Chapter 4
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS.
B<\SIC METHODS OF INTEGRATION
§ 4.1. Direct Integration and the Method of Expansion
Direct integration consists in using the following table of integrals:
(1) 5undu= un+1 +C n+I (n=fo-1);
(2) Sd: =In Iu I+ C;
(3) 5a" du= -1 ~-a a" + C; ~ e" du = e 11
+ C;
(4) ~ cosudu=sinu+C; ~ sinudu=-cosu+C;
(5) ~ coshudu=sinhu+C; ~ sinhudu=coshu+C;
(6) .;1 --=tanu+ C;
(' du
cos 2 u
s-.- -= -cot u+C;
du
sin 2 u
(7) S du
U" a"
I
a
u
--.------+.. =-arctan-+C=
a
I
--arccot
a
u
-+C
a 1 (a> O);
C
(8) S ,r
ra2-u2
du . u
a
u
. =arcstn-+C=-arccos-+ 1 (a>O);
a
(9)
Jl .r .du
r uz ± a2
=1n(u+Vu 2 +a 2 )+c;
(10) s odu 2=2_!_1n1u-+a/+c.
U"-a a u a
In all these formulas the variable u is either an independent
variable or a differentiable fund ion of some variable. If
~ f (u) du = F (u) + C,
then
Sf (ax+b) dx = ~F (ax+b) +c.
The method of expansion consists in expanding the integrand into
a linear combination of simpler functions and using the linearity
196 Ch. IV. Indefinite Integrals
property of the integral:
sl~I aJ; (x) dx ='~I a;~ f1 (x) dx c~I Ia; I> 0).
4.1.1. Find the integral/= sx2 +~:- 1 dx.
Solution.
I= sx2 +~xx-l dx= s (x•t.+5x't•-x-'t•)dx=
= ~ x•t.dx+5 ~ x't•dx- ~ x-'t•dx=
2x•t. 5. 2
= -5-+C1 +3 x•1,+c 2 -2x''•+C 3 =
=2Vx(~ + 53x-t)+c.
Note. There is no need to introduce an arbitrary constant after
calculating each integral (as is done in the above example). By com-
bining all arbitrary constants we get a single arbitrary constant,
denoted by letter C, which is added to the final answer.
4 .1.2. 1 --S 6x3+x 2-2x+ 1 d
2x-I x.
s
4.1.3. I= sin2 x~os2 x .
Solution. Transform the integrand in the following way:
sin2x+cos2x I I
sin 2 xcos 2 x= sin 2 xcos 2 x = cos 2 x + sin2 x·
Hence,
l=S cosd~ x +S sin
.d~ x =tanx-cotx+C.
4.1.4. I= ~ tan 2 x dx.
Solution. Since tan 2 x = sec 2 x-1, then
I=\v tan 2 xdx=S4-Cdx=tanx-x+C.
cos x J
+
4.1.5. I= ~ (x 2 5) 3 dx.
Solution. Expanding the integrand by the binomial formula,
we find
I= S(x + 15x'+75x + 125)dx= 7
6 2
x1 15x& 75xa
+-5-+-3-+ 125x+C.
4,1.6. I=~ (3x+ 5) 17 dx.
§ 4. I. Direct I ntewation and the Method of Expansion 197
Solution. Here it is not expedient to raise the binomial to the
+
17th power, since u = 3x 5 is a linear function.
Proceeding from the tabular integral
Su 17
18
ulB
du=-+C '
we get
I =_!_. (3x+5)1s -t-C
3 18 •
4.1.7.
I= SYx+~x-Vx ·
4.1.8. I=~ cos(nx+ l)dx.
Solution. Proceeding from the tabular integral (4)
~cos udu =sin u +c,
we obtain
I=_!_
:rt
sin (nx+ l) + C.
