Content
Study definition
Study realm
Study time line
Study aim
References
Study mechanism
Marks distribution
Lectures table
Study definition
Theory is an explanation for something that has yet not been proved to
be true (Darwin’s theory of evolution).
Theory = a theoretical structure / theoretical framework for the work.
Architectural Theory is a theoretical framework for practicing an
architectural work such as functional theory, organic theory and
deconstruction theory.
Study realm
• Architectural theories and schools
Modern architecture, late modern architecture, post modernism architecture,
Functional school , organic school, deconstruction theory and sustainable
architecture ………..etc.
• Architects
Louis Henry Sullivan, Frank lloyd wright, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius,
Frank Gehry, Peter Eisenman and Hasan Fathy ………..etc.
• Projects
Falling water villa, Ronchamp church, Indian Chandigarh city and Alkarna city
………..etc.
Study time line
Contemporary architecture
The Industrial Revolution (1733)
Up to now
French revolution (1789)
Starting from the mid-eighteenth
Up to now
century (1750)
Study aim
Through this course, the student has to be able:
The knowledge Create a clear mental picture for the architectural trends that
and absorption emerged from the mid-eighteenth century up to now.
The link between architectural theory and its time and place
Analysis data, and also the analysis of the correlation between both
has to be done.
Criticism the trends and theories of architecture and their
Critique evaluation.
Extrapolation Extrapolation of future architectural trends.
Study mechanism
The historical evidence of contemporary architecture
Categorization of views of the architecture trends
and theories that emerged from the mid-
eighteenth century up to now.
Course timetable
Syllabus
Contemporary architecture history
The historical evidence of contemporary architecture
Modern architecture
Developments and motives
The three stages of modern architecture
The trends of modern architecture
criticism of modern architecture
Late modern architecture
Developments and motives
General philosophy of modern architecture trends.
The trends of modern architecture
criticism of modern architecture
Course timetable
Post modern architecture
Developments and motives
General philosophy of modern architecture trends.
The trends of modern architecture
criticism of modern architecture
The architectural trends after 1980
The Virtual Interface Architecture (VIA)
Smart-Intelligent Architecture (SIA)
Sustainable Architecture (SA)
Automated Architecture (AA)
Deconstruction Architecture (DA)
References
1. Brent C Brolin, B. 1976. The Failure of Modern Architecture.
2. Christopher, C. 2000. "Modernism in Art Design and Architecture", New York: St. Martins Press.
ISBN 0-312-21830-3 (cloth) ISBN 0-312-21832-X (pbk)
3. Curtis, W. 1996. Modern Architecture since 1900 (3d ed).
4. Filler, M. 2007. Makers of Modern Architecture (2 vol., 2007–13).
5. Foster, H. 1987. "Neo-Futurism: Architecture and Technology". Architectural Association School of
Architecture ([Link]). Retrieved 2015-09-27.
6. Giedion, S. 1967. Space, Time, and Architecture (5th ed).
7. Hays, K. 2000. Architecture Theory since 1968.
8. Hitchcock, H., and Johnson, P. 1966. The International Style (2d ed)
9. Jencks, C. 1987. Post-Modernism
10. Jencks, C. 1991. The Language of Postmodern Architecture.
11. Jencks, C. 2011. The Story of Post-Modernism: Five Decades of the Ironic, Iconic and Critical in
Architecture 2nd Edition.
12. Jencks, C. 2006. Theories and Manifestoes of Contemporary Architecture 2nd Edition.
13. Johnson, D., and Langmead, D. 1997. Makers of 20th Century Modern Architecture: A Bio-Critical
Sourcebook.
