Mobility and immobility

G.A.Manori Champika Abeysinghe

UGS 00019941
Contents
1. Objectives
2. Bed rest
3. Definition
4. Mobility
5. Elements
6. Body Alignment
7. Physiology of Mobility
8. Body Mechanics
9. Factors affecting mobility and immobility
10. Summary
Objectives
● Describe the functions of the musculoskeletal
(skeleton, skeletal muscles) and nervous systems in
the regulation of movement.
● Discuss physiological and pathological influences on
body alignment and joint mobility.
● Assess for correct and impaired body alignment and
mobility.
Bed rest benefits in acute conditions
• Reduces oxygen needs
• Decreases pain levels
• Helps in regaining of strength
• Uninterrupted rest has psychological and
emotional benefits
“Bed is Bad”
Unfortunately!!!!!!
• the health-care system tends
to promote immobility in
patients.

• Patients are frequently

restrained by either physical
restraints, chemical restraints
(sedatives), or treatment
restraints (IV, oxygen,
catheters).

• Deconditioning occurs at a
faster rate than reconditioning
DEFINITION
• Mobility refers to a person’s ability to move
about freely.
• Immobility refers to the inability to move about
freely(physical restriction of movement to body or a
body segment)
• Deconditioning – decreased functional capacity
of multiple organ systems
Mobility
● Ability to engage in activity and free
movement
● Walking, running, sitting, standing, lifting,
pushing, pulling
● Activities of daily living (ADLs)
Mobility cont’
● Enhances muscle tone, increases energy
levels
● Psychological benefits of independence and
freedom
3 Basic Elements
● Body alignment (posture): geometric arrangement
of body parts in relation to each other.

● Balance (stability): state of equipoise (equilibrium)

in which opposing forces counteract each other.

● Coordinated body movement: integrated

functioning of the musculoskeletal and nervous
system as well as joint mobility.
Body Alignment (posture)
● Position of body parts in relation to each
other
● Center of gravity is evenly distributed.
● Promotes balance, reduces strain and injury.
● Promotes efficient circulatory, renal,
pulmonary, and gastrointestinal functions.
● Influences self-esteem and body image.
Body Alignment
● Client comfort
● Prevention of contractures
● Promotion of circulation
● Reduces stress on muscle, tendons, nerves,
and joints
● Prevention of foot drop (plantar flexion)
Body Alignment cont’
● Muscle Tone
- Hypotonicity
- Spasticity
● Muscle Shape
- Hypertrophy
- Atrophy
Physiology of Mobility
Musculoskeletal System
● Bones
● Joints
● Tendons
● Ligaments
● Bursa
● Cartilage
Physiology of Movement
The following physiology of movement is:
● Skeletal system; the bones and cartilage that protect our
organ and allow us to move are called skeletal system. The
function of this system include:
❖ Maintain body posture by supporting the soft tissue
❖ Protect the delicate structures of the body such as brain,
heart and spinal cord
❖ Furnishes surface for attachments of muscles tendons and
ligaments
❖ Storage areas of minerals salts and fats.
❖ Produce blood cells
▪ Muscular system; provide functions for the body through
• contraction
• Motion
• Maintenance of posture
• Heat production
The 3 types of muscles are
1)Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3) Smooth or visceral muscles. Muscles
have two different points of attachments:
The attachment of a muscle to the more stationary bone is
called the Point of Origin. The attachment to the more
movable bone is the Point of Insertion
Physiology of Mobility cont’
▪ Nervous System
● Proprioception
-Tells us where our body is in space
relative to other objects.
● Postural Reflexes (righting)
-Maintain postural tonus.
Body Mechanics
The efficient, coordinated, and safe use of the
body to produce motion and maintain balance
during activity.

Major purpose: facilitate safe and efficient use of

appropriate groups of muscles
FACTORS AFFECTING MOBILITY
& IMMOBILITY
1. Growth and Development
2. Physical Health
3. Nutrition
4. Personal Values and Attitudes
5. Prescribed Limitations
Growth and Development
● As age advances, muscle tone and bone density
decrease , joints lose flexibility, and bone mass
decreases, particularly in women who have
osteoporosis.
● All of these changes affect older adults’ posture, gait,
and balance
Physical Health
● Health—Chronic or Acute Disease
Example:
❑ Musculoskeletal: Congenital or acquired
abnormalities
❑ Nervous System: Stroke
❑ Cardiovascular: Orthostatic Hypotension
❑ Metabolic: Affects Normal Metabolic Functioning
Nutrition
❖ Both under nutrition and over nutrition can influence
body alignment and mobility.
❖ Poorly nourished people may have muscle weakness
and fatigue.
❖ Vitamin D deficiency causes bone deformity during
growth.
❖ Inadequate calcium intake and vitamin D synthesis
and intake increase the risk of osteoporosis.
❖ Obesity can distort movement and stress joints,
adversely affecting mobility.
Personal Values And Attitudes
❖ Whether people value regular exercise is often the
result of family influences. In families that
incorporate regular exercise in their daily routine or
spend time together in activities, children learn to
value physical activity.
❖ Values about physical appearance also influence
some people’s participation in regular exercise. People
who value a muscular build or physical attractiveness
may participate in regular exercise programs to
produce the appearance they desire
Prescribed Limitations
● Limitations to movement may be Medically
prescribed for some health problems. Eg: patient with
plaster of Paris
● Bed rest is the choice for certain clients, for example
to reduce metabolic and oxygen needs, to decrease
pain.
● Clients who are short of breath may be advised not to
walk-up stairs
Summary
❖ Mobility is ability to engage in activity and free
movement.
❖ Mobility has three basic elements ; Body alignment
(posture),Balance (stability),Coordinated body
movement.
❖ body alignment promotes balance, reduces strain and
injury, promotes efficient circulatory, renal,
pulmonary, and gastrointestinal functions ,Influences
self-esteem and body image.
❖ Skeletal system, Muscular system and nervous system
Summery cont’
help to function of physiology
❖ Body mechanics is the efficient, coordinated, and safe
use of the body to produce motion and maintain
balance during activity.
❖ Factors of mobility and immobility are1. Growth and
Development , Physical Health, Nutrition, Personal
Values and Attitudes and Prescribed Limitations .
1.What is mobility
1. inability to move about freely.
2. person’s ability to move about freely.
3. decreased functional capacity of multiple organ
system
4. Position of body parts in relation to each other

2. What is non complication related to poor body mechanics

1.Muscle fatigue
2.back injuries
3.headache
4.joint strain
3.Difinine the ligament
4.Three factors affecting mobility and immobility
5.What is the major purpose of body mechanics
THANK YOU