
Rice is a staple food for the overwhelming majority of the population in India. Though
it is considered to be a crop of tropical humid areas, it has about 3,000 varieties which
are grown in different agro-climatic regions. These are successfully grown from sea
level to about 2,000 m altitude and from humid areas in eastern India to dry but
irrigated areas of Punjab, Haryana, western U.P. and northern Rajasthan. In southern
states and West Bengal the climatic conditions allow the cultivation of two or three
crops of rice in an agricultural year. In West Bengal farmers grow three crops of rice
called ‘aus’, ‘aman’ and ‘boro’. But in the Himalayas and northwestern parts of the
country, it is grown as a kharif crop during the southwest Monsoon season. India
contributes 21.6 percent of rice production in the world and ranked second after China
in 2016. About one-fourth of the total cropped area in the country is under rice
cultivation. West Bengal, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh were the leading rice producing
states in the country in 2009-10. The yield level of rice is high in Punjab, Tamil Nadu,
Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal and Kerala. In the first four of
these states almost the entire land under rice cultivation is irrigated. Punjab and
Haryana are not traditional rice growing areas. Rice cultivation in the irrigated areas
of Punjab and Haryana was introduced in the 1970s following the Green Revolution.
Genetically improved varieties of seed, relatively high usage of fertilisers and
pesticides and lower levels of susceptibility of the crop to pests due to dry climatic
conditions are responsible for higher yield of rice in this region. The yield of this crop
is very low in rainfed areas of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha.
The rank of India in terms of rice production in the world is?
a) Second A
b) Third
c) First
d) fourth
ii) In the himalayan region and north - western parts of the country, rice is grown
during which of the following states?
a) Summers C
b) Winters
c) Monsoon
d) spring
iii) The yield of rice is high in which of the following states? C
a) Chhattisgarh
b) Odisha
c) Punjab
d) Madhya Pradesh
iv) Which of the following inputs can significantly increase the production of rice in
India? D
a) HYV Seeds
b) Fertilisers
c) Irrigation
d) All of these
23 Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow
The nature of problems faced by Indian agriculture varies according to agro-
ecological and historical experiences of its different regions. Hence, most of the
agricultural problems in the country are region specific. Yet, there are some problems
which are common and range from physical constraints to institutional hindrances
Irrigation covers only about 33 percent of the cultivated area in India. The crop
production in the rest of the cultivated land directly depends on rainfall. Poor
performance of south-west Monsoon also adversely affects the supply of canal water
for irrigation. On the other hand, the rainfall in Rajasthan and other drought prone
areas is too meagre and highly unreliable. Even the areas receiving high annual
rainfall experience considerable fluctuations. This makes them vulnerable to both
droughts and floods. Drought is a common phenomenon in the low rainfall areas
which may also experience occasional floods. The flash floods in dry lands of
Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan in 2006 and 2017 are examples of this
phenomenon. Droughts and floods continue to be a twin menace in Indian agriculture.
The yield of the crops in the country is low in comparison to the international level.
Per hectare output of most of the crops such as rice, wheat, cotton and oilseeds in
India is much lower than that of U.S.A., Russia and Japan. Because of the very high
pressure on the land resources, the labour productivity in Indian agriculture is also
very low in comparison to international level. The vast rainfed areas of the country,
particularly drylands which mostly grow coarse cereals, pulses and oilseeds have very
low yields. The inputs of modern agriculture are very expensive. This resource
intensive approach has become unmanageable for marginal and small farmers as they
have very meagre or no savings to invest in agriculture. To tide over these difficulties,
most of such farmers have resorted to availing credit from various institutions and
money lenders. Crop failures and low returns from agriculture have forced them to
fall in the trap of indebtedness. After independence, land reforms were accorded
priority, but these reforms were not implemented effectively due to lack of strong
political will. Most of the state governments avoided taking politically tough
decisions which went against strong political lobbies of landlords. Lack of
implementation of land reforms has resulted in continuation of iniquitous distribution
of cultivable land which is detrimental to agricultural development. a
i) Which of the following are two major problems of Indian agriculture?
a) Floods and droughts
b) Debt and poverty
c) Low yield and lack of seeds
d) Crop failure and low return
ii) Which of the following crops are grown in the rainfed areas? d
a) Oilseeds
b) Cereal crops
c) Pulses
d) All of the above
iii) Land reforms were not implemented effectively because of which of the following
reasons?
a) Resistance of people b
b) Lack of political will
c) Lack of money for buying inputs
d) International trade
iv) Which of the following regions of India is vulnerable to both floods and droughts?
a) Odisha b
b) Rajasthan
c) Madhya Pradesh
d) Kerala
24
Study the following graphs carefully and answer the questions that follow.
i) Which of these categories has recorded an increase in area from 1950 to 2015?
a) Barren land
b) Culturable wasteland
c) Fallow other than current fallow
d) Net sown area
ii) Which of the following categories constitutes the smallest percentage of land use d
in india?
a) Forests
b) Area under tree crops and groves d
c) Area under non agricultural use
d) Permanent pasture
iii) Which of the following categories of land use has recorded the highest increase in
area?
a) Permanent pasture and grazing land d
b) Net sown area
c) Forest area
d) Area under non- agricultural use
iv) The area under wastelands has declined due to which of the following reasons?
a) Due to increase in forests b
b) Due to expansion of agriculture
c) Due to conversion of land for industries
d) All of the above
25 What is the difference between dry land and wetland farming?
Dry land farming:
1. Dryland farming located in the area of less than 75cm rainfall
2. Drought resistant crops are grown
3. Millets, maize fodder crops
4. Practice rain water harvesting
Wetland farming:
1. Found in areas of high rainfall zones
2. Water intensive crops such as rice, sugarcane, jute are grown
26 Describe the condition of growth, production and major area of cultivation of rice in
India.
RICE is a crop of tropical reasons
Temperature: 20 to 27 degree centigrade.
Rainfall: 75 to 200 cm
Soil: Alluvial Cheap and skilled labour: large no of labour required
Production area: middle plain, coastal plain, Himalaya foot hill, Punjab,
Haryana
27 Describe three main achievements of the green Revolution in India.

● It has led to a substantial increase in production and productivity of food
grains.
● Import of food grains declined from. 10.3 million tons to 2.4 million tons in
1983.
● There was no import of food grains in 2000-01.
● The cropped area, use of HYVs, the yield per hectare use of irrigation and
fertilisers has increased.
28 What do you mean by culturable wasteland, current fallow and fallow other than
current fallow land?
 Culturable Wasteland - It is the land which is left fallow for more than five years.
It can be brought under cultivation after improving it through reclamation
(recovery) practices.
 Current Fallow This is the land which is left without cultivation for one or less
than one agricultural year to recover its lost fertility through natural processes.
 Fallow other than Current Fallow- It is a cultivable land which is left uncultivated
for more than a year but less than five years. If the land is left uncultivated for
more than five years, it would be categorised as a culturable wasteland
29 Describe the trend regarding increase in area under forest, area under non-agricultural
uses and current fallow?
Following observations can be made regarding the trend of increasing land-use:
● The rate of increase is the highest in case of areas under non-agricultural uses.
This is due to the changing structure of the Indian economy. The Indian
economy is increasingly dependent on the contribution from industrial and
services sectors and expansion of related infrastructural facilities. Also, an
expansion of area under both urban and rural settlements has added to the
increase. Thus, the area under non-agricultural uses is increasing at the
expense of wastelands and agricultural land.
● There is an increase in the share under forest due to increase in the demarcated
area under forest.
● The trend of current fallow changes over years, depending on the variability
of rainfall and cropping cycles.
30 Give three reasons for the decline of barren and wasteland, culturable wasteland, area
under pastures and tree crops and fallow lands.
 As per the land use categories of 1950-51 to 2014-15 following reasons are
responsible forthe decline of barren and wastelands, culturable wasteland,
area under pastures and tree crops and fallow lands:
 Due to increase in pressure on land from agricultural and non-agricultural
sectors, wastelands and culturable wastelands have witnessed decline over
time.
● Illegal encroachment due to expansion of cultivation on common pasture
lands is largely responsible for this decline.
● Decline in land under pastures and grazing lands due to pressure from
agriculture land
31 Discuss the significance of land resources in India.
● Land resource is important for the livelihood of the people depending on
agriculture as:
● Agriculture is purely land based activity. Its unavailability may lead to
poverty.
● The role of quality of land is important in agriculture. The more the land is
fertile, the more it gives output/production.
● Ownership of land resources is considered as a social status in rural areas. It
is also seen as security for credit, natural hazards or life contingencies.
● As in rural areas a large number of the population is engaged in agriculture
may increase the employment opportunities to rural poors.
32 Explain the importance of irrigation for agriculture in India.

Irrigation is necessary in India for the following reasons:
(i) To Decrease the Dependency on Monsoon Rainfall
After decades of independence, India is still dependent on monsoon rainfall for
agriculture production. Only 33% of agricultural land is irrigated and the rest is
dependent on rainfall for soil moisture. To decrease the dependence on monsoon
rainfall, irrigation is necessary.
(ii) To Increase Production
Agricultural production and yield under rainfed areas are low. To increase the
agricultural production in India, irrigation is necessary.
(iii) To Introduce Newer Farming Method
Irrigation is important to introduce newer farming methods like use of HYV seeds
which need more irrigation. These newer methods replace old farming practices.
33 State any two characteristics of each of the three distinct cropping seasons of India
The three distinct cropping seasons of India are:
(i) Kharif
❖ The characteristics of kharif season are as follows:
❖ Kharif season starts with the onset of nSouth-West monsoon (June-
September).
❖ The major crops which are cultivated in this season are rice, jute, cotton, jowar,
bajra, tur and other tropical crops.
(ii) Rabi
○ The characteristics of rabi season are as follows:
○ Rabi season in India starts from October-November with onset of winter and
ends in March-April.
○ The crops which are cultivated in this season are wheat, gram, mustard and
other temperate end sub-tropical crops because of the low temperature
condition.
(iii) Zaid
○ The characteristics of zaid season are as follows:
○ Zaid is a short season between rabi and kharif in India (April-June).
○ The crops which are cultivated in this season
○ Are watermelons, cucumbers, vegetables and fodder crops. Crops are cultivated
mainly on irrigated land.
34 Explain any three features of dryland farming in India.

The three features of dryland farming in India are as follows:
(i) It is a type of rainfed farming. Rainfall is the main source of irrigation for
this type of farming which provides moisture to the soil to grow crops.
(ii) Dryland farming is done in the areas of rainfall receiving less than 7S cm
annually - Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
(iii) The major crops which are cultivated in these regions are ragi, bajra,
moong, gram, guar and other drought-resistant crops.
35 Describe any three characteristics of wetland farming in India.

The three characteristics of wetland farming in India are as follows:
(i) It is a type of rainfed farming. Rainfall is the main source of irrigation for
this type of farming which provides moisture to the soil to grow crops.
(ii) Wetland farming is done in the areas having sufficient rainfall to provide
sufficient moisture to soil for growing crops.
(iii) The main crops which are cultivated in these regions are rice, jute,
sugarcane and other water-intensive crops.
36 How is the degradation of cultivable land one of the serious problems in India?
Explain any three points.
The degradation of cultivable land is one of the serious problems in India as:
(i) Intensive use of chemical fertilisers and of cultivable land. It has reduced
the fertility of soil in India. For example Haryana, Punjab etc.
(ii) Unregulated and over irrigation has created problems of alkalisation and
salinisation and waterlogging in irrigated cultivated areas of India. For
example, in Punjab
(iii) The natural fertilisation processes of soil like nitrogen fixation by
cultivation of leguminous crops are not adopted because these crops are
displaced with the commercial crops such as sugarcane. For example, Uttar
Pradesh.
37 “Land degradation caused by human made processes are more harmful than natural
processes in India”.Analyse the statement with three suitable examples.
Human activities are majorly responsible for degradation of land than natural
resources. This degradation has started after the Green Revolution where new
methods and techniques were used intensively, e.g chemical fertilisers, irrigation, etc.
Three examples for this are as follows:
(i) Unregulated and over-irrigation have created problems of alkanisation,
salinisation, and waterlogging in irrigated areas of India.
(ii) It is estimated that about 15 million hectare land has lost its fertility due to
faulty methods of agriculture.
(iii) Besides these, shifting cultivation, deforestation, mining activities, etc are
human processes causing land degradation that have caused harm to the soil
fertility and agriculture in India.
38 “Green revolution was not equally successful in all parts of India” Why?
The Green revolution in India was not very successful in all the parts of India. It
created inequalities along with increasing productivity and production. Following are
the reasons of limited success of green revolution:
● Unavailability of irrigation facilities in all parts of India.
● The Green Revolution did not take proper measures to create awareness
among farmers about how to use chemical fertilisers and new varieties of
seeds during agricultural practices.
● HYVs seeds were not easily available to all people due to faulty distribution
and their high cost.
Small size of land holdings also created obstacles in the path of success of the Green
Revolution
39 Indian farmers gamble with the Monsoon”. Illustrate this statement.
Agriculture of India is based on monsoon and hence, it is said that good output
production is based on good monsoon and therefore, Indian farmers gamble with the
monsoon.
It is due to the following reasons:
● Indian monsoon is highly uncertain. Sometimes we receive early monsoon,
late monsoon or weak monsoonal rainfall.
● The distribution of rainfall is also unequal in the country. Some parts receive
very high rainfall (even flood-like situations) whereas others face drought-like
conditions. This hit the agricultural production in India.
● Not all farmers have proper irrigation facilities. Small farmers are the most
deprived ones.
● Under-developed technological base of agriculture.
40 “Land resources are more crucial to the livelihood of the people depending on
agriculture.” Support this statement with any three suitable arguments.
Most of the Indians are dependent on agriculture directly or indirectly for their
subsistence. Thus, land resources become more important.
Importance of land resource in agriculture can be understood by following points:
● Dependence of the agriculture sector on land resources is high as compared
to secondary or tertiary sectors.
● Agriculture is directly affected by the quality of land but other sectors such
as industry or service sector are not affected by the quality of land.
● Besides agricultural production, ownership of land resources also indicates a
social status in rural areas
41 Differentiate between protective and productive irrigation.

Differences between protective irrigation and productive irrigation are as follows:
Protective irrigation Productive Irrigation
Protect the crops from adverse provide adequate moisture to soil to

effects of soil moisture increase the productivity
Due to fluctuating rainfall, this The water input per unit area of
irrigation system provides an cultivated land is greater in the irrigation
alternative source of water. as compared to protective irrigation
In this system of irrigation the In this irrigation productivity remains

productivity remains low high.
42 Discuss the growth of agricultural output and improvement in technology in India.

Indian agriculture has witnessed a tremendous improvement in agricultural
production and associated technology during the last sixty years. Following are some
observations related to agricultural growth:
● Production and yield of several crops such as rice, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds,
cotton, etc
● India is the leading producer of pulses, tea, jute, milk, etc.
● Irrigation facilities have expanded to a great extent. This has helped to use
modern agricultural technology like HYV seeds, machinery.
● Consumption of chemical fertilisers has increased by 15 times since the
1960s.
● Since the HYVs are highly susceptible to pests and diseases, the use of
pesticides has increased significantly since the 1960s.
43 Explain with examples how ‘modern agricultural technology’ has brought a

significant increase in agricultural output in India.
The modern agricultural technology has brought a significant increase in agricultural
output in India in the following ways:
● Production and yield of several crops such as rice, wheat, sugarcane,
cilereds, cotton etc.
● India is the leading producer of pulses, tea, jute, milk, etc.
● Irrigation facilities have expanded to a great extent. This has helped
to use modern agricultural technology like HYV seeds, machinery.
● Consumption of chemical fertilisers increased from a mere 292
thousand tons in 1960-61 to 18996 thousand tons in 2004-05.
● Since the HYVs are highly susceptible to pests and diseases, the use
of pesticides has increased significantly since the 1960s.
44 What geographical condition is required to grow wheat?

i) Temperature: 10 to 20 degree Celsius and 100 frost free period
ii) Rainfall: need 50 to 100 cm of rainfall
iii) Irrigation: Irrigation is required
iv) Soil: heavy loamy or light clay is the best
v) Production in India: Punjab, Haryana
vi) India is the second largest wheat producing country after the green revolution.
45 Discuss the plantation crops in India. What are conditions required for these crops to
grow?
Plantation crops constitute a large group of crops. The total coverage of plantation
crops is comparatively less and they are mostly confined to small holdings. Among
the major plantation crops, tea, coffee, sugarcane are prominent plantation crops in
India.
Conditions of growth are as follows:
● Sugarcane: It is an important cash crop of India. India is claimed to be the
homeland of sugarcane.
Conditions Required to Grow:
➔ Sugarcane is a long-duration crop, maturing in 10-12 months.
➔ It requires a hot and humid climate with temperature ranging from 20°C to
30°C and rainfall ranging from 100 to 150 cm.
➔ Dry weather is necessary at the harvesting season.
➔ Frost is injurious to sugarcane; frequent irrigation is required in low rainfall
areas.
● Tea
It is the most important beverage crop in India and contains caffeine and
tannin. In India, tea plantation was introduced in the 1840s in Brahmaputra
valley of Assam which is still the largest producer of tea in the country.
➔ Conditions Required to Grow:
➔ Tea requires about 25°C to 30°C temperature and a well distributed rainfall
of 200 to 250 cm.
➔ It grows well in loamy soil rich in organic matter.
● Coffee
It is the second most prominent beverage crop of India after tea. There are
three varieties of coffee i.e. arabica, robusta and liberica. In India, it is grown
in the region of Karnataka.
➔ Conditions Required to Grow
➔ It requires a hot and humid climate with 15° to 30°C temperature and
rainfall 150-200 an.
➔ It grows in frost free sloped areas with heights 800-1600 m above sea level.
46 Explain the importance of foodgrains in the Indian agricultural economy. Describe

any three characteristics of rice cultivation
Food Grains acquired a special position in the agriculture economy of India. Within
agriculture, foodgrains production is by far the major activity, covering about two-
third of the total cropped area in the country.
It dominates both subsistence and commercial farming all over India. Foodgrains
provide almost all the calories and proteins consumed by the poor and provide the
rural poor with the bulk of their employment and income. Rice, wheat, bajra, maize,
pulses (gram, tur), etc are the examples of foodgrains.
Characteristics of rice cultivation are as follows:
● For most of the Indians, rice is a staple food.
● About 3000 varieties of rice are grown in various agro-climatic regions of
India. India ranked 2nd with the production of 21.2% of rice in the world.
● Because of suitable climatic conditions, rice can be cultivated twice and even
thrice in an agricultural year in Southern India and West Bengal.
● It is cultivated in all parts of India from sea level to about 2000m altitude
and from humid areas in the Eastern India to dry but irrigated areas of
Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Northern Rajasthan.
47 Explain the term cropping intensity.

