THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
First to respond to a bacteria or a virus
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Collection of organs, cells, tissues, and molecules that EOSINOPHILS
mediate the immune response. Kill parasites and cancer cells
Protects the body from outside invaders. Involved in allergic response
Germs such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi Eosinophils are crucial for combatting parasitic infections
Toxins and inflammatory processes, such as allergic reactions.
o Chemicals made by microbes
BASOPHILS
IMMUNITY Involved in allergic response
Refers to the body’s specific protective response to foreign Known for their role in asthma
agents or organism MONOCYTES
Resistance to disease, specifically infectious diseases Clean up damaged or dead cells.
The “garbage trucks” of the immune system.
PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
It includes the following:
1. White Blood Cells
2. Antibodies
3. Complement System
4. Lymphatic System
5. Spleen
6. Bone Marrow
7. Thymus
ANTIBODIES
Help the body fight microbes or the toxins (poisons) that
they produce
A protein produced by the immune system response to
the presence of an antigen
Recognizing substances called antigens on the surface of
the microbe, or in the chemicals they produce, mark the
microbe or toxin as foreign.
Mark these antigens for destruction.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS Many cells, proteins, and chemicals are involved
Ley players in the immune system It is a protein substance developed by the body in
Made in the bone marrow; part of the lymphatic system response to and interacting with a specific antigen
They move through blood and tissue throughout the body,
looking for foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses,
ANTIGEN
parasites, and fungi Substance that induces production of antibodies
They would launch an immune attack Antigenic Determinant
The specific area of an antigen that binds with an
They are known as the “Patrol” or “Patrollers”
antibody combining site and determines the
Types of White Blood Cells
specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction
Lymphocytes: fight infection by making
antibodies COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
o B-Cells Made up of small proteins found in the blood
o T-Cells Made by the liver
Granulocytes Help or complement the work of antibodies, phagocytic
o Neutrophils cells; to clear pathogens from an organism
o Eosinophils Made up of a large number of distinct plasma proteins that
o Basophils react with one another to opsonize pathogens and induce
Monocytes a series of inflammatory responses that help to fight
Natural Killer Cells infection.
Other types of immune cells Complement
Series of enzymatic proteins in the serum that,
B-CELLS when activated, destroy bacteria and other cells
Production of antibodies
B-cells are the type of cells that produce antibodies to fight
bacteria and viruses.
Cells that are important for producing a humoral immune
response
T-CELLS
Destruction of the cells
Cells that are important for producing a cellular immune
response
NEUTROPHILS
If there’s elevated levels of this, there can be an infection
Kill bacteria, fungi, and foreign debris
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
A network of delicate tubes throughout the body.
Main Roles of the Lymphatic System:
1. Manage fluid levels in the body
2. React to bacteria
3. Deal with cancer cells
4. Deal with cell products that would result in
disease or disorders
LYMPH NODES
5. Absorb some fats in diet from the intestine
Also known as Lymph Glands
The lymphatic system is made up of:
They trap microbes
Lymph Nodes
Lymph Vessels Inside lymph nodes are a combination of different types of
Lymph immune system cells.
Spleen Swollen lymph nodes are your body's natural reaction to
Thymus illness or infection.
LYMPH VESSELS
Carry lymph
A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white
blood cells through the lymphatic system.
LYMPH
Colorless fluid that bathes the body's tissues and contains
White Blood Cells
SPLEEN
A blood-filtering organ that removes microbes
Contains WBC
Destroys old, damaged RBC
Makes disease-fighting components of the immune
system (antibodies & lymphocytes)
Red Pulp
Old, injured RBCs are destroyed
White Pulp
Contains lymphocytes
HBA1C Test
A simple blood test that measures your average blood
sugar levels over the past 3 months.
It's one of the commonly used tests to diagnose
prediabetes and diabetes
THYMUS
Small gland in the lymphatic system that makes and trains
special WBC called T-Cells.
T-Cells help immune system fight disease and
infection.
When we were small, the thymus is big which helps in the
maturation of T lymphocytes but it becomes smaller when
you are older.
Filters and monitors blood content.
It produces the WBC called T-lymphocytes.
BONE MARROW
Spongy tissue found inside bones
Produces RBC, platelets, and WBC
Lymphocytes are produced in the marrow, & play an
important part in the body's immune system
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Histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is a mechanism by which
microorganisms can be contained, killed and
processed for antigen presentation
Represents a vital facet of the innate immune
response to pathogens
Plays an essential role in initiating the adaptive
immune response.