14. Yousef, K. 2001. The historical evidence of contemporary architecture. Working paper.
15. Kultermann, U. 1993. Architecture in the 20th Century. First Edition.
16. Kenneth, F. 1980. Modern Architecture: A Critical History (3rd ed.). Thames and Hudson. pp. 210–
218. ISBN 0-500-20257-5.
17. Le Corbusier. 1985. Towards a New Architecture (Dover Architecture)
18. Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture (1923, tr. 1927)
19. Sharp, D.1973. A Visual History of Twentieth-Century Architecture.
20. Venturi, R. 1966. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture.
21. Wagner, O. 1988. Modern Architecture. A guidebook for his students to this field of Art.
Contemporary Architecture History
1) The Beginning of Contemporary Architecture History
2) The Emergence of Contemporary Architecture Trends
3) The First World War
4) Modern Architecture Crisis
5) The Trends to Get out of the Modernist Impasse
6) The Technological Leap and Global Environmental implications
The Beginning of Contemporary Architecture History
The Industrial French revolution
Revolution (1733) (1789)
Physical Development Incorporeal Development
Possibilities Mental Framework
Tools (Justice, Freedom and Equality)
New Possibilities New Needs Architectural Issues General Environment Change
New building Large industrial Development of Mental Environment
materials clusters transportation facilities Scientific Environment
Change of city Political Environment
New construction Large residential measuring Economic Environment
methods cities for workers Multiple needs within Social Environment
the same building
Public style issue
The emergence of modern Architecture as a first trend of the contemporary Architecture trends
Modern Architecture Generation
Modern Architecture
The realistic trends (rationalism) The emotional trends
Principles Principles
The maximum exploitation Against rational modernist trend
of the possibilities available Strengthen the link between the
The emphasis on function, present and pre-modern architecture
economy and structure Revival of classic styles and return to
Giving up of classical the decorative (ornamental) formations
motifs and styles Returning to the art for the formation
Cancellation of roots The form above the function and
between the past and construction
modern architecture Attention to details and away from
abstraction
Pioneers
Pioneers
Josef Paxton, Luis Sullivan,
Mies Van Der Rohe, August Antonio Gaudi, Erick Mendelsohn,
Perret, Walter Gropius and Alvar Alto and Otto Wanger
Frank Lioyd Wright
The realistic trends: Examples
The use of module in design projects
Prudential Building, also known as the Guaranty
The Crystal Palace, London, 1850, Paxton
Building, New York, 1894, Louis Sullivan
The emotional trends: Examples
Washington Dulles airport 1941, Saarinen Virginia's capitol in 1865, Jefferson
La sagrada Família church , Barcelona, 1882, Gaudi Eetvelde house, Brussels, 1895, Horta
The First World War 1914 - 1918
The First World War Impact on the Modern Architecture Trends
The emotional trends The realistic trends (rationalism)
The emergence of the Profiling and repetition
expressionism Architectural style
and the emphasis on ornamental standardization
formation templates
The emphasis on horizontal and vertical
Quotation of art works of module designs in projects
Mondrian
Vertical extension
Revival of classic styles and
quotation of old works and also Giving priority to function over form
returning to the ornamental
formation templates of the pre- The emergence of the international style by
modern architecture Phillip, Johnson and Hitchcock as a trend
architectural comprehensive unified
The political employment for Architecture
The First World War Impact on the Realistic Modern Architecture Trends: Examples
Lomonossov University, Moscow,1948-1952 Rotterdam, 1919
Zeppelinfeld Arena, Nürnberg, 1936, Spee Segram Building, New York, 1954-1958, Mies and Johnson
The First World War Impact on the emotional Modern Architecture Trends: Examples
Einstein Tower, Podtsdam, 1921, Mendelsohn Schrader House, Utrecht, 1924, Rieteid
casa Mila , Barcelona, 1906-1910, Gaudi Eetvelde house, Brussels, 1895, Horta
Modern Architecture Crisis
Crisis Reasons
1) Incompatibility with the surrounding environment data
2) Separation from the space and time
3) Similarities and repetition and inclusion
4) The negligence of the local heritage and architecture
5) The control of the Western model and Western architects
6) The negligence of the psychological needs
7) Intervention of the political decision
8) A large economic carry for non-industrial countries
9) Permanent conflict between the realistic and emotional trend
Modern Architecture Crisis
Modern Architecture Crisis Aspects
Some modernism architects were retreated from
their modernist ideas.