4.1.9. I=~ cos 4xcos 7xdx.
Solution. When calculating such integrals it is advisable to use
the trigonometric product formulas. Here
I
cos 4x cos 7x = 2 (cos 3x +cos l lx)
and therefore
I = +Scos 3x dx +
·+ Scos l Ix dx = ~ sin 3x + 2~ sin l lx + C.
Note. When solving such problems it is expedient to use the
following trigonometric identities:
sin mx cos nx =+[sin (m-n) x+ sin (m+ n) x];
sin mx sin nx = +I
[cos (m-n) x-cos (m +n) x];
cosmx cosnx = 2 [cos (m-n) x+ cos (m+ n) x].
4.1.10. I= ~cos x cos 2x cos 5xdx.
Solution. We have
I
(cos x cos 2x) cos 5x = 2 (cos x +cos 3x) cos 5x =
= 4I [cos 4x+ cos 6x] + 41 (cos2x+ cos8x).
198 Ch. IV. Indefinite Integrals
Thus,
J= i [S cos2xdx+ Scos 4xdx+ Scos 6xdx+ Scos8xdx] =
=~sin 2x+ 116 sin 4x+ 2~ sin 6x+ 3~ sin Bx+C.
4.1.1 l. I=~ sin 2 3xdx.
.
Sol ution. S mce . 2 3x = I-cos 6x , th en
sm 2
l=t S(l-cos6x)dx=i-x-/2 sin6x+C.
4.1.12. I=~ cosh 2 (Bx+ 5) dx.
Solution. Since cosh 2 u = cosh ;u+ 1 , then
I=~S[I +cash (16x + 10)] dx=i-x+ 312 sinh(l6x+ lO)+C.
4.1.13. I= Sx +'!:+s. 2
Solution. I= Sx +!:+s = S(x+:; + 1 =arctan(x+2)+C.
2 2
4 .1. 14 • 1 =S4x2~2s·
4.1.15. I= s x2 +":+ 1 •
4.1.16. I= SJl'4='9X2
dx
4-9x 2
.
Solution. I= S~
4-
= - S~x
4/9-x2
9x 2
1
3 = 1 . 3x+c .
3 arcsm 2
4.1.17. I =Sy dx
5-x2 -4x
•
.
S ol ut ion. I= sY dx
5-x 2 - 4x
= sY dx
9-(x+2) 2
. x+-+c.
=arcsm- 3
2
4.1.18. l=S -v dx
xi+ 6x+ 1
•
4.1.19. /= S -x- x
4
dx
2 4 •
Solution.
l=S dx
4-x 2 -4x
='J dx
8-(x+2) 2
=-1-lnf
4¥2
2Y2+x+21-C
2V2-(x+2) -j •
4.1.20. I= S10xdx 2_ 7 .
§ 4.2. Integration by Substitution 199
4.1.21. Evaluate the following integrals:
C dx
(a) J x 2-6x+ 13 ; (b) J dx;
rx-1
VX2
( c) s3-2 cot 2 x dx·
cosl x ' (d) Sx22+3x2
(I +x2) dx.
4.1.22. Integrate:
~ )~
VJ-x2.+VI+x2d (b)s cos2x dx·
v I -x4 ~ .
cos x- sin x '
(c) S2x+1_5x-1
iox dx; (d)
s (sin 5x- sin 5a) dx.
§ 4.2. Integration by Substitution
The method of substitution (or change of variable) consists in sub-
stituting cp (t) for x where cp (t) is a continuously differentiable
function. On substituting we have:
~ f (x) dx = ~ f [cp (t)] cp' (t) dt,
and after integration we return to the old variable by inverse sub-
stitution t = cp- 1 (x).
The indicated formula is also used in the reverse direction:
~ f [cp (t)] cp' (t) dt = ~ f (x) dx, where x = cp (t).
4.2.1. /= ~ xVx-5-dx.
Solution. Make the substitution
Vx-5=t.
Whence
x-5=t 2 , x=t 2 +5, dx=2tdt.
