A, Textbooks
A systematic arrangement of
subject matter designed to assist the
instructor in teaching a particular
content to students at a specific
grade /year level.
> Have long been the foundation of classroom
instruction.
> Have been the companions of teachers
> Commonly used in the presentation of content
information in any subject
B. Supplementary
materials
Best sources of idea and
information, particularly on current
topics, otherwise not available from
textbooks.
> used by students to augment the ideas by the teacher
or found in other forms of media
> Pamphlets and journals: used to locate information
on topics not covered in textbooks
> It can be used by students who prefer to study
independently
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. poor readers may not
1. Readily available benefit
2. adaptable in any lighted
2. Reduced to mere
environment. memorization aids.
3. Handy 3. do not assure
interactivity.
4. Easy to use
4. Teacher-pupil learning
5. Allow learners to are fit into the organization
of textbooks.
practice skills
(worksheets) 5. open to errors.
2. Graphic
Materials
lines"
• From the Greek word graphein
meaning "to write", "to draw" or
"to represent by
• Present summarized information
through drawings, words,
pictures and symbols
• Generally abstract
A, Drawings &
Illustrations
• Non-photographic
representations of reality
• Can be in black or white or
in full color
Functions ofIllustrations:
1. Gives faces to characters in a
story 2. Display an item described
in a textbook
3. Make reader laugh or smile
Advantages: Disadvantages:
l. Easily prepared 1. Subject to
misinterpretations
2. Easy to utilize
2. Need technical expertise in
3. Could be prepared
drawing to produce good
ahead of time illustrations
4. Less detailed so
learners easily understand
their message
B, Charts
• Presentrelationships such as
chronologies, quantities and
hierarchies
• Present a combination of
pictorial, graphic, numeral or
verbal materials
TYpes
ofCharts:
1.
Flow Chart:
show a sequence or flow of a
process
2.
Classification Charts:
3.
classification or categorization of
objects or events
4.
5.
C Tot
Dog
at al
Male 42 10 52
Fema
le
39 48
51 49 100
Total
6.
Tabular Charts:
usually numerical and
are represented in
columns
7.
Organizational charts:
8.
show chain of command in an
organization or department;
9.
lines show the interrelationship
of data
5, Stream or tree charts:
relationship of data shown in a
hierarchy
6. Timeline charts:
illustrate the chronological
relationship between
events
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Present summaries of 1. Can't show motion
information
2. Can be outdated
2. Can be easily made by
students
3. Can be moved from
one place to another
C, Diagrams
• Consist of lines and symbols that show
the relationships or key features of a
process, an object or an area
• Also considered as charts; abstract
So what is the
difference between a
CHART and a
DIAGRAM?
DIAGRAM:
• Demonstrate or explain how
something works.
• Clarify the relationship between
the parts of a whole
CHART:
• Present information in tabular
or graphic format.
• Plot specific information.
Diagram:
1. Venn shows areas of
overlap between elements
2. Diagram:
Cycle shows a process
with a continuous cycle
3. Diagram:
Radial shows
relationships of a core element
4. Diagram:
5. Diagram:
Pyramid shows
foundation-based relationships
6. Diagram:
Diagram:
Excel
Word PowerPoint
Access
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5, Target shows steps
toward a goal
Advantages: Disadvantages:
l. Show relationships 1.ofIdeas rely heavily on symbolic
large amount of data inmeans,
a hence, could be difficult
condensed form like to understand
charts
2. Easy to use
D, Graphs
• Represent numerical data
• Illustrate relationships among
units of data
• Could be produced from
tabular charts
1. Line Graph:
used in plotting relationships
between changes in a set of
data over a period of time
2. Bar Graphs:
consist of bars (either horizontal
or vertical) useful in
presenting comparisons of
data
3. Circle or Pie Graphs used
to show how a whole is
divided into parts and the
relationship of the parts
4. Picture Graphs or
Pictographs use pictures to
represent and compare
numerical data instead of
bars or lines
Varities of Apples in a food store
Red Delicious
Golden
Delicious
Red Rome
McIntosh
Jonathan
Advantages:
1. Facilitate 2. Could be
understanding uninteresting for
through summarized some students
data because it employs
numerical data
2. More appealing
than tables
Disadvanta
ges:
1. Easily
misinterpreted
Diagram:
E. Posters
• Materials which combine images, lines,
colors, and words
• catch viewer's attention to brief,
persuasive message
• good poster: simple, attractive and
convey message quickly
Advantages: Disadvantages
1 . Easily prepared :
1. Can portray different
2. Easily convey a message interpretations
3. Catch attention
E Cartoons & Strip
Drawings
• Colorful line drawings with exaggerated
features or symbols that provide humor
or satire (to ridicule, to mock, humor)
• Usually appear in newspapers,
periodicals & textbooks
Intended to entertain to
make important social and
political comments
• Strip drawings: used to aroused
interest
Disadvantages:
1. There is a tendency to
focus only on the colorful
drawings rather than on the
words accompanying them
2. Usually exaggerated= lead
to misinterpretations
G. Maps & Globes
• Maps: represent portion of the Earth's
surface
• Globes: spherical model of the Earth;
3D
1. Physical Map:
emphasize terrain (land, ground) and
topographical concepts
2. Political Maps:
emphasize on man-made phenomena
such as state, city, provincial
boundaries, railroads and
government buildings
3. Special purpose Maps
used for peculiar purpose like
presenting amount of rainfall,
population distribution and
travel routes
1.