Cropping intensity refers to producing more number of crops from the same field
during one agriculture Year. In this process, cropping area is counted twice or thrice
depending upon the number of crops Produced in the year..
48 “Land-use in a region to a large extent is influenced by the nature of economic

activities carried out in that region. Support the statement by giving three examples
from India
Increasing population pressure on land is one of the major reasons which is
responsible for the decline in land under pasture and grazing areas. There are three
types of economic changes that affected the land-use in India which are as follows:
(i) As population increases, the size of economic resources and force people to
utilise every piece of land. Thus, marginal lands and barren wastelands would be
used to support the population.
(ii) When composition of an changes, it also lends for different purposes, eg. When
agricultural area decreases, the arca under other categories like area under non-
agricultural use increases.
(iii) With the compositional change in economy and change in land-use, area under
agriculture declines, but it does not reduce the population pressure on agricultural
land.
(iv) As land is fixed in its size of area and due to intensive cultivation, the soil
fertility is declined. Thus, it is very difficult to produce more from the same piece of
land. So, more land is needed for agricultural practices and higher production for the
growing population. Thus, pasture land is decreasing in India
49 How the small size of landholdings and degradation of cultivable land are the two
major problems of Indian agriculture? Explain both these problems with examples.
Problems of small size of landholdings in India are as follows:
● Most of the Indian farmers are small and marginal. About 60% land holdings
are smaller than one hectare and about 40% land holdings are smaller than
0.5 hectare.
● The average size of a farm in India is much smaller than developed
countries. This average size of farm is becoming smaller every year because
of
● Due to small landholdings, small farmers are able to only grow food for their
self consumption.
● Seneli and fragmented lends are less productive and uneconomical.
Problems of degradation of cultivable land-
● Human activities are majorly responsible for degradation of land than natural
resources. This degradation has started after the Green Revolution where new
methods and techniques were used intensively, e.g chemical fertilisers,
irrigation, etc.
● Three examples for this are as follows:
● Unregulated and over-irrigation have created problems of alkanisation,
salinisation, and waterlogging in irrigated areas of India.
● It is estimated that about 15 million hectare land has lost its fertility due to
faulty methods of agriculture.
● Besides these, shifting cultivation, deforestation, mining activities, etc are
human processes causing land degradation that have caused harm to the soil
fertility and agriculture in India.
50 Erratic monsoon’ and ‘indebtedness’ are the major problems of Indian agriculture.
Suggest and explain the measures to overcome these problems.
Erratic Monsoon
Monsoon nature is very erratic in India. It és true that means of irrigation were
developed after independence, but the cultivated area under irrigation is only 33%.
So, there should be more stress on developing various means of irrigation especially
in non irrigated areas of India.
Some of the measures are:
+ Water disputes between states should be ended in order to provide
equitable water resources to each
Cultivable land in India.
+ There should be stress on rainwater harvesting techniques to improve and
recharge groundwater tables so that farmers can easily harvest their land
with the use of these sources.
+ Drought resistant crops should be used more in the areas where shortage of
water occurs.
Indebtedness
+ Indebtedness is the state of being in debt, or owing money to someone
else. When a person is in debt, it means that he has borrowed money or
received goods or services with a promise to pay the sum back.
To overcome the problem of indebtedness following measures could be
taken:
+ Encouraging co-operative credits in rural areas so that farmers could get
loans at cheaper rates. Private lending should be eliminated.
+ Agriculture should be conducted on a scientific basis so that the income of
the farmers would increase and they could meet their expenses without
borrowing money.
+ Encourage minimum support price policy for all farmers. Rural banks and
co-operative banks
rates.
51 “Low productivity and fragmentation of land holdings are the major problems of
Indian agriculture”. Suggest and explain measures to overcome these problems
Measures to overcome the problems of low productivity are as follows:
+ to make aware al] the farmers about new technologies like use of improved
implements, seeds, chemicals, manures, etc.
+ Double cropping, better rotation of crops, fighting plant diseases and pests, etc
should be given due emphasis. Different sources of irrigation should be provided
to all farmers.
+ Timely soil testing should be done in rural areas by establishing soil testing
labs.
+ Institutional credit or loan facilities should be provided to all farmers at low
interest rates, e.g. Kisan credit card scheme.
Measures to overcome the problems of fragmentation of land holdings are as

follows:
+ Big areas of land which are laying waste can be reclaimed and made fit for
cultivation.
+ Co-operative farming can be helpful to check the subdivision and fragmentation
of holding. This
farming would result in the adoption of modern technology on big farms. In this
way, agriculture will become profitable occupation.
+ New agricultural policy should be framed to improve this situation.
+ The stress of the population on land should be reduced.
52 Fragmentation of land holdings’ and ‘degradation of cultivable land’ are the serious
problems of Indian agriculture”. Suggest and explain measures to overcome these
problems.
Following are some measures for controlling land degradation:
+ Strip farming should be encouraged in which cultivated crops are sown in
alternative strips to prevent water movement.
+ Crop rotation should be in practice.
+ In the hilly regions, contour farming should be done. As it is useful in collecting
and diverting the runoff water to avoid erosion.
+To minimise waterlogging and salinisation, modern techniques of irrigation in
the fields should be adopted.
53 Lack of land reforms’ and ‘degradation of cultivable land’ are the major problems of
Indian agriculture”. Substantiate the statement
‘Lack of land reforms’ and ‘degradation of cultivable land’ are the major problems
of Indian agriculture.
Lack of Land Reforms (Problems of small size of land holdings) in India.

+Most of the Indian farmers are small and marginal. About 60% land holdings
are smaller than one hectare and about 40% land holdings are smaller than
0.5 hectare.
+ The average size of a farm in India is much smaller than developed countries.
+ This average size of farm is becoming analier every year because of increasing
population pressure.
+ Most of these farmers are only able to grow food and consume it within their
families. Small and uneconomical.
Degradation of Cultivable Land

The degradation of cultivable land is one of the serious problems in India as :
+ Intensive use of chemical fertilisers and irrigation have resulted in the
degradation of cultivable land. It has reduced the fertility of soil in India.
+ Unregulated and over irrigation has created problems of alkalisation and
salinisation and waterlogging in irrigated cultivated areas of India.
+ The natural fertilisation processes of soil like nitrogen fixation by cultivation
of leguminous crops are not adopted because these crops are displaced with
the commercial crops such as sugarcane.
54 Classify Indian farming into two groups on the basis of the main source of moisture
for crops. Write two features of each.
In India, farming is classified into following two groups on the basis of moisture
available for crops:
Irrigated Farming
The main source of moisture for this farming is irrigation by various methods ie.
Wells, tube wells, etc. It has two types i.e. Protective and productive irrigation:
(i) In protective farming/irrigation.
The objective is to protect the crops from adverse effects of soil moisture deficiency
which often means that irrigation acts as a supplementary source of water over and
above the rainfall.
(ii) Productive irrigation is meant to provide sufficient soil moisture in the cropping
season to achieve high productivity. In such irrigation, the water input per unit area
of cultivated land is higher than protective irrigation.
Rainfed Farming (Barani) - The main source of the moisture for this farming is
rainfall. Two types are
(i) Dry land farming is confined to the region having annual rainfall less than 75 cm.
In this region, drought-resistant crops are grown such as ragi, bajra, moong, gram
and guar (fodder crops). Measures of soil moisture conservation and rainwater
harvesting are also done in this region.
(ii) In wetland farming, farming is done in areas which receive more than 75 cm of
rainfall. Water intensive crops are grown in this farming such as rice, jute and
sugarcane
55 Discuss the problems of Indian agriculture?

1. Uneven and unreliable rainfall
2. Low productivity
3. Poverty of the farmers
4. Lack of land reforms0.
5. Fragmentation of land holdings
6. Lack of commercialization
7. Vast under employment
8. Degradation of cultivable land
9. Illiteracy among farmers
6. WATER RESOURCES
GIST OF THE LESSON
WATER RESOURCE IN INDIA

 India accounts 2.45% of world surface area
 4% of world water resource
 16% of population
 Total water available from precipitations 4000 cubic km.
 Surface water and replenish able water is 1869 cubic km
 60% only useful is about 1122 cu.km
SURFACE WATER RESOURCES

 There are four major sources of surface water
 River, lake, ponds, tanks
 10,360 rivers are present with more than 1.6 km length each
 Mean annual rainfall is about 1869 cubic km
 60% only usable it is equal to 1122cubic.km
SURFACE WATER RESOURCES
 Four major sources of surface water
 River, lakes, ponds, tanks
 There are 10,360 river with the length of more 1.6 km
 There is about 1869 cu, km of water is available
 Only 690 cu ,km usable
GROUND WATER RESOURCES
 Total replenishable ground water is 432 cu.km
 46% available from Ganga and Brahmaputra river basins
 Level of utilization of ground water is high in NW and south India
 Low in CHHATTISGARH, ORISSA, KERALA
 moderate in GUJARAT ,UTTARPRADESH ,BIHAR ,TRIPURA, MAHARASHTRA
Water utilization
Surface water
 Agriculture= 89% domestic=9% industrial 2%
Ground water resources
 Agriculture=92% industrial= 5 domestic=3%
DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION

 Uneven distribution of rainfall
 Seasonal rain fall
 High temperature causes more evaporation
 To grow water intensive crops
 To increase production
 To crops in dry season
 To introduce green revolution
DETERIORATION OF WATER QUALITY
 Per-capita availability of water is dwindling day by day
 Increasing population
 Increase the standard of living
 Ground water pollution
 Urban waste and industrial waste is left in to the rivers
 Cultural activities produce more wastage in to the rivers
 Ganga and Yamuna are most polluted rivers in India
WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
 Adopt laws and acts to conserve water
 Use water saving methods and technology
 prevent water pollution
 Watershed development
 Rainwater harvesting
 Water recycling and reuse
Prevention of water pollution
 The central pollution control board along with state pollution control boards should monitor
the pollution
 Frequent supervision is essential
 The other rivers such as Sabarmati, Gomati, Kai, Addayar, Vaigai , also to monitor for
pollution
 Monitoring the industries located along the river banks
RECYCLE AND REUSE OF WATER
 Low quality of water can be used for industries
 Water from domestic centers to be used for garden
 Water used for cleaning vehicles also used for gardening
WATER SHED MANAGEMENT
 Efficient management of surface and ground water and conservation is called water shed
development.
 Prevention of runoff, storage and recharge of groundwater through percolation tanks,
recharge sells.
 Bring balance between natural availability and utility
 It depends on community participation
 HARYALI is the water shed development started by Central Govt.
 NERU-MEERU by AP govt. ARVARY PANI SANSAD by Government of Rajasthan.
 Construction of check dams, plantation,
 Making compulsory to the public to make rainwater harvesting before constructing building
done in TN
RAINWATER HARVESTING
 It is the method of capturing and storing rainwater, for various uses.
 Refilled the ground water wells
 It improves water quality
 Reduces the water pollution
 Dilution of salts takes place in the water
 Rainwater harvesting is practiced in different areas by different tribes
 Harvesting through service wells, recharge wells kund or tanka
 It increases ground water level
NATIONAL WATER POLICY
 Multipurpose projects should include drinking water
 Provide drinking water to all animals and man is first priority
 Regulation of exploitation of ground water
 Both ground and surface water quality should be regularly
 Increase the efficacy use of water
 6. Awareness of importance of water to be imparted to the common people
 7. Conservation of water to be realized by the all people
CASE STUDY RALEGAN SIDDHI
 It is an example for watershed development
 A retired army personnel realized the importance of water shed and convinced the public
 Voluntary participation took place and developed the water shed
 The status of village is changed
 Dependency started declining
 Tarun mandal was formed to control pollution
 Controlled grazing started
 Dry crops were started growing
 Community leaders took the control of the village
 People developed each other
 It is the model village in India
Question and Answers
1. Which chemical has concentrated in water in Bihar?
(A) Salt
(B) Salinity
(C) Fluoride
(D) Arsenic
Ans D
2. Which out of the following has the highest use of groundwater?
(A) Punjab
(B) Chhattisgarh
(C) Bihar
(D) Kerala
Ans A
3. Haryali program is related to development of:
(A) Forest Cover

(B) Watershed Development
(C) Soil Conservation
(D) Food Grain Production
Ans B
4. Environment Protection Act was implemented in:
(A) 1974
(B) 1986
(C) 1988
(D) 1997
Ans B
5. Which group of states is highly affected by concentration of fluoride in ground water resources:
(A) Uttar Pradesh

(B) Bihar-West Bengal
(C) Rajasthan-Maharashtra
(D) Punjab-Haryana
Ans C
6. Which one of the following rivers has the highest replenishable groundwater resource in the
country?
(A) The Indus

(B) The Brahmaputra
(C) The Ganga
(D) The Godavari
Ans C
7. Neeru-Meeru program belongs to which state?

(A) Gujarat
(B) Rajasthan
(C) Punjab
(D) Andhra Pradesh
Ans D
8. What stands for the CPCB?
(A) The Commandant Pollution Control Board

(B) The Central Pollution Control Board
(C) The Central Polythene Control Board
(D) None of these
Ans B
9. In which year, Government of India has launched ‘Jal Kranti Abhiyan’ ?
(A) 2011-12
(B) 2013-14
(C) 2015-16
(D) 2017-18
Ans C
10. Which of the following statement about water resources is NOT true?
(A) Water is a cyclic resource.

(B) Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with fresh water
(C) Approximately 97% of the total water on the earth is saline water.
(D) India accounts about 4% of the world's water resources.
Ans B
11. Which part of the Yamuna river is most polluted in India?
(A) Between Mathura and Etawa.

(B) Between Delhi and Mathura.
(C) Between Delhi and Etawa.
(D) Between Agra and Mathura.
Ans C
12. Which of the following is not correctly matched?

(A) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act- 1974
(B) Environment Protection Act . 1988
(C) The Water Cess Act- 1977
(D) None of the above
Ans B
13. Which one is not a key feature of India’s National Water Policy, 2002?
(A) Providing drinking water to all human beings and animals should be the first priority.
(B) Measures should be taken to limit and regulate the exploitation of groundwater.
(C) The efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be improved.
(D) Awareness of water as a scarce resource should not be fostered
Ans D
14. Water scarcity is possibility to pose the greatest challenge on account of.
(A) Increasing population.
(B) Excess use of water.
(C) Water pollution.
(D) All of the above
Ans D
15. Assertion (A): The states like Kerala, Orissa and West Bengal have vast surface water resources
in lagoons and lakes.
Reason(R): It is used for fishing and irrigating certain varieties of paddy crops, coconut etc,,
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false but R is true
Ans B
16. Which of the following states made compulsory to install rainwater harvesting system while
constructing houses or buildings?
(A) Tamil Nadu
(B) Karnataka
(C) Kerala
(D) Andhra Pradesh
Ans A
17. What factors are responsible for the highest groundwater development in the states of
Punjab, Haryana, and Tamil Nadu?
Groundwater development in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Tamil Nadu has been intense due to
irrigated agriculture because:
• The development of irrigation to increase agricultural production and these were the target
regions for green revolution.
• Spatio-temporal variability in rainfall makes irrigation a necessary alternative for
agriculture in the country.
• Provision of irrigation makes multiple cropping possible.
18. What is watershed management? Do you think it can play an important role in sustainable
development?
Watershed management basically refers to efficient management and conservation of surface and
groundwater resources with community participation. It involves prevention of runoff and storage
and recharge of groundwater through various methods like percolation tanks, recharge wells, etc.
Watershed management aims at bringing about balance between natural resources on the one hand
and society on the other. The success of watershed development largely depends upon community
participation. The Project is being executed by Gram Panchayats with people’s participation:
• Haryali is a watershed development project sponsored by the Central Government which aims at
enabling the rural population to conserve water for drinking, irrigation, fisheries and afforestation.
The Central and State Governments have initiated many watershed development and management
programmes in the country:
• Neeru-Meeru (Water and You) programme (in Andhra Pradesh) and Arvary Pani Sansad (in Alwar,
Rajasthan) have taken up constructions of various water-harvesting structures such as percolation
tanks, dug out ponds (Johad), check dams, etc., through people’s participation.
19. Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follows.
i) Give an appropriate title to the given diagram.

Ans. Rain water harvesting through Roof top collection
ii) How is rainwater harvested through this technique?