Substituting into the integral we get
I= s (t 2 +5) i·2t dt =2 s(t 4 +5t 2 )dt =2~+ 10; 3 +c.
Now return to the initial variable x:
I= 2 (x~5)'1• +IO (x;-5)'1• + C.
4.2.2. I= 1~xex •S
Solution. Let us make the substitution 1 +ex= t. Whence
ex=t-1, X=ln{t-1), dx=dt/(t-l).
~uo Ch. IV. Indefinite Integrals
Substituting into the integral, we get
I= SI+ex = st(!-1)"
dx dt
But
therefore
I= 5 1 dt 1 -- 5 d: =In It- I I-In It I+ C.
Coming back to the variable x, we obtain
eX
/=In l+ex+C=x-ln(l+ex)+C.
Note. This integral can be calculated in a simpler way by mul-
tiplying both the numerator and denominator by e-x:
4.2.3. I= Sy (2x-5)
x +3
2
3
dx.
4.2.4. I= ~
(x2 - I) dx
2 1•
(x4 +3x 2 +1)arctanx +
x
Solution. Transform the integrand
l-5 -
(l-1/x2)dx
[(x+ l/x) 2 + lj arc tan (x+ l/x) •
Make the substitution x + _!_x = t; differentiating, we get
Whence
(1-:2 )dx=dt.
I= 5 dt
(! 2 + I) arc tan t·
Make one more substitution: arc tan t = u. Then
dt
12+ I= du
and
I= Sduu-=lnlul+C.
§ 4.2. Integration by Substitution 201
Returning first to t, and then to x, we have
I= In Iarc tan ti+ C =In arc tan ( x + I ~)I+ C.
4.2.5. I =S vaz=X2
x4
dx.
Solution. Make the substitution:
l dt
X=T; dx=-fi·
Hence,
I= - S ~~~,-;; ~~ 12 dt =-St Va t I dt. 2 2-
Now make one more substitution: Va t -1 = z. Then 2 2 2a2 t dt =
= 2zdz and
I -- - ls
a2 Z2d Z -- - I a+c
3a2 Z •
Returning to t and then to x, we obtain
(a2-x2)°/1
I= - 3a2xa +c.
4 · 2 · 6 · I= Sa 2 sin 2 x!b 2 cos 2 x·
Solution.
I=~ a 2 sin 2 x+b
dx 2
cos 2 x
=_.!._i
b2 a2
I .~
cos2x·
-tan
b2
2 x+ I
Make the substitution ab tan x = t; dt = ba __:!!_
2 • Then
cos x
l \ dt I
I= ab J 1+t 2 =ab arc tan t + C.
Returning to x, we obtain
/=~arctan(~ tanx)+c.
4.2.7. I=~ VI+3sinxcosxdx.
Sol11t ion. Make the substitution 1 + 3 sin x = t, 3 cos x dx = dt. Then
I -- 3
.]__ s s
Vt dt -- 3J... {'la dt -- 3_.!._. ~4 t'J. + C-- (l +3 sin
4
x)'/a + C
.
4 . 2 .S. f=l sinxdx.
J V cos x·
202 Ch. IV. Indefinite I nlegrals
4.2.9. 1=5 dxy .
(arc cos x) 0 I - x2
Solution. Make the substitution: arc cosx = t; - Yid~ x 2 dt. Then
I= - s ~
t0 = - st- 0 dt = __!._
4 t- 4 + C = - 1 - + C.
4 arc-
cos 4 x
4.2.10. I= iV x2+1
xa+3x+ 1
dx.
sin 2x
S
4.2.11. I= 1+ sin 2 xdx.
Solution. Make the substitution:
1 + sin 2 X= t; 2 sin xcosxdx =sin 2xdx '-=dt.
Then
I= S~' =int+C=in(l+sin 2 x)+C.
4 2 12
· • •
I= s I+ In x dx.
3+x lnx
Solution. Substitute
3+xlnx= t, (1 + In x) dx = dt
and get
I= S¥= In I t I+ C = In I 3 + x In x I+ C.
