COURSE: MANAGEMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT APPLICABLE FOR DECEMBER 2022

Answer-1:
Introduction:
A recently established start-up called Sachin Ethanol creates ethanol from sugarcane
waste. The most important aspect of a firm for success is management. To ensure the
organization runs effectively and meets its goals, it is important to focus on all aspects
of planning, organizing, leading, and regulating. The newly hired management
students must be educated on management principles in order to provide them with
guidelines for making managerial decisions that will help the firm develop. This is the
role of the trainer. It helps managers efficiently plan and assign tasks in order to uphold
the company's work ethics and culture and increase employee happiness. Using the
management principles as a guide.
Since the beginning of time, management has been the most important activity
because civilization has always depended on teamwork. Additionally, it has always
been essential to guarantee that each person's actions are coordinated, even before
people began to interact socially. The accomplishment of goals and objectives that
cannot be realized separately depends on well-coordinated efforts. The act of
management involves combining individual efforts in order to achieve goals.
When the agricultural revolution was just beginning about 5000 B.C., management
had its first recorded history. The pyramids in Egypt were constructed in a highly
organized and planned manner around 2900 B.C. These pyramids have evolved into
a timeless illustration of management.
The Roman Empire included management, which organized its general administration
and used excellent communication to oversee its political, military, and judicial issues.
The industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century is credited with introducing
management as we know it in modern organizations. Let's talk about the Industrial
Revolution and management.
Discussion:
French mining engineer Henri Fayol (1841–1925) promoted the idea of administrative
management. He concentrated on creating management principles that could be used
at both the general and upper managerial levels. Fayol provided 14 management
principles that serve as a roadmap for creating management practices.
The following is an explanation of these guidelines:
1. Work division: In accordance with this principle, work ought to be distributed
among people and groups in accordance with their abilities and knowledge. This
aids in increasing the efficiency with which the work is completed.
2. Authority and Responsibility: The ability to give orders and instructions is a
sign of authority. The position, intelligence, experience, and skills of a manager
give rise to the authority right. The opposite of this is responsibility, which is the
state of accepting responsibility for the results of one's actions.
Managers ought to be held accountable for their decisions.
3. Discipline: In an organization, discipline is the act of deferring to authority.
Employees are required to abide by and respect the organization's governing
principles and regulations. An organization needs good supervision at all levels,
clear communication between management and employees, and the prudent
application of sanctions in order to maintain good discipline.
4. Unity of command: In accordance with this principle, workers involved in a
specific line of work should only answer to one superior. This aids in preventing
misunderstandings regarding the employees roles.
5. Unity of direction: It implies that there should be a single direction in which
workers must move in order to accomplish a specific goal. Employees may find
it challenging to complete the task if they are drawn in a number of different
directions.
6. Subordination of individual interest to general interest: Fayol placed a
strong focus on this notion on tying individual ambitions to organizational
objectives.
7. Remuneration: For workers, there should be a fair wage system in place. When
determining salaries, it is important to take into account a number of variables,
including the business environment, cost of living, an organization's ability to
pay, and employee productivity.
8. Centralisation: To make the best use of employees' skills, Fayol contends that
the level of centralization should be chosen.
9. Scalar chain: The term "scalar chain" describes the organizational hierarchy
that applies from senior managers to lower-level personnel. The scalar chain
principle states that all communication must go through the appropriate
hierarchical routes. However, cross communication must be available in the
event that there are any hierarchy-related communication delays. Scalar chain
is essential to an organization's performance, according to Fayol.
10. Order: The effective coordination of all the components of an organization
requires order. Management must adhere to the correct location for everything
and every man principle.
11. Equity: The equity concept calls for treating each employee fairly. All employees
must get equal treatment from management, who should be devoid of bias and
prejudice.
12. Stability of tenure of personnel: By guaranteeing their jobs, management
must work to stabilize the length of tenure of their workforce. Organizations must
work to prevent turnover by boosting staff morale and motivation because it
invariably leads to ineffective output.
13. Initiative: Employees need freedom from management in order to properly
carry out commands. To do their tasks effectively, employees should be urged
to take the initiative in their specialized fields.
14. Esprit de corps (Team spirit): It alludes to group unity. In order to boost
employee teamwork, management must implement new strategies. This
promotes harmonious staff collaboration.
Conclusion:
The 14 principles of Henri Fayol offer a way to manage the staff members and
individuals inside an organization and develop a plan to inspire and train employees
for a particular task so they can do it well and achieve the company's goals. The
principle develops a profound awareness of the responsibility and management of
personnel, effectively managing the discipline and work values. Another factor in an
organization that makes managers trustworthy and helps them make wise decisions
for the organization's growth, control all factors, and deal with problems to operate the
business is good technical ability.

