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Bhai Jodh Singh and Khalsa College, Amritsar

by i
Dr KIRPAL SINGH

from
th e p an jab p a s t a n d p r e se n t
Vol. XVI-11, October 1982

1982
PUNJABI UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF PUNJAB HISTORICAL STUDIES
PATIALA

ia iis tttiiiiU iitiU U

Bhai Jodh Singh and Khalsa College, Amritsar
D r K ir pal S in g h *

The Khalsa College, Amritsar, is a symbol of the Sikh Renaiss­

ance. It has done pioneering work in the spread of western education
among the Sikhs- Hardly one fiinds an eminent Sikh who had not
received his education at this great institution. As far as Bhai Jodh
Singh is concerned, he can be counted as one of the builders of Khalsa
College. He was associated with it for half a century.
The Khalsa College, Amritsar was established in the last decade
of the nineteenth century. It was the result of the efforts of the Singh
Sabha Movement which had undertaken to spread education among
the Sikhs. The Singh Sabha Movement had the following objectives :
i) To restore Sikhism to its pristine purity;
ii) To edit and publish historical and religious books;
iii) To propagate current knowledge using Punjabi as medium and
to start magazines and newspapers in Punjabi;
iv) To reform and bring into Sikh fold those who had diverged from
the right path;
v) To ensure the association of the British government with the
educational programme.1
The foundation stone of the Khalsa College, Amritsar, was laid by
Sir James Broadwood Lyall, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab
on the fth March, 1892. At first it was started as a school and later on
the college classes were added to it in 1897, and its first principal was
Mr. Vere O’ Ratigan who was succeeded by Dr J. Campbell Oman
in 1898. Dr Oman was not only an excellent teacher of English and
Physical Science but was also an eminent orientalist devoted to the
study of Indian philosophy, with particular attention to ascetic and
mystic cults and creeds among the Hindus and Muslims. He had been
a Professor of the Government College Lahore for over twenty years.
He left the Khalsa college in 1899. He was succeeded by M.G.V.Cole.

* Prof, and Head, Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala.

1. Ganda Singh, History of Khalsa College, Amritsar, Amritsar, 1949, p. 2.

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He stayed in the Khalsa College for about a decade, that is, from
1900 to 1910. His tenure was eventful. Before 1902 there were only
four buildings—the Dharmsala, the College and School hostels and the
Principal’s house. The main college building was still to be raised. The
college and the school classes used to be held in the dormitories of
the college hostel for want of proper building. The total strength of
the staff of the college and school was twenty four among whom five
were the graduates.2 The compound was full of wild shrubs and thorny
bushes and there were huge mounds of earth and uneven ground every­
where bearing dreary aspect and dreadful outlook.
The collection of funds for erecting the main building and its
necessary equipment and creating an Endowment Fund was a tough
problem. With the British Government’s active patronage and the
efforts of the Managing Committee these problems were solved by
collecting donations. On April 12, 1904, on the occasion of Baisakhi, a
grand Darbar was held wherein leading government officials and the
chiefs of the Phulkian States assembled. An appeal was made for
funds. Bhai Kahan Singh of Nabha addressed the audience on behalf
of Maharaja Hira Singh of Nabha. A resolution was passed to the
effect that the Sikh zamindars should pay six pies in a rupee with the
land revenue. All the chiefs present gave donations, and in this way
funds were collected for the construction of the college building.
Bhai Jodh Singh as Professor of Divinity, 1905-12
Bhai Jodh Singh born in 1882 in village Ghungrilla, district Rawal­
pindi, on May 31,1882, passed his Matriculation in 1897 and his inter­
mediate in 1900. He became tutor of the sons of Sir Sunder Singh
Majithia in June 1902 and in the same year he joined the third year
class in the Khalsa College. At this time he was also actively engaged
in missionary activities along with Sardar Sunder Singh Majithia in
organizing the Chief Khalsa Dewan. In 1904, Bhai Jodh Singh passed
the B.A. examination by standing first in the Punjab University. In
the annual prize distribution function of the college, he got a special
prize from Raja Hira Singh of Nabha who presided over the function.
He passed his M.A. in Mathematics in 1906 by securing first position
in the University.
Bhai Jodh Singh was appointed as Professor of Mathematics in
the Khalsa College in 1905. But Sardar Sunder Singh Majithia who was