4.2.13. Evaluate the following integrals:
(a) Jrv1+1nx
x dx;
b
()
s dx
xlnx;
(c) 5 xdx
~; (d)
4
I
~
x11 - 1
+ dx;
x 211 a2
(e) 5 si1,x dx; (f) S(In x + h~ x) dxx.
4.2.14. Find the following integrals:
(a) 5x2 Vt-xdx; (b) r tnxdx ;
Jxr1+1nx
(c) 5cos 0 xVsinxdx; (d) Sy x• l-x 2
. dx.
§ 4.3. Integration by Parts
The formula
~ udv=uv- ~ vdu
is known as the formula for i11tegratio11 by parts, where u aBd v
are differentiable functions of x.
§ 4.3. Integration by Parts 203
To use this formula the integrand should be reduced to the pro-
duct of two factors: one function and the differential of another
function. If the integrand is the product of a logarithmic or an
inverse trigonometric function and a polynomial, then u is usually
taken to be either the logarithmic or the inverse trigonometric func-
tion. But if the integrand is the product of a trigonometric or an
exponential function and an algebraic one, then u usually denotes
the algebraic function.
4.3. l. I= ~arc tan x.dx.
Solution. Let us put here
u= arc tanx, dv=dx,
whence
dx
du= 1+x2; V=X;
S
I= arc tan x dx = x arc tan x- S1~:2 = x arc tan x--} In( 1+x 2) +c.
4.3.2. I= ~ arc sin x dx.
4.3.3. I= ~ x cos x dx.
Solution. Let us put
U=X; dv=cosxdx,
whence
du=dx; v=sinx,
I=~ xcosxdx=xsinx-~ sinxdx==xsinx+cosx+C.
We will show now what would result from an unsuitable choice
of the multipliers u and dv.
In the integral ~ xcosxdx let us put
u =-co cos x; dv = x dx,
whence
du=-= - sin x dx;
In this case
Io= ; x 2 cos x + ; sx2 sin x dx.
As is obvious, the integral has become more complicated.
4.3.4. I= ~ x 3 In x dx.
204 Ch. IV. Indefinite Integrals
Solution. Let us put
U= lnx; dv=x 3 dx,
whence
d dx _I ,
U=x; V--q·•,
I= l.x'
4
lnx-..!..
4
Sx' dx
x
=..!..
4
x' lnx-..!..
4 J
r
x 3 dx = _!_x
4
4 lnx-l.x 4 +c
16 .
4.3.5. I=~ (x 2 -2x+ 5) e-x dx.
Solution. Let us put
U=X 2 -2x+5; dv=e-xdx,
whence
du= (2x-2) dx; v = - e-x;
I=~ (x 2 -2x+ 5) e-x dx = -e-x (x2 -2x+ 5)+2 ~ (x- l)e-x dx.
We again integrate the last integral by parts. Put
x-l=u; dv=e-xdx,
whence
du=dx; V=-e-x.
/ 1 =2 ~ (x-l)e-xdx=-2e-x(x-l)+2 ~ e-xdx=-·2xe-x+c.
Finally we get
I =-e-x(x2 -2x+5)-2xe-x+C=- e-x (x 2 + 5)+C.
Note. As a result of calculation of integrals of the form ~ P (x) eax dx
we obtain a function of the form Q (x) eax, where Q (x) is a poly-
nomial of the same degree as the polynomial P (x).
This circumstance allows us to calculate the integrals of the in-
dicated type using the method of indefinite coefficients, the essence
of which is explained by the following example.
4.3.6. Applying the method of indefinite coefficients, evaluate
I= ~ (3x 3 - l 7) e2 x dx.
Solution. ~ (3x3 - l7) e2 x dx= (Ax 3 + Bx2 + Dx+ E) e2 x +c.
Differentiating the right and the left sides, we obtain
(3x 3 - 17) e2 x = 2 (Ax3 + Bx2 + Dx + £) e2 x + e2 x (3Ax 2 + 2Bx + D).
