The

following passage is adapted from Charles Dickens’s

Reading Test 1860 novel Great Expectations. In this scene, the narrator,
a boy named Pip, eats breakfast with his older sister’s
65 Minutes — 52 Questions acquaintance, Mr. Pumblechook. Pumblechook has agreed
Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the to take Pip to see Miss Havisham, a wealthy woman who
questions in this section. has requested this visit, although Pip has never met her.

Mr. Pumblechook and I breakfasted at eight o’clock

Directions in the parlor behind the shop, while the shopman
Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a took his mug of tea and hunch of bread and butter
number of questions. After reading each passage or pair, on a sack of peas in the front premises. I considered
choose the best answer to each question based on what is (5) Mr. Pumblechook wretched company. Besides being
stated or implied in the passage or passages and in any possessed by my sister’s idea that a mortifying and
accompanying graphics (such as a table or graph). penitential character ought to be imparted to my

diet,1—besides giving me as much crumb as pos-

sible in combination with as little butter, and putting
(10) such a quantity of warm water into my milk that it
Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage.
would have been more candid to have left the milk
out altogether,—his conversation consisted of nothing
but arithmetic. On my politely bidding him Good

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morning, he said, pompously, “Seven times nine, was a courtyard in front, and that was barred; so we
(15) boy?” And how should I be able to answer, dodged (35) had to wait, after ringing the bell, until some one

in that way, in a strange place, on an empty stomach! should come to open it. While we waited at the gate,
I was hungry, but before I had swallowed a morsel, I peeped in (even then Mr. Pumblechook said, “And
he began a running sum that lasted all through the fourteen?” but I pretended not to hear him), and
breakfast. “Seven?” “And four?” “And eight?” … And saw that at the side of the house there was a large
(20) so on. And after each figure was disposed of, it was (40) brewery. No brewing was going on in it, and none

as much as I could do to get a bite or a sup, before the seemed to have gone on for a long long time.
next came; while he sat at his ease guessing nothing, A window was raised, and a clear voice demand-
and eating bacon and hot roll, in (if I may be allowed ed “What name?” To which my conductor replied,
the expression) a gorging and gormandizing manner. “Pumblechook.” The voice returned, “Quite right,”
(25) For such reasons, I was very glad when ten o’clock (45) and the window was shut again, and a young lady

came and we started for Miss Havisham’s; though came across the court-yard, with keys in her hand.
I was not at all at my ease regarding the manner “This,” said Mr. Pumblechook, “is Pip.”
in which I should acquit myself under that lady’s “This is Pip, is it?” returned the young lady, who

roof. Within a quarter of an hour we came to Miss was very pretty and seemed very proud; “come in, Pip.”
(30) Havisham’s house, which was of old brick, and (50) Mr. Pumblechook was coming in also, when she
dismal, and had a great many iron bars to it. Some stopped him with the gate.
of the windows had been walled up; of those that “Oh!” she said. “Did you wish to see Miss
remained, all the lower were rustily barred. There Havisham?”

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“If Miss Havisham wished to see me,” returned
(55) Mr. Pumblechook, discomfited.
(A) eaten on the run.
“Ah!” said the girl; “but you see she don’t.” (B) small and of poor quality.
She said it so finally, and in such an (C) better than Pip usually receives.
undiscussible way, that Mr. Pumblechook,
(D) carefully cooked and served.
though in a condition of ruffled dignity, could not
(60) protest. But he eyed me severely,—as if I had done

anything to him!—and departed with the words

2. As used in line 5, “wretched” most nearly means
reproachfully delivered: “Boy! Let your behavior
here be a credit unto them which brought you up
(A) shameful.
by hand!”2 I was not free from apprehension that
(B) deprived.
(65) he would come back to propound through the gate,
(C) distressing.
“And sixteen?” But he didn’t.
(D) heartbroken.
1Pip’s sister indicated to Pumblechook that Pip should be grateful, even

penitent (unreasonably so) for his help.

2Pumblechook is speaking of Pip’s sister, who often boasts that she raised him
3. Based on the passage, it can be inferred that Mr.
“by hand.” Pumblechook

1. According to the first paragraph, Pip’s breakfast with

Mr. Pumblechook is

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(A) has looked forward to his morning with Pip. (A) The world can be a puzzling and sometimes cruel
(B) is as uncomfortable as Pip is during breakfast. place.
(C) has known Pip and his sister for a very long time. (B) Young people are misunderstood by their elders.
(D) is indifferent to Pip’s discomfort during breakfast. (C) Mean-spirited people deserve to be treated harshly.
(D) The favors one receives in life should be reciprocated.