Ans. Rainwater harvesting from roof tops use artificially created catchment, which are drained into a
service well which recharges ground water.
20. Write down major objectives of rainwater harvesting and mention some low cost rainwater
harvesting techniques.
Ans. Objectives
 Meet ever increasing demand
 Reduce run off which chokes drains.
 Avoid flooding of roads
 Augment of groundwater storage and raise the water table.
 Reduce groundwater pollution
 Improve quality of groundwater
 Reduce soil erosion
 Supplement domestic water requirement during summer and drought.
Low cost rainwater harvesting techniques
 Roof water harvesting

 Refilling of dug-wells
 Recharge of hand pumps
 Construction of percolation pits and trenches.
7. MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES
GIST OF THE LESSON
 Mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and
physical properties
CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS
 Minerals are unevenly distributed over space.
 There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals.
 All minerals are exhaustible over time.
DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS IN INDIA
3 belt of minerals
1. The North Eastern Plateau Region
2. The South Western Plateau Region
3. The North Western Region
 Himalayan belt=copper, lead, zinc, cobalt, tungsten
 Assam valley and off shore of Mumbai- mineral oil
FERROUS MINERAL
Iron ore
 India has largest reserve of iron ore in Asia
 2 types of iron ore
1. Hematite
2. Magnetite
MANGANESE
 Uses
o Smelting of iron ore
o Manufacture of Ferro alloys
 Leading producer-Odisha
 Odisha- Bonai. Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Koraput
 Karnataka-Bellary, Chikmangalur, Tumakuru
 Maharashtra-Ratnagiri, Nagpur [located far from steel plants]
 Madhya Pradesh-Balaghat, Jhabua
NON FERROUS MINERALS
Bauxite
 Used in the manufacturing of aluminium
 Largest producer-Odisha
 Odisha- Kalahandi, Sambalpur, Koraput
 Jharkhand- Lohardaga
 Gujarat- Bhavnagar, Jamnagar
 Chhattisgarh- Amarkantak Plateau
 Madhya Pradesh- Katni, Jabalpur, Balaghat
 Maharashtra- Ratnagiri, Pune
COPPER
 Uses
o Electrical industry making wire
o Electric motors, transformers, generators
o Jewellery[mixed with gold]
 Jharkhand- Singhbhum
 Madhya Pradesh- Balaghat
 Rajasthan- Jhunjhunu, Alwar
NON METALLIC MINERALS
Mica
Use
 Electrical and electronic industries
 Jharkhand- Hazaribagh Plateau
 Andhra Pradesh- Nellore
 Rajasthan- Jaipur to Bhilwara, Udaipur
 Karnataka- Hasan, Mysore
 Tamilnadu- Coimbatore, Kanyakumari
 Kerala- Alleppey
 Maharashtra- Ratnagiri
 West Bengal- Purulia, Bankura
ENERGY-RESOURCES
COAL
 Use
o Generation of thermal power
o Smelting of iron ore
 80%coal deposits in India bituminous type
 Occur in rock sequences of two geological ages
1. Gondwana[200 million years old]
2. Tertiary[15-60 million years old]
GONDWANA COAL
 Located in Damodar valley
 Lie in Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt
 Imp coal fields-Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro
 Jharia is the largest coal field
 Other river valleys associated with coal- Godavari, Mahanadi, Sone
COAL MINING CENTRES
 Madhya Pradesh- Singrauli
 Chhattisgarh- Korba
 Orissa- Talcher, Rampur
 Maharashtra- Chanda-Wardha, Kamptee, Bander
 Andhra Pradesh-Singareni, Pandur
TERTIARY COAL
 Assam, Arunachal Pradesh Meghalaya Nagaland
 Meghalaya- Cherrapunji
 Assam- Makum, Nazira
 Arunachal Pradesh- Namchik-Namphuk
 Jammu and Kashmir-Kalakot
Brown coal/lignite
 Tamilnadu, Pondicherry, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir
PETROLEUM
 Source of energy for all internal combustion engines
 Many by products- fertilizers, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines, Vaseline,
lubricants, wax, soap, cosmetics
 Oil exploration and production-Oil and Natural Gas Commission [1956]
 Assam- Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran
 Gujarat-Ankaleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana
 Mumbai high
Two type of refineries
1. Field based-Digboi
2. Market based –Barauni
NATURAL GAS
 Gas authority of India limited-1984-To transport and market natural gas
Located
 Tamilnadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra
NUCLEAR ENERGY RESOURCES
 Mineral used for generation of nuclear energy
1. Uranium
2. thorium
Uranium-
 Singhbhum- Jharkhand
 Udaipur. Alwar- Rajasthan
 Durg- Chhattisgarh
 Kullu- Himachal Pradesh
Thorium- from monazite and ilmenite
Rich monazite deposit-
 Kerala- Palakkad, Kollam
 Andhra Pradesh- Vishakhapatnam
 Odisha- Mahanadi delta
1948-Atomic Energy commission set up
1954-Atomic Energy Institute-Trombay
1967-renamed Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Nuclear power projects
 Maharashtra- Tarapur
 Rajasthan- Kota [Rawatbhata]
 Tamilnadu- Kalpakkam
 Uttar Pradesh- Narora
 Karnataka- Kaiga
 Gujarat- Kakrapara
NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Advantages
 Inexhaustible
 Eco friendly
 Cheap
 Low running cost
Disadvantage
 Initial cost high
SOLAR ENERGY
2 process to tap solar energy
1. Photovoltaic
2. Solar thermal technology
Advantages
 Cost competitive
 Environment friendly
 Easy to construct
Uses
 Heaters
 Crop dyers
 Cookers
High potential-Western India - Rajasthan and Gujarat
WIND ENERGY
 Pollution free
 Inexhaustible
 The kinetic energy of wind, through turbines is converted into electrical energy
 The permanent wind systems such the trade winds, westerlies and seasonal wind like
monsoon have been used as source of energy.
 local winds-land and sea breezes can also be used to produce electricity
 Wind power plant at Lamba in Kutch Gujarat is the largest in Asia
 Potential areas- Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka
TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY
 Energy from tidal waves and ocean currents
 High potential-west coast of India
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 Hot springs
 Geysers
 Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
BIO ENERGY
 From biological products-agricultural residues, municipal industrial and other wastes
 Bioenergy is a potential source of energy conversion. It can be converted into electrical
energy, heat energy or gas for cooking
 It will also process the waste and garbage and produce energy
Advantages
 Improves economic life of rural areas in developing countries
 Reduces environmental pollution
 Enhances self reliance
 Reduce pressure on fuel wood
 Eg Okhla in Delhi
CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
 Use of scrap metals[recycle of metal- copper, lead, zinc]
 Use of substitutes for scarce metals
 Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced so that the existing reserve may be
used for a longer period..
 The alternative energy sources like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy should be
developed to replace the exhaustible resources
1. Which of the following is not an example of ferrous minerals?
a. Iron ore
b. Manganese
c. Cobalt
d. Bauxite
2. Which of the following regions is not associated with the availability of petroleum?
a. Assam
b. Gujarat
c. Mumbai High
d. Madhya Pradesh
3. Neyveli coal reserves are found in which of the following region?
a. North-east plateau region
b. South-west plateau region
c. North-western region
d. North-eastern states
4. Which of the following minerals are provided as raw materials for the cement industry?
a. Gypsum and lead
b. Cobalt and limestone
c. Dolomite and limestone
d. Zinc and bronze
5. Which of the following mines are not associated with Odisha ?
a. Badampahar
b. Rajahra
c. Sulaipet
d. Gurumahisani
6. Which of the following is the oldest oil producing region of India?
a. Ankaleshwar
b. Digboi
c. Mumbai High
d. Naharkatiya
ANSWER
1. Bauxite
2. Madhya Pradesh
3. South-west plateau region
4. Dolomite and limestone
5. Rajahra
6. Digboi
1. What is a mineral?
A mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical
and physical properties.
2. Why is India endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources?
India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources due to its varied geological
structure.
3. Which are the two types of iron ore found in India?
Haematite, Magnetite
4. Why Indian iron ore has great demand in international market?
It has great demand in international market due to its superior quality.
5. State any two uses of manganese
Manganese is an important raw material for smelting of iron ore and also used for
manufacturing ferro alloys.
6. Which state leads in manganese production?
Odisha is the leading producer of Manganese
7. Name any two ferrous minerals other than iron ore
Manganese, Chromite
8. What is the utility of Bauxite as a mineral ?[CBSE]
Bauxite is the ore which is used in manufacturing of aluminum..
9. Which metal is obtained from bauxite?
Aluminium
10. Which metal is indispensable in electrical industry?
copper
11. Name any two non ferrous minerals.
Aluminium, copper
12. Name the place of Maharashtra where an atomic power station is located.
Tarapur in Maharashtra
13. Name any two fossil fuels
Coal, petroleum, natural gas
14. Name the organization that markets and transports natural gas
The Gas Authority of India Limited
15. Name the two types of geological formation containing coal deposits in the country
Coal occurs in rock sequences mainly of two geological ages, namely Gondwana and
tertiary deposits.
16. Distinguish between thermal electricity and hydro electricity
Electricity generated from coal is called thermal electricity and that generated from
falling water is hydro electricity.
17. Write the name of four river valleys known for the occurrence of Gondwana coal
The most important Gondwana coal fields of India are located in Damodar Valley.
The other river valleys associated with coal are Godavari, Mahanadi and Sone.
18. What is Mumbai high known for?
Off shore oil field.
19. Name the place where first oil refinery of India was set up?
Digboi
20. Where was the first atomic power station set in India?
Tarapur in Maharashtra
21. Name four conventional sources of energy
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy
22. Which are the two types of refineries in India? Give an example of each
There are two types of refineries in India: (a) field-based and (b) market-based.
Digboi is an example of field-based and Barauni is an example of market-based refinery
23. Why is petroleum referred to as liquid gold?
Petroleum is referred to as liquid gold because of its scarcity and diversified uses.
1. Describe any three characteristics of minerals
 Minerals are unevenly distributed over space.
 There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals i.e. good quality minerals
are less in quantity as compared to low quality minerals. T
 All minerals are exhaustible over time
2. State any one characteristic each of metallic and non-metallic minerals
Characteristics of Metallic Minerals :- Ductile, malleable, Good conductor of heat and
electricity, sonorous etc. Characteristics of Non Metallic Minerals:- These minerals don’t
have all the above mentioned characteristics/ These are either organic such as fossil fuels or
inorganic such as Mica, limestone etc.
3. State any one characteristic each of ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
Ferrous Minerals :- Ferrous Minerals are those minerals which have some contents of iron
ore like iron and manganese etc. Non Ferrous Minerals:- Non - ferrous minerals are those
minerals which have no trace of iron like copper, bauxite etc.
4. Classify minerals on the basis of chemical and physical properties.
Classification of minerals - i. Metallic ii. Non – metallic
5. Give two advantages of copper. Mention four main copper mining areas of India.
Copper is alloyable, malleable and ductile. It is also mixed with gold to provide strength to
jewellery
The Copper deposits mainly occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat district in
Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan
6. How are canaries helpful in the detection of CO in the underground coal mines?
Canaries are used to detect the presence of deadly carbon monoxide in underground mines
When canaries are lowered into mines with CO presence, the birds show distress symptoms
such as ruffling of feathers, pronounced chirping and loss of life. These reactions occur even
if 0.15 per cent of CO is present in the air. If the content is 0.3 per cent the bird shows
immediate distress and falls off its perch in two to three minutes
7. ‘‘Conservation of mineral resources is essential for the development of India.’’ Examine the
statement.
Need of conservation of Mineral resources: i. These are unevenly distributed over space ii.
There is inverse relationship in quantity and quality of minerals. iii. All minerals are
exhaustible over time. iv. These take long to develop geologically v. They cannot be
replenished immediately at the time of need
8. Why should mineral resources be conserved ? Explain any three ways to conserve mineral
resources in India. [CBSE]
 The alternative energy sources like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy are
inexhaustible resource. These should be developed to replace the exhaustible
resources.
 In case of metallic minerals, use of scrap metals will enable recycling of metals. Use
of scrap is especially significant in metals like copper, lead and zinc in which India’s
reserves are meagre.
 Use of substitutes for scarce metals may also reduce their consumption.
 Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced, so that the existing reserve
may be used for a longer period.

1. Classify minerals into two groups on the basis of chemical and physical properties and give
one example of mineral of each group.
 On the basis of chemical and physical properties, minerals may be grouped under two
main categories of metallic and non-metallic.
 Metallic minerals are the sources of metals. Iron ore, copper, gold
 Metallic minerals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic minerals.
 All those minerals which have iron content are ferrous such as iron ore itself and those
which do not have iron content are non-ferrous such as copper, bauxite, etc.
 Non-metallic minerals are either organic in origin such as fossil fuels also known as
mineral fuels which are derived from the buried animal and plant life such as coal and
petroleum.
 Other type of non-metallic minerals are inorganic in origin such as mica, limestone and
graphite, etc.
2. Mention the three major mineral belts in India. Write the main feature of each[2011]
Minerals are generally concentrated in three broad belts in India
1. The North-Eastern Plateau Region
2. The South-Western Plateau Region
3. The North-Western Region
The North-Eastern Plateau Region
 This belt covers Chhotanagpur (Jharkhand), Odisha Plateau, West Bengal and
parts of Chhattisgarh.
 It has variety of minerals viz. iron ore coal, manganese, bauxite, mica.
The South-Western Plateau Region
 This belt extends over Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and
Kerala.
 This belt is rich in ferrous metals and bauxite. It also contains high grade iron ore,
manganese and limestone.
 This belt lacks in coal deposits except Neyveli lignite.
 This belt does not have as diversified mineral deposits as the north-eastern belt.
 Kerala has deposits of monazite and thorium, bauxite clay.
 Goa has iron ore deposits.
The North-Western Region
 This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat and minerals are
associated with Dharwar system of rocks.
 Copper, zinc have been major minerals.
 Rajasthan is rich in building stones i.e. sandstone, granite, marble. Gypsum and
Fuller’s earth deposits are also extensive.
 Dolomite and limestone provide raw materials for cement industry.
 Gujarat is known for its petroleum deposits.
3. “The promotion of the use of non-conventional sources of energy in India is the need of the
hour.” Support the statement
Use of Non- Conventional Sources of Energy (i) Non –conventional resources of energy are
highly valuable. (ii) They are able to produce sustainable energy. (iii) They are easily
available in different parts. (iv) They are very abundant in nature. (v) They will provide
sustainable, eco-friendly and cheap energy.
4. Name five sources of non conventional energy in India and also state one potential area of
each source of non conventional energy.
Solar energy – Gujarat and Rajasthan
Wind energy - Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka
Tidal energy- west coast of India
Geothermal energy- Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
Bio energy- Okhla in Delhi
CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

Nuclear energy has emerged as a viable source in recent times. Important minerals used for the
generation of nuclear energy are uranium and thorium. Uranium deposits occur in the Dharwar
rocks. Geographically, uranium ores are known to occur in several locations along the Singbhum
Copper belt. It is also found in Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan, Durg district of
Chhattisgarh, Bhandara district of Maharashtra and Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Thorium is
mainly obtained from monazite and ilmenite in the beach sands along the coast of Kerala and Tamil
Nadu. World’s richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districts of Kerala, near
Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Odisha. Atomic Energy Commission
was established in 1948, progress could be made only after the establishment of the Atomic Energy
Institute at Trombay in 1954 which was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1967.
The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near Kota
(Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and Kakarapara
(Gujarat)
1. Name the six nuclear power plants of India
The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near Kota
(Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and
Kakarapara (Gujarat)
2. Name the two minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy
Important minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy are uranium and thorium
DIAGRAM/MAP BASED QUESTIONS
1. Name the state which has the maximum oil refineries

Assam
2. Name two states with two refineries each
Andhra Pradesh- Vishakhapatnam, Tatipaka
Tamil Nadu- Chennai, Nagapattinam
3. Name the oil refinery under construction
Paradwip
9. PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Planning is the process of thinking formulation of a scheme of program and implementation of a

set of action to achieve some goal.
THERE ARE TWO APPROACHES

 Sectorial planning
 Regional planning
 India started five year plans and annual plans
TARGET AREA PLANNING

 This plan take care of economical back ward areas, based on resources
 Govt. introduced the following programmes under
TARGET AREA PROGRAMMES
 Command Area Development Programme

 Drought Prone Area Development Programme
 Desert Development Programme
 Hill Area Development Programme
TARGET GROUP PROGRAMMES
Target groups has the following programmes such as:
 The Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA)

 Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA)
HILL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

 Started during 5th plan
 covered 15 district of Uttarakhand,. West Bengal, Assam & Tamil Nadu
 National committee on the development of backward area in 1981 recommended this
programme
 Selected the area above 600 mts.
 Covered tribal regions
 Objectives are: horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry, poultry forestry small scale and
village industries
DROUGHT PRONE AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
 Started during 4th plan

 Objectives: employment, creating productive assets, starting labor intensive works, irrigation
projects, land development. Programme. Afforestation, grassland dev. Electricity, road,
market, credit facility.
 Integrated water shed dev. Pro
 restoration of ecological balance between water, soil, plants and animals
 Covered 67 districts
CASE STUDY TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

 Bhaurmur Tribal region located in chambray district. of HP
 Inhabited by Gaddi tribes 3. They practice transhumance
 Total area is 1818 sq.km 1500 to 3700 mts altitude
 Ravi and its tributaries drain this region
 There are 4 physiographic regions1. Holi 2. Khani 3. Kugti 4. Tundah
 Harsh climate, low resource base, fragile environment
 20/sq km density
 Most economically backward
 Socio economic deprivation
 Objectives: transport and communication Agriculture. Allied activities. Socio economic.
Services, education, health, potable water, electricity
EFFECTS OF ITDP
 Increase literacy rate
 Improvement in sex ratio
 Higher female literacy
 Reduced gender inequality
 shift to cash crops
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
A Development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs. It takes care of ecological, social economic, aspects of present and pleads for
conservation of resource for future
CASE STUDY
INDIRAGANDHI CANAL COMMAND AREA – RAJASTHAN CANAL
 One of the largest canal system in India

 Started in 1948 launched on 31/3/1958
 started from Harike barrage in Punjab run parallel to the Pakistan border
 The total length is 9060 km 19.63 lakh hectare irrigation 70% flow 30% lift system
 Started in two stages
 cover Ganganagar, Hanuman Garh, Bikanir, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur,
Churu Districts
 Left side lift system and right side flow system
 Stage one -1960 and stage ii 1980
 Objectives achieved : irrigation, pasture development, afforestation reduce wind erosion,
reduce siltation. Development of per-capita income , increase in food production, increase
cultivated area, change in cropping system
 problems: siltation, water logging
STEPS TAKE TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS
 Strict implementation of water management policy

 Protective irrigation
 Extensive irrigation of crops and pasturelands
 No water intensive crops
 lining of water courses
 Leveling of wara bandhi
 Reclamation of water logging areas 8. Afforestation, shelterbelts,
 Adequate financial support
Question and Answers
1. Q1. When did NITI Aayog replace the Planning Commission?
(A) 18 March 2001

(B) 1 January 2015
(C) 28 June 2011
(D) 9May 2016
Ans B
Q2. In how many districts, drought-prone areas are identified:
(A) 47
(B) 57
(C) 67
(D) 77
Ans C
Q3. ITDP means
(A) Integrated tribal development project

(B) Indian tribal development project
(C) Indian tribal development program
(D) Integrated tribal development programme
Ans A
Q4. What should be the height of an area in the hill area development programme?
(A) 500 metres

(B) 600 metres
(C) 700 metres
(D) 800 metres
Ans B
Q5. What was the period of the First Five Year Plan?
(A) 1951 – 56
(B) 1950 – 55
(C) 1947 – 52
(D) 1960 – 65
Ans A
Q6. Hill area development programme does not include
(A) Horticulture
(B) Poultry
(C) Small scale industry
(D) Large scale industry
Ans D
Q7. On which factor does the economic development of a region depends?
(A) Relief
(B) Climate
(C) Population
(D) Resources
Ans D
Q8. By Which name was the Indira Gandhi Canal earlier known as?
(A) Gujarat Canal

(B) Rajasthan Canal
(C) Nehru Canal
(D) Bikaner Canal
Ans B
Q9. Aim of regional planning is
(A) Develop agriculture

