Human Evolution, Adaptation

1. To survive is to adapt, and to adapt is to learn. Survival has always

been the most fundamental objective of every organism on Earth.
Animals, fungi, plants, and other organisms are continuously compelled
to generate biological and behavioral changes to preserve one's existence.
As a result, adaptation for evolution is generated.

Adaptation is the adjustment of organisms to their environment to

improve their chances of survival. It is the modification or alteration of
the varying physiological and psychological systems of living. Adaptation
plays a major role in human evolution. However, before evolution was
generated amongst human beings, Homo sapiens have not always
resided at the apex of the food chain. Our predecessors faced astounding
impediments throughout their physical environments before this modern
age came to our doorsteps. Humans used to be highly vulnerable to
illnesses, physical harm, and wild scavengers. Prehistoric hominids had
both dangers and possibilities as a consequence of environmental
change, which factually represents one of the rising concerns to survival.

Human evolution only transpired amid one of the most catastrophic

periods of climate upheaval in Earth's history. Every generation of
ancient people had to determine how to survive in their everyday
environment. That being said, the boundary between success and
extinction has been characterized over time by how best the human race
acclimates to the ambiguity of dynamic changes.

Additionally, as an advanced species of organisms, developed and

expanded behavioral and biological patterns that would enable the race
to withstand the continual shift of the external environment. This
phenomenon can be distinguished in the various cultures that human
civilization has generated over the years. Evidently, the population
adapts to meet the shifting and varying needs of the human race in
surviving its environment. Nonetheless, culture can also be considered
maladaptive for the reason that there are groups of people whose
systems of beliefs and behaviors are disengaging and passive. These
groups perceive that adaptation or change could question or defy their
customs. This then ultimately instigates that, maladaptive culture is
when a certain group of people tend to value orderly and risk-reducing
processes over risky yet efficient processes that will stimulate practical
change.

2. Personal Growth, self-reliance, competency, compassion, equity, and

humility are the values that cultivated and molded me into the person
that I am now.

