INTRODUCTION TO ART Fundamental Principles of Humanities

APPRECIATION  The following are identified fundamental

principles of Humanities which are used
Art is something that is perennially around us, as guides for a better understanding of
meaning it existing or continuing in the same life and man’s existence:
way for a long time happening again and  Assumption of humanist
again. Some people may deny having to do
with the arts but it is indisputable that lie presents 1. Human nature is inherently good.
us with many forms of and opportunities for 2. Individuals are free and are capable of
communion with the arts. making choices.
3. Human potential for growth and
This lesson is about this yearning for the beautiful
development is virtually unlimited.
the appreciation of the all-consuming beauty
4. Self-concept plays an important role in
around us and some preliminary clarification on
growth and development.
assumptions that people normally hold about art
5. Individuals have an urge for self-
Humanities and the Arts actualization (when you are able to
reach your full potential).
What is Humanities? 6. Reality is defined by each person.
7. Individuals have a responsibility to both
 Humanities are academic disciplines that
themselves and to others.
study aspects of human society and
culture. In the Renaissance, the term Yale University shows that they are born with a
contrasted with divinity and referred to sense of morality. Babies have innate goodness.
what is now called classics, the main
area of secular study in universities at the Art Explained
time even up to the present time when Art is a diverse range of human activities
we say humanities in creating visual, auditory or performing
 The humanities include the study of artifacts (artworks), expressing the author’s
ancient and modern languages, imaginative, conceptual ideas, or technical skill,
literature, philosophy, history, archeology, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or
anthropology, human geography, law, emotional power. Other activities related to the
politics, religion and art. production of works of art include the criticism of
 As the word humanities came from the art, the study of the history of art, and the
Latin “humanus” which means human, aesthetic dissemination, and clarification need
cultured and refined. of art.
To be human is to show characteristics of Until the 17th century, art referred to any
rationality, benevolence and care. What skill or mastery and was not differentiated from
separate us from another creature is being crafts or sciences. In modern usage after the 17 th
rational minded century, where aesthetic considerations are
To be cultured and refined is to show good paramount, the fine arts are separated and
tastes and manner indicative of good and distinguished from acquired skills in general, such
proper education. as the decorative or applied arts.

The three classical branches of art:

1. Painting

2. Sculpture

3. Architecture

Music, theater, film, dance and other performing

arts, as well as literature, and other media such
as interactive media are included in broader
The study of humanities is devoted to
definition of the art.
understanding the different phenomena within
the human cultural context. There are so many The definition of the constitute art disputed and
academic disciplines that make it distinctive in has change overtime, general description
both content and method from the physical mentions an idea of imaginative or technical skill
and biological sciences and from the social stemming from human agency and creation.
sciences. The nature of art and related concepts such as
creativity and interpretation are explored in the
branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.
NATURE OF THE ARTS
1. Art or arts is of Aryan root “ar” which
means to join or put together and has its Latin
term being “sars” or “artis” which means
everything that is artificially made or composed b. Non-functional art forms- The need to
by man express aesthetics and beauty.
2. Art constitutes one of the oldest and most i. Example: Painting, sculpture,
important means of expression developed by literature, music, dance and theatre
man.
ii. All manner of fine arts and these
3. It refers to the skillful arrangement or pieces usually seek to engage with the
composition of some common but significant viewer on an intellectual, emotional or
qualities of nature such as sound, colors, lines, aesthetic level. They exploration of these
movement, words, stones and wood to express sensibilities rather than their utilitarian
feelings, thoughts, imaginations and dreams in merits.
an amazing, meaningful and enjoyable way.

4. Art is subjective as it employs the use of

ARTS AND PHILOSOPHY
perception, insights, feelings, and intuition. Philosophy is the study of general and
fundamental question about existence,
a. Art depends on a person’s view if its good
knowledge, values, reason, mind, and
or bad that’s why it is subjective
language.
5. It is the heightened expression of human
a. A field of discipline which has
dignity and weaknesses felt and shared so
attempted to explain almost all
powerfully in a world increasingly aware of its
aspects of human existence
successes and failures.
Aesthetics, on the other hand, is the study of
6. It is man’s expression of himself as an
beauty and taste, concerned with the nature of
individual and how he views his existence, and
art and used as a basis of interpreting and
7. Art also provides enjoyment and evaluating individual works of art. It as a branch
stimulation specially when people understand of philosophy that deals with the nature of
them beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of
arts.
FUNCTION OF ART
Philosophy of art is the study of the nature of art,
Arts is a much-needed avenue for people to: including concepts such as interpretation,
representation and expression, and form. It is
1. Express freely oneself;
closely related to aesthetics, the philosophy
a. It seems to be built in the human study of beauty and taste.
physique, it needs to express, to show, to
Subjective interpretation- depende sayo
exhibit what is hidden in man’s inner
world his thought, emotion, imagination, Objective interpretation- depende sa
dreams and aspiration are express in his author/artist
arts.
THE ARTISTIC PHILOSOPHERS
2. Socially express his needed for display,
celebration and communication: and The following are just a few of the philosophers
whose advocacies not only focused on the
3. Physically express the need for utility of
philosophic ideas but also shared a few of their
functionality objects
conceptions about the Arts.
a. Functional art forms- The need for life to be
1. Plato (428-347 B.C.) is a philosopher of
better
Ancient Greece who is known for his Dialogues
i. Example: architecture, weaving, and together with Socrates. He explained that the
furniture-making physical world is a copy of a perfect, rational,
eternal, and changeless original. The originals
ii. Generally applied art created for use
are called the Forms. Beauty, justice and even a
not necessarily everyday used but
circle are examples of these Forms of Ideas.
designed to serve a purpose with
aesthetic in mind a. Plato love and hated the art at
the same time which makes his
philosophical views on art unexplainably
complicated. He was also seen as a
good literary stylist. Also, a good story 2. Things which are said to be seen and
teller and considered art as threatening. are probable and

b. The original or perfect was 3. Things which essentially are.

called forms. Example: circle, beauty,
3. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was a German,
ideas
Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a treatise
on Aesthetics. Observations on the Feelings of
the Beautiful and the Sublime. His main interest
was not on art but on BEAUTY that it is a matter
Plato’s Ideas of the Arts may be summed up by of TASTE. Kant explained the TASTE can be both
the truths according to him that: SUBJECTIVE and UNIVERSAL. For KANT, beauty is
a question of form and color is NOT IMPORTANT.
1. Art is imitation
a. Beauty is a question of form and color
a. The physical world is copy of perfect, is not important. Color has nothing to do
rational, eternal, and changeless original. with the properties of the object but is
Art is an imitation of physical things which only used for its decorative function. The
in turn are imitation of the forms. Art is a important is beauty is the design and the
copy of a copy which leads people composition.
further away from the truth or forms. At
best works of art are great for Subjective taste does not focus on the
entertainment. properties of the object itself but rather on the
pleasure one experiences as he responds to it.
2. Art is Dangerous
Universal taste is non-aesthetic and does not
a. Art has power to stir emotion. The art consider the beauty of the work or the mastery
should not go uncensored as mention in of the artist, but rather, the artwork is
the republic appreciated for what it is.
The mind or soul belongs to the
ideal world. The body and the its passion
are stuck the map of the physical world
so the best human life is the one that
strive to understand and to imitate the
form as closely as possible.

2. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) was a student of Plato

who first distinguish between “what is good and
what is beautiful”

a. The good always present itself in some

action while a thing of beauty may exist
even in motionless object or things in
certain condition. However, the good
may also be considered as beautiful.

b. Considered art as an imitation or

representation of nature. Representing
nature demonstrated knowledge and
discovery for discovery of the arts show
disposition passion and action, poetry,
music, and dance. Emitted some aspect
of human nature through freedom,
harmony, melody, and vocal sound.
Certain kinds of music are successful in
calming what excitement and the
tragedies are effective in steering up
emotion.

As exemplified in his Poetics, he stated that

physical manifestation of beauty is affected by
SIZE.

His emphasis was on poetry. He stated that

poetry was more philosophic and serious than
philosophy itself. Poets according to Aristotle,
imitated three things:

1. Things and events which have been or

still are;
Ryan Cayabyab, A National Artist of the
Philippines for Music

Probably you may know Ryan Cayabyab.

