CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY Subcutaneous tissue

 Is not part of the skin.

SYSTEM
Integumentary system
 consists of the skin and accessory structures,
such as hair, glands, and nails.
 means covering.
 The appearance of the integumentary system
can indicate physiological imbalances in the
body.

Epidermis
 Prevents water loss and resists abrasion.
 Known as the cutaneous membrane, is a
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
 is composed of distinct layers called strata.
 The deepest stratum
Stratum basale - consists of cuboidal or columnar
cells that undergo mitotic division about every 19
days.
(Integumentary System Functions) - One daughter cell becomes a new stratum
1. Protection. The skin provides protection basale cell and can divide again.
against abrasion and ultraviolet light. - The other daughter cell is pushed toward
2. Sensation. The integumentary system has the surface, a journey that takes about
sensory receptors that can detect heat, cold, 40-56 days.
touch, pressure, and pain. - the most superficial stratum of the
3. Vitamin D production. When exposed to epidermis, consists of dead squamous cells
ultraviolet light, the skin produces a molecule filled with keratin.
that can be transformed into vitamin D. Keratin - gives the stratum corneum its structural
4. Temperature regulation. The amount of strength.
blood flow beneath the skin’s surface and the - Composed of 25 or more layers of dead
activity of sweat glands in the skin both help squamous cells joined by desmosomes.
regulate body temperature. - As new cells form, they push older cells to
5. Excretion. Small amounts of waste products the surface, where they slough, or flake
are lost through the skin and in gland off.
secretions.
Dandruff - Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum
Skin cells from the surface f the scalp
 Is made up of two major tissue layers: the
epidermis and the dermis. Calluso -In skin subjected to friction, the number of
 Epidermis is the most superficial layer of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases,
skin. It is a layer of epithelial tissue that producing a thickened area
rests on the dermis.
 Dermis is a layer of dense connective Corn - Over a bony prominence, the stratum corneum
tissue. can thicken to form a cone-shaped structure called.
The skin rests on the subcutaneous tissue, which is a
layer of connective tissue.
Dermis
 is composed of dense collagenous connective - Most melanin molecules are brown to
tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, and black pigments, but some are yellowish or
macrophages. reddish.
 Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, - Provides protection against ultraviolet
and lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis. light from the sun.
- Is produced by melanocytes and the
Collagen fibers - oriented in many directions, and melanin is packaged into vesicles called
elastic fibers are responsible for the structural melanosomes, which move into the cell
strength of the dermis and resistance to stretch. processes of melanocytes.
- Some collagen fibers are oriented more - Epithelial cells phagocytize the tips of
directions than others, forming cleavage the melanocyte cell processes, thereby
lines. acquiring melanosomes.
-
Cleavage lines - or tension lines, in the skin, are more
resistant to stretch.
- An incision made parallel with these lines
tends to gap less and produce less scar
tissue.
- If the skin is overstretched for any
reason, the dermis can be damaged,
leaving stretch marks.