In the international style book, Hitchcock (1966)
pointed out his feeling that he wrong in his thinking
about the international think that has unified
formation, which was adopted in the first edition of
the same book in collaboration with Johnson in 1932.
Bombing of residential complex “Pruitt Igoe”,
Some huge modernist projects were failed. 1972
Indian Chandigarh city was planned and designed by
Le Corbusier according to his modern views.
The bombing of a residential complex "Pruitt Igoe" , Charles Jencks
which was awarded the first award in 1951. This was The Death of Modern Architecture
after failing in meeting its social residents needs.
The Trends to Get out of the Modernist Impasse
General philosophy
The Trends to Get out of the Modernist Impasse
Post-Modern Architecture Trend Late-Modern Architecture Trend
(1960-1980) – (After 1980) (1960-1980) – (After 1980)
Function and Form Form
Example: The Regionalism Trend Example: The Deconstruction Trend
The Trends to Get out of the Modernist Impasse: Example
The Peak Club, Hong Kong, 1983, Zaha Hadid Pimlico Housing, London, 1962, Powell and Moya
Humana Headquarters, Kentucky, 1985, Graves Miller House, Lakeville, 1971, Peter Eisenman
The Technological Leap and Global Environmental
implications
The Local environmental Advancement of communication
repercussions systems and information technology
Increasing air pollution rates Activities transform into
The ozone layer problems digital model
Reasons Increasing non-renewable Information technology
energy consumption rates integrates with Architectural
Non-sustainable development practices
Global warming phenomena
Green Architecture Automated Architecture
Conclusion Environmental Architecture Virtual Architecture
Sustainable Architecture Smart-Intelligent Architecture
The historical evidence of contemporary Architecture
1) Classifications of critics for contemporary Architecture
Peter Collins Classification (1750-1950)
Udo Kultermann Classification (1910- After 1970)
Leuthaurser and Gossel Classification (1784-1990)
Jencks Classification (The Mid-eighteenth century- After 1980)
1) The main factors affecting classifications of critics for contemporary Architecture.
2) The theoretical base of the historical evidence of contemporary Architecture
3) The historical evidence of contemporary Architecture
1) Classifications of critics for contemporary Architecture
Peter Collins Classification (1750-1950)
Classification base: Changing ideas advocated by modernist architects
Romanticism Trends Revivalism Trends Functionalism Trends Rationalism Trends
Cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton, Virginia's capitol in Carson Pirie Scott store, Chicago, The use of module in
Paris, 1784, Boulee 1865, Jefferson 1899, Luis Sullivan, design projects
1) Classifications of critics for contemporary Architecture
Udo Kultermann Classification (1910- After 1970)
Classification base: Changing Architecture orientations and difference their role in
community service.
Technological Trends Experimental Trends Conciliation Trends Autonomous Trends
(1910 – 1930) (1930 – 1950) (1950 – 1970) (After 1970)
Washington Dulles airport,
1941, Saarinen
McGraw-Hill Building, Falling water Villa, Pennsylvania, The Museum of Modern Art,
New York, 1930, Hood 1937, Frank Lloyd Wright New York, 1978, Aldo Rossi
1) Classifications of critics for contemporary Architecture
Leuthaurser and Gossel Classification (1784-1990)
Classification base: Change the main features of the Architectural trends.
Trends Trends Trends Trends Trends
(1784 - 1916) (1892 - 1925) (1912 - 1939) (1944 – 1971) (1956 – 1990)
Rotterdam, 1919 Stuttgart research centre
Behnisch and Partner
The Crystal Palace, London,
1850, Paxton
Eetvelde house, Brussels, Yamanashi Broadcasting and Press
1895, Horta Centre, Kōfu, 1966, Kenzo Tange
1) Classifications of critics for contemporary Architecture
Jencks Classification (The Mid-eighteenth century- After 1980)
Classification base: Change the ideologies, design process orientations and the
Architecture result.