 He was known for being a composer of

the Tagalog music in the Philippines.
 He is a National Artist of the Philippines for
Music
(CONTINUATION)  He made a great influence in terms of
Tagalog music in the Philippines
ARTISTS VS. ARTISANS  An artisan (from French: artisan, Italian:
 An artist is a person engaged in an activity artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who
related to creating art, practicing the arts, or makes or creates things by hand that
demonstrating an art. may be functional or strictly decorative.
 The thing is, the common usage involves  It is person who is in a skilled trade that
everyday speech and academic discourse involves making things by hand. He is a
is practitioner individual art only. When you craftworker who makes or created
hear the word arts, first thing comes in mind objects of great beauty by just using his
is painting, drawing, and related activities hands.
but it is not too concentrated on that thing.  His creation maybe functional or
 Meaning, an artist is a person who exhibits decorative like an earthen pot or
exceptional skills in the visual and/or the “palayok” or cooking vase.
performing arts.  Other example of artisan craft is furniture,
 Unlike other people, artist is more sensitive, decorative art, sculpture, glass, metal
very perceptive, and more creative. They works, clothing, jewelry, food items,
have the knot of interpreting ideas into an household items, tools or even
artistic form using as their medium, the mechanism such as the handmade
words, pigment, clay, stone, musical notes, clockwork movement of watch maker,
or any combination that may best describe and handicrafts.
or represent his message.
 What an artist create has been defined as
the formal expression of the considered
human experience, that is why we could say
that an art created by an artist is more likely
based on his/her perception or experience

The following are a few examples of artists in

their fields of expertise:

Paete Wood Carvers Albay Ceramic Maker

An image of a Baguio painter with his artwork

Basket Weaver

Nag-aayos ng sapatos pwedeng example ng

artisan

 Artist focuses on aesthetic value, whereas

the artisan focuses on functional value.

 The artisans were the dominant producers

of consumer product before the industrial
revolution. In ancient Greece, the artisan (including cooking, chocolate making
was drawn to “agoras” meaning it is the and winemaking).
gathering place or assembly in Greece, it Digital arts, related to technological
was a central public space, and often advancement
build workshop nearby
 One’s self-expression especially when
inclined with arts may take various forms
depending on the expertise and artistic
inclination of an artist.
 One may want to express his artistic
abilities by way of specific arts forms such
as painting or dance or a combination of
both.

ARTIST ARTISAN
 Creator of arts which
are for enjoyment and  Makers of crafts
appreciation of viewer  Practical
 Creative  Creates something
 Performing creative arts
 Creates something  Artistic functional
 Makes  Skilled workers
whose only value is
output out  His/her product has
aesthetic
of functional value
 Makes output to express
experience  Makes output with
the beauty of art itself
 The object has no and his/her hands (weavers,
imagination dyers, potters,
functional value
 Performers (singers, carpenter, etc.)
dancers, theater actors
and actresses, etc.

THE ART FORMS

 The art well refers to the theory human
application and physical expression of
If you have talent of painting or dancing,
creativity found in human culture and
you can use that to express yourself
society through skill and imagination in
order to produce objects, environment,
 Whatever form of art one may use in
and experiences. Human expression
expressing oneself, what is important is
through the arts may take several forms
that his self-expression and creativity are
depending on the talents and creativity
explicit.
of the artist. Artistic skills and creativity
may be for particular artform like painting
or two or more artforms. Artistic abilities
may be an inborn talent or maybe have
resultant from inspiration and years of
training from an art master. Whatever is
the source of the artist’s creativity, he
may express it through his chosen artform.

 Major constituents of the arts include  It is kind of expressing himself by way of

visual arts (including architecture, playing piano. He is blind and prodigy,
ceramics, drawing, filmmaking, painting, very good in piano. His name is Nobuyuki
photography and sculpting), literature Tsujii. The reason why he plays piano is
(including fiction, drama, poetry, and because for the elegy for the victims of
prose), and performing arts (including the tsunami year 2011 in Japan.
dance, music and theater), culinary arts
 There are some art forms combined a
visual element with performance also
called cinematography. Also, artwork
with the written work for example is
comics. From pre-historic paintings to
modern day films, art serves as a vessel
for storytelling, and conveying humankind
relationship with the environment The Malacañang Palace

 One may express oneself though other

forms as music, sculpture, literature or all
of three combined.

The following items below are the art forms The Cultural Center of the Philippines
which one may use in order to express his artistic
inclinations:

1. Architecture.
 Architecture is an art form that
reflects how we present ourselves
across the earth’s landscape, and Burj Khalifa
like other expressive mediums, it
changes with styles, technologies Building should embody these 3 important
and cultural adaptations. elements:

1. Plan
 Architecture not only provides 2. Construction
worldly needs of shelter, 3. Design
workspace and storage but also
represents human ideals in  Traditional architecture has
buildings like courthouses and survived over thousands of years in one
government buildings and form or another, while contemporary
manifestations of the spirit in design offers new approaches in how we
churches and temples. use materials and technology to shape
the look of our environment.
 It embosses creating design for
buildings and infrastructures. 2. Sculpture.
Architecture to be functional  Sculpture, an artistic form in which
involves using the design to build hard or plastic materials are worked
the structure through the act of into three-dimensional art objects.
engineers, contractors, and
workers. It is only occurring the  The designs may be embodied in
structure built with the artform freestanding objects, in reliefs on
maybe fully appreciated. surfaces, or in environments ranging
from tableaux to contexts that
 This is the most functional of all the envelop the spectator. An enormous
artforms variety of media may be used,
including clay, wax, stone, metal,
 Architecture is considered as the fabric, glass, wood, plaster, rubber,
most functional of all the art forms. and random “found” objects.
Some examples of architectural
works are The Malacanang  Common sculpture is the statue, this
Palace, the Philippines’ seat of is an artform that best describes as
government, The Cultural Center three dimensional.
of the Philippines, the center of
cultural activities of the country  Materials may be carved, modeled,
and Burj Khalifa, the highest molded, cast, wrought, welded,
skyscraper in the United Arab sewn, assembled, or otherwise
Emirates to name a few. shaped and combined.

Some example of sculptures are the following:

The Jose Rizal Monument in Rizal Park, the
University of the Philippines Oblation in all UP
campuses around the Philippines and the Black
Nazarene in the Minor Basilica of the Black
Nazarene in Quiapo district, Manila, Philippines
 UP Oblation was made by Guillermo
E. Tolentino who is one of the famous
artist in the history of the Philippines.
UP Oblation meaning pahinuhod (it
depicts a man facing upward, arms
outstretch symbolizing selfless
offering oneself to his country.

 Feast of the Black Nazarene was

celebrated in the month of January.

3. Painting.

 Painting is the application of

pigments to a support surface that
establishes an image, design or
decoration. In art the term 4. Dance.
“painting” describes both the act  Dance is the movement of the
and the result. body in a rhythmic way, usually to
music and within a given space,
 Most painting is created with for the purpose of expressing an
pigment in liquid form and applied idea or emotion, releasing energy,
with a brush. Painting as a medium or simply taking delight in the
has survived for thousands of years movement itself.
and is, along with drawing and
sculpture, one of the oldest  Movement with accompaniment
creative media. It’s used in some of music. The art of body
form by cultures around the world. movement that is a tune to a
musical piece, body movement
 Painting media are extremely should be graceful in rhythm with
versatile because they can be accompanying musical piece.
applied to many different surfaces
(called supports) including paper,  Dance is a powerful impulse, but
wood, canvas, plaster, clay, the art of dance is that impulse
lacquer and concrete. channeled by skillful performers
into something that becomes
 Some of the examples of this two- intensely expressive and that may
dimentional art form are Juan delight spectators who feel no wish
Luna’s Spolarium, Mona Lisa by to dance themselves.
Leonardo da Vinci and The
Fishermen by Ang Kiukok among  These two concepts of the art of
others. dance—dance as a powerful
impulse and dance as a skillfully
choreographed art practiced
largely by a professional few—are
the two most important
connecting ideas running through
any consideration of the subject.
 In dance, the connection
between the two concepts is
stronger than in some other arts,
and neither can exist without the
other. dance is an art form or
activity that utilizes the body and
the range of movement of which
the body is capable.

 Some of the examples of this art

form are the folk dances of the
Philippines like Tinikling and Subli,
ballet, and modern dances to
name a few.