4. Which choice provides the best support for the answer to

the previous question? 6. Which word best describes the young lady’s ​demeanor
when she approaches Pip and Mr. ​Pumblechook?
(A) Lines 1-4 (“Mr. Pumblechook and I . . . premises”)
(B) Lines 5-13 (“Besides . . . arithmetic”) (A) Rude
(C) Lines 43-44 (“To which my . . . Pumblechook”) (B) Timid
(D) Lines 57-60 (“She said . . . not protest”) (C) Self-centered
(D) Authoritative

5. What theme is communicated through the experiences of

Pip, the narrator? 7. Which of the following is true when Mr. Pumblechook
leaves Pip at Miss Havisham’s house?

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(A) Pip is excited to finally meet Miss Havisham. (A) illness.
(B) Pip is nervous about being away from his sister for so (B) prerequisite.
long. (C) state.
(C) Pip is relieved to be away from Mr. Pumblechook. (D) limitation.
(D) Pip is anxious about spending time with the young
lady who greets them.
10. The function of the parenthetical comment in lines 23-24
is to reveal that
8. Which choice provides the best support for the answer to
the previous question? (A) Pip is usually more polite in his references to others.
(B) Mr. Pumblechook appreciates gourmet food.
(A) Lines 1-4 (“Mr. Pumblechook . . . premises”) (C) Pip is very angered that his own breakfast is so
(B) Lines 42-43 (“A window . . . name”) meager.
(C) Lines 57-60 (“She said it . . . protest”) (D) Mr. Pumblechook has no qualms about overeating in
(D) Lines 64-66 (“I was not . . . he didn’t”) public.

9. As used in line 59, “condition” most nearly means

Questions 11-20 are based on the following passage.

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This passage is adapted from Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “Letter because we were invited here. I am here because I

from Birmingham Jail.” have basic organizational ties here. Beyond this, I
(20) am in Birmingham because injustice is here….

…I think I should give the reason for my being Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness

in Birmingham, since you have been influenced of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly

by the argument of “outsiders coming in.” I have by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what

the honor of serving as president of the Southern happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a
(5) Christian Leadership Conference, an organization (25) threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an

operating in every Southern state with headquarters inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single

in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly

affiliate organizations all across the South, one affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to

being the Alabama Christian Movement for live with the narrow, provincial “outside agitator”
(10) Human Rights. Whenever necessary and possible (30) idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can

we share staff, educational, and financial resources never be considered an outsider anywhere in this

with our affiliates. Several months ago our local af- country….

filiate here in Birmingham invited us to be on call to You may well ask, “Why direct action? Why sit-ins,

engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such marches, etc.? Isn’t negotiation a better path?” You
(15) were deemed necessary. We readily consented and (35) are exactly right in your call for negotiation. Indeed,

when the hour came we lived up to our promises. So this is the purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct

I am here, along with several members of my staff, action seeks to create such a crisis and establish such

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creative tension that a community that has constantly to negotiation. We, therefore, concur with you in
refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It your call for negotiation. Too long has our beloved
(40) seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer (60) Southland been bogged down in the tragic attempt to

be ignored. I just referred to the creation of tension live in monologue rather than dialogue….
as a part of the work of the nonviolent resister. This My friends, I must say to you that we have
may sound rather shocking. But I must confess that not made a single gain in civil rights without
I am not afraid of the word tension. I have earnestly determined legal and nonviolent pressure.
(45) worked and preached against violent tension, but (65) History is the long and tragic story of the fact that

there is a type of constructive nonviolent tension that privileged groups seldom give up their privileges
is necessary for growth. Just as Socrates felt that it voluntarily. Individuals may see the moral light
was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that and voluntarily give up their unjust posture; but
individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and as Reinhold Niebuhr has reminded us, groups are
(50) half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis (70) more immoral than individuals.

and objective appraisal, we must see the need We know through painful experience that free-
of having nonviolent gadflies to create the kind of dom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor;

tension in society that will help men rise from the it must be demanded by the oppressed…. For years
dark depths of prejudice and racism to the majestic now I have heard the word “Wait!” It rings in the
(55) heights of understanding and brotherhood. So the (75) ear of every African American with a piercing

purpose of the direct action is to create a situation familiarity. This “wait” has almost always meant
so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door “never.” It has been a tranquilizing thalidomide,