As an adolescent, all that I am in the present is the result of the

diverse values that I have carried throughout my childhood. The values
that my family holds dear are the principal facets of my development.
They serve as my guiding doctrines for traversing every path that life has
offered me. The wise instructions that I have received and perceived from
my parents throughout my childhood nurtured and chiseled my overall
being: internal and external.
Jaela Danielle L. Bulajao Research
JAMAELA DANIELLE L. BULAJAO 12-OLIVE
1. Finding Research Topic possible to gather the data needed to
Four basic steps in designing a research topic: answer the question.
II. Clear. The clarity of how the questions
1. CHOOSE A BROAD TOPIC. The first step stated lead to agreement of meaning of
is quite simple. As a Senior High School the readers of your study. Since your
student, these tips will surely guide you in research questions are also considered
selecting a broad topic for quantitative as the main focus in the gathering and
research: analyzing the data, it is therefore very
2. DO A PRELIMINARY RESEARCH. - The important that these are stated clearly.
second step is much more time-consuming. III. Significant. Ask if your research
Once you have chosen a broad topic, you questions are relevant or important to
need to have a better understanding of it by ask. Will answering these questions
reading some more articles, journals, and provide an additional contribution to
related research studies. Find out how address the given research problem? In
other researchers gathered their data, what other words, are the research questions
research instruments were used, how the really worth investigating?
data were analyzed, and what important IV. Ethical. Always consider the welfare of
findings they shared. Take note of every people, animals or who so ever involve
relevant research study for future reference. in your study. Look into ways of
If you started the topic search (first step) by answering the research questions
doing a literature review, the second step is without inflicting physical and
just a continuation of what you started. psychological harm to persons involved.
3. DEFINE THE PROBLEM. After getting
enough information, you may be able to list 4. Components of Scope and Delimitation
some questions or problems that you want a) Topic of the study- what are the
to research. At this stage, you should be variables to be included and
able to narrow down broad topic into excluded
feasible and manageable research b) Objectives or Problems to be
questions. A broad topic can be narrowed Addressed- why are you doing this
down by limiting the population, place, study?
period, or a certain characteristic. However, c) Time Frame- when are you going to
be very mindful that your problem may not conduct your study?
be too narrow that it becomes very simple d) Locale of the Study- where are you
and does not need to collect unique data or going to gather your data?
does not generate new information. A very e) Characteristic of the
narrow research question can be developed Respondents- who will be your
by doing a comparative study or expanding respondents?
the scope of the study. f) Method and Research
4. REFINE THE QUESTION. This step lets Instruments- How are going to
you evaluate the questions formulated. collect the data?
What specific questions should you ask?
How should you gather your data sufficient 5. Types of Research Variables
to answer the questions? Are the questions a) Dependent (effect)
too narrow, or does it need to be trimmed b) Independent ( cause)
down? c) Extraneous variables: factors that
2. Background of the study usually answer the may influence the outcome
following questions: (dependent variable) not
manipulated or pre- defined.
• What is already known about the topic? a) Nominal variables are variables that have
• What is not known about the topic? two or more categories, but which do not
• Why do you need to address those gaps? have an intrinsic order. 
• What is the rationale of your topic? b) Dichotomous variables are nominal
3. Characteristic of a good research question variables which have only two categories or
I. Feasible. Consider the amount of time, levels.
energy, money, respondents, and even c) Ordinal variables are variables that have
your current situation as a student- two or more categories just like nominal
researcher. Is the research problem variables only the categories can also be
possible? Will it not spend ordered or ranked. 
unreasonable amount? Consider these d) Interval variables are variables for which
examples: "How do parents feel about their central characteristic is that they can
the blended learning modality for be measured along a continuum and they
elementary learners?" and "How would have a numerical value
giving each learner their own laptop to e) Ratio variables are interval variables, but
be used in this blended learning with the added condition that 0 (zero) of the
modality affect their performance measurement indicates that there is none
tasks?" The first example is definitely a of that variable.
more feasible research question.
Considering the resources, it is more 6. Kinds of Research Quantitative
a) Descriptive design is used to describe a 8. The year the study has been conducted
particular phenomenon by observing it as should not be indicated unless it is a
in nature. There is no experimental historical study.
manipulation and the researcher does not 9. Use current terminology.
start hypothesis. The goal of descriptive 10. Depending on the institutional
research is only to describe the person or requirements, 5 to 15 words are sufficient
object study. to describe the research study.
b) The correlational design identifies the 11. Use the common name instead of chemical
relationship between variables. Data is formula (e.g., NH4)
collect observation since it does not 12. Write and italicize the full scientific names.
consider the cause and effect, for example, 13. Must reflect the tone of the paper. An
the relation between the amount of physical academic research paper has title which is
activity done and student academic not casual, or informal, or does not contain
achievement. humor.
c) Ex post facto design is used to investigate
a possible relationship between previous The following steps can guide you in writing
and present conditions. The term "Ex post your research title:
facto" which means after the fact, looks 1. Determine what it is that you wish to
possible causes of an already occurring accomplish or know from your study. Write
phenomenon. Just like the first two, there one to two sentences to state the main
experimental manipulation in this design. objectives of your research project.
d) A quasi-experimental design is used to 2. Include important keywords and variables.
establish the cause and effect relations Revise the sentences into one complete
variables. Although it resembles the sentence that includes important keywords
experimental design, the quasi- and variables of the study.
experimental has validity due to the 3. Shorten the title by eliminating
absence of random selection and unnecessary words. You may also shrink a
assignment of subjects. phrase into a simpler phrase or a single
e) Experimental design like quasi- word. In doing this, make sure that the
experimental is used to establish the cause main thought of the research study is
a relationship of two or more variables. This retained.
design provides a more conclusive result be 4. Correct grammar and punctuation errors
it uses random assignment of subjects and if there is any.
experimental manipulations. 5. Observe proper formatting. The format
may vary according to the requirements of
7. Importance of Quantitative Research across the course or school. Please seek guidance
Fields from your professor.
- To discover the unknown and improve
underlying conditions is undeniable
- Finding meaningful solutions to
difficulties
- to observe situations or events that
affect people.
- produces objective data that can be
clearly communicated through statistics
and numbers.

Basic Guidelines In Making A Research Title

1. Use an accurate description of the subject

and scope of the study instead of using
general terms.
2. Do not use abbreviations except for
commonly known like DNA and ICT
3. Do not include words like “The study of”
“analysis of” “an investigation of” or words
that would only lengthen the title
4. Include the main dependent and
independent variables.
5. Be mindful of the proper use of grammar
and punctuation.
6. Capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs as well as the first letter
of the first and last words.
7. State in a declarative form, although you
may also see titles in question form from
time to time.