5. Music.
 Music is an art form, and cultural 6. Theater.
activity, whose medium is sound.  Theatre or theater is a
General definitions of music collaborative form of performing
include common elements such as art that uses live performers,
pitch (which governs melody and typically actors or actresses, to
harmony), rhythm (and its present the experience of a real or
associated concepts tempo, imagined event before a live
meter, and articulation), dynamics audience in a specific place, often
(loudness and softness), and the a stage. The performers may
sonic qualities of timbre and communicate this experience to
texture (which are sometimes the audience through
termed the "color" of a musical combinations of gesture, speech,
sound). song, music, and dance.

 Different styles or types of music  Elements of art, such as painted

may emphasize, de-emphasize or scenery and stagecraft such as
omit some of these elements. lighting are used to enhance the
physicality, presence and
 Music is performed with a vast immediacy of the experience. The
range of instruments and vocal participation of the viewer is an
techniques ranging from singing to important element in theater arts
rapping; there are solely
instrumental pieces, solely vocal  Some genres of theater include
pieces (such as songs without drama, musical tragedy, comedy,
instrumental accompaniment) and and improvisation.
pieces that combine singing and
instruments.  The specific place of the
performance is also named by the
 Some of the examples which may word "theatre" as derived from the
be associated with music are the Ancient Greek théatron, "a place
Philippine folk songs and the for viewing", itself from theáomai,
produced popular music of Filipino "to see", "to watch", "to observe".
singers like Sarah Geronimo and Modern theatre includes
Gary Valenciano to name a few. performances of plays and musical
theatre.
 This is an art of sound expressed to
a song through the use of  The art forms of ballet and opera
instruments or a combination of are also theatre and use many
both. It should be expressed conventions such as acting,
rhythm, harmony, and melody that costumes and staging. They were
is suiting or appeals to the tastes of influential to the development of
its audience. musical theatre.
 Some examples of theatrical and Stupid is Forever by the late
presentations are the following: Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago.
Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s
Dream and Romeo and Juliet,
Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables and
the local theatrical presentations
of Noli Me Tangere and chosen
zarzuelas and moro-moro
performances.

7. Literature.
 Literature, most generically, is
anybody or collection of written
The art forms may be classified as visual arts and
work.
performing arts. Visual arts are those which are
 Art of using words to express
felt by the senses which includes sculpture,
thoughts ideas and feelings
painting and architecture.
 More restrictively, literature refers to Music, Dance and Theater are under the
writing considered to be an art performance arts category. Literature may be
form or any single writing deemed visual or performance depending upon the
to have artistic or intellectual manner as to how it shall be presented.
value, and sometimes deploys
language in ways that differ from At present, there are other emerging art forms
ordinary usage. that have evolved. These art forms are digital
arts which includes photography and installation
 Literature is classified according to arts.
whether it is fiction or nonfiction,
and whether it is poetry or prose.
APPRECIATING THE ARTS
 The previous pages of this module have
 Fiction can be further distinguished given you a rundown of the basics of art
according to major forms such as appreciation and the key points as to how
the novel, short story, or drama; one will be keen in understanding a certain
and such works are often artwork or other forms of artistic
categorized according to historical presentation.
periods or their adherence to
certain aesthetic or genre.  This study of the arts is aimed at engaging
the audience/learners to have a
 Literature may be in any form such relationship with the work that would make
as poetry, novel, short story, essay, them understand art not only itself but from
epic and legends among others. the view of the artist, the period, the
Literature may be oral or written culture, and the society in which it was
and are also sometimes meant to created.
be performed before an
audience.  The aim of making the students learn to
appreciate the arts is primarily to get the
 Some examples of this literary learner an engaging relationship with a
pieces are The Woman Who Had particular art work and for one to
Two Navels by Nick Joaquin, Po-on understand the meaning behind an artistic
by F. Sionil Jose, Myths, Legends creation, the messages that it would want
and Folktales by Maximo D. Ramos to convey to its viewers and to appreciate
one’s product of art should one will be what meets the eye and open our mind to
compelled to produce or make one. the views of others. Art is here to stay. It is a
person’s history and legacy which is an
ultimate proof that his personal experiences
 In so doing, here are a few pointers as to can be articulated and his immortality can
how art appreciation may be applied by a be defined.
learner

1. Give a good physical description of the

artwork based on their knowledge of art
Lesson 2
elements and materials;
Subject and Content
2. Analyze the artwork in terms of what
It is said to be that the primary stage in
the artist wants his work to represent and
engaging with art is its Perception. Looking at Art
the learner’s subjective reaction to the
is must like an instance of taking in information or
works which includes their thoughts and
stimulus that originates from the world around us.
feelings; Art critique meaning who
For most art Forms the beginning of
analyzes artwork
engagement is through looking at the artwork.
3. Perceive the art work in the context of
It starts with our eyes, the start of engagement to
its history. This would enlighten the
the arts. It starts with how we see things around
learners of the artist’s intention in doing
us, particularly, the artwork.
the work and add to the understanding
of the meaning the work is supposed to
convey;
The term Subject in arts refers to the main idea
4. Give meaning to the artwork based on that is represented in the artwork. The Subject in
its description, analysis and context; and art is basically the essence of the piece.
5. Judge the artwork as to whether it is To determine subject matter in a particular
good or bad based on the learner’s piece of art, one may be guided by the
perception of it and its aesthetic and questions: What is actually depicted in this
cultural value. artwork? What is the artist trying to express to the
world... What is his or her message? And how are
 Art is not meant to be looked at only for
they conveying that message?
what it is. It is meant to stimulate thought
because it allows viewers to draw their own
emotions and pull from their personal
experiences when viewed. It is very powerful In artwork, the subject matter would be what
in this way and it naturally develops critical the artist has chosen to paint, draw or sculpt.
and innovative thinking skills. Art also The subject matter or topic is entirely up to the
teaches many important qualities such as artist. Art is really liberating in that sense. It allows
listening, observing and responding to you to say whatever you want to say. Whether
multiple perspectives. Having an the message is understood by others is another
appreciation for art also helps us to develop story, and whether the artist discloses the
an appreciation for each other and how we meaning of it or not is also a personal choice.
are all unique in our own way. Some artists don't like to assign a strict
explanation of their art so that they are not
 For many people, art is meant to express imposing on the viewer’s own narrative and
something that we ourselves feel unable to concept of the work.
express or convey. Through its visual medium
it evokes feelings of joy, sadness, anger and
pain. That is why art appreciation is so That allows it to be more reflective or interactive
important in bringing that one final element if you like. It is nice to contemplate something
to complete the work, and that is our without being told what it is. Of course there are
interpretation. Our perspective brings the some symbols that are archetypal and
artwork to life as it changes for every person commonly understood/interpreted by humanity
around it. It is important to foster art in the same way. Therefore symbols can be very
appreciation and analysis, as it helps us powerful when trying to convey a specific idea.
value the art in how it appeals to us and Other times one doesn't have a fixed idea when
what it means to each person. It delves into creating. Sometimes if I don't have a particular
the history and the story behind the art, as subject I just start to paint with no plan. It is a bit
well as a look into the lives of the artists. It like meditation because through that process I
enables one to critically analyze a work, am outside myself viewing the process
along lines of design, mastery and remotely...or that is how I can best describe the
techniques. Most importantly, however, art experience anyway. I just let my subconscious
appreciation stimulates thought and work away starting with patterns and letting the
analysis, provokes an individual to look past colors and shapes suggest forms to me as I go
and then the painting reveals itself to me. It is fun Mimesis- imitation or mimicry
because it is a surprise to me also
Can be related to Abstract Paintings but
Representational art and Non-representational abstract painting does not automatically fall in
Non-representational art because there is a
Some artworks have subjects and some do not.
spectrum (level of art) to determine whether
The art pieces which use a specific subject is
they are representational or non-
called Representational art or Objective art
representational
(sometimes it is also called Figurative Art);
Generally, we can look at non-representational
While those that have no subjects are called
art as the personal expression of an artist's
Non-representational or Non-objective art.
subjective experience. Certain movements
have described their intentions as an aim to
evoke moods or emotions in the viewer.
Representational art refers to art which
represents something, whether that be a tree in All terms: Abstract art, nonfigurative art, non-
a landscape, apple in a still life, or figure in a objective art, and nonrepresentational art are
portrait. Or in other words, it is art which is clearly related terms that indicate a departure from
identifiable as something which already exists in reality in the depiction of imagery in art.
life.
Meaning in nonrepresentational art is highly
Representational art does not need to be a subjective and can be difficult to define (based
completely realistic depiction of the subject; on Artists’ mood or emotion).
there will often be varying levels of abstraction
We can focus on the elements of the artwork
Representational Art is a term that generally (form, shape, line, color, space, and texture) in
refers to a painting or sculpture that is clearly terms of the aesthetic value of the work, but the
recognizable for what it claims to be meaning will always be personal to the viewer
unless the artist has made a statement about his
It references images such as a human form or a or her intentions.
tree, and although these images may not
always be portrayed as true to life in color or Examples for nonrepresentational art are Lines,
position, they are still recognizable to the viewer brightness of colors, diin ng pagpaint