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relieving the emotional stress for a moment, only 12. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to give birth to an ill-formed infant of frustra- to the previous question?
(80) tion. We must come to see with the distinguished

jurist of yesterday that “justice too long delayed is (A) Lines 1-2 (“I think . . . in Birmingham”)
justice denied.” We have waited for more than three
(B) Lines 3-7 (“I have . . . Atlanta, Georgia”)
hundred and forty years for our constitutional and
(C) Lines 7-10 (“We have some . . . Rights”)
God-given rights. The nations of Asia and Africa
(D) Lines 24-25 (“Injustice anywhere . . . everywhere”)
(85) are moving with jet-like speed toward the goal of

political independence, and we still creep at horse

and buggy pace toward the gaining of a cup of cof-
13. The passage most strongly suggests that which of the
fee at a lunch counter….
following statements is true?

11. King’s purpose for writing this letter is

(A) King was warmly welcomed when he arrived in
Birmingham.
(A) to explain why he came to Birmingham to protest.
(B) King received criticism for his decision to come to
(B) to launch a nonviolent protest movement in
Birmingham.
Birmingham.
(C) King did not want to cause a disruption by coming to
(C) to open an affiliate of the Southern Christian
Birmingham.
Leadership Conference in Birmingham.
(D) King was abandoned by his supporters when he
(D) to support fellow civil rights activists in Birmingham.
arrived in Birmingham.

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14. As used in lines 21-22, “interrelatedness of all 16. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
communities and states” most nearly means that to the previous question?

(A) King has personal connections to people in the town. (A) Lines 21-22 (“Moreover, . . . states”)
(B) the Southern Christian Leadership Conference needs (B) Lines 24-25 (“Injustice anywhere . . . everywhere”)
national support. (C) Lines 25-27 (“We are caught . . . destiny”)
(C) events in one part of the country affect everyone in (D) Lines 28-30 (“Never again . . . idea”)
the nation.
(D) local civil rights groups operate independently of one
another. 17. As used in line 40, “dramatize” most nearly means

(A) cast events in an appealing light.

15. Based on paragraph 3, it can be reasonably inferred that (B) draw attention to significant events.
King believed circumstances in Birmingham at the time (C) exaggerate events to seem more important.
(D) turn events into a popular performance.
(A) were unfair and wrong.
(B) constituted an isolated event.
(C) justified his arrest. 18. Which choice most clearly paraphrases a claim made by
(D) required federal intervention. King in paragraph 4?

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(A) A failure to negotiate in the South has provoked (A) arguing that nonviolent pressure is most likely to spur
secret action by civil rights activists. just action by individuals.
(B) A focus on dialogue blinds reformers to the necessity (B) clarifying that throughout history, privileged classes
for direct action to promote change. have been reluctant to let go of privilege.
(C) Direct action is necessary to motivate people to talk (C) drawing a distinction between the morality of
about prejudice and racism. individuals and of groups.
(D) Nonviolent protest encourages a sense of brotherhood (D) pointing out that few gains in civil rights have been
and understanding among citizens. made without nonviolent pressure.

19. Paragraph 4 best supports the claims made in paragraph 20. King refers to “the gaining of a cup of coffee at a lunch
3 by counter” (lines 87-88) primarily to

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(A) call attention to the sedative effect of delaying civil Passage 1
rights reform in the United States. In 1944, 730 delegates from forty-four Allied
(B) emphasize that white Americans will not willingly nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire,
end oppression against black Americans. just as World War II was ending. They were attend-
(C) describe the progress made toward the winning of ing an important conference. This mostly forgotten
equal rights in other countries. (5) event shaped our modern world because delegates
(D) underscore the contrast between progress made in at the Bretton Woods Conference agreed on the
other countries and the United States. establishment of an international banking system.
To ensure that all nations would prosper, the
United States and other allied nations set rules
(10) for a postwar international economy. The Bretton
Questions 21-31 are based on the following passages
Woods system created the International Monetary
and supplementary material.
Fund (IMF). The IMF was founded as a kind of
global central bank from which member countries
The idea of a World Bank became a reality in 1944, when could borrow money. The countries needed money
delegates to the Bretton Woods Conference pledged to “outlaw (15) to pay for their war costs. Today, the IMF facilitates