Cancelling e2 x, we have
3x3 - l7 = 2Ax3 + (2B + 3A)x2 + (2D+ 2B) x+(2E + D).
~~~~~~~~-"-§_4_.3_._l_n~teg~r_a_tio_n--"by~Pa_rt.s~~~~~~~-2_05
Equating the coefficients at the equal powers of x in the left and
right sides of this identity, we get
3=2A; 0=2B+3A;
0=2D+2B; -17=2E+D.
Solving the system, we obtain
3 9 9
A=2; B=-4; D=4; E =-n
8 .
Hence,
S(3x -l7)e xdx= (23 x
3 2 3-
4 x2 + 4 x- 8 e2 x+c.
9 9 77)
4.3.7. Integrate:
I=~ (x 3 +l)cosxdx.
Solution. Let us put
u = x3 + l; dv= cosxdx,
whence
du= 3x2 dx; v = sin x.
/=(x3 +l)sinx-3 ~ x2 sinxdx=(x 3 +l)sinx-3/ 1 ,
where / 1 = ~ x2 sin xdx.
Integrating by parts again, we get
/ 1 = -x2 cosx+ 2/ 2 ,
where / 2 = ~ xcosxdx.
Integrating by parts again, we obtain
/ 2 = x sin x+ cosx+C.
Finally, we have:
I=~ (x 3 + 1) cosx dx=(x 3 + l)sinx+3x2 cosx-6x sin x-6 cosx+ C=
= (x 3 -6x+ 1) sin x+ (3x2 -6) cosx+ C.
Note. The method of indefinite coefficients may also be applied
to integrals of the form
~ P (x) sin ax dx, ~ P (x) cos ax dx.
4.3.8. I= ~ (x2 + 3x + 5) cos 2x dx.
Solution. Let us put
~ (x2 +3x+5)cos2xdx=
= (A 0 x2 + A 1 x+ A2 ) cos 2x+ (B 0 x 2 + B1 x+ B2 ) sin 2x+ C.
206 Ch. IV. Indefinite Integrals
Differentiate both sides of the identity:
(x2 +3x+ 5) cos2x= -2 (A 0 x2 + A 1x+ A2 ) sin 2x+
+ (2A 0x+ A1 ) cos2x+ 2 (8 0x2 +8 1x+ 8 2 ) cos 2x+(28 0x+8 1 )sin2x=
= [28 0x2 + (28 1 + 2A 0 ) x + (A 1 + 28 2 )) cos 2x +
+ [-2A 0x2 +(28 0 -2A 1 )x+(8 1 -2A 2 )] sin 2x.
Equating the coefficients at equal powers of x in the multipliers
cos 2x and sin 2x, we get a system of equations:
28 0 = 1; 2 (8 1 + A0 ) = 3; A 1 + 28 2 = 5;
-2A 0 =0; 2(8 0 -A 1 )=0; 8 1 -2A 2 =0.
Solving the system, we find
I I 3 3 9
A0 =0; 8 0 =2; A 1 =2; 8 1 =2; A2 =4; 8 2 =4·
Thus,
~ (x 2 +3x+5)cos2xdx=( ~ + ! )cos2x+( f x + }x+;) sin x+C.
2 2
4.3.9. I=~ (3x 2 + 6x+ 5) arc tanxdx.
Solution. Let us put
u= arc tanx; dv = (3x 2 6x 5) dx, + +
whence
dx
du = 1 + x 2 ; v = x3 + 3x2 + 5x.
Hence,
(' x 3+3x2 +5x
I= (x 3 + 3x2 + 5x) arc tan x- J 1+x2 dx.
Single out the integral part under the last integral by dividing
the numerator by the denominafor:
/ 1 = Sx3+3x2+.5x
l+x2 dx =
s
(x+3)dx-t-
s4x-3
x2 +I
dx=
x2
=2+ 3x+ 25 x2+dx -3.sx dx+
2x
1 2 1=
x2 + 3x+21n(x2 +1)-.3 arctanx+C.