Answer-2
Introduction:
Management is a potent method that considers planning to manage, organizing, and
effectively employing the resources to achieve the organizational objective and
successfully complete the specified job. Each division of the newly formed
management team is debating a different topic. To clarify whether management is an
art, a science, or both, it will help to have the chairman of the online forum's input. This
system is used to complete the task at a low cost and produce effective results.
Management can be viewed as a science, an art, or both. Truth is provided by science,
a fundamental idea that is widely accepted to support commercial businesses and help
managers control the link between many variables.

Discussion:
Management as an art
Management is a potent method that considers planning to manage, organizing, and
effectively employing the resources to achieve the organizational objective and
successfully complete the specified job. Each division of the newly formed
management team is debating a different topic. To clarify whether management is an
art, a science, or both, it will help to have the chairman of the online forum's input. This
system is used to complete the task at a low cost and produce effective results.
Management can be viewed as a science, an art, or both. Truth is provided by science,
a fundamental idea that is widely accepted to support commercial businesses and help
managers control the link between many variables.
Let's take a look at the example from the management as science instance, where
there was an issue with a worker's subpar performance at work.
Art is the creative and skilful application of previously acquired knowledge to produce
desired effects. It can be learned by consistent practice, ingenuity, first-hand
experience, and personal observation.
Examples of people who are artists include dancers, potters, musicians, directors,
actors, designers, etc. In order to get the job done from his staff, a manager must use
his own expertise and experience, which makes him both an artist and a manager.
The methods used by various employees to complete their work vary from
management to manager.
According to the artistic viewpoint, managers can resolve this issue by depending on
their own judgements and experiences.
Art is the skillful and unique application of already-existing knowledge to achieve
desired results. It can be acquired through study, research, and application. A certain
amount of ingenuity and creativity are required to follow the main systems learned
because art involves the personal usage of facts. The following are some of art's
fundamental qualities:
The existence of theoretical knowledge: The existence of specialized academic
knowledge is assumed in the case of art. Specialists in their own professions have
developed certain fundamental postulates that are appropriate for a particular kind of
art. For example, the literature on acting, dancing, singing, and public speaking is
widely recognized. Individualized application: Each person uses this fundamental
knowledge in a different way. As a result, art is a highly individual concept.
Based on tradition and imagination: Art is useful. The creative use of already-
existing intellectual information is included in art. Seven notes are the known
foundation of music. But how a musician plays these notes in an original, artistic
fashion that is all his own is what distinguishes or differentiates his style from others.

Management as a science:
Science is a disciplined body that disseminates information and offers specific truths
that help to understand phenomena and build the causal chain between diverse
variables.
It offers scientific principles and the essential truth to deal with the sources, and it
requires specialized knowledge to deal with the issues and bring about improvement.
While art aids in developing the abilities and expertise needed to handle a variety of
supervisory issues, science promotes learning.
Science is an organized body of knowledge that places a focus on unmistakable
universal truths or the operation of thorough laws. The following are the essential
elements of science:
Science is a precise corpus of knowledge that has been organized: Its systems
are founded on the link between purpose and effect.
Validity on a global scale: Scientific norms are true and applicable everywhere.
Systems built on experimentation: Scientific norms are first developed via study
and then evaluated repeatedly through trial and error in controlled environments.
Relationship with the domino effect: Successful science management aids in
comprehension of the connections between different components, equilibrium ability,
and the responsibility to bring effectiveness.
The disappearance of this balancing has a significant impact on corporate expansion.
For instance, if employees have a great salary and beneficial perks, they will be
inspired to work toward organizational success. However, if they treated them unfairly,
item activity and growth are reduced.
Conclusion:
The study has found that for organizational growth and advancement, science and art
are equally important. The most important component of any organization is its art and
science of management, which serves as a platform for knowledge acquisition,
practical application, and the implementation of organizational culture and guiding
principles. In order to effectively handle difficulties and present trustworthy solutions
for corporate growth, supervisors need to develop their competency knowledge
experience alignment with skill, creativity, and excellence. This is where art and
science may help. Training helps supervisors develop the methods for effectively
managing all of their staff members and divisions and delivering high-quality results to
the organization and society. Science helps supervisors broaden their knowledge and
understanding necessary for professional development. Additionally, in accordance
with the management assistance principle, supervisors work with their staff in a
collaborative manner to maximize profit and minimize expense.