practices which are agreed to be harmful to world prosperity.” international trade by ensuring the stability of the
Passage 1 discusses the benefits of the World Bank, while international monetary and financial system.
Passage 2 focuses on the limited lifespan of the Bretton Woods The Bretton Woods system also established the

system. World Bank. Although the World Bank shares

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(20) similarities with the IMF, the two institutions remain (40) the United States. It effectively established the U.S. dollar as

distinct. While the IMF maintains an orderly system a global currency. A global currency is one
of payments and receipts between nations, the World that countries worldwide accept for all trade, or
Bank is mainly a development institution. The World international transactions of buying and selling.
Bank initially gave loans to European countries dev- Because only the U.S. could print dollars, the United
(25) astated by World War II, and today it lends money (45) States became the primary power behind both the

and technical assistance specifically to economic IMF and the World Bank. Today, global currencies

projects in developing countries. For example, include the U.S. dollar, the euro (European Union
the World Bank might provide a low-interest loan countries), and the yen (Japan).
to a country attempting to improve education or The years after Bretton Woods have been
(30) health. The goal of the World Bank is to “bridge the (50) considered the golden age of the U.S. dollar. More

economic divide between poor and rich countries.” importantly, the conference profoundly shaped
In short, the organizations differ in their purposes. foreign trade for decades to come.
The Bank promotes economic and social progress so
Passage 2
people can live better lives, while the IMF represents
The financial system established at the 1944 Bretton
(35) the entire world in its goal to foster global monetary
Woods Conference endured for many years. Even
cooperation and financial stability.
(55) after the United States abrogated agreements made at
These two specific accomplishments of the
the conference, the nation continued to experience
Bretton Woods Conference were major. However,
a powerful position in international trade by having
the Bretton Woods system particularly benefited
other countries tie their currencies to the U.S. dollar.

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The world, however, is changing. Even so, the U.S. dollar has remained the most
(60) In reality, the Bretton Woods system lasted only (80) widely used money for international trade, and

three decades. Then, in 1971, President Richard having one currency for all trade may be better
Nixon introduced a new economic policy by ending than using a flexible exchange system.
the convertibility of the dollar to gold. It marked This seems to be the thinking of a powerful group
the end of the Bretton Woods international monetary of countries. The Group of Twenty (G20), which has
(65) framework, and the action resulted in worldwide (85) called for a new Bretton Woods, consists of govern-

financial crisis. Two cornerstones of Bretton Woods, ments and leaders from 20 of the world’s largest
however, endured: the International Monetary Fund economies including China, the United States,
(IMF) and the World Bank. and the European Union. In 2009, for example, the
Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, G20 announced plans to create a new global currency
(70) IMF members have been trading using a flexible (90) to replace the U.S. dollar’s role as the anchor currency.

exchange system. Namely, countries allow their Many believe that China’s yuan, quickly climbing the
exchange rates to fluctuate in response to changing financial ranks, is well on its way to becoming a major
conditions. The exchange rate between two world reserve currency.

currencies, such as the Japanese yen and the U.S. In fact, an earlier 1988 article in The Economist
(75) dollar, for example, specifies how much one cur- (95) stated, “30 years from now, Americans, Japanese,

rency is worth in terms of the other. An exchange Europeans, and people in many other rich countries
rate of 120 yen to dollars means that 120 yen are and some relatively poor ones will probably be paying
worth the same as one dollar. for their shopping with the same currency.”

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The article predicted that the world supply of
Australian Dollar 6.6% 6 7.6% 5 8.6% 5
(100) currency would be set by a new central bank of (AUD)
the IMF. This prediction seems to be coming to
Swiss Franc (CHF) 6.8% 5 6.3% 6 5.2% 6
fruition since the G20 indicated that a “world cur-
rency is in waiting.” For an international construct Canadian Dollar 4.3% 7 5.3% 7 4.6% 7
(CAD)
such as the original Bretton Woods to last some 26
(105) years is nothing less than amazing. But move over Mexican Peso (MXN) 1.3% 12 1.3% 14 2.5% 8
Bretton Woods; a new world order in finance could
Chinese Yuan (CNY) 0.5% 20 0.9% 17 2.2% 9
be on the fast track.
New Zealand Dollar 1.9% 11 1.6% 10 2.0% 10