- Large amounts of melanin form freckles

or moles in some regions of the skin.
- Is determined by genetic factors,
exposure to light, and hormones.
- Genetic factors are responsible for the
amounts of melanin produced in different
races.
Dermal papillae - are projections toward the - Since all races have about the same
epidermis found in the upper part of the dermis. number of melanocytes, racial variations
- Contain many blood vessels. in skin color are determined by the
- The dermal papillae in the palms of the amount, kind, and distribution of melanin.
hands, the soles of the feet, and the tips - Certain hormones and melanocyte-
of the digits are arranged in parallel, stimulating hormone, cause an increase
curving ridges that shape the overlying melanin production during pregnancy in
epidermis into fingerprints and mother,darkening nipples, genitalia ang
footprints. dark line pigmentation on the midline of
the abdomen
Skin Color Suntan - Exposure to ultraviolet
 Factors that determine skin color include light—for example, in sunlight—
pigments in the skin, blood circulating through stimulates melanocytes to
the skin, and the thickness of the stratum increase melanin production
corneum. Albinism - Although many genes
 The two primary pigments are melanin and are responsible for skin color, a
carotene. single mutation can prevent the
Melanin - is the group of pigments primarily production of melanin and cause
responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
Carotene - is a yellow pigment found in plants such as  The cortex is covered by the cuticle, a single
squash and carrots. (Lipid soluble) layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair
- Is lipid-soluble; when consumed, it in the hair follicle.
accumulates in the lipids of the stratum  Hair is produced in the hair bulb, which rests
corneum and in the adipocytes of the on the hair papilla.
dermis and subcutaneous tissue.  The hair papilla is an extension of the dermis
- If large amounts of carotene are that protrudes into the hair bulb and contains
consumed, the skin can become quite blood vessels.
yellowish.  Hair is produced in cycles, with a growth
o Cyanosis - The color of blood in stage and resting stage
the dermis contributes to skin o Growth stage - hair is formed by
color. A decrease in blood flow, as mitosis of epithelial cells within the
occurs in shock, can make the skin hair bulb; these cells divide and
appear pale. A decrease in the undergo keratinization.
blood O2 content produces a bluish o Resting stage - growth stops and the
color of the skin. hair is held in the hair follicle.
Subcutaneous Tissue  When the next growth stage begins, a new
 Which is not part of the skin, is sometimes hair is formed and the old hair falls out.
called hypodermis.  The duration of each stage depends on the
 Attaches the skin to underlying bone and individual hair.
muscle and supplies it with blood vessels and  Eyelashes grow for about 30 days and rest
nerves. for 105 days, whereas scalp hairs grow for 3
 It is loose connective tissue, including adipose years and rest for 1 to 2 years.
tissue that contains about half the body’s  The loss of hair normally means that the hair
stored lipids. is being replaced because the old hair falls
 The amount and location of adipose tissue out of the hair follicle when the new hair
vary with age, sex, and diet. begins to grow.
 Adipose tissue in the subcutaneous tissue o Hair color - is determined by varying
functions as padding and insulation. amounts and types of melanin. With
 The subcutaneous tissue can be used to age, the amount of melanin in hair can
estimate total body fat. decrease, causing the hair color to
 The acceptable percentage of body fat varies become faded, or the hair can contain
from 21% to 30% for females and from 13% no melanin and be white.
to 25% for males.  Each hair follicle is attached to smooth
Hair muscle cells called the arrector pili muscle,
 In humans, hair is found everywhere on the which can contract and cause the hair to
skin, except on the palms, soles, lips, nipples, become perpendicular to the skin’s surface.
parts of the genitalia, and the distal
segments of the fingers and toes.
o Hair follicle - an invagination of the
epidermis that extends deep into the
dermis.
o Hair shaft - protrudes above the
surface of the skin
o Root - below the surface
o Hair bulb- is the expanded base of
the root.
 A hair has a hard cortex, which surrounds a
softer center, the medulla.
the skin through sweat
pores and are for
thermal regulation.
 Sweat can also be
released in the palms,
soles, armpits, and
other places because
of emotional stress.
 Apocrine
 sweat glands are
simple, coiled, tubular
glands that produce a
thick secretion rich in
organic substances.
 The glands open into
hair follicles in the
Glands armpits and genitalia.
 The major glands of the skin are the  Apocrine sweat glands
sebaceous glands and the sweat glands. become active at
o Sebaceous - glands are simple, puberty because of
branched acinar glands, with most the influence of sex
being connected by a duct to the hormones.
superficial part of a hair follicle.  The secretion
 They produce sebum, an oily, generally is odorless,
white substance rich in lipids. but when released
The sebum is released by quickly breaks down by
holocrine secretion and bacterial action giving
lubricates the hair and the body odor.
surface of the skin, which
prevents drying and protects
against some bacteria.
o Sweat Glands - There are two kinds of
sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine.
 Eccrine
 sweat glands are
simple, coiled, tubular
glands and release
sweat by merocrine
secretion.
 Eccrine glands are
located in almost every
part of the skin but
most numerous in the Nails
palms and soles.  The nail is a thin plate, consisting of layers of
 They produce a dead stratum corneum cells that contain a
secretion that is very hard type of keratin.
mostly water with a o Nail body
few salts.  the visible part of the nail
 Eccrine sweat glands o Nail root
have ducts that open  The part of the nail covered
onto the surface of by skin
o Cuticle/ eponychium
 is stratum corneum that  Receptors in the epidermis and dermis can
extends onto the nail body and detect pain, heat, cold, and pressure.
the nail root extends distally  Although hair does not have a nerve supply,
from the nail matrix. sensory receptors around the hair follicle can
 The nail also attaches to the underlying nail detect the movement of a hair.
bed, which is located distal to the nail matrix.
o Nail matrix and bed are epithelial Vitamin D Prodution
tissue with a stratum basale that 1. UV light causes the skin to produce a
gives rise to the cells that form the precursor molecule of vitamin D.
nail. 2. The precursor molecule is carried by the
o Lunula, can be seen through the nail blood to the liver where it is enzymatically
body as a whitish, crescent-shaped converted.
area at the base of the nail. A small 3. The enzymatically converted molecule is
part of the nail matrix. carried by the blood to the kidneys where it
 Cell production within the nail matrix causes is converted again to the active form of
the nail to grow continuously vitamin D.
4. Vitamin D stimulates the small intestine to
absorb calcium and phosphate for many body
functions.