2
Substituting the value of / 1 , we finally get
I= (x3 +3x 2 + 5x.+3) arc tanx-x 2/2-3x-2 ln (x 2 + l) + C.
4.3.10. Find the integral
I= ~ e&x cos·4xdx.
Solution. Let us put
e&x = u; cos 4x dx =.dv,
§ 4.3. Integration by Parts 207
whence
5e5 " dx =du·' v = J_
4
sin 4x.
Hence,
I= ~e 5 x sin 4x - ~ Se 5x sin4x dx.
Integrating by parts again, we obtain
/ 1 = J(' e x sin 4x dx = -
5
I
4 e5 xcos4x+ 4
5
Je xcos4xdx.
n
5
Thus,
I= ~ e5 x sin 4x - ~ ( - ~ e5 x cos 4x + ~ Se x cos 4x dx) ,
5
i. e.
I 5 x ( sm4x+-cos4x
l=-e . 5 ) --
25/
4 4 16 •
Whence
/= 441e5 x(sin4x+ ~ cos4x)+c.
4.3.11. I=~ cos(ln x) dx.
Solution. Let us put
u =cos (lnx); dv =dx,
whence
du = - sin (In x) dx; v = x.
x
Hence,
I= ~cos (In x) dx = x cos (In x) + ~sin (In x) dx.
Integrate by parts once again
u-= sin (In x); dv=dx,
whence
dx
du=cos(lnx)-;
x
V=X.
Hence,
/ 1 =~sin (In x)dx = x sin (In x)- ~cos (In x) dx.
Thus
I= ~cos (lnx)dx =X cos (lnx) +x sin (In x)-1.
Hence
I=~ [cos (lnx)+ sin (In x)] + C.
208 Ch. IV. Indefinite Integrals
S
4.3.12. I= x In ( 1 ~) dx. +
Solution. Let us transform the integrand
In(l + !)=1nx~ 1 =1n(x+l)-lnx.
Hence
I=~ xln (x+ l)dx- ~ xlnxdx=/ 1 - / 2 •
Let us integrate / 1 and / 2 by parts. Put
u=ln(x+ l); dv=xdx,
whence
Hence
/ 1 = Sxln(x+l)dx= 2I (x2 -l)ln(x+l)-2I s
(x2- I) dx
l+x ·=
=x -
- I2
2 -ln(x+l)- 2
I s(x-l)dx=--ln(x+l)- 4 x +-2 x+C.
x2 - I
2
I 2 I
Analogously,
I
/ 2 = J\ x In xdx= x2
2 Inx- 4 x2 +c.
Finally we have
I= Sx In ( 1 + ! )dx =} (x 2- 1) In (x + I)- x; In ~ + i + C.
4.3.13. I= s yxq:I [Jn<::+ 1)-2 ln x) dx.
Solution. First apply the substitution
I
1+2=t.
x
Then
2dx dx I
dt = - xa or x3 = - 2 dt.
Hence,
I= s VI+ ; 2 In x2: 1• s
~: = - ~ VT Int dt.
The obtained integral is easily evaluated by parts. Let us put
u = In t; dv = VTdt.
Then
dt
du=-·
t '
V =3
-
2 t v-t.
§ 4.3. Integration by Parts 209
Whence
- f 5VT In t dt = - ; [; t Vt In t - ; 5VT dt] =
=-} [; tVtlnt-: tVT] +c.
Returning to x, we obtain
I = - +l; ( 1 + :2 )312 In ( 1 + ~ ) - : ( 1 + :2 )3' 2
] + C=
= (x
2
+ 1 ~tX2+1 [2-31n ( i + ;2) J + c.