Top 10 International Currencies Adapted from Mauldin Economics; Bank for International Settlements, September 2013 Triennial
Central Bank Survey.
(Percent Shares of Average Daily Currency Trading)

2007 2010 2013

21. Based on Passage 1, it can reasonably be inferred that
Share Rank Share Rank Share Rank

U.S. Dollar (USD) 85.6% 1 84.9% 1 87.0% 1

Euro (EUR) 37.0% 2 39.1% 2 33.4% 2

Japanese Yen (JPY) 17.2% 3 19.0% 3 23.0% 3

UK Pound (GBP) 14.9% 4 12.9% 4 11.8% 4

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(A) world leaders recognized the need for markets to (A) publicize.
function independently. (B) rear.
(B) Bretton Woods increased U.S. economic influence (C) stabilize.
around the world. (D) encourage.
(C) the IMF and the World Bank work closely together to
ensure prosperity.
(D) the conclusion of World War II had little influence on 24. Which statement best explains the difference between
events at Bretton Woods. the purposes of the IMF and the World Bank?

22. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
to the previous question?

(A) Lines 8-10 (“To ensure . . . economy”)

(B) Lines 10-12 (“The Bretton . . . Fund”)
(C) Lines 44-46 (“Because only . . . World Bank”)
(D) Lines 50-52 (“More importantly . . . to come”)

23. As used in line 35, “foster” most nearly means

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(A) The IMF provides money to pay for war costs, while (A) the United States did not support the goals of the IMF
the World Bank offers assistance to rebuild countries and the World Bank.
recovering from war across the globe. (B) Bretton Woods was originally intended to last for
(B) The IMF encourages stability in the global financial three decades.
system, while the World Bank promotes economic (C) President Nixon acted to reinforce the decisions made
development in relatively poor nations. at Bretton Woods.
(C) The IMF supports the U.S. dollar in international (D) some U.S. policy decisions differed from
markets, while the World Bank provides low-interest international consensus over Bretton Woods.
loans to many nations around the world.
(D) The IMF offers governments advice about
participation in global markets, while the World Bank 26. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
encourages monetary cooperation between nations. to the previous question?

(A) Lines 60-61 (“In reality . . . three decades”)

25. Based on the second paragraph in Passage 2, it can be (B) Lines 61-63 (“Then, in 1971 . . . to gold”)
reasonably inferred that (C) Lines 66-68 (“Two cornerstones . . . World Bank”)
(D) Lines 69-71 (“Since the collapse . . . exchange
system”)

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27. As used in line 90, “anchor” most nearly means 29. The last paragraph of Passage 2 can be described as

(A) key. (A) a refutation of opponents’ criticisms.

(B) fastening. (B) an indication of the author’s opinion.
(C) rigid. (C) a summary of the author’s main points.
(D) supporting. (D) an introduction of a contradictory position.

28. It can reasonably be inferred from both Passage 2 and 30. Which statement most effectively compares the authors’
the graphic that purposes in both passages?

(A) international markets are increasingly comfortable

using the yuan as trade currency.
(B) the United States favors using the yuan as one of the
world’s reserve currencies.
(C) the G20 wants to replace the yuan and other
currencies with a new global currency.
(D) the IMF continues to support the yuan and other
currencies in a flexible exchange system.

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(A) Passage 1’s purpose is to contrast the functions of the (A) U.S. influence on global trade has continued under a
IMF and World Bank, while Passage 2’s purpose is to flexible exchange system.
outline the benefits of a flexible trade system to the (B) The purposes of the International Monetary Fund and
United States. the World Bank are indirectly related.
(B) Passage 1’s purpose is to describe the history of (C) The Group of Twenty represents the financial
international trade in the 20th century, while Passage interests of the world’s largest economies.
2’s purpose is to explain why the Bretton Woods (D) International institutions such as the IMF continue to
system collapsed. influence economic trade and development.
(C) Passage 1’s purpose is to describe Bretton Woods’
effect on the global economy, while Passage 2’s
purpose is to suggest that a new currency for global
Questions 32-42 are based on the following passage.
trade may soon be implemented.
(D) Passage 1’s purpose is to promote the economic
benefits of the IMF and World Bank, while Passage This passage is adapted from an article about treating
2’s purpose is to encourage the reestablishment of the paralysis.
Bretton Woods system.
According to a study conducted by the Christopher
and Dana Reeve Foundation, more than six million

