Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2009.

40:677-697 Page 1
doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120159
Species Distribution Models: Ecological Explanation and Prediction Across Space and Time
Elith and Leathwick

SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELS:

Ecological Explanation and Prediction across Space and Time

This supplement provides additional references for the information in our review, following the same
structure as the main article. We have selectively listed papers that will either lead to a useful breadth
or depth of others, illustrate a particular concept or application, or represent different environments,
model uses or promising new approaches.

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 2
THE SPECIES MODELING LANDSCAPE: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY ..................... 3
Conceptual And Technical Underpinnings ........................................................................................... 3
Models across Terrestrial, Freshwater and Marine Environments ....................................................... 3
Spatial Scale.......................................................................................................................................... 6
The Interplay of Geographic and Environmental Space....................................................................... 7
Using Models for Explanation versus Prediction ................................................................................. 8
The Need for Functionally Relevant Predictors.................................................................................... 9
Methods for modeling: mathematical form and fitting procedures ...................................................... 9
Modeling into the Past or the Future................................................................................................... 12
Sidebar: Extrapolation......................................................................................................................... 12
THE SPECIES MODELING LANDSCAPE – HOTSPOTS, RARITIES, AND DIRECTIONS OF
CHANGE ................................................................................................................................................ 14
Linking Ecological Theory and Distribution Modeling; & Sidebar on Niche Modeling ................... 14
When Absence Is Not Known............................................................................................................. 14
Modeling Responses Other Than the Mean........................................................................................ 15
Biotic Interactions ............................................................................................................................... 16
Integrating Pattern and Process........................................................................................................... 16
Model Selection .................................................................................................................................. 17
Model evaluation................................................................................................................................. 17
Uncertainty.......................................................................................................................................... 19
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Elith and Leathwick

INTRODUCTION
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Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2009. 40:677-697 Page 3
doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120159
Species Distribution Models: Ecological Explanation and Prediction Across Space and Time
Elith and Leathwick

THE SPECIES MODELING LANDSCAPE: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND

DIVERSITY

Conceptual And Technical Underpinnings

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Species Distribution Models: Ecological Explanation and Prediction Across Space and Time
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