4.3.14. I= ~sin x In tan x dx.
4.3.15. I=~ In (Vl-x+ Vl +x)dx.
Solution. Let us put
u=ln(Vl-x+Vl+x); dv=dx,
whence
du= I
Vl-x+ Yl+x
(- I
Vl-x 2 Vl+x
2
+ I )dx=
=..!._. VT=X-Vr:+X. dx =..!._. VI=X2-I dx;
2 Vl-x+ Vl+x Yl-x 2 2 x Vl-xa
V=X.
Hence,
l=xln(Vl-x+Vl +x)--21 Sx vr-I
x l-x2
dX=
=X In (Vl-x+ Vl +x)-+ s sv~~xa
dx+i- =
=xln(Vl-x+Vl+x)-~ x+}arcsinx+C.
Note. In calculating a number of integrals we had to use the
method of integration by parts several times in succession. The
result could be obtained more rapidly and in a more concise form
by using the so-called generalized formula for integration by parts
(or the formula for multiple integration by parts):
~ u (x) v (x) dx = u (x) v1 (x)-u' (x) v2 (x) + u" (x) V8 (x)- ...
... +(-l)n- 1 u<n-u(x)vn(x}-(-l}n- 1 ~ u<n>(x)vn(x)dx,
where
V1 (x} = ~ V(x) dx; V2 (x) = ~ V1 (x) dx; ... ; Vn (X) = ~ Vn-t (x) dx.
Here, of course, we assume that all derivatives and integrals appea-
ring in this formula exist.
210 Ch. IV. Indefinite I nfegrals
The use of the generalized formula for integration by parts is
especially advantageous when calculating the integral ~ P n (x} qi (x} dx,
where Pn (x) is a polynomial of degree n, and the factor qi (x) is
such that it can be integrated successively n +I times. For example,
ekx ekx
SPn (x) ekx dx= Pn(x)7-P~ (x)-fi2+ ... +
ekx
+ (-l)n P)in> (x) kn+l +C =
=ekx IPn(x) I
_-k--k2 P'n (X )+ ••• +(-l)n
kn+1 pcm
" (X >] +C .
4.3.16. Applying the generalized formula for integration by parts,
find the following integrals:
(a) ~ (x3 -2x2+3x-l)cos2xdx,
(b) ~ (2x 3 +3x 2 -8x+ I) V2x+6dx.
Solution.
(a) S(x -2x2+3x- l) cos2xdx= (x 2x2+3x-- l )sin2x
-
3 3-
2- -
-(3x2_4x+ 3) (-co: 2x) +(6x- 4) ( - si~2x)_ 6 cot62x +C=
= si~ 2x (2x 3 -4x2+ 3x) +co: 2x (6x 2 -8x + 3) + C;
(b) ~ (2x 3 + 3x -8x + 1) v· 2x + 6 dx =
2
=(2x 3 +3x 2 -8x+ 1)( 2 x~ 6 ) 312 (6x2 +6x-8)( 2xt,~>"' 2 +
+(12x+6)(2x-f-6)1/2 12(2x-f-6)u/2 +C=
3.5.7 3.5.7.9
= ~~ (2x + 6) (70x3-45x2- 396x + 897} + C.
Evaluate the following integrals:
4.3.17. ~ln(x+Vl+x 2 )dx.
4.3.18. ~ V x(In x) 2 dx.
4 . 3 . 19 . s ar;;in xdx.
1-1-x
4.3.20. Sxcossin xdx
3 x •
4.3.21. ~ 3"cosxdx.
§ 4.4. Reduction Formulas 211
4.3.22. ~ (x 3 -2x 2 + 5) e x dx.
3
4.3.23. ~ ( l + x cos x dx.
2) 2
4.3.24. ~ (x + 2x- l) sin 3xdx.
2
4.3.25. ~ (x -2x + 3) In x dx.
2
4.3.26. ~ x 3 arc tan x dx.
4.3.27. ~ x 2 arc cos x dx.