Representational Art depicts any identifiable  Examples of non-representational Art works

object or series of objects and their physical
appearance in reality

It is also referred to as Figurative Art, being that it

is derived from real object sources. Oftentimes,
representational artists act as observers, and
interpret what they see in their own way through
their work

 Examples of Representational Art works

Composition VIII by Wassily Kandinski

Planting Rice by Fernando Amorsolo

Composition VII by Wassily Kandinski

The Sources of Subject

A learner, most of the time, may imagine as to

Non-representational or non-objective art- on where an artist gets his inspiration from with
the other hand, refers to compositions which do regard to how he produces a certain
not rely on representation or mimesis to any masterpiece.
extent.
It is noteworthy to remember that artists are 4. Legends.
unique both in personal experiences and human  Artworks based on legends present to
attributes hence their differences in the manner viewers of the art something tangible
of creating art pieces or in producing art works. even when unverified. Art brings life to
these stories.
 Tangible-identifiable, recognizable
Sources of the Artist’s inspirations for their even without of it happening in real life
work:  Examples of legends are Excalibur and
Si Malakas at Maganda (Gohan sht)
1. Nature.
 Nature, in the broadest sense, is
equivalent to the natural world,
physical universe, material world or
material universe.
 “Nature” refers to the phenomena of
the physical world, and also to life in
general.”
 It is considered the most commonly
used source of art

2. People.
 They are considered the most
interesting subject of an artwork which
may be real or imagined
 An artist’s thoughts, moods and even
the genre of a certain art work may be 5. Religion.
depicted by people by means of clues  Religion-has played an enormous role
as takeaways. in inspiring works of visual arts, music,
 People as subjects may be presented architecture and literature through
as individuals or groups and may ages.
perform tasks as how they do in their  Artists used as inspiration the religious
everyday life. texts as the Bible, Quran and Torah in
 Can be individual or group of people conveying their ideas and beliefs
through their art works.
3. History.  It was also established that art is
 It is the depiction of factual events that considered the handmaid of religion.
occurred in the past whose purpose is  Example of Religion Artwork
either to remember important events
of long ago or to teach the learners
about the lessons of the past
 Some of the examples of art works
with history as source of inspiration
are as follows:

The Last Supper- depicted from the

Bible. Before the death of Jesus Christ
-Originally made by
Leonardo Da Vinci

6. Mythology.
 These are sources of subjects that
Bonifacio Monument by Guillermo Tolentino come from the stories of gods and
goddesses of Ancient Greece, Rome,
Norse and Egyptians.
 These so called deities of the
mythological world depict present
humanlike behaviours.
 Example of Mythology Artwork

The Making of the Philippine Flag by Fernando

Amorsolo
<- Medusa
7. Dreams and Fantasy. Ways of Presenting the Subject
 The wonder of the unconscious is what
After the artist has decided on the source of
is being expressed by art works under
the subject of his artwork, he is now ready to
this subject source.
identify the method of how he wants his art
 These works of art somehow explain to
work to be presented to his viewers.
the viewers the content of the art
piece including the hidden meaning
Their choice of a method may depend
behind each work.
upon his expertise, exposure to certain art
 The unconscious is being made to be
pieces or simply of his personal preferences.
understood by this source of subject
 Example of Dreams and Fantasy
The following are some of the methods or
Artwork
ways on how an artist presents his subject to
his audience.

1. Naturalism.
 Naturalism in art refers to the depiction
of realistic objects in a natural setting.
 Naturalism is a type of art that pays
attention to very accurate and precise
details, and portrays things as they are
 Artworks in naturalism always depict
pieces showing the idealized human
form.
Persistence of Memory  One would immediately recognize that
these images were imitated from the
 Example of Dreams (Inventions) human form.
 Sewing machine was invented  Similar to the superheroes of today’s
through dreams. The creator was comic books and films, these figures
being chased by a cannibal with were made almost perfect to imbue
a spear with a hole at the end them with a greater degree of stature
(needle) and significance worthy of
 Theory of Relativity was also from superbeings.
a dream of Einstein  In this way, the imagery did not focus
 Periodic Table started from a on the specific attributes of an
dream, symbols from the Periodic individual but on the more universal
table appeared in his dream characteristics of the human form as is
accepted by the culture of the day
8. Technology.
 The modernity of the present is also an 2. Realism.
inspiration being used by artists as a  Realism in the arts is generally the
source of subject. attempt to represent subject matter
 The wondrous use of machines, the truthfully, without artificiality and
towering skyscrapers, state of the art avoiding speculative fiction and
robotics technology, top of the line supernatural elements.
transportation machineries as cars,  Realism has been prevalent in the arts
ships and motorcycles to name a few at many periods, and can be in large
are sources of subjects of interest under part a matter of technique and
technology. training, and the avoidance of
 Example of Technology Artwork: stylization
 Realism is the most popular way of
presenting art subjects.

Difference of Realism and Stylization

On Naturalism, uses technique and stylization,

uses artificiality and related to fiction but
representing true scenarios in the world but not
exact (superheroes, nature?) whereas Realism
represents truthfully without artificiality, avoiding
speculative fiction, and supernatural elements.

Realists try to be as objective as possible in their

subject presentation, a work of art is realistic
Humanity Drowning in Technology by when the presentation and organization of
Elizabeth Elkin details in the work seems so real just like a
photograph
There may be artworks in realism that we  Example of Elongation:
debate whether it is a photograph or an
artwork.

3. Abstraction.
 Abstraction finds its roots in ‘intuition’
(of the artist) and ‘freedom’ (for the
artist as well as for the viewer).
 It is the capability of the artist to use
their imagination to look beyond what
we can physically see and translate High Aspirations by Ernie Barnes
intangible emotions onto the canvas.
 It is also the ability of the audience to  3.) Mangling.
then try to connect to the artist’s  Artists show the subject as cut,
intention and free their own mind of lacerated, mutilated or hacked
visual restrictions. with repeated blows.
 While realism pays attention to every  Example of Mangling:
tiny fold or wrinkle, abstraction gives
the artist the freedom to trust their
intuition to create art that is equally
worthy of an audience.
 This is a method of presenting the
subject where the artist moves away
from reality.
 The artist usually alters the shapes and
colors in rendering a particular art
piece.
The Weeping Woman by Pablo Picasso
 Abstraction may be in these forms:
 4.) Cubism.
 1.) Distortion.
 This is the presentation of
 Distortion is the alteration of the
abstract figures through the use
original shape (or other
of a cone, cylinder, sphere,
characteristic) of something.
triangle, square, cube and circle
 In the art world, a distortion is
in place of real pictorial
any change made by an artist
elements.
to the size, shape or visual
 Presented through basic
character of a form to express
geometric shape often
an idea, convey a feeling or
described as pieces of fractured
enhance visual impact
glass
 It is manifested when the subject
 Example of Distortion:
was misshapen or twisted out,
this is done to dramatize the
shape of the figure or to create
a dramatic or emotional effect.
 Example of Distortion:

Factory, Horta de Ebbo' by Pablo

Picasso
 Artworks in Roman Catholic
Churches
Art pieces of Henrietta Harris
4. Symbolism.
 2.) Elongation.  This is the use of a visible sign of an
 Elongation is when the art idea to convey to the viewers, readers
subject is lengthened, or audiences the message of his work.
protracted or extended. In this way, mystery is advocated by
 Elongation is much abnormal an art work making it more interesting
than distortion to the viewers.
 The key to eliciting symbolic art  Intentionally disrespectful or ways of
involves studying the background and presenting arts
personality of the artist and his  Example of Dadaism:
inspiration in producing the said piece
of work.
 Example of Symbolism:

Fountain by Michael Duchamp

In the sense of disrespecting of
(Mysterious Eyebrow, hands, background) presentation of Urination
Mona Lisa by Da Vinci  Example of Dadaism:

5. Fauvism.
 Fauvism is the name applied to the
work produced by a group of artists
(which included Henri Matisse and
André Derain) from around 1905 to
1910, which is characterised by strong
colours and fierce brushwork
 (Origin)The name les fauves (‘the wild
beasts’) was coined by the critic Louis
Vauxcelles when he saw the work of Mona Lisa with a Moustache
Henri Matisse and André Derain in an
exhibition, the salon d’automne in 7. Futurism.
Paris, in 1905  This was developed in Italy about the
 It emphasizes spontaneity and use of same time as cubism appeared in
extreme bright color. They use bright France.
colors that did not reflect reality  Futurist painters wanted their works to
applied to a surface. capture the mechanical energy of
 For example, they present would modern life.
leaves as orange, sky as yellow  Possible outcomes of Earth such as
 Example of Fauvism: Economy
 Example of Futurism:

The Futuristic Art of NASA

8. Surrealism
6. Dadaism.  This method mirrors the evils of the
 Dadaism is a protest movement in the present society.
art that is playful and experimental.  Surrealism means super realism,
 “Dada” means a “hobby horse”. influenced by Freudian psychology
 Dadaism is most often nonsensical. which emphasizes the activities of the
 Marcel Duchamp is the famous subconscious state of the mind.
painter using this method.  The art movement began in Paris in
 It is considered a revolt against 1924 by the French poet Andre Breton.
tradition because it does not follow It emphasized the activities of the
the principles in art and shows the subconscious mind mostly
wickedness of society in its exemplifying violence and cruelty.
presentation.  The surrealist’s aim is to reveal the
 The aim of this method is to shock and deep and ugly part of human nature
provoke its viewers  The subject in this kind of presentation
attempts to show man’s inner mind
and how he my perceive his outside
world.
 Example of Surrealism:

9. Expressionism
 This features art works describing
pathos, morbidity, chaos or even
defeat and was introduced in
Germany from 1900 – 1910.
 Expressionists believe that man needs
spiritual rebirth for him to correct
defects that ruin the society.
 Comes from the word “Expression”,
expression of your emotion, moods.
 Most dramatic way of presenting Art
 Rallying in form of art
 Example of Expressionism:

The Night (Die Nacht) by Max Beckmann

LESSON 3 as both an artistic action and
an idea to be explored.
THE ARTIST AND HIS MEDIUM
o And as the role of production
has shifted in our lives, so have
the ways in which artists have
 This part of Art Appreciation focuses
responded to it.
more on the technical aspect of the
o Though the purpose here is the
course which refers more on the
process of art production
process of creating the art work, the
 The main idea of the process of art
materials and equipment needed, the
production is refers to the making of
techniques applied as well as how to
something
preserve so that it can be appreciated
o With that it is like PASSIVE
and utilized for a long period of time.
because it talks about the
 Previous discussion focus more about
knowledge that you need to
the fundamentals on what art
have before making or creating
expression is and the artistries of art
an art
subject
o With this information the
learner can now proceed to the
A. MEDIUM
more technical subject of art
 When an artist is ready to
appreciation which is “knowing
express himself in art and to
a bit more about the process of
give shape to his vision, his
creating the art work”
first thought would be on what
o The array of materials can be
medium to use.
used, the techniques involve
 Talks about what material to
and the manner in which the
use
work can be preserve and can
 You can choose whatever
be enjoyed and shared with
materials you think will best
others for a long period of time
embodies work in process of
accomplishing it
o As long as the materials
PROCESS OF ART PRODUCTION
will not cause harm to
 It can refer to the making of the environment and to
something, or to a final product, like people then it is fine
a theatrical performance o The best chose of
 It can be the process of bringing a medium and the
song or musical to life or honing that process, materials
work to perfection should be guided by a
o Production might bring out standard of a
images of factory production responsible and
lines, or even the theories of conscientious artist
scientists and philosophers  The idea is that there can be an
after the mind has conceived it influence by a certain
through a certain process consideration of an artist
 Production is at the heart of making choice of medium like the
art. availability of the material, the
o Artists and theorists have long nature and special
acknowledged its importance characteristic of the material
and the idea he wants to o Arrangement of the pieces
communicate influences how the exhibit
 This medium refers to a interpreted by the patrons’
material that an artist uses to viewer
communicate his ideas, o After arranging the pieces,
feelings and imagination the curator then provide
context for each pieces
o This context may be in text
B. TECHNIQUE or any visual and auditory
 The technique of the artwork form place near the object
shows the level of familiarity with that they provide
the medium being manipulated. background clarity to the
 We have different techniques in piece
doing an artwork
 Group artists makes a medium
work to produce effect that other THE DIFFERENT MEDIA OF THE
artist cannot attain by any other VISUAL ARTS
names
 A wise artist knows that he should
not stop learning GRAPHIC OR TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARTS
o He should let himself and
 Two-dimensional arts are like visual
his art evolve in a changing
arts such as painting, drawing
society without sacrificing
 While, three-dimensional arts like
his style and individuality
sculptures
as an artist

A. DRAWING
C. CURATION
 The fundamental skill need in
 Derived from the word “curare”
the visual arts
which means to take care.
 It is a process that involves
managing, overseeing and
DIFFERENT MEDIA FOR DRAWING
assembling or putting together a
presentation or exhibit for some 1. PENCILS
type of artistic collection.  Made of graphite which comes
 In here, he (Curator) is the one in different hardness from soft
who decide on what subject to to hard or thickness from thick
select to be a part of a collection for to needle-like.
exhibit  Pencils regardless of the brand
o After the object have been are usually labelled 2B, 4B, 6B
chosen and gathered, the which indicate the softness of
collection must be cooled or the LEAD
fit within a space in the  The higher the number B, the
gallery softer the lead and the darker
o The purpose of this is to the tone and line it can create
make sure that works are
arrange and make a sense
and thus give the exhibit a
holistic presentation
SHADING TECHNIQUES  Also called SMUDGING
a. HATCHING
 A series of thin parallel lines
that run in the same direction
 One direction (parallel lines)

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

b. CROSS-HATCHING
 A series of thin parallel lines
and crisscrossing it with
another set of tin parallel lines
 Crisscrossing in which the two-
line meet each other and form
cross

c. STIPPLING
 Uses the sharp point of the
pencil to make dot patterns in
some parts of the drawing.
 Dot patterns
 Requires too much effort

d. BLENDING
 May be accomplished by using
the finger or a paper stump to
gradually change the tone from
dark to light.
 To make it more realistic
 Drawing using graphite pencil as a
finish product are best done using
crepe paper, or paper with some
surface texture
 Like vellum board

2. INK
 It is one of the oldest materials
for drawing that is still in use.  An artist who is comfortable in using
 It allows for a great variety of pastel as a mastery of the skill needed to
qualities, depending on the manipulate this medium
tools and technique used in the
application.
 PEN AND INK DRAWING are THREE KINDS OF PASTEL
characterized by control and
uniform lines a. SOFT PASTEL
 While when PENCIL you can b. HARD PASTEL ard Pastel
modified it when needed c. OIL PASTEL il Pastel
 INK is used in making the
beautiful hand writing
produced in calligraphy which PASTEL TECHNIQUES
itself is an art a. STIPPLING
 Using pastel of different colors
to produce small marks, thus,
creating a pattern.

3. PASTEL b. FEATHERING
 This is composed of dry  Using the point of the pastel to
pigment held together by a make parallel strokes creating
gum binder and compressed a feather-like effect.
into sticks.  Apply single or multiple color
in single direction
4. CHARCOAL
c. SCUMBLING  An organic medium that comes
 It is like layering but using from burnt wood.
pastel.
 The side of the pastel is lightly
drawn on top of an existing
color but still making the color
of the first layer visible.