31. Both passages support which generalization about the people in the United States suffer from debilitating

global economy? paralysis. That’s close to one person in every fifty

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(5) who suffers from a loss of the ability to move or feel (25) complete as defined by the American Spinal Injury

in areas of his or her body. Paralysis is often caused Association (ASIA)’s Impairment Scale. This meant
by illnesses, such as stroke or multiple sclerosis, or that he experienced no sensory or motor function
injuries to the spinal cord. Research scientists have in the segments of his spinal cord nearest to his
made advances in the treatment of paralysis, which injury.
(10) means retraining affected individuals to become as (30) The doctors used a technique refined during forty
independent as possible. Patients learn how to use years of spinal cord research on rats. They removed

wheelchairs and prevent complications that are caused one of two of the patient’s olfactory bulbs, which
by restricted movement. This retraining is key in main- are structures found at the top of the human nose.
taining paralytics’ quality of life; however, an actual From this structure, samples of olfactory ensheath-
(15) cure for paralysis has remained elusive—until now. (35) ing cells, responsible for a portion of the sense of

In 2014, surgeons in Poland collaborated smell, were harvested. These cells allow the olfactory
with the University College London’s Institute of system to renew its cells over the course of a human
Neurology to treat a Polish man who was paralyzed life. It is because of this constant regeneration that
from the chest down as a result of a spinal cord in- scientists chose these particular cells to implant into
(20) jury. The scientists chose this patient for their study (40) the patient’s spinal cord. After being harvested, the

because of the countless hours of physical therapy cells were reproduced in a culture. Then, the cells
he had undergone with no signs of progress. were injected into the patient’s spinal cord in 100
Twenty-one months after their test subject’s initial mini-injections above and below the location of his
spinal cord injury, his condition was considered injury. Four strips of nerve tissue were then placed

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(45) across a small gap in the spinal cord. (65) spinal cord. The same team of scientists plans to treat

After surgery, the patient underwent a tailor- ten more patients using this “smell cell” transplant
made neurorehabilitation program. In the nineteen technique. If they have continued success, patients
months following the operation, not only did the around the world can have both their mobility and
patient experience no adverse effects, but his condi- their hope restored.
(50) tion improved from ASIA’s class A to class C. Class

C is considered an incomplete spinal cord injury, 32. The passage is primarily concerned with
meaning that motor function is preserved to a
certain extent and there is some muscle activity. The (A) how various diseases and injuries can cause
patient experienced increased stability in the trunk permanent paralysis.
(55) of his body, as well as partial recovery of voluntary (B) ways in which doctors and therapists work to improve
movements in his lower extremities. As a result, he patients’ quality of life.
was able to increase the muscle mass in his thighs (C) one treatment being developed to return mobility to
and regain sensation in those areas. In late 2014, he patients suffering paralysis.
took his first steps with the support of only a walker. (D) methods of physical therapy that can help patients
(60) These exciting improvements suggest that the with spinal cord injuries.
nerve grafts doctors placed in the patient’s spinal cord
bridged the injured area and prompted the regenera-
tion of fibers. This was the first-ever clinical study that 33. The author includes a description of retraining paralytics
showed beneficial effects of cells transplanted into the in lines 8-13 primarily to

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(A) describe how people with paralysis cope with (A) believes more research should be done before patients
everyday tasks. with paralysis are subjected to the treatment described
(B) appeal to the reader’s sympathies for people with in the passage.
paralysis. (B) feels that increased mobility will have a positive
(C) show that most research scientists do not believe a impact on patients suffering from all levels of
cure can be found. paralysis.
(D) help readers appreciate the significance of research (C) thinks that more scientists should study paralysis and
that may lead to a cure. ways to improve the quality of life for patients with
limited mobility.
(D) was part of the research team that developed the new
34. Based on the information in the passage, it can be method of treating paralysis described in the passage.
inferred that the author

35. Which choice provides the best support for the answer to
the previous question?

(A) Lines 6-8 (“Paralysis is . . . spinal cord”)

(B) Lines 16-20 (“In 2014 . . . injury”)
(C) Lines 53-56 (“The patient . . . extremities”)
(D) Lines 67-69 (“If they . . . restored”)

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36. As used in line 13, “restricted” most nearly means 38. It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that