(B) To improve roads
(C) To reduce regional imbalance
(D) To develop industry
Ans C
Q10. In which state in Bharmaur Tribal Region situated?
(A) Uttarakhand
(B) Jammu & Kashmir
(C) Himachal Pradesh
(D) Uttar Pradesh
Ans C
Q11. Regional planning relates to:
(A) Area differences in the transportation network

(B) Development of rural areas
(C) Development of various sectors of the economy
(D) Area-specific approach of development
Ans D
Q12. Sectoral planning does not include
(A) Irrigation
(B) Transport
(C) Hill area
(D) Infrastructure
Ans C
Q13. When did the Tenth Five Year Plan come to an end?
(A) 2005
(B) 2006
(C) 2007
(D) 2008
Ans C
Q14. Who conceived the idea of Indira Gandhi Canal?
(A) Sarvinder Singh

(B) Kanwar Sain
(C) Both A and B
(D) None of these
Ans B
Q15. Planning includes which of the following
(A) Process of thinking

(B) Formulation of schemes or programmes
(C) Implementation of set of actions to achieve goal
(D) All of above
Ans D
Q16. Which one of the following is the most crucial factor for sustainable development in Indira
Gandhi Canal Command Area?
(A) Agricultural development

(B) Eco-development
(C) Transport development
(D) Colonisation of land.
Ans B
Q17. What WCED stands for?
(A) World Commission on Environment and Development

(B) World Centre of Environment and Development
(C) Wildlife Commission on Environment and Development
(D) World Commission for Ecological Development
Ans A
Q18. Bharmaur ITDP includes
(A) Development of infrastructure

(B) Development of transport
(C) Development of agriculture
(D) All of above
Ans D
Q19. Regional planning relates to:
(A) Development of various sectors of the economy

(B) Area-specific approach of development
(C) Area differences in the transportation network
(D) Development of rural areas.
Ans B
Q20. Who wrote ‘The Population Bomb’?
(A) Ehrlich
(B) Meadows
(C) Amartya Sen
(D) None of these
Ans A
Q21. Negative influence of Indira Gandhi Canal command area includes
(A) Wind erosion

(B) Water logging
(C) Siltation
(D) Afforestation
Ans B
Q22. From which Barrage, Indira Canal has been taken out?
(A) Bhakra
(B) Nangal
(C) Harike
(D) Thein
Ans C
Q23. What changes have been brought in western Rajasthan due to the Indira Gandhi Canal?
Command Area Development Programme
 The Command Area Development Programme is an integrated area development

approach towards the command areas of major and medium irrigation projects in the
country.
 Aimed at bridging the gap between created irrigation potential and its utilisation.
 It is one of the major irrigation projects in India where this programme was introduced at
the earliest. The importance of this programme is all the more in this command area
because it requires efficient utilisation of irrigation water and overall economic and
ecological development.
 To check desertification. Due to scarcity of rainfall, Thar Desert is rapidly advancing towards
adjoining states. By afforestation and pasture development, the advance of this desert has been
arrested.
 Drinking water. The water table is low in this area. Fresh water is supplied to rural areas.
 Development of transport system. This transport system is inadequate due to sandy area. This
project will help in the development of transport.
 It will provide communication and civic amenities which include construction of roads,
connecting the settlements with markets, construction of new markets and supplying drinking
water.
 Agricultural development. Agriculture is possible in fertile areas. Irrigation will help in

cultivation of wheat, sugarcane, etc. It will overcome problem of famines.
 Farm development includes surveying and planning water course lining, land levelling, shaping
and reclaimation of degraded lands.
 Industrial development. About 1200 cusecs water will be supplied to agro-based industries.
 Irrigation. On its completion, the canal will be able to irrigate 14 Lakh hectares of land.
 Implementation of this programme has helped in bringing the land under irrigation rapidly,
increase in water-use efficiency, agricultural production and productivity.
 Afforestation. Afforestation and pasture development which includes canal side and roadside
plantation, block plantation near new settlements, sand dune stabilisation and pasture
development on culturable waste land.
 Cropping pattern. Deficiency in soil-moisture has been a limited factor for agricultural
development in western Rajasthan. Farmers can raise crops during kharif season only and a large
tract of cultivable land lies uncropped in the form of cultivable waste land and fallow land.
Introduction of irrigation has helped in increasing the net sown and double cropped areas.
 In this region before introduction of irrigation, drought-resistant crops such as bajra, guar,
moong, moth and gram occupied about 95 per cent of the gross cropped area. The cropping
pattern of the region has changed drastically with the introduction of irrigation. As commercial
crops such as cotton, groundnut, wheat and mustard have come up rapidly and occupy about 65
per cent of the gross cropped area in Stage I of the Canal Command Area.
 Wheat occupied about one-fourth of the gross cropped in the Canal Command Area in 1984-85
followed by cotton, mustard and guar. Groundnut is coming up as a major irrigated crop in kharif
season in the lower parts of the command area.
 Agricultural production and productivity per hectare has increased rapidly in the command area
of Indira Gandhi Canal. It will help in availability of modern agricultural inputs including
ensuring supply of HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides and providing
agricultural extension and training facilities to the farmers.
 Development of Pastures. It will help livestock rearing by bringing an area of 3.66 Lakh hectares
under pastures.
 Civic amenities. This is a newly settled area and, therefore, requires civic amenities,
infrastructural facilities and supply of modern agricultural inputs. It will increase employment
opportunities. The population density will be increased. It will bring a socio-cultural and
economic revolution in this area.
Q24. Suggest the measures of promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal Command
Area.
 There is an urgent need to strictly implement the water management policy.

 Water intensive crops should be avoided and instead plantation crops such as Citrus fruits
should be encouraged.
 The Command Area Development programmes such as lining of water courses, land
development, and levelling and warabandi system (equal distribution of canal water in the
command area of outlet) shall be effectively implemented to reduce the conveyance loss of
water.
 Efforts should be made to reclaim areas affected by water logging and soil salinity.
 Afforestation, shelter belt plantation and pasture development are necessary for eco-
development.
 For achieving social sustainability, land allotted with poor economic background should be
given sufficient financial and institutional support so that they can cultivate their land in a
proper way.
 Other sectors of economy, in addition to agriculture, animal husbandry and allied activities,
should be encouraged for attaining economic sustainability.
Q25. Sources Based Question
Indira Gandhi Canal, previously known as the Rajasthan Canal, is one of the largest canal systems
in India. Conceived by Kanwar Sain in 1948, the canal project was launched on 31 March, 1958.
The canal originates at Harike barrage in Punjab and runs parallel to Pakistan border at an average
distance of 40 km in Thar Desert (Marusthali) of Rajasthan. The total planned length of the system
is 9,060 km catering to the irrigation needs of a total culturable command area of 19.63 lakh
hectares. Out of the total command area, about 70 per cent was envisaged to be irrigated by flow
system and the rest by lift system. The construction work of the canal system has been carried out
through two stages. The command area of Stage-I lies in Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and northern
part of Bikaner districts. It has a gently undulating topography and its culturable command area
is 5.53 lakh
hectares. The command area of Stage-II is spread over Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur,
Nagaur and Churu districts covering culturable command area of 14.10 lakh ha. It comprises
desert land dotted with shifting sand dunes and temperature soaring to 50ºC in summers. In the
lift canal, the water is lifted up to make it to flow against the slope of the land. All the lift canals
of Indira Gandhi Canal system originate at the left bank of main canal while all the canals on the
right bank of main canal are flow channels. Irrigation in Stage-I command area of the canal was
introduced in early 1960s, whereas, the command area of Stage-II began receiving irrigation in
mid-1980s. The introduction of canal irrigation in this dry land has transformed its ecology,
economy and society. It has influenced the environmental conditions of the region both positively
as well as negatively. The availability of soil moisture for a longer period of time and various
afforestation and pasture development programmes under CAD have resulted in greening the
land. This has also helped in reducing wind erosion and siltation of canal systems. But the
intensive irrigation and excessive use of water has led to the emergence of twin environmental
problems of waterlogging and soil salinity.
i) Which one of these is not an advantage of CAD.

(A) Reduces wind erosion
(B) Reduces siltation
(C) Reduces soil moisture
(D) All of the above
Ans C
ii) When was Indira Gandhi canal launched?

(A) 30 March, 1968
(B) 31 March, 1958
(C) 31 March, 1957
(D) None of the above
Ans C
iii) What do you mean by lift canal?
Ans, In lift canal, water is lifted up to make it to flow against the slope of the land with the use of
pumps or surge pools.
10. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
GIST OF THE LESSON
LAND TRANSPORT
ROAD TRANSPORT
o Total road length is 56 lakh km (morth.nic.in, Annual Report 2017-18).
o 85% passengers, and 70% of freight are carried by roads
o Shahi road connect Indus valley to Sonar valley
o It is renamed as Grad Trunk (GT) road.
o At present it connects Amritsar to Kolkata
CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
1. Constructed and maintained by central govt./NHAI
2. Meant for interstate transport
3. Movement of defense men and material
4. Connect state capitals
5. Total length 101011 km in 2017-18
6. Accounts 2% of total road length.
7. Carry 40% of road traffic.
Golden quadrilateral
5846 km long, 4/6/lane, high density traffic, connect metro cities, time distance and cost
distance decreased
orth-South corridor connect Srinagar to Kanyakumari (4076 km)
East - West corridor connect Porbandar to Silchar (3640 km)
STATE HIGH WAYS

 Constructed and maintained by state PWD
 Connect state capitals with Dist. Hqs.
 Account for 4% of road length
DISTRICT ROADS
 Connect Dist.HQ with other towns
 account for 14% of road length
RURAL ROADS
 Connect rural areas
 Accounts 80% of road length
 Regional variation in road density
 Influenced by terrain and climate
OTHER ROADS
BORDER ROADS AND INTERNATIONAL HIGHWAYS
 BRO was established in 1960
 Helps to develop economy
 Strengthen the defense
 Improvements in connecting the strategic points
 It is a premier multifaceted construction agency
 Highest road way connects Manali –Leh with 4270 mts. Altitude
 Maintain harmonious relation with neighboring countries
 Highest road density is 387.24 /100sq. km in Kerala lowest road density is 10.48 /100
sq km in J&K. It is high in northern plains and low in mountain Areas
FACTORS INFLUENCING ROAD WAYS

 Terrain
 Climate,
 Economic development.
 Industries
 Cities and towns
RAILWAYS
 The first railway line started in 1853 between Bombay and thane
 It is the largest govt. Sector with the length of 66030 km
 It is divided into 16 zones
Northern –New Delhi 2. North Eastern – Gorakhpur 3. NE Frontier – Maligaon
4. N.WesternJaipur, 5.N.Central - Allahabad 6.Western Church Gate Mumbai 7.W.
Central – Jabalpur 8. Central CST Mumbai 9. E.Central – Hajipur 10. Eastern-Kol 11.
S.Western – Hubli 12. S.Central Secunderabad 13. SE Central-Bilaspur 14. South
Eastern-Kolkota 15.
Southern- Chennai 16. East Coast-Bhubaneshwar
RAILWAY GAUGES (In March 2016):

 Broad gauge :1.676 mts. 60510 km ,
 Meter gauge: 1m 3880 km
 Narrow gauge -0.762mts & 0.610 mts.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RAILWAYS
 Conversion of meter and narrow gauges into broad gauge

 Steam engines are replaced by diesel and electrical engines
 Introduction of metro railways
 Use of CNG
 Introduction of internet
 Computerization of reservation
 Container services
WATER TRANSPORT ADVANTAGES

 Cheapest means of transport
 Least consumption of energy
 Suitable for heavy bulky goods
 No friction
 Eco friendly
FACTS ABOUT WATER TRANSPORT
 There are two types of Inland water ways
 Cheapest mode of transport
 Competition from road ways and railways
 Water diversion from the rivers cause less navigable
 Total 14500 km of navigable water ways
 Account 1% of transport
 It consists of rivers, canals, backwaters creeks
 5685 km of navigable rivers are available
 2000 km actually used
 Canals are controlled by inland water way authority
There are five inland waterways in India with 10 more to be upgraded.

OCEAN ROUTES
India has coastline about 7517 km there are 12 major ports and 185 minor ports
95 % of India foreign trade and 70 % of value in trade takes place through sea ways
AIR TRANSPORT
ADVANTAGES
 Fastest means of transport
 Connect remote areas
 no need to maintain routes and construct
 Suitable for emergency times
 All continents are connected by air ways
 Suitable for difficult terrain
 Reduce travel time
 Maintained by airport authority
 It maintains 126 minor airports 11 international air ports and 86 domestic airports
 29 civil defense
 There are three divisions
 Air India: provide international air services, Connects all continents
 Delhi and Mumbai air ports accounts for 52% of air service Indian airlines connect
Indian subcontinent
 It is the part of air India Pawan Hans helicopter services serves in north eastern states
PIPELINES
ADVANTAGES
 Most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases over long distance
 Least consumption of energy
 Suitable for mountain areas and sea bottom
 Asia’s cross country pipe line is constructed between Naharkatia oil field and
Barauni oil refinery
 with the length of 1157 km, it was extended up to Kanpur in 1966 Otherpipe lines
are Ankaleswar to Koyali , Mumbai High to Koyali Hazira-Vijaipur-
Jagdishpur
 Salaiya to Mathura – 1256 km
 Numaligarh to Siliguri 660km
COMMUNICATION
 It is divided into
Personal-
Mobile, internet
Mass - Radio,
TV
 Personal communication has become most important. At present user can contact with
the customer directly Fastest means of communication Communication revolution
came into world through internet.
 Mass communication consists of radio, TV and satellite communication.
Satellite communication is the recent development most useful at the time of
emergency. When all other communications are failed it is the only
communication which can be used.

1. In how many zones has the Indian Railways system been divided?
a. 9
b. 16
c. 12
d. 14
2. On which river and between which two places does the National WaterWay No. 1 lie?
a. The Brahmaputra, Sadiya-Dhubri
b. The Ganga, Haldia-Allahabad
c. West Coast Canal, Kottapuram to Kollam
3. In which of the following year, the first radio programme was
broadcast?
a. 1911
b. 1927
c. 1936
d. 1923
4. Nagpur plan is associated with which of the following?
a. Railway modernisation
b. Road modernisation
c. Waterway development
d. Airways development
5. Match the following:
ABCD
a. 1 2 3 4
b. 2 3 1 4
c. 3 4 1 2
d. 4 3 2 1
6. Which one of the following is the longest National Highway of India?
a NH-1
b NH-7
c NH-6
d NH-8
7. Which of these provide helicopter services in hilly areas in the North-East region in India?
a. Air India Ltd.
b. Pawan Hans Ltd.
c. Indian airlines
d. BHEL Ltd.
8. Match the following:-
Railway Zones Headquarters

A. Eastern 1. Chennai
B. Northern 2. Secundrabad
C. Southern 3. Kolkata
D. South central 4. New Delhi
ABCD
a. 12 3 4
b. 23 1 4
c. 3 41 2
d. 4 32 1
9. Name the Headquarters of Northern Railway Zone of India?

a Lucknow
b Kanpur
c New Delhi
d Chandigarh
10. The Golden Quadrilateral connects which of these cities?
a Delhi- Kerala-chennai-Mumbai
b Goa- Delhi-Kolkata-Assam
c Delhi- Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata
d Delhi- Chennai- Bengaluru-Pune
ANSWERS
1.16
2.The Ganga, Haldia-Allahabad
3.1923
4. Road modernisation
5. 3 4 1 2
6. NH-7
7. Pawan Hans Ltd.
8. 3 4 1 2
9. New Delhi
10. Delhi- Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata
1. Classify roads on the basis of construction and maintenance.

Roads classified based on construction and maintenance – National Highways
(NH), State Highways (SH), District Roads and Rural Roads
2. Name the states with highest and lowest density of roads.
Highest- Kerala
Lowest – Jammu and Kashmir
3. Which means of transport is being used widely in India for trading?
Water transport or oceanic routes
4. What is NRSC? Where is its headquarters
The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) at Hyderabad provides facilities
for acquisition of data and its processing. These are very useful in the
management of natural resources.
1. What are the functions of National Highway Authority of India.