Post-Modern Architecture Late-Modern Architecture Modern Architecture
Trends Trends Trends Trends
(After 1980) (1960 - 1980) ( After 1980) (1960 – 1980)
Classical Trend Historicism High technology Sculptural
architecture architecture
Regionalism Straight Revivalism
Trend Expressionist Neo-Constructivist
Neo-Vernacular architecture school Emotional Rationalism
Contextualism Deconstruction Revival of aesthetic
Trends Trends
(Attention to architecture values of the
substance) machine
Metaphor and Revival of twentieth
metaphysics century Architecture
Smooth Architecture
2) The main factors affecting classifications contrast of the critics for contemporary
Architecture.
Different beginnings of contemporary
architecture history
Difference in the classification basis Contrast the historical
classification approaches for
Different names of the architectural trends contemporary architecture
Difference in attribution the work to the
architecture trend
3) The theoretical base of the historical evidence of contemporary Architecture
The beginning of history of Outweighing the beginning of the mid-eighteenth century
contemporary Architecture (1750) to be the proposed beginning of the history.
Outweighing all of previous classification bases as
The classification base theoretical bases of the historical evidence of
contemporary Architecture.
split levels Selecting Jencks Classification in view of its multi-split
levels
The degree of recognition
The recognition of the theory of action and reaction in
of the theory of action and
the historical evidence of contemporary Architecture.
reaction
4) The historical evidence of contemporary Architecture
1750
Generation Rationalism
Modern Trends
First Stage escalation Architecture
Emotional
Peak Trends
1950
Second Failure of Modern Architecture
Stage
1960
Third Stage The trends
confronting with the
environmental The trends of respond
to technical progress
repercussions Post- Late- 1980
Green Modern Modern
Architecture Architecture Architecture Automated Architecture
Fourth Environmental Virtual Architecture
Stage Architecture
Smart-Intelligent Architecture
Sustainable
Architecture
Up to now
The modern Architecture development stages
There are three stages of the modern Architecture development stages as follows:
The conflict between modern Architects
Generation stage
and classical Architects
The role of Architects in progress
Escalation stage towards achieving modern Architecture
aims
Excessive application of the ideas of
modernity to be turned into single-
Peak stage coded Architecture, the emergence of
mass production architecture and the
beginning of the end of modern
Architecture.
Generation stage The conflict between modern Architects and classical Architects
The maximum exploitation of the possibilities available
The emphasis on function, economy and structure
Principles Giving up of classical motifs and styles
Cancellation of roots between the past and modern architecture
Durand
The emphasis on the function, economy and structure.
Subjecting the architectural elements to a record system.
The face of the emotional trend and neglecting study of
formation elements.
Pioneers
Viollet-le-Duc
formation templates are not suitable to perform new tasks for
Architecture.
Louis Sullivan
The founder of the functional theory (Form follows function)
conclusion Generation of the modern realistic (rationalism) trend
Escalation stage The role of Pioneers in progress towards achieving modern Architecture aims
Agreement the general principles of modern architecture (function,
Principles structure, employment of potentials) and differences about the
interpretation of these principles.
Walter Gropius: Functional school, Albahaus school
Mies Van Der Rohe: Functional constructive school
Pioneers Le Corbusier: Functional school
Frank Lioyd Wright: Organic school
Pier Luigi Nervi: Constructive school
Establishing the modern realistic (rationalism) trend and starting
conclusion
the different Architectural schools and trends as a general trend.
Peak stage Excessive application of the ideas of modernity and the emergence of mass
production architecture and the beginning of the end of modern Architecture.
Full control of the rationalism trend
Principles
Modern architecture turned into a single-coded trend
CIAM group: Functional school
Pioneers Team X: Functional school
International style: Functional school
The emergence of mass production architecture and the beginning
conclusion
of the end of modern Architecture.
The motives of the emergence of modern architecture
1) Intellectual and cultural ambience change.
The conflict between science outcomes and Church beliefs.
Experimental Approach - experience and conclusion.
Change the architects overview for beauty.
2) Scientific and Technological motives
The emergence of giant installations
Speed of construction
Production of aesthetic values
The use of steel in the architecture
construction works.