TWO KINDS OF CHARCOAL

a. COMPRESSED CHARCOAL
 The vine charcoal which comes
in thin sticks that is easy to
blend and erase.

b. MANUFACTURED CHARCOAL
 Made from loose charcoal
d. IMPASTO mixed with a binder and
 The technique of thickly pressed into sticks.
applying the pastel by pressing
it hard on the paper creating
an opaque effect. 5. PAPER
 The most common surface used
in two-dimensional art.
 The most commonly used art
for water color

THREE TYPES OF PAPER

a. HOT-PRESSED PAPER
e. SGRAFFITO  Smooth
 Technique that applies a thick
deposit of pastel on the support b. COLD-PRESSED PAPER
then using a blunt pen, scrapes  Has moderate texture
it off to reveal the underlying
color. c. ROUGH PAPER
 Has the most texture (tooth)
B. PAINTING c. OIL PAINTS
 It is the process of applying  Pigments are mixed with oil as
paint onto a smooth surface its binder. It is a dense
(ground/support) like paper, painting medium and gives
cloth, canvas, wood or plaster. rich, beautiful colors.
 Discovered by a Flemish
painter, Jan Van Eyck in the
1) PIGMENT 15th century when he
 Part of the paint that gives suspended color, pigment in
color. clean seed oil
 It is a coin powder which was  The ideal surface for all pens
grounded from clay, stone, are canvas and wood
mineral, vegetable matter or  The painter can apply all pen
produced by a chemical process int____ of smooth subtle stroke
or thick in pasto to produce a
rough surface which give the
work/element of texture
 OIL PENS is a dense painting
medium and give its beautiful
colors
o It is a flexible medium
that is slow to dry which
allows the painting to be
2) DIFFERENT MEDIA FOR change and work over
PAINTING period dry completely
o All painting take at least
a. WATERCOLOR 3 days to dry depending
 Pigments are mixed with water on the thickness of paint
and applied to paper o A coat of varnish is
applied to protect the
paint after it dries

b. GOUACHE d. TEMPERA
 The pigment has been mixed  Pigment is mixed with egg yolk
with water and added with a (sometimes with the white) as
chalk-like material to give it an binder.
opaque effect.
e. FRESCO
 Pigment is mixed with water
and applied on a portion of the
wall with wet plaster.
 It is used for mural paintings.
 larger

4) COLLAGE
f. ACRYLIC  Derived from a French word
 Modern medium with “coller” which means to stick.
synthetic paint using acrylic  This is a technique of making
emulsion as binder. art by gluing or pasting on firm
support materials or found
objects.
 Pictures are combined to create
an artwork

3) MOSAIC
 Wall or floor decorations made
of small tiles or irregularly cut
pieces of colored stones or glass
called tesserae 5) PRINTMAKING
 The most beautiful mosaic is  Process used for making
formed in churches and reproductions of graphic
buildings works.
 Mosaic cannot be move  Allows for the repeated
 For classroom art however, it transfer of a master image
can be done with paper or card from a printing plate (matrix)
board using seed, egg shell, art onto a surface
paper, glue, pattern/drawing
c. SURFACE PRINTING (FLAT)
 Includes all processes in which
printing is done from a flat
surface.
 Most common among the three
 Silk screen printing
 Pagtatatak ng damit
PRINTMAKING TECNIQUES  The combination of relief and
intaglio printing is the surface
a. RELIEF PAINTING (RAISED)
printing
 The oldest method of
printmaking.
 The technique involves cutting
away certain parts of the
surface and leaving the ‘raised’
part to produce the image.
 common
 Nakalitaw
 Like: soap (uukitin to create Fighting 
art) - AD 💕

b. INTAGLIO PRINTING
(DEPRESSED)
 Instead of the surface of the
plate for the image, the lines of
the image are cut or incised to
a metal plate
 Most complex among the three
 Binabakat
II. Plastic or Three-Dimensional Arts

A. Sculpture
Originated from the Latin word “sculpere” which means to carve. It is defined as the art
or practice of creating three-dimensional forms or figures.

a. 3 Kinds of Sculptures:
1. Freestanding- Sculptures which can be viewed from all sides.

2. Relief- Sculptures in which the figures project from a background.

Two Variations of Relief Sculpture:

✔ Low Relief (bas relief)- Figures are slightly raised/projected from its
background.
✔ High Relief- Almost half of the figures project from its background, more
shadows are created.
4. Kinetic (mobile)- A sculpture that is capable of movement by wind, water or
other forms of energy.

Lesson 3 - The Process of Creating Sculptures

A. Subtractive Process
Involves removing or cutting away pieces of the material to form the figure.
B. Additive Process
The process involves the construction of a figure by putting together bits of the material
or by welding together metal parts to create figures.
C. Process of Substitution
This process is also known as casting. This method involves using a mold to produce a
3D figure in another material.
D. Different Media of Sculpture:
a. Stone- A natural medium. Hard and relatively permanent.
b. Wood- Also a natural medium. It varies in hardness and durability depending on
the kind of tree it came from.
c. Metal- It has three unique qualities: tensile strength, ductility and malleability.
d. Plaster- It is finely ground gypsum mixed with water and poured into mold.
e. Terra cotta (cooked earth)- Baked clay or clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high
temperature.
f. Glass- Made by heating and cooling a combination of sand and soda lime.
g. Plastic- Synthetic medium made from organic polymers.

Lesson 4 - Architecture
Art of designing buildings and other structures which will serve a definite function.

A. Construction Principles
a. Post and Lintel- Makes use of two vertical supports (post) and spanned by a
horizontal beam (lintel). It was invented by the Greeks.
b. Arch- A Roman invention that consists of separate pieces of wedge-shaped
blocks called voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle.
i. Structures that can be Built from the Principle of Arch:
✔ Barrel Vault- A succession of arches.
✔ Groin Vault- A structure that is formed by intersecting arches resulting in four
openings.
✔ Dome- Structure with the shape of an inverted cup.
c. Truss- System of triangular forms assembled to form a rigid framework.
d. Cantilever- A structure that makes use of a beam or slab that extends horizontally
into space beyond its supporting post.
e. Buttress- A structure that is built as a support for the wall.

Lesson 5 - Media of Architecture

A. Compressive Strength- Refers to those materials that can support heavy weights
without crumbling or breaking down.
B. Materials that are used for Creating Building and Infrastructures:
a. Stones and Bricks- Stones are favored over other materials for its durability,
adaptability to sculptural treatment and its use for building simple structures in its natural
state.
b. Lumber (wood)- All parts of a building can be constructed using wood except
the foundations.
c. Iron and Steel- Provide stronger and taller structures with less use of material
when compared to stone or wood.
d. Concrete- Mixture of cement and water, with aggregates of sand and gravel.

Lesson 6 - Literature and the Combined Arts

A. Literature
Art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms which have
artistic and emotional appeal.

B. Types of Literature
a. Poetry- It used to follow strict rules s to the number and length of lines and
stanzas but in recent years they have become more free-flowing
b. Fiction- Written work that is not real and which uses elaborate figurative
language.
c. Non-fiction- Subject matter comes from real life.
d. Drama- Includes all plays or any written works that are meant to be performed.
Lesson 7 - Music, Media in Music, some Genres of Music
A. Music
Defined as the art of combining and regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce
compositions that express various ideas and feelings.

B. Media in Music
a. Vocal Medium- The oldest and most popular medium for music is the human
voice.
i. Classification of Human Voice (Komien,2008):
✔ Soprano- Highest female singing voice.
✔ Contralto- Female singing voice that is low and rich in quality.
✔ Tenor- Highest adult male singing voice.
✔ Bass- Male singing voice that is low and rich in quality.
✔ Baritone- Male singing voice that is between tenor and bass.
b. Instrumental Medium- Materials that produce/create sound
i. Traditional Instruments of Music:
✔ String Instruments- Provide basic orchestral sounds. Two kinds are: Bowed
strings that produce tones by means of a bow of horse hair and Plucked strings that
produce tones by plucking the strings with a finger or with a plectrum held in one’s hand.
✔ Woodwind Instruments- Create sounds by blowing into them.
✔ Brass Instruments- Have cup-shaped mouthpieces and expands into a bellshaped
end.
✔ Percussion Instruments- Makes sound by hitting them.
✔ Keyboard Instruments- Make sound by means of a keyboard which consist of a
series of black and white keys.
C. Some Genres of Music:
a. Classical Music- European tradition that covered the years of 1750 to 1830.
Forms such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata were standardized.
b. Folk Music- Originated in the traditional popular culture or is written in such a style.
c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is inspired in the tradition of rock and roll.
d. Jazz- Originated in the African-American communities in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.
e. Blues- Originated from the African Americans in the deep South of the United States
in the late 19th Century.
f. Rock Music- Form of popular music that evolved from rock and roll and pop music.
g. Alternative Music- A style of rock music that emerged from the independent music of
the 1980s and gained popularity in the 1990s.