 The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was operationalised in 1995.
 It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport.
 It is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of
National Highways.
 This is also the apex body to improve the quality of the roads designated as
National Highways.
2. What is State Highways? Write their features.
 Constructed and maintained by state governments.
 Join the state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns.
 These roads are connected to the National Highways.
 These constitute 4 per cent of total road length in the country.
3. Explain the functions of Border Roads Organization.
 The Border Road Organisation (BRO) was established in May 1960.
Functions:
 Accelerating economic development and strengthening defence preparedness
through rapid and coordinated improvement of strategically important roads along
the northern and north-eastern boundary of the country.
 The BRO also undertakes snow clearance in high altitude areas
4. Give the reasons for regional variations of the low density of roads in
India. Reasons for regional variations:
 The density of roads is influenced by nature of terrain and level of economic
development.
 Construction of road is easy and cheaper in the plain areas.
 It is difficult and costly in hilly, mountainous and plateau areas.
 The density and quality of roads is relatively better in plain areas as compared to
hilly areas, rainy and forested areas.
 Inaccessible areas also have less density of roads in India.
 Areas having low economic development have less dense network of roads
5. What is the significance of Konkan
railway? Significance of Konkan
railway:
 One of the important achievements of Indian Railways has been the construction
of Konkan Railway in 1998.
 It is 760-km long rail route connecting Roha in Maharashtra to Mangalore in
Karnataka.
 It is considered an engineering marvel. It crosses 146 rivers, streams, nearly 2000
bridges and 91 tunnels.
 Asia’s largest tunnel which is nearly 6.5 km long, also lies on this route.
 States of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka are partners in this undertaking
6. What is pipeline? Describe it’s advantages and disadvantages.
Pipelines are the most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases over
long distances. Even solids can also be transported by pipelines after converting
them into slurry.
Advantages-
 It is a cheap means of transport and can be laid through difficult terrains, dense forest,
deserts and high mountains
 It involves low energy consumption.
Disadvantages-
 Cost of laying the pipeline is very high
 Leakage in the pipeline can cause serious disasters
 Maintaining the security of pipeline is difficult.
 All solid substances can not be transported
7. What are the major projects of NHAI?
NHAI has taken up some major projects in the country under different phases :
i. Golden Quadrilateral : It comprises construction of 5,846-km long 4/6 lane, high
density traffic corridor, to connect India’s four big metro cities of Delhi-Mumbai
Chennai- Kolkata. With the construction of Golden Quadrilateral, the time, distance
and cost in of movement among the mega cities of India will be considerably
minimised.
ii. North-South and East-West Corridors :North-South corridor aims at connecting
Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu (including
Kochchi-Salem Spur) with 4,076-km long road.
iii. East-West Corridor has been planned to connect Silchar in Assam with the port
town of Porbandar in Gujarat with 3,640-km of road length.
8. Classify the Indian Railway into three categories on the basis of width of the track?
Write any one feature of each.
On the basis of the width of track of the Indian Railways, three categories have been made:
 Broad gauge: The distance between rails in broad gauge is 1.676 metre. The total
length of broad gauge lines was 60510 km in March 2016.
 Metre gauge: The distance between rails is one mere. Its total length was 3880 km
in March 2016.
 Narrow gauge: The distance between the rails in this case is 0.762 metre or 0.610
metre. The total length of narrow guage was 2297 km in March 2016. It is
generally confined to hilly areas.
9. Classify the satellite system of India. Explain the main feature of each.
On the basis of configuration and purposes, satellite system in India can be grouped
into two:
Indian National Satellite System (INSAT)
 It was established in 1983
 It is a multi-purpose satellite system for telecommunication, meteorological
observation.
Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS).
 The IRS satellite system became operational with the launching of IRS-IA in
 March 1988 from Vaikanour in Russia.
 It collects data in several spectral bands and transmit them to the ground stations
for various uses.
 It is useful in the management of natural resources
10. Explain why inland water transport is an important mode of transport.
 Inland water is an important mode of transport because:
 It was the chief mode of transport before the advent of railways.
 It contributes about 1% of the country’s transportation.
 It provides cheap means of transport.
 It also attracts large number of tourists.
“ Indian railways brought people of diverse cultures together”. Support this statement
with examples.
 Indian Railway was introduced in 1853, when a line was constructed from
Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 34 km.
 Indian Railways is the largest government undertaking in the country. The length
of Indian Railways network was 66,030 km as on 31March 2015.
 It connects people of different regions through its 16 zones.
 It facilitates the movement of goods passengers and contributes to the growth of
economy.
 People from different languages, customs and food habits could connect with
each other through Indian Railways. By this people of different languages and
customs meet and a mix culture is developing and India is developing as “Nation”
from “Federation of States”.
Classify means of communication on the basis of scale and quality into two categories.
Explain any two characteristics of each category.
Classification of means of communication on the basis of scale and quality:
1. Personal communication
2. Mass communication
Characteristics:
Personal communication
 Internet is the most effective and advanced one.
 It is widely used in urban areas.
 It enables the user to establish direct contact through e-mail to get
access to the world of knowledge and information.
 It is increasingly used for e-commerce and carrying out money transactions.
 The internet is a huge central warehouse of data, with detailed
information on various items.
 The network through internet and e-mail provides an efficient
access to information at a comparatively low cost.

It enables us with the basic facilities of direct communication.
Mass communication
 Radio broadcasting started in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay.
and changed the socio-cultural life of people.
 Television broadcasting emerged as the most effective audio-visual medium for
disseminating information and educating masses.
 Use of satellite and synoptic view of larger area for economic and strategic
reasons.
Describe any five characteristics of National Highways of India

Characteristics of National Highways of India:
 Constructed and maintained by the central government
 Meant for interstate transport.
 Meant for movement of defense men and material in strategic areas.
 They connect the cities in different parts ( state, capitals, major cities,
important ports, railway junctions) of traffic.
 They constitute about 2 per cent of the total road length and 40 per cent of the road
traffic.
 It is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and
operation of National Highways.
CASE/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

The mode of communication can be divided into personal and mass communication. Among all the
personal communication system internet is the most effective and advanced one. It is widely used in
urban areas. It enables the user to establish direct contact through e-mail to get access to the world of
knowledge and information. It is increasingly used for e-commerce and carrying out money
transactions. It enables us with the basic facilities of direct communication.
Radio broadcasting started in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay. It was changed to All
IndiaRadio in 1936 and toAkashwani in 1957. All India Radio broadcasts a variety of
programmes related to information, education and entertainment. Television broadcasting has
emerged as the most effective medium for disseminating information and educating masses.
Satellites are mode of communication in themselves as well as they regulate the use of other means
of communication. However, use of satellite in getting a continuous and synoptic view of larger area
has made satellite communication very vital for the country due to the economic and strategic reasons.
1. On what basis communication is classified as personal and mass communication?
a. Design and scale
b. Scale and quality
c. Scale and quantity
d. Design and Quality
2. Which among the following is the most advanced form of personal communication?
a. Television
b. Radio
c. Telephone
d. Internet
3. Which among the following is an effective audio- visual form of communication?
a. Radio
b. Television
c. Satellite
d. News paper
4. What are the advantages of satellite?
a. Weather forecast
b. Monitoring of natural calamities
c. Surveillance of border areas
d. All of the above
ANSWERS
1. Scale and quality

2. Internet
3. Television
4. All of the above
Picture based question questions

1. Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follows-
1. Identify and name the type of road?

2. How are they important for the country?
3. Which organization constructs roads in high altitude mountainous terrain?
1. International highways
2. They help in maintaining harmonious relationship with our neighbouring countries
3. BRO
1. How many waterways are declared as National waterway by the Government?
2. Identify the National waterway shown on the map.
3. What is the stretch of the given National waterway ?
1. Five
2. National waterway No 3
3. Kollam -Kottapuram
11. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
 India’s contribution to world trade-less than 1%

Changing pattern of India’s international trade
 1950-51-external trade worth-1214 crore
 2016-17-external worth-4429762 crore
Reasons for increase in trade
1. Better performance by manufacturing sector
2. Liberal policies of the government
3. Diversification of market
 Import value more than export value- so trade deficit
Reason- price rise of crude petroleum
Changing pattern of the composition of India’s export
1. Share of agriculture and allied products[coffee, tea, pulses and spices] has declined[tough
international competition]
2. Share of petroleum and crude products have increased [1. Rise in petroleum prices
2. Increase in India’s refining capacity]
3. Shares of ore minerals and manufactured goods have largely remained constant over the years
4. Increase registered in floricultural products, fresh fruits, marine products, sugar
5. Manufacturing sector alone accounted for 73.6% of India’s total value of export in 2016-17
6. Engineering goods have shown a significant growth
7. Textile sector could not achieve much in spite of liberal measures taken by
government[competition from china, east Asian countries]
8. Gems and jewellry contributes a larger share of India’s foreign trade.
Changing pattern of the composition of India’s import

1. During 1950’s and 60’s major item of import was food grains, capital goods, machinery and
equipment
2. After 1970’s import of food grain discontinued[success of green revolution] and was replaced
by fertilizers and petroleum
3. Major imports- machine and equipment, special steel, edible oil, chemicals.
4. Steep rise in import of petroleum products [1. Rising industrialization 2. Better standard of
living 3. Price rise in international market]
5. Import of capital goods maintained a steady increase[non electric machinery, transport
equipment, manufacturers of metals and machine tools]
6. Other major items of India’s import-pearls, semi precious stones, gold, silver, metalliferous
ores, metal scarp, non ferrous metals, electronic goods
Direction of trade
India has trade relations with most of the countries and trading blocs
Aims to double its share in international trade in next 5 years-measures taken
1. Import liberalization
2. Reduction in import duties
3. Delicensing
4. Change from process to product patent
 Most of the trade by sea and air routes.

 Small portion of trade by land route[ Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan]
Sea ports
 12 major ports[handle 71% of oceanic traffic]-central government
 185 minor ports- state government
 West coast has more sea ports
 Partition snatched away 2 ports
1. Karachi port[Pakistan] compensated- Kandla[Gujarat]
2. Chittagong port[Bangladesh]-compensated by diamond harbor[west Bengal]
Major ports
West coast East coast
1. Kandla[Gujarat] 7. Kolkata port[west Bengal]

 Reduce pressure at Mumbai  Located on Hugli river[128km inland]
 Designed to receive petroleum  Problem of silt accumulation in Hugli
and petroleum products, river
 Offshore terminal at Vadinar  Port facility for land locked countries
to reduce pressure of Nepal and Bhutan
2. Mumbai[Maharashtra] 8. Haldia[west Bengal]
 Biggest port  Reduce congestion at Kolkata
 Largest oil terminal 9. Paradwip[Orissa]
3. Jawaharlal Nehru  Deepest harbor
port[Maharashtra]  Suitable to handle very large vessels
 Satellite port for Mumbai  Export iron ore
 Largest container port in India 10. Vishakhapatnam[Andhra Pradesh]
4. Marmagoa[Goa]  Land locked harbor
 Situated at Zuari estuary  Connected to sea by a channel
 Iron ore export to Japan 11. Chennai [Tamilnadu]
5. New Mangalore[Karnataka]  Oldest port
 Export of iron ore, iron  Shallow waters-not suitable for large
concentrate vessels
6. Kochi[Kerala] 12. Tuticorin[Tamilnadu]
 Situated at head of Vembanad  Relieve Chennai’s pressure
kayal Ennore[Tamilnadu]
 Queen of Arabian sea  25 km north of Chennai
 Relieve Chennai’s pressure
Airports
25- International airports.
1. Ahmedabad
2. Bangalore
3. Chennai
4. Delhi
5. Goa
6. Guwahati
7. Hyderabad
8. Kolkata
9. Mumbai
10. Thiruvananthapuram
11. Srinagar
12. Jaipur
13. Calicut
14. Nagpur
15. Coimbatore
16. Cochin
17. Lucknow
18. Pune
19. Chandigarh
20. Mangaluru
21. Vishakhapatnam
22. Indore
23. Patna
24. Bhubaneshwar
25. Kannur
1 Which port has been constructed to reduce congestion of Kolkata port?
Haldia
2 Which one of the Indian sea ports provides port facilities to its land locked neighbouring
countries? Name any one such country
Kolkata
Nepal
3 Which satellite port eases the pressure on Mumbai port?
Jawaharlal Nehru port
4 Name the land locked seaport of India. In which state is it located?
Vishakhapatnam
Andhra Pradesh
5 Name the riverine seaport located in west bengal
Kolkata
6 Name the sea port situated on Zuari estuary
Marmagao
7 Name the southrern most port of mainland of India
Tuticorin
8 Mention the reasons for sharp rise in overseas trade over the years?
1. Better performance by manufacturing sector
2. Liberal policies of the government
3. Diversification of market
9 Describe any five features of changing patterns of the composition of India’s import
1. During 1950’s and 60’s major item of import was food grains, capital goods,
machinery and equipment
2. After 1970’s import of food grain discontinued[success of green revolution] and was
replaced by fertilizers and petroleum
3. Major imports- machine and equipment, special steel, edible oil, chemicals.
4. Steep rise in import of petroleum products [1. Rising industrialization 2. Better
standard of living 3. Price rise in international market]
5. Import of capital goods maintained a steady increase[non electric machinery, transport
equipment, manufacturers of metals and machine tools]
6. Other major items of India’s import-pearls, semi precious stones, gold, silver,
metalliferous ores, metal scarp, non ferrous metals, electronic goods
10 Describe any five features of changing patterns of the composition of India’s export
1. Share of agriculture and allied products[coffee, tea, pulses and spices] has
declined[tough international competition]
2. Share of petroleum and crude products have increased [1. Rise in petroleum prices
2. Increase in India’s refining capacity]
3. Shares of ore minerals and manufactured goods have largely remained constant over
the years
4. Increase registered in floricultural products, fresh fruits, marine products, sugar
5. Manufacturing sector alone accounted for 73.6% of India’s total value of export in
2016-17
6. Engineering goods have shown a significant growth
7. Textile sector could not achieve much in spite of liberal measures taken by
government[competition from china, east Asian countries]
8. Gems and jewellry contributes a larger share of India’s foreign trade.
11
Name the major seaport of Andaman and Nicobar islands.

Port Blair
Name a port of Maharashtra and a port of Tamil Nadu which have been constructed to reduce
the pressure on the existing major ports.
Jawaharlal Nehru Port
Ennore/Tuticorin
Name two states which have two major ports

Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
12. GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUES AND
PROBLEMS
CONCEPT MAP
GIST OF THE LESSON

Environmental Pollution
● Environmental pollution results from the release of substances and energy from waste
products of human activities.
There are many types of pollution.
● They are classified on the basis of medium through which pollutants are transported and
diffused.
● Pollution can be classified into
○ air pollution
○ water pollution
○ land pollution
○ noise pollution.
WATER POLLUTION
● Indiscriminate use of water by increasing population and industrial expansion has led to
degradation of the quality of water considerably.
● Surface water available from rivers, canals, lakes, etc. is never pure.
● It contains small quantities of suspended particles, organic and inorganic substances.
● When concentration of these substances increases, the water becomes polluted, and hence
becomes unfit for use.
WATER POLLUTANTS FROM NATURAL SOURCES
● Erosion
● Landslides
● Decay and decomposition of plants and animals
POLLUTANTS FROM HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Human beings pollute the water through
❖ Industrial
❖ agricultural
❖ cultural activities
● Among these activities, industry is the most significant contributor
● Industries produce several undesirable products including industrial wastes, polluted
wastewater, poisonous gases, chemical residuals, numerous heavy metals, dust, smoke, etc.
Most of the industrial wastes are disposed of in running water or lakes.
● Consequently, poisonous elements reach the reservoirs, rivers and other water bodies, which
destroy the bio-system of these waters.
Major water polluting industries are
❖ Leather
❖ pulp and paper
❖ textiles
❖ chemicals.
WATER POLLUTION -AGRICULTURE
● Various types of chemicals used in modern agriculture such as inorganic fertilisers,
pesticides and herbicides are also pollution generating components.
● These chemicals are washed down to rivers, lakes and tanks.
● These chemicals also infiltrate the soil to reach the groundwater.
● Fertiliser induces an increase in the nitrate content of surface waters.
WATER POLLUTION-CULTURAL ACTIVITIES
Cultural activities also cause water pollution
❖ pilgrimage o
❖ religious fairs
❖ Tourism
WATER POLLUTION- CONSEQUENCES
● In India, almost all surface water sources are contaminated and unfit for human consumption.
● Water pollution is a source of various water- borne diseases.
● The diseases commonly caused due to contaminated water are diarrhoea, intestinal worms,
hepatitis, etc.
● The World Health Organisation shows that about one-fourth of the communicable diseases in
India are water-borne.
●Though river pollution is common to all rivers, yet pollution of river Ganga flowing through
one of the most populous regions of India has caused great concerns among all.
● To improve the condition of the river, the National Mission for Clean Ganga was initiated.
● The Namami Gange Programme has been launched for the same.
NAMAMI GANGE PROGRAMME
● Ganga, as a river, has national importance but the river requires cleaning by effectively
controlling the pollution for its water.
● The Union Government has launched the ‘Namami Gange Programme’ with the following
objectives:
 developing sewage treatment systems in towns
❖ monitoring of industrial effluents
❖ development of river front
❖ afforestation along the bank of increase biodiversity
❖ cleaning of the river surface
❖ development of ‘Ganga Grams’ in Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and West
Bengal
❖ creating public awareness to avoid adding pollutants into the river even in the form of
rituals.
AIR POLLUTION
❖ Air pollution is taken as an addition of contaminants, like dust, fumes, gas, fog, odour, smoke or
vapour to the air in substantial proportion and duration that may be harmful to flora and fauna and to
property.
❖ With increasing use of varieties of fuels as the source of energy, there is a marked increase in
emission of toxic gases into the atmosphere resulting in the pollution of air.
❖ the main sources of air pollution
➢ Combustion of fossil fuels
➢ mining
➢ Industries
❖ These processes release oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, lead and asbestos.
❖ Air pollution causes various diseases related to respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems.
❖ Smoky fog over cities called urban smog is caused by atmospheric pollution.
❖ It proves very harmful to human health.
❖ Air pollution can also cause acid rains.
❖ Rainwater analysis of urban environments has indicated that the pH value of the first rain after
summer is always lower than the subsequent rains.
NOISE POLLUTION
❖ Noise pollution refers to the state of unbearable and uncomfortable to human beings which is
caused by noise from different sources.
❖ This matter has become a serious concern only in recent years due to a variety of
technological innovations.
❖ The main sources of noise pollution are
➢ various factories
➢ mechanised construction
➢ demolition works
➢ automobiles
➢ aircraft.
❖ There may be added periodical but polluting noise from sirens, loudspeakers used in various
festivals, programmes associated with community activities.
❖ The level of steady noise is measured by sound level expressed in terms of decibels (dB)
❖ Of all these sources, the biggest nuisance is the noise produced by traffic, because its
intensity and nature depend upon factors, such as the type of aircraft, vehicle, train and the
condition of road, as well as that of vehicle (in case of automobiles).
❖ In sea traffic, the noise pollution is confined to the harbour due to loading and unloading
activities being carried.
❖ Industries cause noise pollution but with varying intensity depending upon the type of
industry.
❖ Noise pollution is location specific and its intensity declines with increase in distance from
the source of pollution, i.e. industrial areas, arteries of transportation, airports, etc.
❖ Noise pollution is hazardous in many metropolitan and big cities in India.
URBAN WASTE DISPOSAL
❖ Urban areas are generally marked by overcrowding, congestion, inadequate facilities to
support the fast growing population and consequent poor sanitary conditions and foul air.
Environmental pollution by solid wastes has now got significance because of enormous
growth in the quantity of wastes generated from various sources.
❖ Solid waste refers to a variety of old and used articles, for example stained small pieces of
metals, broken glassware, plastic containers, polythene bags, ash, floppies, CDs, etc., dumped
at different places.
❖ These discarded materials are also termed as refuse, garbage and rubbish, etc., and are
disposed of from two sources :
➢ household or domestic establishments,
➢ industrial or commercial establishments.
❖ Solid wastes cause health hazards through creation of obnoxious smell, and harbouring of
flies and rodents, which act as carriers of diseases like typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhoea, malaria
and cholera, etc.
❖ These wastes cause frequent nuisance as and when these are carelessly handled, spread by
wind and splintered through rainwater
❖ Urban waste disposal is a serious problem in India.
❖ In metropolitan cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, etc., about 90 per cent of
the solid waste is collected and disposed of.
❖ These wastes should be treated as resources and utilised for generating energy and compost.
❖ Untreated wastes ferment slowly and release toxic biogas to the atmosphere, including
methane.
Rural-Urban Migration
● Population flow from rural to urban areas is caused by many factors, like high demand for
labour in urban areas, low job opportunities in rural areas and unbalanced pattern of
development between urban and rural areas.
● In India, the population in cities is rapidly increasing. Due to low opportunities in smaller and
medium cities, the poor people generally bypass these small cities and directly come to the
megacities for their livelihood.
Problems of Slums
● Slums are residential areas of the least choice, dilapidated houses, poor hygienic conditions,
poor ventilation, lack of basic amenities, like drinking water, light and toilet facilities, etc.
● Open defecation, unregulated drainage systems and overcrowded narrow street patterns are
serious health and socio environmental hazards.
● Moreover, most of the slum population works in low-paid, high risk-prone, unorganised
sectors of the urban economy.
● Consequently, they are the undernourished, prone to different types of diseases and illness
and can not afford to give proper education to their children.
● The poverty makes them vulnerable to drug abuse, alcoholism, crime, vandalism, escapism,
apathy and ultimately social exclusion.
LAND DEGRADATION
● Land degradation is generally understood either as a temporary or a permanent decline in
productive capacity of the land.
● Though all degraded land may not be wasteland, an unchecked process of degradation may
lead to the conversion to wasteland There are two processes that induce land degradation.
These are natural and created by human beings.
● National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) has classified wastelands by using remote sensing
techniques and it is possible to categorise these wastelands according to the processes that
have created them.
● There are a few types of wastelands such as gullied /ravenous land, desertic or coastal sands,
barren rocky areas, steep sloping land, and glacial areas, which are primarily caused by
natural agents.
● There are other types of degraded lands such as waterlogged and marshy areas, land affected
by salinity and alkalinity and land with or without scrub, which have largely been caused by
natural as well as human factors.
● There are some other types of wastelands such as degraded shifting cultivation area, degraded
land under plantation crops, degraded forests, degraded pastures, and mining and industrial
wastelands caused by human action.
● Wastelands caused by man-made processes are more important than natural processes.
1 Which of the following is the main source of human created water pollution? a
a. Industries
b. Domestic waste
c. Agriculture
d. Cultural activities
2 Which of the following is the most water polluting industries? b
a. Food processing industry
b. Pulp and Paper industry
c. Electroplating industry
d. Iron and steel industry
3 Which of the following is not the cause of noise pollution? b
a. Mechanised construction
b. Combustion of coal, petroleum and diesel
c. Automobiles and aircraft
d. Loudspeakers
4 Which of the following factors is not responsible for land degradation? d
a. Soil erosion
b. Salinity
c. Alkalinity
d. Afforestation
5 Which of the following wastelands belongs to human generated activities? c
a. Barren rocky areas
b. Glacial areas
c. Degraded shifting cultivation areas
d. Desertic coastal sands
6 Which of these activities are the most significant contributor to water pollution? c
(a) Households
(b) Farms
(c) Industries
(d) Tourism
7 Which of the following is not a cause of air pollution? d
(a) Combustion of fossil fuels
(b) Mining activities
(c) Industries
(d) Agricultural runoff
8 Which of the following elements is both a water pollutant and air pollutant? c
(a) Sulphates
(b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Ammonia
(d) Mercury
9 Respiratory diseases are mainly caused by ____ pollution. c
(a) land
(b) water
(c) air
(d) noise
10 What & age of total geographical area of India is classified as man-made degraded b
CWL?
(a) 218%
(b) 5.28%
(c) 751%
(d) 24%
11 Which of the following wastelands have been primarily formed by natural agents? d
(a) Barren rocky areas
(b) Desertic sands
(c) Steep sloping land
(d) All of these
12 Which of the following programmes is launched by the present Union Government b
for the cleaning of river Ganga?
(a) Ganga Action Plan
(b) Namami Ganga
(c) Ganga Namami Action Plan
(d) Ganga Cleaning Mission
13 Which of these sources are responsible for water pollution? b
1) Households
2) Industries
3) farms and fields
4) Tourism
Codes
(a) 1,2 and 4
(b) 1,2 3 and4
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 1,2 and 3
14 Which of the following is/are the causes of pollution in Yamuna? b
1. Industrial pollution from Kanpur.
2 Domestic waste from Delhi.
3 Extraction of water by Haryans and Uttar Pradesh for irrigation.
Codes
(a) 1,2 and 3
(b) 2and3
(c) land 3
(d) 1 and 2
15 Assertion/Reason
Assertion (A) and other labelled as Reason (R).In the context of two statements
which one of the following is correct?
Codes
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R ts false
(d) A is false, but R is true
I. Assertion (A)- India is facing a serious problem of urban waste disposal.