MACROPHAGES
Tissue-resident or infiltrated immune cells critical for
innate immunity, normal tissue development, homeostasis,
and repair of damaged tissue
Classified as to Function
1. Classically-activated (M1) Macrophages
2. Wound-healing Macrophages or Alternatively-
activated (M2) Macrophages
3. Regulatory Macrophages (Mregs)
BODY’S OTHER DEFENSES AGAINST MICROBES
Remember:
Skin
The major function of the immune system is to maintain
Waterproof barrier
balance inside the body.
Secretes oil with bacteria-killing properties
Lungs
The mucous in the lungs (phlegm) traps foreign INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
particles Major function of natural immune system
Small hairs (cilia) wave the mucous upwards so it Five fundamental since of inflammation:
can be coughed out Heat (Calor)
o Coughing is an important defensive or Redness (Rubor)
protective reflex that enhances Swelling (Tumor)
clearance of secretions and particulates Pain (Dolor)
from the airways Loss of Function (Functio Laesa)
Digestive Tract Inflammation induced by microbial infection and tissue
Mucous lining contains antibodies damage is an essential mechanism of innate immune
o Mucosa is the first layer that protects the response.
GI tract; to protect it from erosion due to
acid
Acid in the stomach can kill most microbes
Other Defenses
Body fluids
o Skin oil, saliva, tears contain anti-
bacterial enzymes
The constant flushing of the urinary tract and
the bowel
o Normally, we should void every 2 to 3
hours and bowel movement is every
day.
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
There are two types of immunity:
Natural Immunity
Acquired Immunity ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
A type of immunity that develops when a person’s immune
system responds to a foreign substance or microorganism,
or that occurs after a person receives antibodies from
another source.
The resistance that human acquires during life.
Also known as adaptive immunity
2 Types of Acquired Immunity
1. Active
o Resistance developed by an individual
as result of an antigenic stimulus
NATURAL IMMUNITY 2. Passive
First line of host defense following antigen exposure, o A resistance transmitted passively to a
because it protects the host without remembering prior recipient in a ready-made form
contact
Production of cytokines, other effector molecules
Activate cells to control pathogens or promote
RESPONSE TO INVASION
development of acquired immune response
You have this since birth PHAGOCYTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE
Phagocytosis is a specific form of endocytosis by which
CELLS INVOLVED cells internalize solid matter, including microbial
Monocytes, macrophages, dendrite cells pathogens
Natural killer cells The first line of defense
Basophils, eosinophils, granulocytes Primarily involves the WBCs (granulocytes and
Release cell mediators macrophages), which have the ability to ingest foreign
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particles and destroy the invading agent; eosinophils are
only weakly phagocytic.
Phagocytes also remove the body’s own dying or dead
cells.
Cells in necrotic tissue that are dying release substances
that trigger an inflammatory response.
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is the body’s way
of destroying worn-out cells such as blood or skin cells or
cells that need to be renewed
3 MAIN GROUPS OF PHAGOCYTES
Monocytes Macrophages
Granulocytes
Dendritic Cells
A special type of immune cell found in tissues
o Such as the skin
Boosts immune responses by showing antigens
TYPES OF T LYMPHOCYTES
on its surface to other cells of the immune system
EFFECTOR T-CELLS
HUMORAL IMMUNE RRESPOSE
Also known as the Antibody Response
Mediated by antibody molecules secreted by plasma cells
Deals with antigens from pathogens that are freely
circulating, or outside the infected cells.
Antibodies produced by the B cells will bind to antigens,
neutralizing them, or causing lysis (dissolution or
destruction of cells by a lysin) or phagocytosis.
A second protective response
Begins with the B lymphocytes, which can transform
themselves into plasma cells that manufacture antibodies.
These antibodies are highly specific proteins that are
transported in the bloodstream and attempt to disable
invaders.
CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE
Cell-mediated immune responses involve the destruction
of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells, or the destruction of
intracellular pathogens by macrophages
Involves the T lymphocytes, which can turn into special
cytotoxic (or killer) T cells that can attack the pathogens
T-CELLS
Part of the immune system
Develop from stem cells in the bone marrow (migrate
thymus for development)
SUPPRESOR T-CELLS
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MEMORY T-CELLS
OTHERS
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