(A) confidential. (A) the patient’s treatment would have been more
(B) dependent. successful if scientists had used cells from another
(C) increased. area of his body instead of from his olfactory bulbs.
(D) limited. (B) cells from olfactory bulbs will be used to cure
diseases that affect areas of the body other than the
spinal cord.
37. In lines 46-47, the author’s use of the word “tailor- (C) the patient who received the experimental treatment
made” helps reinforce the idea that using cells from olfactory bulbs would not have
regained mobility without this treatment.
(A) the injected cells were from the patient and were (D) soon doctors will be able to treat spinal injuries
therefore well-suited to work in his own body. without time-consuming and demanding physical
(B) spinal cord cells were replaced during the transplant therapy.
portion of the individualized treatment.
(C) olfactory bulbs were removed from rats and placed in
the patient’s spinal cord during surgery. 39. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
(D) the method used by doctors to locate the damaged to the previous question?
area required expertise and precision.

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(A) Lines 8-11 (“Research scientists . . . possible”) (A) studies done on other patients.
(B) Lines 20-22 (“The scientists . . . progress”) (B) research conducted by other doctors in Poland.
(C) Lines 31-33 (“They removed . . . nose”) (C) many experiments performed on rats.
(D) Lines 60-63 (“These exciting . . . fibers”) (D) multiple attempts on various types of animals.

40. As used in line 30, “refined” most nearly means 42. The procedure described in which cells from olfactory
bulbs are injected into a damaged area of the spinal cord
(A) advanced. is most analogous to which of the following?
(B) improved.
(C) experienced. (A) Replacing a diseased organ in a patient with an organ
(D) treated. from a donor who has the same tissue type
(B) Giving a patient with a high fever an injection of
medication to bring the core body temperature down
41. The success of the patient’s treatment was due in large (C) Placing a cast on a limb to hold the bone in place to
part to encourage healing after suffering a break
(D) Grafting skin from a healthy area of the body and
transplanting it to an area that has suffered severe
burns

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elemental and inorganic mercury, it is much harder
Questions 43-52 are based on the following passage and (15) to avoid methylmercury.
supplementary material. Most of the mercury in the environment comes
from the emissions of coal-burning power plants;
coal contains small amounts of mercury, which are
The following passage is adapted from an essay about mercury
released into the air when coal burns. The concen-
in fish.
(20) tration of mercury in the air from power plants is

Mercury is an unusual element; it is a metal but very low, so it is not immediately dangerous. However,

is liquid at room temperature. It is also a neuro- the mercury is then washed out of the air by rain-

toxin and a teratogen, as it causes nerve damage storms and eventually ends up in lakes and oceans.

and birth defects. Mercury can be found just about The mercury deposited in the water does not in-

(5) everywhere; it is in soil, in air, in household items, (25) stantaneously get absorbed by fish, as elemental mer-

and even in our food. Everyday objects, such as cury does not easily diffuse through cell membranes.

thermometers, light switches, and fluorescent light- However, methylmercury diffuses into cells easily,

bulbs, contain mercury in its elemental form. Bat- and certain anaerobic bacteria in the water convert

teries can also contain mercury, but they contain the elemental mercury to methylmercury as a by-

(10) it in the form of the inorganic compound mercury (30) product of their metabolic processes. Methylmer-

chloride. Mercury can also exist as an organic cury released into the water by the bacteria diffuses

compound, the most common of which is meth- into small single-celled organisms called plankton.

ylmercury. While we can take steps to avoid both Small shrimp and other small animals eat the plank-

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ton and absorb the methylmercury in the plankton might have worse health effects than consuming
(35) during digestion. Small fish eat the shrimp and then (55) small amounts of mercury.

larger fish eat the smaller fish; each time an animal Scientists have studied the effects of mercury by
preys on another animal, the predator absorbs the conducting tests on animals and by studying vari-
methylmercury. Because each animal excretes the ous human populations and recording the amount
methylmercury much more slowly than it absorbs of mercury in their blood. By determining the lev-
(40) it, methylmercury builds up in the animal over time (60) els of mercury consumption that cause any of the

and is passed on to whatever animal eats it, resulting known symptoms of mercury poisoning, they were
in a process called bioaccumulation. able to identify a safe level of mercury consump-
As people became aware of the bioaccumulation tion. The current recommendation is for humans
of mercury in fish, many reacted by eliminating to take in less than 0.1 microgram of mercury for
(45) seafood from their diet. However, seafood contains (65) every kilogram of weight per day. This means that

certain omega-3 fatty acids that are important for a 70-kilogram person (about 155 pounds) could
good health. People who do not eat enough of these safely consume 7 micrograms of mercury per day.
fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Because haddock averages about 0.055 micrograms

and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are more likely of mercury per gram, that person could safely eat
(50) to have heart attacks than people who have enough (70) 127 grams (about 4.5 ounces) of haddock per day.