Reason (R) - About 80 to 50 per cent of the wastes generated are left A
uncontrolled and untreated.
II. Assertion (A)- Watershed management Is an effective way to prevent land

degradation.
Reason (R) -Watershed management programmes acknowledge the
linkages between land, water and vegetation and improve the livelihoods
of people through natural resource management and community a
participation.
16 Fill in the Blanks
1. The largest slum of Asia is located in ____ .
Dharavi
2. Sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide are sources of ____
pollution.
air
3. Sewage disposal, runoff over activated lands and nuclear power plants can
cause ———- pollution.
Water
4. Solid waste is generated from ____ and—----------- establishments.
Household, industrial
17
1. Identify the problem shown in the diagram.

Accumulation of uncollected solid waste in open spaces between houses
2. Mention two implications of this problem?
Health hazard Release of toxic biogas to the atmosphere
3. Is our urban waste worth anything? Mention at least two uses.
Yes. It can be utilised for generating energy Compost can be prepared
18 Jhabua district is located in the westernmost agro-climatic zone in Madhya

Pradesh. It is, in fact, one of the five most backward districts of the country. It is
characterised by high concentration of tribal population (mostly Bhils). The people
suffer due to poverty which has been accentuated by the high rate of resource
degradation, both forest and land. The watershed management programmes funded
by both the ministries of “Rural Development '' and “Agriculture”, Government of
India, have been successfully implemented in Jhabua district which has gone a long
way in preventing land degradation and improving soil quality. Watershed
Management Programmes acknowledge the linkage between land, water and
vegetation and attempts to improve livelihoods of people through natural resource
management and community participation. In the past five years, the programmes
funded by the Ministry of Rural Development alone (implemented by Rajiv
Gandhi Mission for Watershed Management) has treated 20 percent of the total
area under Jhabua district. The Petlawad block of Jhabua is located in the
northernmost part of the district and represents an interesting and successful case
of Government-NGO partnership and community participation in managing
watershed programmes. The Bhils in Petlawad block, for example, (Sat Rundi
hamlet of Karravat village) through their own efforts, have revitalised large parts
of common property resources. Each household planted and maintained one tree
on the common property. They also have planted fodder grass on the pasture land
and adopted social-fencing of these lands for at least two years. Even after that,
they say, there would be no open grazing on these lands, but stall feeding of cattle,
and they are thus confident that the pastures they have developed would sustain
their cattle in future. An interesting aspect of this experience is that before the
community embarked upon the process of management of the pasture, there was
encroachment on this land by a villager from an adjoining village. The villagers
called the tehsildar to ascertain the rights of the common land. The ensuing conflict
was tackled by the villagers by offering to make the defaulter encroaching on the
CPR a member of their user group and sharing the benefits of greening the common
lands/ pastures.
1. How the common property resources in Jhabua were restored and developed?
Each household planted and maintained one tree on the common
property. They also have planted fodder grass on the pasture land and
adopted social-fencing of these lands for two years there would be no
open grazing on these lands, but stall feeding of cattle
2. Name the ministry which funded the development of CPR .
Ministries of “Rural Development” and “Agriculture”
3. Write any two characteristics of the tribal people of Jhabua district
The people suffer due to poverty which has been accentuated by the high
rate of resource degradation, both forest and land
4. How have the bhils of Petlawad block of Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh
revitalised large parts of common property resources through their own efforts.
Explain with examples
The Bhils in Petlawad block through their own efforts, have revitalised
large parts of common property resources. Each household planted and
maintained one tree on the common property. They also have planted
fodder grass on the pasture land and adopted social-fencing of these lands
for at least two years. Even after that, there would be no open grazing on
these lands, but stall feeding of cattle, and they are thus confident that the
pastures they have developed would sustain their cattle in future
5. Examine the success of the watershed management programme implemented
in Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh.
The watershed Management programme in Jhabua district is highly
successful because – 1. Land degradation has been prevented. 2. Soil
quality has improved. 3. Improved the growth of natural vegetation. 4.
Improved the sources of livelihood for the tribals.
19 Indiscriminate use of water by increasing degradation of the quality of water

considerably. Surface water available from rivers, canals, lakee, etc. are never
pure. It contains small quantities of suspended When concentration of these
substances increases, the water becomes polluted, and hence becomes unfit for use.
In such a situation, the self-purifying capacity of water is unable to purify the
water. Though water pollutants are aleo created from natural sources (erosion,
landslides, decay and decomposition of plants and animals, etc.) pollutants from
human activities are the real causes of concern. Human beings pollute the water
through the most significant contributor. Industries produce several undesirable
products water, poisonous gases, chemical residuals, numerous heavy metals, dust,
smoke, etc. Most of the industrial wastes are disposed off in running water or lakes.
Consequently, poisonous elements reach the reservoirs, the bio-system of these
waters. Major water polluting industries are leather, pulp and paper, textiles and
chemicals.Various types of chemicals used in modern generating components.
These chemicals are washed down to the river, lakes and tanks. These chemicals
aleo infiltrate the soil to reach the groundwater.Fertiliser induces an increase in the
nitrate content of surface waters. Cultural activities ouch as pilgrimage, religious
fairs, touriem, etc. aleo causes water pollution. In India, almost all surface water
sources are contaminated and unfit for human consumption. Water pollution is a
source of commonly caused due to contaminated water etc.
(i) Which of the following is the largest contributor to water pollution in India?
(a) Agriculture
(b) Households
(c) Industry
(d) Services C
(ii) Which among the following is a polluting industry?
(a) Leather industry
(b) Pulp and paper industry
(c) Chemicals industry
(d) All of the above
(iii) Indiscriminate use of fertilisers leads to increase in which of the following D
harmful components in water?
(a) Sulphur
(b) Nitrates
(c) Calcite
(d) Fluoride B
(iv) Water pollution can cause the following type of disease?
(a) Respiratory illness
(b) Hepatitis
(c) Lung disease b
(d) All of these
20 Based on the universal law “Polluter pays' ', an effort to restore the ecology and
safeguard human health with people's participation has taken place in Daurals near
Meerut. Theee efforts are now bearing fruits after a span of three years when
Meerut based NGO had developed a model for ecological restoration. The meeting
of the Daurala Industries officials, NGOs, Government officials and other
stakeholders in Meerut , has brought out results. The powerful logics, authentic
studies and the pressure of people have brought a new lease of life to the twelve
thousand residents of this village. It was in the year 2003 that the pitiable condition
of Deuralaites drew the attention of civil society. ’ The groundwater of this village
was contaminated with heavy metals. The reason was that the untreated wastewater
of Deurala industries was leaching to the groundwater table. The NGO conducted
a door to door survey of the health status of the residents and came out with a
report. People's representatives eat together to find out sustainable solutions to the
health problem. The industrialists showed a keen ecology. The overhead water
tank's capacity in the village was enhanced and a 900m extra pipeline was laid to
supply potable water to the community. The silted pond of the village was cleaned
and recharged by desilting it. Large quantity of silt was removed paving way to a
large quantity of water so that it recharged the aquifers. Rainwater harvesting
structures have been constructed at different places which has helped in diluting
the contaminants of the groundwater after the monsoons. 1000 trees have also been
planted.
(i) Daurala was experiencing the following type of pollution?
(a) Air pollution
(b) Water pollution
(c) Land pollution
(d) Noise pollution B
(ii) Which of these measures were taken by the people to dilute the harmful
contaminants of groundwater?
(a) Dam construction
(b) Rainwater harvesting
(c) Digging of borewells B
(d) None of the above
(iii) What was the largest source of water pollution in Daurala?
(a) Households
(b) Industries B
(c) Agriculture
(d) Service sector
(iv) Which of the following played the most important role in resolving the
pollution related issues at Daurala?
(a) The Judiciary
(b) The Government
(c) The Civil Servants D
(d) The Civil Society
21 Dharavi-Asia‘’s Largest Slum “.... Busse merely skirt the periphery. Auto
Rickshaws cannot go there, Dharavi is part of central Bombay where three
wheelers are banned. Only one main road traverses the slum, the miscalled ‘ninety-
foot road’, which has been reduced to less than half of that for most of its
Length. Some of the side alleys and lanes are so narrow that not even a bicycle can
pass. The whole neighbourhood consists of temporary buildings, two or three
storeyed high with rusty iron stairways to the upper part, where a single room is
rented by a whole family, sometimes accommodating twelve or more people; it is
a kind of tropical version of the industrial dwelling of Victorian London's East End.
But Dharavi is a keeper of more sombre secrets (than the revulsion it inspires in
the rich; a revulsion, moreover, that is, in direct proportion to the role it serves in
the creation of the wealth of Bombay. In this place of shadowless, treeless sunlight,
uncollected garbage, stagnant pools of foul water, where the only non-human
creatures |are the shining black crows and long grey rats,some of the most
beautiful, valuable and useful articles in India are made. From Dharavi come
delicate ceramics and pottery, exquisite leather goods, high-fashion garments,
finely-wrought metalwork, delicate jewellery settings, wood carvings and furniture
that would find its way into the richest houses, both in India and abroad... Dharavi
was an arm of the sea that was filled by waste, largely produced by the people who
have come to live there: Scheduled Castes and poor Muslims. It comprises
rambling buildings of corrugated metal, 20 metres high in places, used for the
treatment of hides and tanning. There are pleasant parts, but rotting garbage is
everywhere...”
(i) Which of the following products are manufactured in Dharavi?
(a) Auto parts
(b) Electronic items
(c) Consumer electrical D
(d) Leather goods
(ii) Which among the following are the common problems of Slums?
(a) Unhygienic conditions
(b) Overcrowding
(c) Lack of sanitation
(d) All of the above D
(iii) The slum population mainly comprises which of the following types of
occupations?
(a) Organised sector workers
(b) Service sector workers
(c) First generation migrants
(d} Technicians C
(iv) Which among the following are social issues prevailing in the slums?
(a) Crime
(b) Alcoholism
(c) Social discrimination
(d) All of the above D
22 What is the criterion for the classification of pollution?

Pollution is classified on the basis of medium through which pollutants are
transported and diffused
23 Which is the main source of environmental pollution in India?
Human activities
24 Mention any two cultural activities responsible for water pollution in India
Pilgrimage, religious fairs, tourism
25 Which city is the largest polluter of the Yamuna
Delhi
26 Which city of India pollutes the Ganga through its leather factories?
Kanpur
27 Describe any three sources which are responsible for water pollution in India.
Industrial, agricultural and cultural activities
28 Name four diseases spread due to water pollution
Diarrhoea, intestinal worms, hepatitis, cholera
29 Name any two natural sources of water pollution
Water pollutants are also created from natural sources -erosion, landslides, decay
and decomposition of plants and animals, etc
30 Which is the most significant contributor of water pollution in India
Industry
31 “The industries are major air polluters in India.” Evaluate the statement.
There is a marked increase in emission of toxic gases into the atmosphere due to
various industrial processes resulting in the pollution of air.
These processes release oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead and asbestos
32 Which source of pollution is responsible for acid rain
Air pollution
33 Name any two diseases that are caused by air pollution
Air pollution causes various diseases related to respiratory, nervous and
circulatory systems.
34 How does noise pollution affect human health ?
Noise pollution and human health: It causes damage to the hearing power of
human beings. It creates irritation
35 “If we treat the urban waste as a resource and utilise it properly it will be highly
valuable to people in India.” Support the statement.
These wastes should be treated as resources and utilised for generating energy
and compost. Eg- bio energy plant at okhla in delhi which uses municipal waste
36 Suggest any three measures to control water pollution in India
● Developing sewage treatment systems in towns,
● Monitoring of industrial effluents
● Cleaning of the river surface
● Public awareness for control of pollution
37 Suggest any three measures to reduce noise pollution in India.

a. Regular maintenance of vehicles and machines
b. Protection of ears with hearing protection devices
c. Reduce the volume of devices used
d. Planting trees
e. Banning the use of loudspeakers in festivals and other community
programmes
38 Land degradation is caused by human made processes that are more harmful than
natural processes in India. Analyse the statement with suitable examples.
● There are two processes that induce land degradation.
● These are natural and created by human beings.
● Wastelands such as gullied /ravenous land, desertic or coastal sands,
barren rocky areas, steep sloping land, and glacial areas are primarily
caused by natural agents .
Wastelands such as degraded shifting cultivation area, degraded land under
plantation crops, degraded forests, degraded pastures, and mining and industrial
wastelands are caused by human action
Wastelands caused by man-made processes are more important than natural
processes
39 Explain any three major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India.
Three major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India are as follows:
(i) Solid wastes are a threat to human health and can cause various diseases. It
creates foul smell and it harbours flies and rodents that causes malaria, cholera and
other diseases.
(ii) Solid waste can create inconvenience rapidly if they are not properly handled.
Pollutants can spread through rainwater or wind and can cause further problems.
(iii) Industrial solid waste can cause water pollution if it is dumped into water
bodies.
40 Explain any five objectives of ‘Namami Gange Programme’.
The Objective of Namami Gange Programme are as follows—
● Developing sewage treatment systems in towns.
● Monitoring of industrial effluents.
● Development of river front.
● Afforestation along the bank to increase biodiversity.
● Cleaning of the river surface.
● Development of Ganga Gram in Uttrakhand, U.P, Bihar, Jharkhand and
West Bengal.
● Creating public awareness
41 How has noise pollution become a serious problem in recent years in India ?
Explain.
● Noise has become a serious concern only in recent years due to a variety of
technological innovations.
● The biggest nuisance is the noise produced by traffic, because its intensity and
nature depend upon factors, such as the type of aircraft, vehicle, train and the
condition of road, as well as that of vehicle (in case of automobiles).
● In sea traffic, the noise pollution is confined to the harbour due to loading and
unloading activities being carried. Industries cause noise pollution but with
varying intensity depending upon the type of industry.
● Ocean noise is due to the vast increase in global shipping trade, the number of
ships plying the oceans and higher speed of vessels.
MAP WORK
World map
Continent Large country

North Canada
America
South Brazil
America
Europe France
Asia China
Africa Algeria
Oceania Australia
Areas of subsistence gathering.

