CENTRAL BORAD OF SECONDAY EDUCATION ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (2021-22) CHEMISTRY PROJECT WORK Topic- Aldal Name : ZOYA ASHRAF Class/sec 3 XII-A Class roll no.4: 45 | Board roll no. , : 1900204 i Subject Teacher : Mrs. Shipra Mahapatra Head of The Institution: Father Charles K.C hha i School : De Paul School, VindhyanagarACKNOWLEDGEMENT | would take this opportunity to gxpress my sincere thanks and gratitude to my chemistry teacher Mrs. Shipra Mahapatra for her vital support and guidaneg in completing this project. I would also like to gxtend my gratitude and thanks to our lab assistant | [Link] Jha, who has helped m¢ in sucegssful completion of my project.% Why.a project? Since is an organized and dynamic form of knowledge about the object and phenomenon of nature Generally, students are able to explore only the theoretical concepts with a little amount of practical. The students find it difficult to relate with real their studies with real world. i. [Link] circumstance, project plays a significant role as in a project, not only the combination of practical and theoretical knowledge is there but also a student can sibel scientific approach and go for research work so thos he/she finds applications of the theory, practical and concept in real world and gets the logic behind the concepts.CONTENT Acknowledgement Introduction Fundamental steps Mechanism Applications Cross Adol Condensation Types of condensation Cannizzaro reaction Declaration ue { aIntroduction The aldol condensation reaction is an organic reaction introduced by Charles Wurtz, who first prepared the B-hydroxy aldehyde from acetaldehdye in 1872. In an aldol condensation, an enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound in the presence of acid/base catalyst to form a B-hydroxy aldehyde or B-hydroxy ketone, followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone. It is a useful carbon-carbon bond- forming reaction. eeFundamental steps: The fundamental steps of the aldol condensation reaction are: [Link] (aldehyde + alcohol) reaction — Reaction of aldehyde (or ketone) enolate with another molecule of the aldehyde (or ketone) in the presence of NaOH or KOH to form B-hydroxy aldehyde (or ketone). g seit oe RH)C—C—H —*) RHC-C-H —» H-C-CH-CH R CHR 2,Dehydration/Elimination reaction — Involves removal of a water molecule from the B-hydroxy aldehyde (or ketone) to form an Q,B-unsaturated aldehyde or an a,B- unsaturated ketone.Mechanism The first part of this reaction is an aldol reaction, the second part a dehydration— an elimination reaction (Involves removal of a water molecule or an alcohol molecule). Dehydration may be accompanied by decarboxylation when an activated carboxyl eroup is present. The aldol addition product can be dehydrated via two mechanisms; a strong base like potassium butoxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydride deprotonates the product to an enolate, which eliminates via the E1cB mechanism,“ while dehydration in acid proceeds via an E1 reaction mechanism. Depending on the nature of the desired product, the aldol condensation may be carried out under two broad types of conditions: kinetic ' 4 oJontrol or De eer zie control. coarse wn reaction (shown using “OCH; as base) at Sey {oststom enolate Base catalyzed S... rn written as @ vi step) ae 20H fs 20: ree toses “OH 2s f rae eer Ris RR ROR Enolate of aldol a1,p-unsaturated (shown as carbanion) aldehyde (Lost ‘shown for clarity) 4 f ¥ ;Acid catalyzed aldotheaction aN H Protonated H 0: carbonyl mi (Glectrophilc) He, ral" on on 0: :OH RR Enol a Aldol (nucleophilic) Acid catalyzed dehydration 0: 10: oy Ha, a He -.0 1 mre . a,f-unsaturated (Lost H shown for ee, aldehyde h ep ne Fy © ‘APPLICATIONS ae Aldol condensation reaction can be used or the following syntheses: i Enzymatic synthesis of fatty acids. - Highly concise total synthesis of epothilone . Preparation of (E)-6-(2,2,3-trimethyl- cyclopent-3-enyl)-hex-4-en-3-one- . Synthesis of high polymers of poly(glutaraldehyde). . Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-ephedrine. . Synthesis of numerous macrolide and ionophore antibiotics (natural products). . Total synthesis of distomadines A and B, two structurally unique tetracyclic quinolones.LA Dieckmann Diaper n, : CO. ester oroun. : : grou 8, cyclic Molecule enry "eaction involves ana an aliphatic Ditro com ‘ound n eNSation ; OD Inyo}, A NVolves two Molecule and Jields a Idehyde and gage ina Michael reaction prior ondensation,22 - In the Guerbet reaction, an aldehyde, formed in sity from an alcol to the dimerized alcohol. + In the Japp—Maitland condensation water is removed not by an elimination reaction but by a nucleophilic displacement to the aldol ¢ hol, selfcondenses FSi: ~.. .