EPA and DHA in their diet. Because fish and shell- On the other hand, swordfish averages about 0.995
fish, along with some algae, are the only sources of micrograms of mercury per gram of fish, so the
these fatty acids, eliminating them from our diet 70-kilogram person could safely eat only about 7

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grams (about one-quarter of an ounce) of swordfish
Atlantic 100–600 84
(75) per day.
Herring
Nutritionists recommend that, rather than
eliminate fish from our diet, we try to eat more of
Chub 100–750 88
the low-mercury fish and less of the high-mercury Mackerel
fish. Low-mercury species tend to be smaller
(80) omnivorous fish while high-mercury species tend
Cod 800–4,000 111
to be the largest carnivorous fish. Awareness of
the particulars of this problem, accompanied by
Skipjack 2,000–10,000 144
mindful eating habits, will keep us on the best
Tuna
course for healthy eating.

Black- 6,820–15,900 152

Species Average Weight Average Mercury Concentration
Striped Bass
Range (grams) (parts per billion)

Albacore 4,540–21,364 358

Alaskan 227–1,000 31
Tuna
Pollock

Marlin 180,000 485

Atlantic 900–1,800 55
Haddock

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43. The author of the passage would most likely agree with (A) Lines 16-17 (“Most of . . . plants”)
which of the following statements? (B) Lines 30-32 (“Methylmercury released . . . plankton”)
(C) Lines 56-59 (“Scientists . . . their blood”)
(A) Mercury poisoning is only one of many concerns that (D) Lines 81-84 (“Awareness . . . eating”)
should be considered when choosing which fish to
add to one’s diet.
(B) More should be done by scientists and nutritionists to 45. In addition to the levels of mercury in a specific species
inform people about the dangers of mercury of fish, people should also consider which of the
poisoning. following when determining a safe level of
(C) Fish is an essential part of a healthy diet and can be consumption?
eaten safely if recommendations for mercury
consumption are kept in mind. (A) Their own body weight
(D) The mercury present in the air is more dangerous to (B) Where the fish was caught
people than the mercury consumed by eating fish with (C) The other meats they are eating
high mercury levels. (D) What they ate the day before

44. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer 46. As used in lines 19-20, “concentration” most nearly
to the previous question? means

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(A) focus. 48. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
(B) application. to the previous question?
(C) density.
(D) awareness. (A) Lines 1-2 (“Mercury is an unusual . . . temperature”)
(B) Lines 4-6 (“Mercury . . . our food”)
(C) Lines 19-21 (“The concentration . . . dangerous”)
47. The passage most strongly suggests which of the (D) Lines 27-30 (“However, methylmercury . . .
following statements is accurate? processes”)

(A) It is not possible to completely avoid environmental

exposure to mercury. 49. The main purpose of paragraph 3 is to explain
(B) Inorganic mercury is more dangerous to humans than
organic mercury. (A) the reasons why mercury deposited in water is not
(C) Most of the exposure to mercury experienced by harmful to fish.
humans comes from fish consumption. (B) the relationships between predators and prey in
(D) Mercury is one of the most abundant elements found aquatic animals.
in nature. (C) how the largest fish accumulate the greatest amounts
of mercury.
(D) the difference between methylmercury and other
types of mercury.

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50. Which of the following pieces of evidence would most 52. Based on the information in the passage and the graphic,
strengthen the author’s line of reasoning? which of the following statements is true?

(A) More examples in paragraph 1 of places mercury is (A) The fish with the lowest average weight is the safest
found to eat.
(B) Details in paragraph 2 about the levels of mercury (B) A person can safely eat more marlin than albacore
found in the air tuna in one day.
(C) An explanation in paragraph 4 of how to treat (C) Eating large fish carries a lower risk of mercury
mercury poisoning poisoning than eating small fish.
(D) More examples in paragraph 5 of how many (D) A person can safely eat more Alaskan pollock than
micrograms of mercury people of different weights black striped bass in one day.
could eat

51. As used in line 82, “particulars” most nearly means

(A) data.
(B) specifics.
(C) points.
(D) evidence. STOP

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