Northern Canada
Northern Eurasia
Southern Chile
Amazon basin
Zaire basin
Northern fringe of Australia
Interior parts of south east Asia

Major areas of nomadic herding
of the world.
Atlantic shores of north Africa,
eastwards across the Arabian
peninsula into Mongolia and
central china
Tundra region of Eurasia
South west Africa
Island of Madagascar
Major areas of commercial

livestock rearing.
New Zealand
Australia
Argentina
Uruguay
USA
Major areas of extensive
commercial grain farming.
Prairies of USA and Canada

Eurasian steppes
Pampas of Argentina
Velds of south Africa
The Australian downs
Canterbury plains of New
Zealand
Major areas of mixed farming of

the World.
1. North western Europe

2. Eastern north America
3. Eurasia
4. Temperate latitudes of
southern continents
Terminal Stations of
transcontinental railways
1. Trans Siberian
Railway
 St Petersburg
 Vladivostok
2. Trans Canadian
railway
 Halifax
 Vancouver
3. The Australian
transcontinental
railways TRANS CONTINENTAL
 Perth RAILWAYS
 Sydney
Major Sea Ports :
Europe:
1. North Cape
2. London
3. Hamburg
North America:
1. Vancouver
2. San Francisco
3. New Orleans
South America:
1. Rio De Janeiro
2. Colon
3. Valparaiso
Africa:
1. Suez
2. Cape Town
Asia:
1. Yokohama
2. Shanghai
3. Hongkong
4. Aden
5. Karachi
6. Kolkata
Australia:
1. Perth
2. Sydney
3. Melbourne
Inland Waterways:
1. Suez canal
2. Panama canal
3. Rhine waterway
4. St. Lawrence Seaway
Major Airports:
Asia:
1. Tokyo
2. Beijing
3. Mumbai
4. Jeddah
5. Aden
Europe:
1. Moscow
2. London
3. Paris
4. Berlin
5. Rome
North America:
1. Chicago
2. New Orleans
3. Mexico City
South America:
1. Buenos Aires
2. Santiago
Australia:
1. Darwin
2. Wellington.
Africa
1. Johannesburg
2. Nairobi
INDIA map
State with highest level of

urbanisation- Goa
State with lowest level of

urbanisation- Himachal
Pradesh
LEVEL OF
URBANISATION
High population density-Bihar
Low population density-

Arunachal Pradesh
POPULATION
DENSITY
One out migrating state –Uttar
Pradesh
One in migrating state-

Maharashtra
IN MIGRATION
AND
OUT MIGRATION
10 million plus cities
1. Greater Mumbai
2. Delhi
3. Kolkata
4. Chennai
5. Bengaluru
10 MILLION
PLUS CITIES
Iron-ore mines:
1. Mayurbhanj-Orissa
2. Bailadila –Chattisgarh
3. Ratnagiri - Maharashtra
4. Bellary-Karnataka
MAYURBHANJ
RATNAGIRI
BAILADILA
BELLARY
IRON ORE
MINES
Manganese mines:
1. Balaghat- Madhya
Pradesh
2. Shimoga- Karnataka
BALAGHAT
SHIMOGA
MANGANESE
MINES
Copper mines:
1. Hazaribagh -Jharkhand
2. Singhbhum- Jharkhand
3. Khetri- Rajasthan
KHETRI
HAZARIBAGH
SINGHBHUM
COPPER
MINES
Bauxite mines:
1. Katni- Madhya Pradesh

2. Bilaspur -Chattisgarh
3. Koraput- Odisha
KATNI
BILASPUR
KORAPUT
BAUXITE
MINES
Coal mines:
1. Jharia-Jharkhand
2. Bokaro-Jharkhand
3. Raniganj-West Bengal
4. Neyveli. –Tamil Nadu
BOKARO
JHARIA RANIGANJ
NEYVELI
COAL MINES
Oil Refineries:
1. Mathura- Uttar Pradesh

2. Jamnagar- Gujarat
3. Barauni- Bihar
MATHURA
BARAUNI
JAMNAGAR
OIL
REFINERIES
Important towns on north south
corridor, east-west corridor &
golden quadrilateral.
SRINAGAR
North South Corridor-
Srinagar[north]
Kanyakumari [south]
DELHI
East West Corridor
SILCHAR
Silchar-[east]
PORBANDER
Porbander[west]
KOLKATA
Golden Quadrilateral
MUMBAI
Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai-Kolkata
CHENNAI
TRANSPORT
KANYAKUMARI
Major Sea Ports:
 Kandla-Gujarat
 Marmagao- Goa
 Kochi- Kerala
 Tuticorin- Tamil Nadu
 Chennai-Tamil Nadu
 Paradwip- Odisha
 Haldia- West Bengal
 Mumbai- Maharashtra
 Vishakhapatnam-
Andhra Pradesh
 Mangalore- Karnataka
International Air ports:
 Ahmedabad- Gujarat
 Mumbai- Maharashtra
 Bangalore- Karnataka
 Chennai- Tamil Nadu
 Kolkata- West Bengal
 Guwahati- Assam
 Delhi- Delhi
 Amritsar- Punjab
 Thiruvananthapuram -
Kerala
 Hyderabad - Telangana
SAMPLE QUESTIONPAPER (2022-23)
GEOGRAPHY
(029) CLASS XII
Time: 3Hrs. Max. Marks 70
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS-
i. Question paper is divided into 4 sections A ,B,C&D

ii. In section A question number 1 to 17 are MCQ type questions.
iii. In section B question number 18-23 are SA type questions (80-100 words). Question 18
& 19 are Source based questions.
iv. In section C question number 24 to 28 are Long Answer based questions (120-150
words).
v. In section D question number29&30 are Map based questions having 5 sub parts.
SECTION A
Q.NO. There are 17 questions in this section. All are mandatory. MARKS
1. Which two cities are connected by Channel Tunnel? 1
a. London with Barcelona

b. London with Berlin
c. London with Paris
d. London with Rome
2. Which of the following pairs is matched correctly? 1
NAME OF THE COUNTRY OIL PORT
a. Tunisia Tripoli
b. Lebanon Esskhira
c. Venezuela Maracaibo
d. Oman Aden
3. Which of the following may be interpreted as a spontaneous 1

effort to achieve a better balance between population and
resources?
a. Migration
b. Growth Rate
c. Birth Rate
d. Death Rate
4. Which of the following features is related to the second 1

stage of Demographic Transition Theory?
a. Fertility and Mortality decline considerably
b. Decline in Mortality but fertility remains high

c. Fertility and Mortality are high
d. Fertility declines and Mortality high
5. What is the major export from New Mangalore ports? 1
a. Coal
b. Iron ore
c. Copper
d. Mica
6. Which of the following is a feature of Kandla Port? 1
a. It is the biggest port of the country
b. Its harbour is situated at Zuari estuary
c. It is situated at the head of Gulf of Kachchh
d. It is the oldest port of India
7. Which of the following is incorrectly matched? 1
NAME OF THE STATE COAL MINING CENTRE
a. Telangana Singareni
b. Maharashtra Korba
c. Odisha Talcher
d. West Bengal Raniganj

8. Identify the correct order of location from west to east, 1
for the given natural gas reserves of India.
a. Ankaleshwar, Tripura, Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari basin
b. Jaisalmer, Ankaleshwar, Krishna Godavari basin, Tripura
c. Tripura, Jaisalmer, Krishna Godavari basin, Ankaleshwar
d. Krishna Godavari basin, Ankaleshwar, Tripura, Jaisalmer
9. Which of the following are industrial towns of India? 1
a. Hugli, Salem, Bhilai
b. Jamshedpur, Pushkar, Ujjain
c. Coimbatore, New Delhi, Imphal
d. Chandigarh, Mugalsarai, Shillong
10. Which of the following are the features of Urban 1

Settlements in India?
a. Complex way of life, manufacturing of finished goods,

nodes of economic growth.
b. Intimate social relations, mainly primary economic

activities, people are less mobile.
c. Economy mainly based on primary activities, providing
food and raw materials, and social relations are formal.
d. Provide a variety of services, poor transport networks,

social relations are intimate.
Arrange the following in correct sequence:

11. 1
Following is the sequence of generating geothermal :
(i) It is so hot that when it rises to the earth's surface, it

turns into steam.
(ii) Groundwater in such areas (where the geothermal

gradient is high) absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes
hot.
(iii) This steam is used to drive turbines and generate

electricity.
(iv) Geothermal energy exists, because the earth

grows progressively hotter with increasing depth.
a. (iv) - (ii) - (i) - (iii)

b. (ii) - (i) - (iv) - (iii)
c. (i) - (iv) - (iii) - (ii)
d. (iii) - (ii) - (iv) - (i)
12. Consider the following statements and choose the correct 1

option from the given options
I. The WTO however has been criticized and opposed
by those who are worried about the effects of Free trade
and economic globalization.
II. Free trade does not make
ordinary people‟s lives more
prosperous.
Options-
a. Only statement I is correct
b. Both the statements are true and statement II
correctly present the reason for statement I
c. Only Statement II is correct
d. Both the statements I and II are incorrect
13. Assertion: Settlements can be of various types. 1
Reason: Various physical factors affect the growth of
settlements. Options:
a. Only assertion is correct
b. Only reason is correct
c. Both statements are correct. Statement II correctly

explains statement I.
d. Both are correct but not related to each other

14. Assertion; Mediterranean regions have been inhabited 1
from early periods in history.
Reason; Plain areas are favorable for the production of

crops and to build roads and industries.
a. Only assertion is correct
b. Only reason is correct
c. Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the

correct explanation for assertion
d. Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is

not the correct explanation for assertion
Read the following case study and answer question no 15 to

17.
Ralegan Siddhi is a small village in the district of

Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra. It has become an example for
watershed development throughout the country. In 1975, this
village was caught in a web of poverty and illicit liquor trade.
The transformation took place when a retired army personnel
settled down in the village and took up the task of watershed
development. He convinced villagers about the importance
of family planning and voluntary labour; preventing open
grazing, felling trees, and liquor prohibition. Voluntary labour
was necessary to ensure minimum dependence on the
government for financial aid. Even those who were working
outside the village contributed to the development by
committing a month's salary every year. Work began with the
percolation tank constructed in the village. In 1975, the tank
could not hold water. The
embankment wall leaked. People voluntarily repaired the
embankment. The seven wells below it swelled with water in
summer for the first time in the living memory of the people.
The people reposed their faith in him and his visions. A youth
group called Tarun Mandal was formed. The group worked
to ban the dowry system, caste discrimination and un touch
ability. Liquor distilling units were removed and prohibition
imposed. Open grazing was completely banned with a new
emphasis on stallfeeding. The cultivation of water intensive
crops like sugarcane was banned. Crops such as pulses,
oilseeds and certain cash crops with low water requirements
were encouraged. All elections to local bodies began to be
held on the basis of consensus. "It made the community
leaders complete representatives of the people." A system of
Nyay Panchayats (informal courts) were also set up. Since
then, no case has been referred to the police. A Rs. 22 lakh
school building was constructed using only the resources of
the village. No donations were taken. Money, if needed, was
borrowed and paid back. The villagers took pride in this
selfreliance. A new system of sharing labour grew out of this
infusion of pride and voluntary spirit. People volunteered to
help each other in agricultural operations. Landless labourers
also gained employment.
15. Which of the following methods of water conservation 1

broughtprosperity in Ralegan Siddhi?
(a) Rainwater harvesting
(b) Watershed development
(c) Groundwater recharge
(d) Construction of dams.

16. Which of the following measures were taken to 1
increase democratic participation in the village?
(a) Construction of school
(b) Local body elections
(c) Liquor prohibition
(d) All of the above
17. Which of the following made Ralegan Siddhi 1

independent of government's financial aid?
(a) Prohibition of liquor
(b) Voluntary labour
(c) Local body election
(d) Agriculture
SECTION B
Question numbers 18-23 are SA type questions.

Question 18 & 19 are Source based questions.
18. Read the given Passage carefully and answer the 3

questions that follow:
Bharmaur tribal area comprises Bharmaur and Holi

tehsils of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. It has
been a notified tribal
area since 21 November 1975. Bharmaur is inhabited by
„Gaddi‟, a tribal community who have maintained a distinct
identity in the Himalayan region as they practiced
transhumance and conversed through Gaddiali dialect.
Bharmaur tribal region has harsh climate conditions, low
resource base and fragile environment. These factors have
influenced the society and Economy of the region. According
to the 2011 census, the total population of Bharmaur sub-
division was 39,113 i.e., 21 persons per sq km. It is one of the
most (economically and socially) backward areas of
Himachal Pradesh. Historically, the Gaddis have
experienced geographical and political isolation and socio-
economic deprivation. The economy is largely based on
agriculture and allied activities such as sheep and goat
rearing. The process of development of the tribal area of
Bharmaur started in the 1970s when Gaddis were included
among „scheduled tribes‟. Under the Fifth Five Year Plan,
the tribal sub-plan was introduced in 1974 and Bharmaur was
designated as one of the five Integrated Tribal Development
Projects (ITDP) in Himachal Pradesh. This area development
plan was aimed at improving the quality of life of the Gaddis
and narrowing the gap in the level of development between
Bharmaur and other areas of Himachal Pradesh. This plan
laid the highest priority on development of transport and
communications, agriculture and allied activities, and social
and community services.
1) How have the Gaddi Tribal Community

maintained a distinct identity in the Himalayan
region?
2) Which factors have influenced the society and
Economy of the region to remain backward?
3) Under the Integrated Tribal Development Project,
Which areas were given the highest priority?
19. Observe the given map and answer the following questions: 3
1) Name the Railway line and name the country where it

lies.
2) Name the stations marked as „A‟ and „B‟.
3) State two reasons why it is the most important
route in Asia?
For Visually Impaired Students in lieu of Q.No. 19
1) Name the longest Railway Line of Asia. In which

country it is located.
2) Name the Capital city and important agro center
located on this line
3) Give two reasons why it is the most important
route in Asia?
20. What is meant by the density of population? Explain with 3

examples the physical and economic factors which affect
population distribution.
OR
With the help of a neat and labeled diagram, explain the
three stages of the Demographic Transition Theory.
21. Examine the features of cottage manufacturing or 3

household industries.
22. How is „Naturalisation of Humans‟ different from 3

„Humanisation of Nature‟?
OR
“The approaches to the study of human geography have

been evolving over a period of time”. How have these
schools of thought changed the approaches of study to
human geography?
Elucidate any 3 characteristics of the most

23.
effective and advanced personal communication 3
system in India.
SECTION C
Question numbers 24 to 28 are Long Answer based
questions.
24. Describe the main characteristics of Intensive Subsistence 5

Agriculture. In which parts of the world this type of agriculture
is practiced?
25. Discuss the problems of Slums and Urban Waste 5

Disposal in developing countries like India.
26. How have good governance and people-oriented policies 5

with reference to the pillars of human development, increased
the values of freedom and capabilities?
OR
“The ways to measure human development are constantly

being redefined”. Evaluate this statement keeping in mind
the attainments and shortfall in human development.
27. Justify the tremendous growth of the Service Sector in 5

developed and developing countries than the manufacturing
sector? Explain giving suitable examples.
Analyse any five problems faced by Indian farmers in 5

28. agriculture.
OR
On the basis of the main source of moisture for crops,

analyse the types of farming in the Indian scenario.
SECTION D
Question numbers 29 & 30 are Map based questions

having 5 sub-parts each.
29. On the given political map of the world, the following 5

seven features are shown. Identify any five of these
features and write their correct names on the lines marked
near each feature.
A. A Shipping Canal
B. An International Airport
C. An International Seaport
D. An area of Extensive Commercial Grain farming
E. A Nomadic Herding area
F. Largest Country of South America
A Major Seaport
G.
For Visually Impaired Students in lieu of Q.No.

29(Attempt Any 5)
A Name the shipping canal between North and South
America B Name the busiest International airport of
Germany
C Name the International Trading port of South East Asia.
D Name the area of Extensive Commercial Grain

farming in Australia
E Write the name of the Nomadic herding area of North

Africa.
F. Name the Largest Country of South America
G Name the important sea port located on the eastern

coast of Australia.
30. On the given political map of India, locate and label any 5
five of the following with appropriate symbols :
Northern most Seaport on Western coast of India
A.
A copper mine of Rajasthan

B.
A market based oil refinery located in Bihar

C.
D. State with lowest population density
E. Largest coffee producing state
F. An international airport of Kerala
G. A state with highest level of urbanization
For Visually Impaired Students in lieu of Q.No.