Lesson 8 - Dance, Types of Dance

A. Dance
Is said to be the oldest of the arts. It is the man’s gestures that express emotions through
rhythmic movements.

B. Types of Dance:
a. Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes folk dances associated with national and/or cultural
groups.
b. Social or Ballroom- Type of dancing that are generally performed in pairs.
c. Ballet- Originated in the royal courts of the Medieval era.
d. Social or Ballroom- Sometimes called contemporary or interpretative dances.
They represent rebellion against the classical formalism of ballet.
e. Musical Comedy (musicale)- Refers to those dances performed by one dancer or
a group of dancers.
Lesson 9 - Drama and Theatre and Genres of Drama

A. Drama
Genre of literature that is intended to be acted-out or performed on stage in front of an
audience.
B. Theatre
Combined art that includes music, dance, painting, sculpture, and architecture.
C. Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000):
a. Tragedy- literature’s greatest dramatic genre.
b. Melodrama- Emphasizes the never ending battle between good and evil wherein
good always wins.
c. Comedy- Exact opposite of tragedy.
d. Satire- Portrays human weakness and criticized human behavior to pave the path
to some form of salvation for human actions.
e. Farce- Light humorous play in which the emphasis is on the jokes, humorous
physical action, exaggerated situations and improbable characters.

Lesson 10 - Cinema, Genres of Motion Pictures and People Behind Motion

Pictures
A. Cinema
Series of images that are projected onto a screen to create the illusion of motion.
B. Genres of Motion Pictures:
a. Feature Films- Commonly shown in movie theaters.
b. Animated movies- Use images created by artists/ animators.
c. Documentary movies- deal primarily with facts, not fiction.

d. Experimental films- Sequence of images, literal or abstract, which do not

necessarily form a narrative.
e. Educational Films- Specifically intended to facilitate learning at home or
classrooms.
C. People Behind a Motion Picture
a. Actors- Play the roles of the characters.
b. Producer- handles finances.
c. Screenwriter- develops stories and ideas for the screen or adapts interesting
written pieces of work as motion pictures.
d. Director- Studies the script, plans and visualizes how the film should be
portrayed and guides the actors and the production crew as they carry out the project.
LESSON 4 ELEMENTS OF ART: Visual
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART  To enumerate the elements of the art
and design are the following:
1. Line
 This unit presents the importance of 2. Shape and form
the different elements of the art 3. Space
mediums that make up the holistic 4. Color and Texture
character and qualities of the art
work.
 The discussions will focus on how the 1. LINE
elements and the different basic  A line can be defined in several ways:
principles can merge and effectively  It is a path made by a moving point; a
create a particularly organized art series of dots; a prolongation of points
piece. or according to Paul Klee is a dot that
 The idea of elements and principle of went for a walk.
art is that it was being related to  One definition of a line, however, that
scientific preference in which the captures its essence in the visual arts
element of arts is connected or is it being an intended mark made by
illustrated to atoms (a building blocks the artist to convey meaning beyond
of matter) its physical description.
o Through combination of atoms, o Intentionally
variety of formations are being  Line refers to a point moving up an
formed identifiable path and it has length
o For example, together in a and direction
variety of combination of
formation, they have the
ability to create molecules such KINDS OF LINES
as water or the more complex
 There are different kinds of line
____
 Although a line is simple, it has
o Atoms are related to elements
variation in view of its orientation,
and principle of arts
direction, shape and thickness
o It must be underscored
 This variation imports not only the
however that own word of art
visual elements into the artwork but
requires all element to be
suggest meaning or message being
present
conveyed by the artist
o Some art form also necessity
some of the element as they are
A. STRAIGHT LINES
inherent in the very nature of
them  are geometric, impersonal and
 Like sculpture have differ in the direction that they
already the following take.
element with/without  The straight lines may move from
the decision of the artist left to right, start from the top
to include them going down, slant or move up and
down forming angles.
 Whatever is the direction, each
kind indicates a specific type of
emotion.
i. HORIZONTAL LINES i.e. to move forward
 move from left to and act.
right or vice versa.  On the negative, it
 It is a line that conveys a feeling of
appears to be laying uncertainty, stress
down. and defeat
 Allowed the position
of a reclined body at
rest

iv. ZIGZAG LINES

 Are angular lines
that resulted in
abrupt change in the
ii. VERTICAL LINES direction of a
 start from bottom to straight line thus
top or vice versa. forming angles.
 It is a line that  The lines are
appears to be unpleasant and
standing. harsh which portrays
 It promotes elevation tension, conflict,
or height chaos, or violence

ADDITIONAL NOTES:
 Horizontal and vertical lines refers to
the orientation of the line v. CURVED LINES
 Orientation – landscape and portrait  are technically
curvilinear lines.
iii. DIAGONAL LINES  Curve lines suggest
 are slanting lines. grace, movement and
 In the visual art, flexibility indicative
diagonals suggest of life and energy.
two meanings, a  When a curve line
positive and a moves continuously
negative one. in opposite
 On the positive directions, it forms a
diagonals indicate wavy line which
action and movement shows fluidity
because of the  Colors is composed of a series of
gradual change in wavelength which strike the
direction. retina of the eye
 A ray of light contains all of the
colors of a visible spectrum
 ROYGBIV
 The visible spectrum was
discovered by Sir Isaac Newton
when light is allowed to pass
through a glass prism
o Passing white light to a prism
brakes it into a bond of visible
ADDITIONAL NOTES: color like rainbow
 Lines can possess a variety of  The significance of color as an
characteristics, depending on shape, element of the visual arts cannot
density, rhythm, angularity, and the be over emphasized.
material that have produced them.  People see and perceive the world
 Lines may be short or long, fine or as a multitude of colors.
thick, heavy or light, wavy or jagged,  Also the materials used by the
straight or curved. artists possess characteristics of
 As shown in the diagram below color.
(alphabet of lines).  Color adds beauty and meaning to
 No matter what type of line it is, it all forms of art.
always has direction  The world would be a gloomy place
if it is devoid of color.

ALPHABET OF LINES

PROPERTIES OF COLORS

A. HUE
 It is the name given to the color,
for example; red, green, violet and
blue.
2. PROPERTIES OF COLOR AND HOW
COLORS RELATE AND LIGHT AND
i. PRIMARY HUES
SHADOW
 For pigments, RED,
YELLOW and BLUE are
 COLOR
called primary hues.
 Colors is a property of light, so  They are considered
when light goes out, colors goes primary because these hues
with it
cannot be produced from
combining any hues.
feeling or in establishing a scene
ii. SECONDARY HUES (day or night)
 When two primary hues are  dilim
mixed in equal amounts,
secondary hues are
produced. i. SHADE
 These are ORANGE,  When black is combined
GREEN and VIOLET with hue.
 maroon
iii. INTERMEDIATE HUES
 Mixing equal amounts of ii. TINT
the primary and secondary  When white is added
hues produces intermediate with hue.
hues which are RED  pink
ORANGE, BLUE GREEN
and BLUE VIOLET
C. INTENSITY
 denotes the brightness or dullness
iv. TERTIARY HUES of a color.
 Combining in equal  It gives color its strength.
mixture any two  Colors differ in intensity or
secondary hues vividness.
produces the tertiary  linaw
hues
i. Hues become less intense (dull)
when white is added because
color becomes lighter in value.

ii. The hues’ intensity diminishes

when black is added and as the
value darkens.

iii. If gray is added, the result will

be a variation in intensity
without any change in value.