4.3.28. Applying the formula for multiple integration by parts.
calculate the following integrals:
. 2(3 x+ l)dx;
(a ) S(3 x 2 +x- 2) sm (b) sx2-7x+ldx.
V2x+1
§ 4.4. Reduction Formulas
Reduction formulas make it possible to reduce an integral depend-
ing on the index n > 0, called the order of the integral, to an
integral of the same type with a smaller index.
4.4.1. Integrating by parts, derive reduction formulas for calcu-
lating the following integrals:
(a) /"= S(x2+a2)n;
dx
(b) ln,-m=
s sinn x
cos"'xdx;
(c) In= ~ (a 2 -x2 ) 11 dx.
Solution. (a) We integrate by parts. Let us put
I
U= (x2+a2)n' dv= dx,
whence
2n x dx
du= (x2+a·i)n+1 • V=X.
I Ience,
whence
I = _I_ . x I • _.!_ I .
n+J 2na 2 (x 2 i- a:l)" + 2n2n- aJ n
212 Ch. IV. Indefinite Integrals
The obtained formula reduces the calculation of the integral I n+l
to the calculation of the integral In and, consequently, allows us
to calculate completely an integral with a natural index, since
/ 1 =
dx
x~+ SI x
a2 =-arctan-+C.
a a
For instance, putting n = 1, we obtain
\ dx I x I I x I x
f2 = J (x2+ a2)2 = 2a2 • x2+a2+2a2f1 = 2a2 x2+a2 + 2aa arc tan a+ C;
putting n = 2, we get
I a= S(x2~a2)s = 4~2 • (x2~a2)2 + 4:2 /2 =
I x 3 x 3 x
= 4a2 • (x2+ a2)2 + 8a4 • x2+a2+ Ba& arc tan a +C.
(b) Let us apply the method of integration by parts, putting
u =sinn- 1 x; sin x d
dV=-- X
cosm x '
whence
I
du=(n-l)sinn- 2 xcosxdx; V=(m- l)cosm-lx (m =I= 1).
Hence,
sinn-lx n-1 5sinn- 2 xdx
In, -m = (m-1) cos"'- 1 x - m-1 cosm- 2 x =
sinn- 1 x n-1
(m-l)cosm-tx m-1'n-2.2-m (m=l=l).
(c) Integrate by parts, putting
U=(a 2-x 2)n; dv=dx,
whence
du=- 2nx (a 2 -x2 )n- 1 dx; v =X.
Hence
In= x (a 2- x2)n+ 2n ~ x 2 (a 2 -x2)n- 1 dx =
=x(a2- x2t+2n ~ (x 2 -a 2 +a 2 )(a 2 -x2 )n- 1 dx=
=X (a 2- X 2)n-2nf,. +
2na 2[ n-1"
Wherefrom, reducing the similar terms, we obtain
(1+2n) In =x (a 2 -x 2)" + 2na2 / ,,_ 1 •
Hence,
§ 4.4. Reduction Formulas 213
For instance, noting that
I- 1/2 = SV a2-x2
dx =arc sin~+ C,
a
we can find successively
4.4.2. Applying integration by parts, derive the following reduc-
t ion formulas:
(a) In=~ (lnx)ndx=x(lnx)n-nln-i;
xa+l (In x)n n
(b) In= Sx"(lnx)ndx a+I -a+I ln-1 (a =f=.-1);
(c) In=~ xnexdx=xnex-n/n_ 1 ;
(d) ln= ~ eaxsinnxdx:=
_ e•x . I
- a 2 +n 2 Stn
n-l ( .
x asmx-ncosx
)
+ n(n-1)
az+n 2 n- 2 •
4.4.3. Derive the reduction formula for the integration of In=
= (' .d:
j Sin X
and use it for calculating the integral / 3 = .d~ .
Sin' X
S
4.4.4. Derive the reduction formulas for the following integrals:
(a) In=~ tannxdx; (b) in=~ cotnxdx;
5
xn dx
(c) In= .r-.- ·
r xj+a