Moving away from ornaments
The use of concrete in the
architectural works. Coverage of vast slabs
Taking advantage of the Spatial formation possibilities
scientific breakthroughs
The possibility of vertical extension
The development of mechanisms of
transport and air-conditioning mechanic
Activating the role of the computer in
construction calculations and architectural
drawings.
3) political motives
The confluence of local architecture and
modern architecture and clarity of the gap
Colonization between both.
The spread of modern architecture in the
colonial countries.
The first world War Housing crisis
The emergence of reaction trends
Political Employment to the architectural
The political ambitions products
The emergence of fascist architecture
Taking advantage of
Open the door to the modernism model
outside experts at the
local level
4) Economic Motives
The emergence of the capitalist Mass production
class Disposal of ornament
Increasing architectural activity
Rising the economic level of the
The spread of modern think in the
developing countries
developed countries by outside experts
Discovery of oil Rising income level per capita
The transformation of the socialist The flow of outside investments and
system to the capitalist system the spread of the modernism model
5) Social Motives
The absence of social think and
shared sense
Cultural changes
Individual physical architecture
Increasing the need to new housings
within a record time.
The emergence of the medium
The mass production Architecture
class
and disposal of ornament
Speed of construction and cost down
Changing nature of role of women The realist functional view for
following World War housings design
Critique of modern architecture
It failed to achieve compatibility with local
Compatibility with the environment environment because of cut their roots with the
past.
It succeeded to meet physiological needs and it
Meeting the functional needs
failed in meeting psychological needs.
It went to the abstraction and uniform shape,
Formation concepts
and it neglected the local heritage.
It failed to achieve a social communication with
Meeting the social needs its users because of omission of their social
needs.
It responded to the evolution movement of
Compatibility with the latest
building materials and construction techniques.
construction developments
It succeeded to achieve high economic
Economic feasibility
feasibility.
The motives of the emergence of late-modern architecture
1) The absence of personality of modern architecture products and the similarity
of their formative properties
2) Inflexible modern architecture products lost communication with the user
3) Architects of modernity used the maximum available technologies excessively.
Critique of late-modern architecture
Compatibility with the environment There was a contrast in dealing with the
surrounding environment.
Meeting the functional needs Function turned out to be just a desire to
achieve benefit.
Formation concepts It adopted a formative alternatives concept.
It failed to achieve a social communication with
Meeting the social needs its users.
It witnessed a large escalating in the use of its
Compatibility with the latest
Architects of the building materials and
construction developments
construction techniques.
Exaggerating the measure and treatment of
Economic feasibility architectural works led to increased final
economic cost.
The motives of the emergence of post-modern architecture
1) Intellectual and The collapse of many physical scientific
scientific motives theories and return to the call to
metaphysics.
The Cold War, and away from the central
and inclusive visions.
2) Political motives
The desire of the expression of local and
regional concepts.
3) Economic motives The shift from the industrialization era to
the information era.
The emergence of claims emphasizing local
4) Social motives identity and cultural communication and the
revival of heritage.
Critique of post-modern architecture
It succeeded to achieve compatibility with
Compatibility with the environment surrounding local environment.
It succeeded to meet functional needs.
Meeting the functional needs
It went to multi-level Architectural language
Formation concepts
that were extrapolated from local heritage.
It succeeded to meet a social communication
Meeting the social needs with its users due to activating the role of the
user in the design process.
It responded to the evolution movement of
Compatibility with the latest
building materials and construction techniques.
construction developments
It succeeded to achieve high economic
Economic feasibility
feasibility.
Of the most important political motives of the
emergence of post-modern architecture is rising the
economic level of the developing countries. How could
pioneers achieve this?
Of the most important economic motives of the
emergence of modern architecture is rising the
economic level of the developing countries. How could
pioneers achieve this?
Why were Collins, Udo Kultermann,
Leuthaurser and Gossel classifications for
contemporary architecture excluded by the
most important pioneers of contemporary
architecture
Why was Jencks classification for
contemporary architecture adopted by the
most important pioneers of contemporary
architecture