6
Answer-3. a
Introduction:
In India, the well-known resort chain Lemon Tree is losing market share to its
competitors as a result of internal disagreements within the company that hinder
performance and expansion. In order to provide effective solutions for the
organization's growth, the scientist has attempted to identify the various causes of the
conflict in this part.
Discussion:
Conflict can be seen as a collision or a disagreement. When a person's personal goals
and an event are at odds, there may be conflict. It may also exist between two people
or between groups of organizations.
Disagreement and conflict are inevitable components of any organization. Lack of
comprehension, judgment, and understanding leads to disagreements inside the
business, which has a detrimental impact on productivity and market share. There are
numerous factors at play in the dispute. When timely and proper decisions are not
made to address the issue, a noticeable difference occurs. For instance, Lemon Tree
is having problems in the hotel industry as a result of the managers' inability to
effectively manage the challenges and address the issue.
One of the key causes of miscommunication between employees and managers is
communication breakdown. Employee dissatisfaction, anxiety, and behavioural
change are all caused by social friction. Conflict comes from the use of various theories
and methods in corporate procedures. Competitors are yet another important source
of misunderstanding because they are fiercely competitive in the current market, which
results in conflicts within the organization due to the scarcity of resources. Conflict
arises from a lack of authority and quality because it results in a lack of control between
the manager and the staff.
The primary cause of the conflict that ruins employees' work-life balance, negatively
impacts the business, and sparks a legal issue is the working hours.
The most frequent cause of misinterpreting the causes of conflict in an organization is
a lack of clarity and sources. Another contributing element to the tension is a staff
member who must work with more authority due to a staff member shortage. Conflict
results from multitasking because it causes frustration and dissatisfaction. The
unsatisfactory working environment leads to friction and discontent among the
employees, who get easily distracted and frustrated. Conflicts arise when there is a
lack of both incentive and a management system, which makes it impossible to control
all the divisions. Conflicts in the workplace's structure and connections hurt
productivity and discourage employees from working hard to improve efficiency and
reach the organization's objectives.
Conclusion:
Human interaction can lead to conflict, which has a negative effect on the productivity
of the employees in the firm. To improve performance, the business must handle the
issue and provide quality services. Additionally, in order to communicate with staff
members and understand their needs in order to create a special company strategy
for growth, communication must be improved.

Answer-3. b.
Introduction:
For the organization to get the best outcomes in terms of productivity, market share,
excellent sales, promotion, and excellent customer partnerships, performance and
effective management are crucial. The management philosophy aids the business in
balancing all the factors necessary to run a successful scientific research service.
A peaceful resolution to a dispute between opposing parties that leaves all sides
somewhat happy is known as conflict resolution. Sometimes the person who settles a
dispute is a third party or mediator, while other times it may be a party to the dispute
who uses an objective eye to find a resolution.
Conflict resolution skills are frequently regarded as leadership qualities. Many
businesses value the skills of individuals who can spot disputes, respect divergent
viewpoints, and forge consensus. They increase the likelihood that differences of
opinion will be put aside so that work can proceed.
Discussion:
The hotel Lemon Tree must develop a strategy to handle the disagreement and conflict
appropriately and present a workable solution to the issue. An effective management
system enables the corporation to manage all of its divisions and make wise business
decisions. By creating a healthy and balanced environment for learning, developing,
and effectively negotiating issues those on the staff. The business must first improve
its practical communication strategy and Schedule regular meetings with the staff to
learn about their concerns and hear their suggestions. Business growth, and build the
strategy. The flexible shift and the knowledgeable personnel cutting back on labour
and working quickly to deliver and fulfill consumer products in the marketplace. Using
resources and enlisting the assistance of the local market will support the growth of
the business and reduce additional costs that are beneficial for the organisational
development. The biggest obstacle to a company's ability to thrive on the global market
with top-notch goods and services is competition. Effective decisions and reasonable
expectations for the employees support and motivate them to work hard and provide
a comfortable, healthy, and balanced work environment. Correct training, a balanced
work environment, and a healthy society help employees perform well. The
employees' opinions should be heard, considered, and reduced in order to find
solutions and advance the business goal. identifying the problem's underlying source
and, if possible, coming up with a workable solution to remedy the interoffice and
external issues. By satisfying all the stakeholders, modern innovation and workplace
changes can also assist the business in reducing conflict and bringing trustworthy
results. The effective strategy and framework for building strong relationships with the
workforce and employees to aid in resolving the problems. preserving spirit and
minimizing stress Assist the business in achieving market dominance and successfully
managing the bad scenario.
Conflict resolution skills are frequently regarded as leadership qualities. Many
businesses value the skills of individuals who can spot disputes, respect divergent
viewpoints, and forge consensus. They increase the likelihood that differences of
opinion will be put aside so that work can proceed.
1.Establishing solid partnerships
Effective conflict resolution techniques can help to lessen any unhappiness that might
harm working relationships, promote improved teamwork among coworkers, and
ultimately build solid working connections amongst employees.
2.Preserving morale
Effective conflict resolution can stop animosity between opposing employees from
escalating and affecting other employees who weren't initially involved. A speedy,
courteous conclusion can assist in preserving harmony and morale at work and help
avoid interruptions in productivity.
3.Getting results
Conflict resolution can improve productivity and assist parties in achieving their
objectives. Following a Following a resolution, they can work more productively—and
cooperatively—by concentrating on the objectives rather than the conflict.

Conclusion:
Following a thorough discussion of all the problems and potential solutions, the
researcher has come to the conclusion that improving employee sustainability,
encouragement, and motivation effectively addresses issues and aids in the
company's achievement of a positive outcome—partnership recognizing the issue and
sound organizational technique addressing the disagreement.