Political Globes:
shows location and
boundaries of cities,
provinces and other man-
2.
made
structures
3.
Physical- Political
Globes emphasize
4.
land elevations and ocean
depths
5.
Special purpose Globes
constructed for specific purposes
6.
such as satellite globes, celestial
globes and physical relief globes
IYpes of Pictorial
Media:
1. Still Pictures
2. Photographs
3. Flash Cards
A, Still Pictures
• Help illustrate and teach specific
lesson topics,
• Help learners recall information
& visually explained information
that would be difficult to convey
using only verbal or written
terms.
5. Easy to use
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Provides more realistic
interpretation 1. Generally small
2. Well-chosen picture 2. Often lead to
convey misinterpretation of size
tremendous information and perspective
3. Motivate students and help 3. Easily torn and lost
relate an action or depict a
story 4. Cannot depict totality of
message
4. Can be used in any lighted
environment
B, Photographs
• Pictures which are
produced by the 35 mm still
camera or the digital camera
• Appear in black & white or in
full color
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1 could Generally small like
capture pictures: fail to present
. size & perspective
produce
2. Easily
Distortion of image
Material 1. easily scale
2.
C. Flash Cards
• Valuable materials for drill
activities particularly in the
teaching Math, English &
Filipino
1. Important in fixing
Advantage skills and automatizing
s: responses of students
2. Easily made and use
2. If flashing is too
Disadvantag snappy: students have
difficulty in recognizing
es:
1. Not seen by entire
class if it is small
4, Audio Media
• Sounds transmitted, purchased or
received through high fidelity waves
which are heard through audio
equipment
• Used in speech rehearsals, drama,
musical & dance presentations, radio &
TV broadcasting etc.
Opes ofAudio
Media
A. Radio & Broadcasts
• Educational materials which could
be heard from the radio
• Can be done live or taped
• Can be school broadcast
or general broadcast
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Can be used anywhere, l. One-way communication
with or without electricity medium only
2. Best means of bringing 2. Programs move at constant
up- to-date news speed & cannot conduct drills
3. Provide examples of good 3. Teachers cannot control the
and bad speech timing of "on-schedule" radio
programs
4. Adaptable to small or large
4. The use of radio demand
audiences training in listening skills
B. Recordings
• Educational materials
which could be heard
from the radio
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
l. Recordings can be easily erased by
accident
2. Appeal only to the sense of hearing
3. Background noises may be included
while recording
C. Language Laboratory
•A place where students can
listen and study sounds and
words of a language using
audiotapes and playback
equipment
Come in 3forms:
• Student passively listen to audio
materials
• Students are provided self-monitors
• Students are provided with a tape
recorder, video monitor or computer
Advantages: Disadvantages:
5, Projected
Media
• Refers to media formats in which
visual and verbal images are
projected or enlarged on a screen
by passing strong light through a
transparent material or through
opaque materials.
A, Overhead
Projection
done using an overhead
projector
Overhead Projector:
• box-like device with a large stage
on the top surface
• light from powerful lamp inside
the box is condensed by a special
type of lens, known as Fresnel
lens, and passes through a
transparency placed on the stage
Overhead
transparencies:
• created from clear
acetate, photographic
film or plastics used for
covering
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Can be used even in normal room
lighting
2. Allows presenter to have direct eye
contact with audience
3. Can be adjusted for large group
4. Easily made or can be reused
5. Less costly
B. Slides
• Small transparent photographs
individually mounted for one-at-
atime projection
• Slides (2x2 in.) are inserted into a slide
projector
• Interesting media for topics
that
involve
places and
people
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
1. Becomes easily
disorganized
2. Not effective in fully-lighted environment
3. May lead to jamming of slides
4. Costly
5. Outdated; replaced by CDs
6. Careless storage lead to permanent damage
C. Filmstrips
• Comes in a roll of 35mm transparent
film
• Contain series of related still pictures
which are placed in sequential order
• each individual picture is called a
frame
Frames: pictures intended
for showing one at a time
using a filmstrip
projector
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Provides visual stimulation &
motivation for learners
2. Cheaper than slides
3. Can be presented without fear of
having pictures disorganized
4. Speed of viewing can be controlled
by user
5. Integrated into individualized 1. Sequence of pictures can't be
instruction programs
D.