30(Attempt Any 5)
A. Name the Northernmost Seaport on Western coast of

India
B. Write the name of oldest copper mine of Rajasthan
C. Name the market based oil refinery located in Bihar
D. Name the State with lowest population density
E. Write the name of Largest coffee producing state of
India
F. Name An international airport of Kerala
G. Name A state with highest level of urbanization
Q30
Q29
ANSWER KEY (2022-23)
SECTION A
There are 17 questions in this section. Questions 15,16 & 17 are

Source based questions.
1
1. c. London with Paris
1
2. c. Venezuela - Maracaibo
1
3. a. Migration
1
4. b. Decline in Mortality but fertility remains high
1
5. b. Iron ore
1
6. c. It is situated at the head of Gulf of Kachchh
1
7. b. Maharashtra -Korba
1
8. b. Jaisalmer, Ankaleshwar, Krishna Godavari basin, Tripura
1
9. a. Hugli, Salem, Bhilai
1
10. a. Complex way of life, manufacturing of finished goods, nodes of
economic growth.
1
11. a. (iv) - (ii) - (i) - (iii)
1
12. b. Both the statements are true and statement II correctly
presents the reason for statement I.
1
13. c. Both statements are correct. Statement II correctly explains
statement I.
1
14. d. Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the
correct explanation for assertion
1
15. (b) Watershed development
1
16. (b) Local body elections
1
17. (b) Voluntary labour
SECTION B
Question numbers 18-23 are SA type questions. Question 18

& 19 are Source based questions.
18. Read the given Passage carefully and answer the questions that
follow:
Bharmaur tribal area comprises Bharmaur and Holi tehsils of

Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. It has been a notified tribal
area since 21 November 1975. Bharmaur is inhabited by „Gaddi‟, a
tribal community who have maintained a distinct identity in the
Himalayan region as they practiced transhumance and conversed
through Gaddiali dialect. Bharmaur tribal region has harsh climate
conditions, low resource base and fragile environment. These
factors have influenced the society and Economy of the region.
According to the 2011 census, the total population of Bharmaur sub-
division was 39,113 i.e., 21 persons per sq km. It is one of the most
(economically and socially) backward areas of Himachal Pradesh.
Historically, the Gaddis have experienced geographical and political
isolation and socio-economic deprivation. The economy is largely
based on agriculture and allied activities such as sheep and goat
rearing. The process of development of the tribal area of Bharmaur
started in the 1970s when Gaddis were included among „scheduled
tribes‟. Under the
Fifth Five Year Plan, the tribal sub-plan was introduced in 1974 and
Bharmaur was designated as one of the five Integrated Tribal
Development Projects (ITDP) in Himachal Pradesh. This area
development plan was aimed at improving the quality of life of the
Gaddis and narrowing the gap in the level of development between
Bharmaur and other areas of Himachal Pradesh. This plan laid the
highest priority on development of transport and communications,
agriculture and allied activities, and social and community services.
1) How have the Gaddi Tribal Community maintained a

distinct identity in the Himalayan region?
ANS: Gaddi tribal communities have maintained a distinct

identity in the Himalayan region as they practiced
transhumance and conversed through Gaddiali dialect.
2) Which factors have influenced the society and Economy of

the region to remain backward?
ANS: Bharmaur tribal region has harsh climate conditions, low

resource base and fragile environment. These factors have
influenced the society and Economy of the region.
3) Under the Integrated Tribal Development Project, Which

areas were given the highest priority?
ANS: This plan laid the highest priority on development of transport

and communications, agriculture and allied activities, and social and
community services.
19. Observe the given map and answer the following questions: 3
1)
Name the Railway line and name the country where it
lies.
ANS: Railway Line- Trans-Siberian Railway Line. It

Lies in Asiatic Russia
2) Name the stations marked as „A‟ and „B‟.
Station A is Moscow. Station B is Chita.
3) State two reasons why it is the most important

route in Asia?
● It has helped in opening up its Asian region to
west European markets.
● Chita is an important agro-centre and Irkutsk,
a fur center connecting them to Odessa in the
South
20. 1. The density of population is a measure of human and 3

land relationship. It is expressed as the number of
persons per unit area. It helps in getting a better
understanding of spatial distribution of population in
relation to land.
2. The physical factors like climate, terrain and

availability of water affects population distribution. For
example the north
India plains, deltas and coastal plains have a higher
proportion of population than other regions of the country.
3. Economic factors like industrialisation, urbanisation and

development of transport networks cause high
concentration of population in urban regions of Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune etc.
OR
The three stages of the Demographic Transition Theory

with diagram:
The above diagram explains the three-staged model of

Demographic Transition Theory:
● The first stage has high fertility and high mortality

because people reproduce more to compensate for the
deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. The
population growth is slow and most of the people are
engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset.
Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate and
have low levels of technology. Two hundred years ago
all the countries of the world were in this stage.
● Fertility remains high in the beginning of the second
stage but it declines with time. This is accompanied by
a
reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation
and health conditions lead to decline in mortality.
Because of this gap the net addition to population is
high.
● In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline
considerably. The population is either stable or grows
slowly. The population becomes urbanised, literate
and has high technical knowhow and deliberately
controls the family size. This shows that human
beings are extremely flexible and are able to adjust
their fertility.
3
21. The features of cottage manufacturing or
household industries;(any three points)
1. It is the smallest manufacturing unit.
2. Use of local raw materials and simple tools by the

artisans.
3. Goods are produced for everyday use in the homes

of artisans with the help of family members.
4. Finished products are used in the same household or

sold in the local market.
5. Some common examples of products produced in

this sector include food stuffs, containers, fabrics, tools,
furniture, figurines, jewellery, pottery etc.
3
22. Write any three points.
Naturalisation of humans Humanisation of nature
This refers to early stages This refers to the

of interaction between the interaction between the
natural environment and forces of nature and
humans humans who begin to
where humans are understan the force of
adapted to dictates of d nature. s
nature.
It indicates a very low It indicates development of

level of technology and efficient technology and
social development. better social and cultural
relations.
Naturalised humans Humans move from a

listen to nature, are state of necessity to a state
afraid of its fury and of freedom.
worship nature.
Direct dependence of Resources are obtained

humans on nature. from the environment to
create more opportunities.
The physical Humans make use of

environment for nature so that nature gets
naturalised humans humanised showing the
becomes mother nature. imprints of human
activities.
OR
“The approaches to the study of human geography have

been evolving over a period of time”. How have these
schools of thought changed the approaches of study to
human geography?
● Welfare or humanistic school of thought in human geography

was mainly concerned with the different aspects of social
well-being of the people. These included aspects such as
housing, health and education. Geographers have already
introduced a paper as Geography of Social well-being in the
Post Graduate curriculum‟.
● Radical school of thought employed Marxian theory to explain
the basic cause of poverty, deprivation and social inequality.
Contemporary social problems were related to the development
of capitalism.
● The Behavioral school of thought laid great emphasis
on lived experience and also on the perception of
space by social categories based on ethnicity, race
and religion, etc.
3
Write any three points
23.
1. The Internet is the most effective and advanced

personal communication system in India.
2. Enables the user to establish direct access to the

word of knowledge and information.
3. It's like a huge central warehouse of data with

detailed information on various topics.
4. Provides information on low cost
5. Its being used increasingly for e-commerce and

carrying out money transactions
SECTION C
Question numbers 24 to 28 are Long Answer based
questions.
24. Describe the main characteristics of Intensive Subsistence 5

Agriculture. In which parts of the world this type of agriculture
is practiced?
This type of agriculture is largely found in densely populated

regions of monsoon Asia.
There are two types of intensive subsistence agriculture.
(i) Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet

paddy cultivation:
This type of agriculture is characterised by dominance of the rice crop.
Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population.
Farmers work with the help of family labour leading to intensive use of
land.
Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are

done by manual labour.
Farm yard manure is used to maintain the fertility of the soil. In this type
of agriculture, the yield per unit area is high but per labour productivity
is low.
(ii) Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by crops other than

paddy:
Due to the difference in relief, climate, soil and some of the other
geographical factors, it is not practical to grow paddy in many parts of
monsoon Asia.
Wheat, soyabean, barley and sorghum are grown in northern China,

Manchuria, North Korea and North Japan.
In India wheat is grown in western parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains and

millets are grown in dry parts of western and southern India.
Most of the characteristics of this type of agriculture are similar to those

dominated by wet paddy except that irrigation is often used.
25. Discuss the problems of Slums and Urban Waste Disposal in 5
developing countries like India.
ANS: The slums, jhuggi-jhopari clusters and colonies of shanty

structures is a major problem faced by the urban settlements in
developing countries like India. These are inhabited by those people
who were forced to migrate from the rural areas to these urban centres
in search of livelihood but could not afford proper
housing due to high rent and high costs of land. They occupy
environmentally incompatible and degraded areas. Slums are
residential areas of the least choice, dilapidated houses, poor hygienic
conditions, poor ventilation, lack of basic amenities, like drinking water,
light and toilet facilities, etc. Open defecation, unregulated drainage
systems and overcrowded narrow street patterns are serious health and
socio environmental hazards. Most of the slum population works in low-
paid, high risk-prone, unorganised sectors of the urban economy.
Consequently, they are the undernourished, prone to different types of
diseases and illness and can not afford to give proper education to their
children. The poverty makes them vulnerable to drug abuse, alcoholism,
crime, vandalism, escapism, apathy and ultimately social exclusion.
5
26. Leading a long and healthy life, being able to gain knowledge and
having enough means to be able to live a decent life are the most
important aspects of human development
- FOUR PILLARS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Just as any building is supported by pillars, the idea of human

development is supported by the concepts of equity, sustainability,
productivity and empowerment.
● Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available

to everybody. The opportunities available to people must be
equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and in the Indian
case, caste. Yet this is very often not the case and happens in
almost every society. For example, in any country, it is interesting
to see which group the most of the school dropouts belong to.
This should then lead to an understanding of the reasons for such
behaviour. In India, a large number of women and persons
belonging to socially and economically backward groups dropout
of school. This shows how the choices of these groups get limited
by not having access to knowledge.
● Sustainability means continuity in the availability of
opportunities. To have sustainable human
development, each generation must have the same
opportunities. All environmental, financial and human
resources must be used keeping in mind the future.
Misuse of any of these resources will lead to fewer
opportunities for future generations. A good example
is about the importance of sending girls to school. If a
community does not stress the importance of sending
its girl children to school, many opportunities will be
lost to these young women when they grow up. Their
career choices will be severely curtailed and this
would affect other aspects of their lives. So each
generation must ensure the availability of choices and
opportunities to its future generations.
● Productivity here means human labour productivity
or productivity in terms of human work. Such
productivity must be constantly enriched by building
capabilities in people. Ultimately, it is people who are
the real wealth of nations. Therefore, efforts to
increase their knowledge, or provide better health
facilities ultimately leads to better work efficiency.
● Empowerment means to have the power to make
choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom
and capability. Good governance and people-oriented
policies are required to empower people. The
empowerment of socially and economically
disadvantaged groups is of special importance.
OR
The ways to measure human development are

constantly being refined and newer ways of capturing
different elements of human development are being
researched. Researchers have found links between
the level of corruption or political freedom in a
particular region. There is also a discussion regarding
a political freedom index and a listing of the most
corrupt countries.
The human development index measures attainments

in human development. It reflects what has been
achieved in
the key areas of human development. Yet it is not the
most reliable measure. This is because it does not say
anything about the distribution. The human poverty
index is related to the human development index. This
index measures the shortfall in human development.
It is a non-income measure.
The probability of not surviving till the age of 40, the

adult illiteracy rate, the number of people who do not
have access to clean water, and the number of small
children who are underweight are all taken into
account to show the shortfall in human development
in any region. Often the human poverty index is more
revealing than the human development index.
Looking at both these measures of human
development together gives an accurate picture of the
human development situation in a country.
5
27. Why is the Service Sector in developed and developing
countries growing faster than the manufacturing sector?
Explain giving suitable examples.
● Highly sophisticated machines and technology are

available now. Manufacturing sector which can be
operated and controlled by a few people, due to which
many people earlier employed in the manufacturing
sector are seeking jobs in the service sector.
● Most of the manufacturing companies need a large
number of people in non direct production sector like
clerical, managerial, advertising, sales, legal and
financial experts which have a higher income than the
people employed in direct production.
● The service sector is growing in importance because
more and more females are seeking employment in
this sector which provides a better working
environment and high per capita income than in the
manufacturing sector.
● With growing income, people are demanding more
services like medical facilities, entertainment,
hospitality industries, travel and tourism, etc. As a
result of which the
service sector has drastically expanded in all
directions. It is a good thing that many people get
employment through these industries. For example, if
tourism increases, then people in the hospitality
industry get employment.
● Growth in Service sector indicates a growth in GDP.
Hence, the government makes all efforts to uplift the
service sector by providing provident funds, gratuity ,
pension, etc to the employees. This also increases the
per capita income of the people.
Elaborate any five problems faced by Indian 5

28.
farmers in agriculture.
● Dependence on Erratic Monsoon- Irrigation covers

only about 33 per cent of the cultivated area in India.
The crop production in the rest of the cultivated land
directly depends on rain. Poor performance of south-
west monsoon also adversely affects the supply of
canal water for irrigation. On the other hand, the
rainfall in Rajasthan and other drought prone areas is
too meagre and highly unreliable. Even the areas
receiving high annual rainfall experience considerable
fluctuations. This makes them vulnerable to both
droughts and floods. Drought is a common
phenomenon in the low rainfall areas, which may also
experience occasional floods. The flash floods in
drylands of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan in
2006 and 2017 are examples of this phenomenon.
Droughts and floods continue to be the twin menace
in Indian agriculture.
● Low productivity- The yield of the crops in the
country is low in comparison to the international level.
Per hectare output of most of the crops such as rice,
wheat, cotton and
oilseeds in India is much lower than that of the U.S.A.,
Russia and Japan. Because of the very high pressure
on the land resources, the labour productivity in Indian
agriculture is also very low in comparison to
international level. The vast rainfed areas of the
country, particularly drylands which mostly grow
coarse cereals, pulses and oilseeds have low yields.
● Constraints of Financial Resources and
Indebtedness- The inputs of modern agriculture are
very expensive. This resource intensive approach has
become unmanageable for marginal and small
farmers as they have very meagre or no savings to
invest in agriculture. To tide over these difficulties,
most of such farmers have resorted to availing credit
from various institutions and moneylenders. Crop
failures and low returns from agriculture have forced
them to fall in the trap of indebtedness.
● Lack of Land Reforms- Indian peasantry had been
exploited for a long time as there had been unequal
distribution of land. Among the three revenue systems
operational during the British period, i.e., Mahalwari,
Ryotwari and Zamindari, the last one was most
exploitative for the peasants. After Independence,
land reforms were accorded priority, but these reforms
were not implemented effectively due to lack of strong
political will. Most of the state governments avoided
taking politically tough decisions which went against
strong political lobbies of landlords. Lack of
implementation of land reforms has resulted in
continuation of iniquitous distribution of cultivable land
which is detrimental to agricultural development.
● Landholdings- There are a large number of marginal
and small farmers in the country. The average size of
land holding is shrinking under increasing population
pressure. Furthermore, in India, the land holdings are
mostly fragmented. There are some states where
consolidation of holding has not been carried out even
once. Even in the states where it has been carried out
once, second consolidation is required as land
holdings have fragmented again in the process of
division of land among the owners of next
generations. The small size of fragmented
landholdings are uneconomic.
● Lack of Commercialisation- A large number of
farmers produce crops for self-consumption. These
farmers do not have enough land resources to
produce more than their requirement. Most of the
small and marginal farmers grow foodgrains, which
are meant for their own family consumption.
Modernisation and commercialisation of agriculture
have, however, taken place in the irrigated areas.
● Vast Underemployment- There is a massive
underemployment in the agricultural sector in India,
particularly in the unirrigated tracts. In these areas,
there is seasonal unemployment ranging from 4 to 8
months. Even in the cropping season, work is not
available throughout as agricultural operations are not
labour intensive. Hence, the people engaged in
agriculture do not have the opportunity to work round
the year. (Any 5 points)
On the basis of the main source of moisture for crops, the

farming can be classified as irrigated and rainfed (barani).
There is difference in the nature of irrigated farming, as well
as based on the objective of irrigation, i.e., protective or
productive. The objective of protective irrigation is to protect
the crops from adverse effects of soil moisture deficiency
which often means that irrigation acts as a supplementary
source of water over and above the rainfall. The strategy of
this kind of irrigation is to provide soil moisture to the
maximum possible area.
Productive irrigation is meant to provide sufficient soil

moisture in the cropping season to achieve high productivity.
In such irrigation the water input per unit area of cultivated
land is higher than protective irrigation.
Rainfed farming is further classified on the basis of adequacy

of soil moisture during cropping season into dryland and
wetland farming. In India, the dryland farming is largely
confined to the regions having annual rainfall less than 75
cm. These regions grow hardy and drought resistant crops
such as ragi, bajra, moong, gram and guar (fodder crops)
and practise various measures of soil moisture conservation
and rainwater harvesting. In wetland farming, the rainfall is in
excess of the soil moisture requirement of plants during the
rainy season. Such regions may face flood and soil erosion
hazards. These areas grow various water intensive crops
such as rice, jute and sugarcane and practise aquaculture in
the freshwater bodies.
SECTION D
Question numbers 29 & 30 are Map based questions

having 5 sub-parts each.
29. On the given political outline map of the world, the
following seven features are shown. Identify any five of
these features and write their correct names on the lines
marked near each feature.
A. A Shipping Canal - Panama Canal
B. An International Airport - Frankfurt Airport
C. An International Seaport - Hong Kong Port
D. An area of Extensive Commercial Grain farming - Downs
E. A Nomadic Herding area - Sub Sahara or Sahara Desert
F. Largest Country of South America - Brazil
A Major Seaport - Sydney Port

G.
Answers for Visually Impaired Students are the

same as above.
30. On the outline political map of India provided to you,

locate and label any five of the following with appropriate
symbols :
Northern most Seaport on Western coast of India - Kandla

A.
A copper mine of Rajasthan - Khetri
B.
A market based oil refinery located in Bihar - Barauni

C.
D. State with lowest population density - Arunanchal Pradesh
E. Largest coffee producing state - Karnataka
F. An international airport of Kerala - Tiruanantpuram
G. A state with highest level of urbanization - Goa
Answers for Visually Impaired Students are the

same as above.
251

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SUPPORT MATERIAL

Nature of Human Geography

Field and Sub-fields of Human Geography

 ‘Eye’ of the storm.

11 How is human geography related to other social sciences?

Patterns of Population Distribution

Spatial Pattern of Population Change

2 Which is measured in terms of person's per sq km.? c

5 Assertion : The annual population growth rate in India is 1.6 % . c

6 Migrants who are moving to a new place is called --------- b

9 What is the demographic transition model? b

10 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer d

13 Why are the people of a country considered its real wealth ?

14 Define the term population distribution

15 What is the meaning of density of population? Explain with examples four

16 When does the positive growth of population take place?

18 What does the Theory of Demographic Transition tell us?

Growth and development

2 The shortfalls of human development include b

4 What is the range of measuring human development index? a

8 Name the scholar who introduced the concept of human development.

9 Examine the concept of ‘human development’ as introduced by Mahbub-ul-

11 Explain the basic needs approach to human development of the world.

12 ‘‘The Gross National Happiness is the measure of the country’s progress.’’

13 How are countries classified on the basis of human development index?

14 Analyse any three features of countries with medium levels of human

Hunting and gathering

Commercial livestock rearing:

Primitive subsistence agriculture:

Extensive commercial grain cultivation

Market gardening and horticulture:

Factors affection mining activity:

A. Surface /opencast mining

3 Which activities are directly depended on environment? a

8 Which type of pastoralism is more organised and capital intensive? b

Cattle, Seasonal migration of Only one type of animal

10 In which activity only one type of animal is reared? b

14 Which one of the following doesn’t follow monoculture? c

Europeans Crops introduced in colonies

17 Consider the following statements and choose the correct answer d

22 Match the following - b

3. What type of accidents can occur in underground mining? d

24 Map based questions

Areas of subsistence gathering

Areas of nomadic herding

Areas of commercial Livestock Rearing

Areas of extensive commercial grain farming

Areas of mixed farming

Work is done with manual labour Machinery deployed for cultivation.

Farmyard manure is used to maintain Fertilizers and pesticides are used

39 Differentiate between co-operative farming and collective farming

In co-operative farming, farmers have In collective farming, farmers pool all

Co-operative farming has been successful It was introduced in erstwhile Soviet

Originally introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in the tropics, plantation

1. Identify the picture and give suitable title to it.

1. Identify the picture and give suitable title to it.

1. Identify and name the type of primary activity.

1. Identify and name the type of agriculture.