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The Past Progressive Tense

Use the past progressive tense to talk about actions that

were going on at a certain moment in the past.
Miss May was cleaning the

chalkboard.
Sally was packing her books into
her schoolbag.
Jenny and I were tidying the
classroom.
The twins were fighting in the
corner.
Michael and John were washing
Mary was waiting for the the paint brushes.
bus when Peter passed by. Mom was cooking our supper
when I came home.
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
You form the past progressive tense like this:

was + present participle
were + present participle
In the examples above, was and were are called helping
verbs, or auxiliary verbs. They help to form the past
progressive tense when you join them to the present
participle (the form of verbs ending in -ing) . For example:
Ben was doing his homework. +
Peter was making a model of a bridge. was verb ing
were
106
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with was or were.
1 We ________ the champions last year.

2 Where is James? He ________ here just now.
3 Mom and Dad ________ on vacation last week.
4 The weather ________ fine this morning.
5 There ________ a lot of people at our party yesterday.
6 There ________ a small lake here many years ago.
7 He ________ sick yesterday.
8 Don’t blame him. It ________ my mistake.
Exercise 2
When Miss May walked into the class what were the
children doing? Fill in the blanks with the correct past
progressive tense of the verbs in brackets.
1 James ______________ to Peter. (talk)

2 Sue ______________ a storybook. (read)
3 Rudy ______________ the chalkboard. (erase)
4 David ______________ his math exercise. (do)
5 Peter ______________ Joe his new watch. (show)
6 Jane ______________ a horse in her notebook. (draw)
7 Ahmad ______________ for his pencil. (look)
8 Some children ______________ a lot of noise. (make)
107
The Future Tense
Use the future tense for things that have not happened
yet, but are going to happen.
Use the verbs shall and will as helping verbs or auxiliary
verbs to form the future tense.
I shall be eight years old

next year.
The weatherman
They will finish the job
says it will rain
next week.
this afternoon.
We shall play a game of chess after lunch.

You will be sick if you eat too much.
I hope it won’t rain tomorrow.
Sharon is ill. She will not be at the party.
You will enjoy visiting New Zealand.
Dad will be back for dinner.
He will make lots of friends at his new school.
108
m ar H
am
Gr
elp
Use shall or will with I and we.
Use will with you, he, she, it and they.
Here is a table to help you remember the rules:
Singular Plural
First person I shall we shall
I will we will
Second person you will you will
Third person he will they will
she will they will
it will they will
Learn these contractions:
I shall = I’ll we shall = we’ll

I will = I’ll we will = we’ll
you will = you’ll they will = they’ll I shall/will
he will = he’ll
she will = she’ll shall not = shan’t we
it will = it’ll will not = won’t
you
he
she
will
it
109
There are other ways of talking about future actions and
happenings.
You can use going to.
We are going to bake a cake this

afternoon.
I’m sure Mom and Dad are going to
be proud of me.
When are you going to clean your
room?
I think I’m going They are going to wash the car for
Dad.
to be sick.
It is going to get dark very soon.
You can also use the simple present tense to talk about
things that have been arranged for the future.
The new supermarket opens

tomorrow. The bus leaves in
James moves to the second ten minutes.
grade next year.
The new school year starts on
Monday.
Next month I go to summer
camp.
We have a history test next week.
110
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct future tense of
the verbs in brackets, using shall or will.
1 You __________ fat if you eat too many desserts. (grow)

2 The new school building ___________ ready soon. (be)
3 We ___________ to the zoo after breakfast. (go)
4 I ___________ my bath before dinner. (take)
5 Peter ___________ lots to do on his grandmother’s
farm. (find)
6 If we ask her, she ___________ us how to play
chess. (teach)
7 If he works hard, he ___________ his exams. (pass)
8 ___________ we ___________ home now? (go)
Exercise 2
Complete these sentences by changing shall or will to the
appropriate form of the verb be + going to (i.e., am, is, or
are + going to).
1 They will be busy tomorrow.