Opaque
• Uses nontransparent materials
• Operated by directing onto a material a
very strong incandescent light, which is
reflected upward to strike a mirror which
aims the light beam through a series of
lenses onto a screen
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. No need to produce 1. Not effective unless
transparencies room is completely darkened
2. Allows group viewing
2. Heavy
3. There's a wide variety of
3. Some parts are unsafe
materials to be projected
to . touch (due to heat
generated by the lamp)
E, Computer Image
Projection
• Process of projecting
computerbased materials using
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
projector
• Projector is connected to a
computer then focused to a screen
Digital Light Processing
(DLP)
• Another type of projector
• Clearer and more vivid
pictures compared to LCD
• Can be used in semi-lit
room
Advantages:
1. Project all which appears in a
computer screen
2. Professional looking
3. Displays can be changed after or even during presentations
6, Motion Media
• involve the use of both
auditory and visual
senses at the same time
• promote learning
wherein motion is a
necessary part of
understanding
• effective devices in arousing pupil's
interest
Types ofMotion Media:
A. Educational Television
(ETV)
B. Video
C. Film/ Motion Pictures
A, Educational
Television (ETV)
The use of television
programs in the field of
education
3 Methods of
Distributing
ETV Programs
1. Open broadcast television
• telecast over the air & seen by
anyone
2. Close-circuit television
(CCTV)
• A system which limits
distribution of an image to
those receivers which are
directly connected to an
origination point
3. Video Recordings
• Refer to electronic
recordings of ETV programs
through videotapes or
videodiscs
• Can be played back using
VHS
B, Video
• From Latin word videre meaning 'I see'
• Display of recorded pictures on a
television-type screen
• Any media format that employs a
cathode-ray screen to present a picture
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Provide a bridge between the 1. Video production can be costly
abstract world of textbook and
everyday reality 2. Needs technical expertise
2. Easily produced
3. Can serve big number of audiences
4. Allows repeated viewing
C. Film/ Motion
Pictures
• Consist of a series of still pictures that
'move' past the projector light to
create the illusion of motion
• Persistence of vision: the illusion
created by the projector
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1.Viewing equipment could be
expensive for some school
2. Operational problems could
arise during the use of the viewing
equipment
Types ofDisplay Media:
A. Exhibits
B. Chalkboard/ Blackboard
C. Multi-purpose Board
D. Bulletin Boards
A, Exhibits
• Displays of various objects designed
to form an integrated whole for
instructional purposes
• Feature various forms of visual
media, models and real objects
Types
ofExhibits
1. Displays
• An array of objects, visuals, and
printed materials
• Include descriptive information
about the objects or visual
shown
2. Dioramas
• From the Greek words di meaning
'through' and orama meaning 'a sight'
• Diorama literally means 'to see through'
• Consist of 3D foreground, usually models
of people, animals, etc.
• Also called as 'exhibits in a box'
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Can be used to reproduce
scenes from the past or
depict scenes in the future
1. Demand enough space in a
B, Chalkboard
• Formerly known as blackboards
• Most familiar device used by teachers
and students to present data
• Useful aids for presenting and
explaining ideas
• Used to demonstrate
processes and principles
• Common classroom item
3. Can accommodate so
Advantages: much writing
1. Readily available Disadvantages:
2. Inexpensive 1. Writings are only limited
for a day's use
2. Dusty 3. May not always be seen by
everyone in class
4. Attention of class can easily be held
C. Multi-Purpose
Board
• Also known as whiteboards or
marker boards
• Requires a special erasable marker
rather than chalk
• Used for many purposes
Advantages
l. Share most of the
advantages with chalkboards
2. Dustless
3. Preferred for rooms with
computers
Disadvantages
1. Maintenance for
markers
2. Scent of markers could
irritate some people
D, Bulletin Boards
• Present brief news announcements of
urgent interest posted for public
notice
• Can also serve as instructional aids
• Provide decoration and motivation
• Serve as motivating factor when
student works are displayed
Advantages
1. Lend
visual
stimulation
2. Provide students with
additional learning
2. Tend to
overcrowd
Advantages
3. Motivate students
4. Add to an effective
classroom atmosphere
Disadvantages
easily fade or
Materials
fall down
2. Tend to be
overcrowded exp dents
