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CHETAN RAIKAR
What is Structural Audit ?
Structural Audit is an overall health and performance checkup of a building by an experienced and licensed
structural consultant to ensure that the building and its premises are safe and have no risk. It analyses and
suggests appropriate repairs and retrofitting measures required for the buildings to perform better in its service
life.

Objectives of Structural Audit

• To save human life and buildings

• To understand the condition of building
• To find critical areas to repair immediately
• To comply with statutory requirements
• To enhance life cycle of building by suggesting preventive and corrective measures like repairs and
retrofitting

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Types of Audit

• Statutory audit

• Structural audit

• Safety audit

• Budgetary audit

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Explain the necessity and importance of structural audit & budget estimation

Before a calamity
 Regular Audit – Age related damage

 Special Audit – Change of user etc

After a calamity
 Earthquake / flood / cyclone

 Blast

 Fire

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Explain the procedure involved in structural audit & budget estimation

• Visual examination

• Structural drawings

• Distress identification & Mapping

• N.D.T.

• Backward Analysis

• Identifying shortfall in members

• Strengthening /repair scheme , where needed

• Certification of stability

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Distress identification & Mapping

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Certification of stability
1. Proposal

2. Name & Address of the Owner

3. Name & Address of Structural Engineer. M/s. Structwel Designers & Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
Plot No. 15, Sector 24, Turbhe,
Navi Mumbai – 400 705.

CERTIFICATE OF STRUCTURAL STABILITY

I hereby submit that the structural design of the intended work is in conformity with the provision of IS 456:2000, IS 1893-2016 and other relevant
codes for earthquake resistant design of structures, IS 13920 - 2016 for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic
forces & IS 4326-1993 for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings.
I hereby certify that the above mentioned structure is capable of withstanding the designed dead and live load including the earthquake forces.
This certificate is issued on the clear understanding that my overall design responsibility for the safety and proper performance of structural design
ceases, the moment any addition and or alteration damage to the structural frame is caused by accident or by tampering with the geometrical
sections of structural members for any purpose whatsoever, or due to overloading of the structure, lack of maintenance or any act that is
detrimental to the structure as a whole.

SIGNATURE OF LICENSED STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

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Explain the procedure involved in structural audit & budget estimation

MCGM - Rating

Classification Of Buildings Category

To be evacuated /demolished immediately C1

To be evacuated and / or partially demolished requiring major structural repairs C2-A

No eviction only structural repairs C2-B

No eviction needs minor repairs only C3

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Explain the rules & regulations of structural audit and budget estimation as
recommended by competent authority.

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Explain the step - by – step procedure for maintenance of the given structure

• Distress pattern identification

• Determine localized maintenance repair

• Track evolution of distresses ( Root cause analysis)

• Establish relationships between distresses within and across members

• Evaluate impact of repairs

• Choose appropriate rehabilitation methods

• BOQ preparation

• Improved accuracy of cost estimates

• Tracking the effectiveness of repairs

• Greater insight for selecting the proper rehabilitation method

• Evaluation of maintenance needs – Maintenance manual

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Know the formats preparation for the process of structural audit and budget
preparation

P R O F O R M A 'B'. To be filled by structural Engineer/ Auditor appointed by owner/ tenants/occupiers.

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Process of Budget preparation

Drawings required :-
• Distress mapping drawing

• Waterproofing drawing

• Jacketing / flitching details

• Expansion joint details

• Propping plan / alternate load transfer path

• Structural steel strengthening drawings

• Joint details

• Plumbing / Electrical drawings

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Process of Budget preparation

Specifications to be followed :-

• Dismantling / de-construction of various components of structures

• Materials to be used

• Proportion

• Mixing

• Tools & equipments

• Method of application

• Curing

• Mode of measurement

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Process of Budget preparation

List of approved material :-

• Make / brand of material

• Grade / class of material

• Substitutes

• Special materials

• Single party supplier /vendor

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Process of Budget preparation

Preamble to Bill of quantities :-

• Mode of measurement

• Compliance as per specification and / or codal provision

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

• Allied activities

• Access/approach system

• Equipments /utilities used

• Material specifications

• Mode of measurement

• Location

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
1) TEMPORARY PROPPING
• Drawing
• Identification of location
• Propping
• Measured in Nos.

2) EXPOSING EXISTING RCC MEMBERS –

• Propping
• Scaffolding
• Tapping/Chipping concrete
• Tools used in Chipping ( concrete ) Chisel, Hammer etc
• Debris (stacking & carting)
• Cleaning
• Measured in Sqmt
• Note :- Other activities like window covering etc.are also to be included

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
3) CORROSION TREATMENT
Wire brushing ( Manual/ Mechanical)
Rust remover
Washing
Passivator including mixing
Measured in Sqmt

4) STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Tools /Equipment – Cutter, Drill machine, Welding machine
Cutting
Drilling
Epoxy used for fixing
Fixing/ Tying/Welding
Measured in MT

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Process of Budget preparation
Bill of quantities – Items :-
Repair work
5) CEMENT GROUT
• Drilling holes
• Fixing Nipple
• Sealing nipples
• Tools – Grouting machine, hose pipe
• Grouting including admixtures
• Cutting & sealing of nipples.
• Measured in Kg

6) EPOXY GROUT
• Drilling holes
• Fixing Nipple
• Sealing nipples
• Tools – Grouting machine, hose pipe
• Grouting – Low viscous epoxy
• Cutting & sealing of nipples.
• Measured in kg of consumption

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
7) BOND COAT
• Cleaning with vacuum cleaner
• Mixing
• Pre-wetting of surface
• Application
• Tools – Jet spray, Broom, vibrator and brush
• Measured in Sqmt

8) REPAIR BY POLYMER MORTAR (15mm / 30mm/ 50mm)

• Proportioning
• Mixing /vibrating
• Tools – weigh balance, mixer, hand gloves etc…
• Application
• Curing
• Measured in Sqmt

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
9) STRENGTHENING BY EPOXY MORTAR
• Proportioning
• Mixing /vibrating
• Tools – weigh balance, hand gloves etc…
• Application
• Measured in Sqmt ( Thickness pre-specified)

10) MICROCONCRETE
• Shuttering
• Mixing
• Pouring
• Vibrating
• Tools – vibrating needle, mixer, pump
• Measured in Kg

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
11) SHEAR KEYS
• Drilling holes
• Cutting
• Epoxy filing
• Fixing of shear key
• Tools- drilling machine, cutter, pump/injection
• Measured in Nos.

