Digital radiografi
Computer Radiografi
Computed Radiography (CR)
Menggunakan imaging plate sebagai
pengganti kaset dan film
Menggunakan bucky dan peralatan sinar-X
konvensional
CR Exposure & Readout
CR Readout
Another View: CR Operation
Computer Radiography (CR)
• plate is
photostimulable
phosphor
• radiation traps Higher Energy
electrons in high - Elect ron
St at e
energy states
• higher states
form latent image Phot on pumps
elect ron t o
X-Ray higher energy st at e
Phot on
Lower Energy - - - - - - - - -
Elect ron - - - - - -
- - -
St at e - - - - - - -
- -
Reading Imaging Plate
reader scan IP dengan laser
laser melepaskan elektron
yang terperangkap di
daerah energi tinggi
Laser Beam
Elektron jatuh ke area
energi rendah
Ekektron melepaskan Higher Energy
Elect ron -
energi sebagai cahaya St at e
tampak
Intensitas cahaya diukur
sebagai insiden radiasi Lower Energy
Electron State
Lower Energy - - - - - - -
- -
Elect ron - - - - -
- - - -
St at e - - - - - - -
- -
Reading Imaging Plate
• Reader scans plate
with laser light
using rotating
mirror
• Film pulled
through scanner by
rollers
• Light given off by
plate measured by
PM tube &
recorded by
computer
Laser & Emitted Light are Different Colors
Phosphor stimulated by laser light
Intensity of emitted light indicates amount of radiation
incident on phosphor at each location
Only color of light emitted by phosphor measured by PMT
CR Operation
• after read-out, plate erased using a
bright light
• plate can be erased virtually without
limit
• Plate life defined not by erasure cycles
but by physical wear
CR Resolution
• Small cassettes have better spatial
resolution
– Smaller pixels
– More pixels / mm
CR Latitude
Much greater latitude than
screen/film
Plate responds to many
decades of input exposure
under / overexposures
unlikely
Computer scale inputs
exposure to viewable
densities
Unlike film, receptor
separate from viewer
Film Screen vs. CR Latitude
CR Latitude:
.01 – 100 mR
100
Digital Radiography (DR)
• Digital bucky
• Incorporated
into x-ray
equipment
Digital Radiography (DR)
• Receptor provides direct digital output
• No processor / reader required
– Images available in < 15 seconds
– Much less work for technologist
Direct vs. Indirect
TFT = THIN-FILM TRANSISTOR ARRAY
Digital Radiography (DR)
• Potentially lower patient dose than CR
• High latitude as for CR
• Digital bucky fragile
– First DR portables coming
to market
Raw Data Image
• Unprocessed image as read from
receptor
– CR
• Intensity data from PMT’s as a result of scanning plate
with laser
– DR
• Raw Data read directly from TFT array
• Not a readable diagnostic image
• Requires computer post-processing
– Specific software algorithms must be
applied to image prior to presenting it as
finished radiograph
* Enhancing Raw Image (Image
Segmentation)
1. Identify collimated image border
2. Separate raw radiation from This process is
anatomy specific to a
3. Apply appropriate tone-scale to particular body
image part and
Done with look-up table (LUT) projection
Image Segmentation
Computer must establish location of
collimated border of image
• Computer then defines
anatomic region
• Finished image produced by
tone scaling
Requires histogram analysis of
anatomic region
Histogram
• Graph showing
how much of
image is
exposed at
various levels
Tone Scaling
Post-Processing
• Body part & projection-specific algorithms
determine average exposure
– Must correctly identify anatomical region
• LUT computed to display image with proper
– Density
– Contrast
Film/Screen Limited Latitude
• Film use has
little
ambiguity
about proper
radiation
exposure
Should I Worry?
In CR & DR, image
density is no longer
a reliable indicator
of exposure factor
control.
CR / DR Latitude
DANGER
Will
Robinson!!!
• Almost impossible to under or
overexpose CR / DR
• Underexposures look noisy
• Overexposures look GOOD!!!
So how do I know if exposure is optimum
by looking at my image?
Exposure Index
• Each manufacturer provides feedback to
technologist on exposure to digital receptor
• Displayed on CR reader monitor
• Displayed on workstations
Index Exposure dipengaruhi oleh:
• Pemilihan teknik X-Ray
• Titik bidik citra yang tidak tepat
pada kaset
• Pemilihan proyeksi atau studi yang
tidak tepat
• Peletakan dua atau lebih gambar
pada kaset yang sama
– Dapat menyebabkan citra terlihat
gelap
Citra panthom
• 75 kVp
• 88 mAs
• 2460 EI
Sekarang kita dobelkan mAs
• 75 kVp • 75 kVp
• 88 mAs • 160 mAs
• 2460 EI • 2680 EI
Semakin tinggi mAs-nya
• 75 kVp • 75 kVp
• 88 mAs • 640 mAs
• 2460 EI • 3300 EI
How Low Can You Go? Buat mAs setengahnya!
• 75 kVp • 75 kVp
• 88 mAs • 40 mAs
• 2460 EI • 2060 EI
Kita turunkan mAs-nya lagi
• 75 kVp • 75 kVp
• 8 mAs • 1 mAs
• 1380 EI • 550 EI
CR Artifacts
• Physical damage to imaging plates
– Cracks, scuffs, scratches
– Contamination
– Dust / dirt
• Dirt in reader
• Highly sensitive to scatter radiation
DR Artifacts
• Dead detector elements
• Spatial variations in background
signal & gain
• Grid interference
• Software can help correct for above