They ______________ be busy tomorrow.
2 I hope I will be ready on time.
I hope I ______________ be ready on time.
3 We shall visit James this evening.
We ______________ visit James this evening.
4 It will rain soon.
It ______________ rain soon.
5 Dad will take us to the movies tomorrow.
Dad ______________ take us to the movies tomorrow.
111
Can and Could
The verbs can and could are both helping or auxiliary

verbs. Use can and could to talk about people’s ability
to do things.
Can and could are used with the pronouns I, you, he,
she, it, we and they, and with singular or plural nouns.
Could is the past tense of can.
He can run faster than Arthur.

She cannot afford such an expensive ring.
I’m full. I can’t eat any more.
Jack ran as far Can you help me?
as he could. Can I come with you?
I knew you could do it if you tried.
She could not come because she was ill.
Miss Lee said we could go home early.
All the King’s men could not put Humpty
Some birds cannot fly. Dumpty together again.
you kn
id o
D
w
People often use can when they are asking for

?
permission to do something. For example:

Can I use your pen? Yes, here it is.
When you put not after can, you write it as one word: cannot
Learn these contractions: cannot = can’t
could not = couldn’t
112
May and Might
May and might are helping or auxiliary verbs, too.
4 Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something,

or to give someone permission to do something.
May I borrow your pen?

May I watch
television now? You may come in.
Yes, you may. You may go now.
4 May is also used to talk about things that are likely to

happen.
If it continues to rain, there
may be a flood.
I may go to Sue’s birthday party
if I’m free.
You may fall down if you aren’t
Take an umbrella. It may rain. careful.
4 Might is used as the past tense of may.

He realized he might catch the earlier train if he hurried.
I knew my teacher might find out.
m ar H
am
You can also use might to talk about things that
Gr
elp
are possible. For example:

Put your purse away or it might get stolen.
You might slip, so hold on to the railing.
113
Exercise
Fill in the blanks with can, could, may or might.
1 ________ you jump over the hurdle?

2 We ran as fast as we ________.
3 Some people ________ speak three languages.
4 Jean ________ dance quite well.
5 The man is shouting. He ________ need help.
6 If you hurry you ________ catch the train.
7 Dave doesn’t look well. He ________ have a fever.
8 The baby is crying. She ________ be hungry.
9 ________ I borrow your bike?
1 0 I don’t know where Jane is. You ________ find her in
the library.
11 ________ you drive?
12 Who ________ answer the question?
13 ________ you show me the way to the zoo?
14 He ________ play the piano.
114
Do, Does and Did
Use do, does and did to talk about actions.

Use do with the pronouns I, you, we and they, and with
plural nouns. Use does with the pronouns he, she and it,
and singular nouns.
Did is the simple past tense of do and does.
Dad does Mom does

the dishes. the cooking.
We always
He does such interesting work. do exercise together.
They do amazing tricks.
Sally did her hair in front

of the mirror.
They did the dusting and
cleaning.
Jane did all the laundry
by herself.
You did well in the test.
Who did this drawing?
Henry did. I did poorly on my exam.
115

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The Past Progressive Tense

Use the past progressive tense to talk about actions that

Miss May was cleaning the

You form the past progressive tense like this:

1 We ________ the champions last year.

1 James ______________ to Peter. (talk)

I shall be eight years old

We shall play a game of chess after lunch.

Here is a table to help you remember the rules:

Learn these contractions:

I shall = I’ll we shall = we’ll

We are going to bake a cake this

The new supermarket opens

1 You __________ fat if you eat too many desserts. (grow)

1 They will be busy tomorrow.

The verbs can and could are both helping or auxiliary

He can run faster than Arthur.

People often use can when they are asking for

permission to do something. For example:

May and might are helping or auxiliary verbs, too.

4 Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something,

May I borrow your pen?

4 May is also used to talk about things that are likely to

4 Might is used as the past tense of may.

are possible. For example:

1 ________ you jump over the hurdle?

Use do, does and did to talk about actions.

Dad does Mom does

Sally did her hair in front

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