12) STRENGTHENING BY JACKETING

• Shuttering
• Concreting
• Vibrating
• Tools – mixer, vibrator,
• Measured in Cum

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
13) FLITCHING –
• Surface preparation for leveling
• Tools- Cutter, drilling machine, tightening equipments etc.
• Drilling holes for bolting
• Cutting as per drawing
• Plates
• Bolting
• Tightening as per required torque
• Measured in MT

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
14) FIBRE WRAPPING – Sqmt

• Champhering
• Cleaning
• Bond Coat / Adhesive
• Fibre Wraps
• Tools- hammer & chisel,
• Measured In Sqmt

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
15) STITCHING
• Tools – vaccum cleaner, jet spray, drill machine, cutter etc.
• Cleaning of cracks
• Drilling
• Cutting Steel
• Fixing
• Sealing
• Measured in Nos.
16) SUBSTITUTE FRAME WORK
• Drawing
• Tools –Cutter, welding machine
• Cutting Steel
• Placing Sections
• Welding/Bolting
• Measured in MT

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
17 ) GUNITING /SHORTCRETING
• Surface Preparation
• Tying Weld Mesh
• Guniting
• Tools- jet spray, compressor machine etc.
• Measured in Sqmt

18) REMOVING PLASTER-

• Screening / fishing net
• Chipping
• Debris (Stacking & Carting)
• Tools- chisel & hammer
• Measured in Sqmt

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
19) REDOING PLASTER-
• Cleaning /Washing
• Raking
• Fibre Mesh At Separation Joints
• Mixing & proportioning
• First Coat
• Curing
• Second Coat
• Curing
• Measured in Sqmt

20) DEMOLISHING BRICK WORK-

• Breaking
• Tools- breaker
• Debris (Stacking & Carting)
• Measured in Cum

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
21) PROVIDING BRICK WORK
• Wetting Bricks
• Laying
• Providing Key /step
• Measured in Cum

22) REMOVING W/P

• Breaking
• Close chipping
• Debris ( Stacking $ Carting)
• Tools – Breaker
• Measured in sqmt

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Process of Budget preparation

Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
23) REDOING W/P
• Wetting Surface For Cracks
• Treating Cracks
• Structural Repairs If Any
• Grid marking for grouting
• Grouting
• Cement / Chemical Wash
• Brick Bat
• Pond Test
• IPS
• China Chips
• Pond Test
• Measured in Sqmt

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CHETAN RAIKAR
Process of Budget preparation
Bill of quantities – Items :-

Repair work
24) DISMANTLING RCC
• Drawing
• Propping
• Dismantling
• Debris (Stacking & Carting)
• Tools – breaker, chisel & hammer, cutter
• Measured in Cum
25) PROVIDING RCC
• Shuttering
• Mixing & proportioning
• Bond Coat
• Pouring
• Vibrating
• Tools- brush, mixer, pumping equipment ,
• vibrator needle
• De-striking
• Curing
• Measured in Cum
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References
List of references/ standard specifications
Sr. No. Title of book Name Author
1 SP – 185 High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Infrastructural Repair And Neven Krstulovic-Opara Ziad Bayasi
Retrofit
2 SP -165 Repair And Strengthening of Concrete Members with Adhesive Bonded Plates R. Narayan Swami Robert Gaul
3 Technology Of Building Repairs R. N. Raikar
4 Learning From Failures , Deficiencies in Design, Construction & service R. N. Raikar
5 Concrete Inspection Handbook Joseph J. Messersmith, Jr.K. Mark Kluver, Stephen V.
Skalko
6 ACI 222R -89 , Corrosion of Metals in Concrete ACI Code
7 ACI 224 -1R -39 Causes, Evaluation, and Repair of Cracks in Concrete Structures ACI code
8 ACI 350 – 1R-93 Testing Reinforced Concrete Structures for Water tightness
9 Durable Structures through Planning for Preventive Maintenance R. N. Raikar
10 Diagnosis and Treatment of Structures in Distress R. N. Raikar
11 Guidelines on waterproofing in New /old construction- IRC Report October -2019
12 Guide to investigation of structural failures ASCE Research Council on performance of structure
13 Concrete repair- problems, questions and answers London Tara Hotel Kinsington, London W8
14 Handbook of adhesive & sealant Edward Petrie

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References

Links of videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEXAWukRfD4 – Grouting
https://youtu.be/JGQnbwxPiFA - NDT
https://youtu.be/i11zIlOeqfU - Repair
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUJGZR4-Uvg – Repair andv restoration of Historic buildings
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwM4YC8FCyQ – ACI- Repair of Structural Walls Severely Damaged after
Chilean 2010 Earthquake
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u4sapV52_s ACI 562—Specifications for Repair
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zfcfcbiw014 – D PC treatment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9E0rXB1EF5E – Polymer mortar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqIBcOw1U_w – Polymer concrete

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THANK YOU