Temperature Regulation
 Regulation of body temperature is important
because the rate of chemical reactions within
the body can be increased or decreased by
changes in body temperature.
 Even slight changes in temperature can make
Integumentary System Protection enzymes operate less efficiently and disrupt
 The integumentary system performs many the normal rates of chemical changes in the
protective functions: body.
1. Reduction in body water loss  Exercise, fever, and an increase in
2. Acts as a barrier that prevents environmental temperature tend to raise body
microorganisms and other foreign temperature.
substances from entering the body  In order to maintain homeostasis, the body
3. Protects underlying structures against must rid itself of excess heat.
abrasion  Blood vessels in the dermis dilate and enable
4. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet light and more blood to flow within the skin, thus
protects underlying structures from its causing heat to dissipate from the body.
damaging effects  Sweat also assists in loss of heat through
5. Hair protection: The hair on the head evaporative cooling.
acts as a heat insulator, eyebrows keep  If body temperature begins to drop below
sweat out of the eyes, eyelashes protect normal, heat can be conserved by the
the eyes from foreign objects, and hair in constriction of dermal blood vessels, which
the nose and ears prevents the entry of reduces blood flow to the skin.
dust and other materials.  Less heat is transferred from deeper
6. The nails protect the ends of the fingers structures to the skin, and heat loss is
and toes from damage and can be used in reduced.
defense.  With smaller amounts of warm blood flowing
through the skin, the skin temperature
Sensory Receptor decreases.
 Many sensory receptors are associated with
the skin.
o Electricity
o radiation.
 Burns are classified according to their depth.
 Partial-thickness burns are classified as
first-degree and second-degree.
 A full-thickness burn is a third-degree burn
o Full- Degree Burn
 A first-degree (superficial)
burn involves only the
epidermis and is red and
painful.
 Slight edema, or swelling, may
be present.
 They can be caused by
sunburn or brief exposure to
very hot or very cold objects,
and they heal without scarring
in about a week.
o Second- Degree Burn
Excretion  Second-degree (partial-
 The integumentary system plays a minor role thickness) burns damage both
in excretion, the removal of waste products the epidermis and the dermis.
from the body.  If dermal damage is minimal,
o Urea/ Unic Acid/ Ammonia- In symptoms include redness,
addition to water and salts, sweat pain, edema, and blisters.
contains small amounts of waste  Healing takes about 2 weeks,
products and no scarring results.
 Even though the body can lose large amounts  If the burn goes deep into the
of sweat, the sweat glands do not play a dermis, the wound appears
significant role in the excretion of waste red, tan, or white; can take
products. several months to heal and
might scar.
Diagnostic Aid o Third- Degree Burn
 The integumentary system is useful in  Third-degree (full-thickness)
diagnosis because it is observed easily. burns damage the complete
o Cyanosis - a bluish color to the skin epidermis and dermis.
caused by decreased blood O2  The region of third-degree
content, is an indication of impaired burn is usually painless
circulatory or respiratory function because sensory receptors in
o Jaundice – yellowish skin color, can the epidermis and dermis have
occur when the liver is damaged by a been destroyed.
disease, such as HEPATITIS  Third-degree burns appear
 Rashes and lesions in the skin can be white, tan, brown, black, or
symptoms of problems elsewhere in the body. deep cherry red.
o Burn Healing
Burns  In all second-degree burns,
 A burn is injury to a tissue caused by the epidermis, including the
o Heat stratum basale where the
o Cold stem cells are found, is
o Friction damaged.
o Chemicals
 The epidermis regenerates  Mainly caused by UV light exposure
from epithelial tissue in hair  Fair-skinned people more prone
follicles and sweat glands, as  Prevented by limiting sun exposure and using
well as from the edges of the sunscreens
wound.  UVA rays cause tan and is associated with
 Deep partial-thickness and malignant melanomas
full-thickness burns take a  UVB rays cause sunburns
long time to heal, and they  Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays
form scar tissue with
disfiguring and debilitating (TYPES OF SKIN CANCER)
wound contractures.  Basal cell carcinoma:
o Treatment of Burns o cells in stratum basale affected
 To prevent complications of o cancer removed by surgery
deep partial-thickness and  Squamous cell carcinoma:
full-thickness burns and to o cells above stratum basale affected
speed healing, skin grafts are o can cause death
often performed.  Malignant melanoma:
 In a procedure called a split o arises from melanocytes in a mole
skin graft o rare type
 the epidermis and part o can cause death
of the dermis are
removed from another
part of the body and
placed over the burn.
 When it is not possible or
practical to move skin from
one part of the body to a burn
site, physicians sometimes use
artificial skin or grafts from
human cadavers.
Aging and the Integument
 Blood flow decreases and skin becomes
thinner due to decreased amounts of collagen
 Decreased activity of sebaceous and sweat
glands make temperature regulation more
difficult
 Loss of elastic fibers cause skin to sag and
wrinkle

Skin Cancer
 Most common cancer