2. Ibid., page 44.

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BHAI JODH SINGH AND KHALSA COLLEGE

the Secretary of the College persuaded him to take up the Divinity

classes. He proved very successful as a teacher and was very popular
among the students. But there occurred certain events that compelled
Bhai Jodh Singh to leave the college. These events were :
(1) “ Labour of love Nonsense” incident:
The Managing Committee of Khalsa College appointed Sardar
Dharam Singh of Gharjakh, district Gujranwala, as honorary Engineer
for the college building. He alongwith Sardar Ram Singh, who later
became the Principal of Arts College, Lahore, altered the plan of the
college building. This plan was shown by Sardar Sunder Singh
Majithia, the Secretary of the Committee to Major Hill who was then
the Agent of the Punjab States. He explained to Major Hill that S.
Dharam Singh was a very competent engineer and had agreed to work
for the college as “a labour of love’' (without any payment). Major
Hill remarked “ Labour of Love is non-sense.” Consequently, the
Punjab Government appointed a British Engineer. This incident
caused wide spread resentment among the Sikhs in general and Sikh
students of the College in particular. There was an agitation among
the students. When the new engineer came on the site to supervise the
work, the students hooted him. One of them said, “What was he
doing” , another said, “ He was digging his grave.” Since Bhai Jodh
Singh was Professor of Divinity and was very popular among the
students, this agitation was attributed to him .3
(2) Mr. G.K. Ghokhle, a well-known Congress leader, paid a visit to
Amritsar in 1907. Since Bhai Jodh Singh was one of his admirers, he
went to receive him at the railway station along with several students.
The students brought him to Khalsa College where he delivered a
speech. Next day Bhai Jodh Singh went to Lahore to hear him. All
this was not liked by the British Government who wanted to have firm
control over the college.
(3) During the Christmas of 1907, a group of Sikh intellectuals led by
S. Sunder Singh Majithia went to Sindh for missionary work. There,
they were impressed by Muslim Educational Conference. Later on
Sikh Educational Conference was founded on those very lines. Bhai
Jodh Singh took prominent part in that organisation. That too was
not to the liking of British government.

3. Bhai Jodh Singh’s statement for Oral History Cell, Punjab Historical Studies
Deptt., Punjabi University, Patiala.

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VOL XVI-II THE PANJAB PAST AND PRESENT OCTOBER 1982

In 1908 new constitution was framed for the Khalsa College

Managing Committee and the Government took control of the Mana­
gement. Sardar Sunder Singh Majithia had been the Secretary of the
College since 1902. He resigned in 1912 when he found that his voice
was no longer effective there. Moreover, the Commissioner of the
Lahore Division was made the President of the Managing Committee
and he was invested the powers to terminate the services of any
member of the staff. Bhai Jodh Singh was asked by the Principal R.G.
Wright to proceed on leave for six months. Later on his resignation
was accepted in June 1913 and Bawa Harkrishan Singh was appointed
as Professor of Divinity.4
Turn in the Tide
Again there was a change in the Managing Committee in the end
of 1920. This time Sardar Sunder Singh Majithia became the President
of the Managing Committee and Sardar Harbans Singh of Attari
became its Secretary. Now Bhai Jo d i Singh wis associated with the
college as a member of the Managing Committee. He also joined as
Professor of Divinity in the College in 1924 and remained there in this
capacity uptil 1936. During this period he wrote the following impor­
tant works to spread the ideals of Sikhism :
1. What is Sikhism (Sikhi-ki-Hai)
2. Gurus and Vedas (Guru Sahib te Ved);
3. Gurmat Niranay (Philosophy of Sikhism).
Bhai Jodh Singh as Principal of Khalsa College (1936-52)
His Highness Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala proposed the
name of Bhai Jodh Singh for the principalship of the college by
writing to the President of the Managing Committee, “ It will be in
the interest of the institution itself and the broader interests of the
community with which goes the name of the institution itself to have
at the head of its affairs a man of eminence and reason of Prof. Jodh
Singh.’’5 Bhai Jodh Singh was appointed Principal in June 1936.
Soon after his appointment as Principal, Bhai Jodh Singh had to
face a big strike. The trouble began in January and ended in June
1937. It was intensified by political factions because it synchronised
with the provincial assembly elections. Sir Sunder Singh was then
seeking election in the Batala Sikh constituency and he was pitted

4. Ganda Singh, op.cit.. page 74.

5. Ibid., page 115.

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BHAI JODH SINGH AND KHALSA COLLEGE

against Jathedar Teja Singh, an Akali candidate. The election reflected

rival groups in the Khalsa college staff and students. Since Sir Sunder
Singh was the President of the Managing Committee of the Khalsa
College, Ihe opponents wanted to distract his attention. But Bhai Jodh
Singh handled the situation very successfully. He did not provoke
reaction among the student*. Picketing by the students and strike did
not disturb his peace of mind. All this continued but ultimately the
well-known Akali leader Baba Kharak Singh came to save the situa­
tion and carried on negotiations and gave the following decision :
I have studied the situation in all its aspects on the spot and it
is my earnest desire, in the interest of the institution, to have the
differences of the parties amicably settled, I therefore, request the
college authorities to take back the rusticated students and hope that
they will kindly do so. I advise the students to call off the strike and
honour their Alma-mater their principal and other members of the
college staff and observe discipline.” 6
Bhai Jodh Singh remained Principal of the Khalsa College from
1936 to 1952 for sixteen years. During his stewardship the college made
tremendous progress on all sides. On the cultural side the college
made a positive contribution by collecting source material for writing
history of the Sikhs. One of the special features in which Bhai Jodh
Singh took keen interest was the nourishment of Sikh History
Research Department.
The Sikh History Research Department
The Sikh History Department of Khalsa College Amritsar grew to
be a unique feature of that great institution. It was established in
1930 and Sardar Ganda Singh was the founder research Professor of
this department. It is an institution in itself especially when there were
no universities to conduct research in the Punjab history. The chief
objective of this department was to conduct research in the history of
Punjab from 1469 to date, th e result of the researches conducted in
this department were published from time to time. Following publi­
cations were made in the time of Bhai Jodh Singh :
!. Banda Singh Bahadur by S. Ganda Singh.
It was based on contemporary sources. For the first time the
account was brought on the historical footing,
VOL XVI-II THE PANJAB PAST AND PRESENT OCTOBER 1982

2. Another rare manuscript the Jang Namah by Qazi Nur Muhammad

(Persian Ms.) was annotated, edited and translated by Dr Ganda
Singh- Its introduction was written by Sir J.N.Sarkar.
3. On the occasion of first death centenary of Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
‘Maharaja Ranjit Singh Centenary Volume was brought out in 1939.
It was edited by Prof. Teja Singh and Ganda Singh.
4. Diwan-i-Nanak-Shah
It was a Persian translation of Guru Arjan’s Sukhmani lying in
Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. It had been brought by S. Umrao Singh
Shergill, elder brother of Sir Sardar Sunder Singh, and was published
by Sardar Ganda Singh for the Sikh History Research Department in
August 1935.
5. Maharaja Kaura Mai Bahadur by Dr Ganda Singh, 1942.
It was a biography of Dewan Kaura Mai based on contemporary
sources. It was in Punjabi.
Dr Ganda Singh served in this Department from 1931 to 1949
and during this period he honey-combed the whole of India to collect
material relating to the history of the Sikhs. With his efforts, the
research library of Sikh History Research Department became the first
rate repository of historical records. For collecting material long tours
were undertaken and every effort was made to collect material from
far off places. Different scribes worked to prepare the transcribed
copies or extracts copies of manuscripts. The following table will give
an idea of the manuscripts transcribed from the libraries noted below
for the Sikh History Research Department :
Name o f the Library No. MSS. Transcribed
the reform
Khuda-Baksh, Bankipur, Patna. 20
State Library, Rampur (U.P.). 11
Asafiya Library, Hyderabad. 12
Asiatic Society, Bengal, Calcutta.
Dar-ul-Alum Deoband (U.P.). 2
Jamia Usmania Library, Hyderabad. 1
Sir Salar Jang Library, Hyderabad. 2
Punjab University, Library, Lahore (Pakistan). 10
Dyal Singh Library, Lahore (Pakistan). 1
Muslim University, Aligarh. 4

248
BHAI JODH SINGH AND KHALSA COLLEGE

Bharat Itihas Shamshodan Mandala, Poona. 4

National Library, Paris. I
India Office Library, London. 3
Private Collections
Sir J.N.Sarkar s collection, Calcutta. 5
Bhai Sahib Dr Vir Singh’s collection, Amritsar. 2
Prof. S.H.Askari’s collection, Patna. 3
Dr Ganda Singh’s collection, Amritsar (Now at Patiala). 2
Record Office.
Council of State Sawaye, Jaipur. 2

Total 85

One of the efficient scribes who worked for Sikh History Research
Department was Munshi Faiz-ul-Huq. He worked at various places
under the wise guidance of S. Ganda Singh.
After the departure of Dr Ganda Singh for Patiala, Bhai Jodh
Smgh was very keen to fill this vacuum and he appointed the writer of
these lines in place of Dr Ganda Singh. My first historical monograph
entitled “Maharaja Ala Singh and His Times” was prepared with the
persuation and inspiration of Bhai Jodh Singh. Later on it was
published by the Department.
It may not be out of place to mention here that whatever work in
the Sikh History Research Department was done was due to the cons­
tant encouragement of Bhai Jodh Singh and Bhai Vir Singh who can
be called the builders of this Department.

249
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