COLORS DIFFER IN INTENSITY OR

B. VALUE VIVIDNESS
 refers to the lightness or darkness
of a color.
 The value of any hues can be a) Bright or warm colors – positive
changed by adding a neutral such energy
as black or white.
 This results in changing the b) Dull or cool colors – sedate/soothing,
quantity of light the hue reflects. seriousness or calm
 This is used by artist to create the
illusion of death and solidity, a
particular mood, communicate a
HOW COLORS RELATE d) COLOR TEMPERATURE
 refers to the relative warmth or
COLOR HARMONY
coolness of a color.
 is one method of establishing color  Warm colors are colors that
quality in a composition. There are have YELLOW as its dominant
several ways of creating harmony component while cool colors
that an artist can use. The most have blue as their dominant
common are the following: component

e) LIGHT AND SHADOW (VALUE)

a) MONOCHROMATIC HARMONY  Light and shadow focuses on
 When a single color in the what is known as achromatic
composition is varied in value.
intensity and value by adding  This refers to the changes in
white or black. the amount of reflected light
which ranges from black to
gray to white and vice versa.
 An artist who has mastered the
manipulation of achromatic
value in a composition gives his
work the illusion of depth and
b) COMPLEMENTARY HARMONY form.
 results when two colors that
are opposite each other in the
color wheel are placed side by
side.
 Magkatapat

c) ANALOGOES HARMONY
 results when hues that are f) CHIAROSCURO
adjacent or beside each other in  is the technique of
the color wheel is used in a manipulating light and
composition. shadow in painting.
 Magkakatabi  Masters who have perfected
the use of this technique are
Da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Rembrandt, and
Caravaggio.
 Rembrandt and Caravaggio
went a step further and
exaggerated the use of
shadows to an extreme  PICTURE PLANE
called tenebrism or “dark  any flat surface onto which the
manner”. artwork is created.
 In the local scene, Fernando
Amorsolo, also mastered  NEGATIVE SHAPES
chiaroscuro, but his focus  these are between the shapes that
was more on the are not occupied by any form.
manipulation of light  Empty shape
rather than shadow.  In painting, these spaces can be as
important as the shapes
themselves.
 In sculpture and architecture, the
shape of the artwork can be
determined by viewing the work
against its background
(Marquardt & Eskilson, 2005).
NIGHT WATCH BY REMBRANDT

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SHAPES

a) NATURAL OR ORGANIC SHAPES

 those are seen in nature like the
shape of leaves, animals,
A BARRIO SCENE BY AMORSOLO mountains, flowers and seashells.

3. SHAPE AND CLASSIFICATION OF

SHAPES

 SHAPE b) ABSTRACT SHAPES

 In visual arts, a shape is formed
 those that have little or no
when two ends of a line meet to
resemblance to natural objects.
enclose an area.
 The area may stand out from the
surface because of a difference in
color, value or texture.
 They may also present themselves
as flat or two-dimensional and
solid or three dimensional on a
picture plane. c) NON-OBJECT OR BIOMORPHIC
 SHAPES
i. TWO DIMENSIONAL SHAPE  seldom have reference to
 Shapes like circle recognizable objects, but most
often show a similarity to some
ii. THREE DIMENSIONAL organic forms.
SHAPE
 Hue, cone, sphere
b. VISUAL TEXTURE
 in such cases where touching the
artwork is not allowed, textured
can be perceived by the eyes.
 In the world of arts, artworks have
to be protected not only because of
their monetary value but for their
d) GEOMETRIC SHAPES historical and aesthetical
 these are triangles, rectangles,  Other painters like Van Gogh
squares, cylinders, cubes apply his paint thickly which gives
the surface the work its actual
texture
 Like impasto

ADDITIONAL NOTE:
 Sculpture and architecture are three-
dimensional forms, which are
identified either by mass or volume.
 When mass is structured or has a
definite shape, it is said to have c. SPACE
volume.  An illusion in the graphic arts.
 The sculptor is concerned with  It is created by techniques that
volume because sculpture occupies add depth and distance to two-
space. dimensional art.
 Single volume is the fundamental  In sculpture and architecture,
unit in sculpture. however, space is actually present.
 Something optical illusion
 Sculpture is a single volume like
4. TEXTURE, METHODS OF CREATING statue
SPACE AND MOVEMENT  Sculpture which have several
volumes like group (bonifacio
a. TEXTURE statue)
 refers to the feel or tactile quality
of the surface of an object.
 It has to do with the characteristic METHOD OF CREATING SPACE
of the surface, whether it is rough a. OVERLAPPING PLANE
or smooth, fine or coarse, polished (INTERPOSITION)
or dull, plain or irregular.  create space when an object covers
 They also add richness and a part of another object which is
vitality in paintings. behind it
 We can see here the richness (of an
arts) and vitality (in painting)
b. RELATIVE SIZE
 objects that appear large/big
indicate nearness and small-sized
objects as distant.
 Aside from creating the illusion of
space, this can also be interpreted
as power and import.
 Figures that occupies more half of ADDITIONAL NOTES:
a picture plate which certainly
appear as overpowering  Color is also used to give the illusion of
distance. Warm colors advance and make
objects look closer while cool colors
recede making objects look farther away.

c. POSITION ON THE PICTURE

PLANE (RELATIVE HEIGHT)
 In some paintings, spatial d. PERSPECTIVE
representation is based upon the  deals with the effect of distance on
position of objects relative to the the appearance of objects. It
bottom of the frame. enables the viewer to perceive
 Those objects found at the bottom distance and to see the position of
of the frame will appear closer to objects in space.
the viewer.
 Farther distances are indicated by i. LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
the positions of the objects higher  give the perception distance by
on the picture plane. means of converging lines. It
 The point of reference is the has to do with the direction of
horizon line which is the line at lines and with the size of
the eye level. objects.
 Relative

A picture plane can be divided into three

parts:
i. FOREGROUND
 the bottom part

ii. MIDDLE GROUND ii. AERIAL PERSPECTIVE

 where the horizon is  the effect of haze, mist or
atmosphere on the object. Near
iii. BACKGROUND objects are seen in detail with
 the topmost part the full intensity of color and as
objects recede, details are lost
and objects appear grayer.
o Mobiles are never stationary
and the sculpture will look
different every time it moves
o Anamorphosis – optical
illusion (hindi
gumagalaw)(stationary) (mag
iiba lang pag ikaw ang
e. SPACE IN SCULPTURE gumalaw)
 may be viewed in two ways: it may
be considered a single solid object
or an assemblage of solids that
exhibits space; or space may be
perceived as it enters into
relations with its surroundings－
extending into it, enveloping it, or
relating across it.
ii. IMPLIED MOVEMENT
 results when a variety of lines are
f. SPACE IN ARCHITECTURE
used together, repeated, change in
 is created and defined by the
position, or decreased/increased in
shape, position, and the materials
size.
employed by the architect.
 This gives the impression of
movement in a stationary two
g. MOVEMENT
dimensional art.
 Over the years, artists of the
visual arts have manipulated the
medium and elements in order to
Fighting 
portray motion in their artworks.
- AD 💕
 They have also experimented on
which techniques to employ to be
able to incorporate in their works
the perception of movement.

TWO WAYS TO PRESENT MOTION OR

MOVEMENT IN THER ART
i. ACTUAL MOVEMENT
 in art, specifically in sculptures
results in kinetic art.
 Actual movements may be
achieved naturally using wind and
water or mechanically through
some energy source (batteries or
electricity).
 The picture below is Alexander
Calder’s The Star (1960)
o Air currents cause his
suspended sculpture to move
o Sculture such as these are
called mobiles
LESSON 5
C. HARMONY
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART
 is the sounding of a series of
PART 2 groups of tones in the same time.
 It may also refer to the pleasing
sound that is produced when two
ELEMENTS OF THE COMBINED ARTS or more notes are played together.
 Concordance results when the
combination of sounds are in
I. ELEMENTS OF MUSIC agreement which makes it sound
good while dissonance results
when the combination is not
A. RHYTHM pleasant to hear.
 is a movement or pattern with  Example: Barbershop quartet,
uniform recurrence of accented need harmony, there’s blending
and accented beat  Example 2: Pentatonix, have
 associated the concept of tempo, harmony
meter, articulation
 there is a measurement, like the D. TIMBRE
beats  is tonal quality or the character of
 Lupang Hinirang beat is 2/4 the tone that is produced by an
 Can also relate to tempo instrument or by the human voice.
 Also define as repetitive pulse of  Timbre allows the listener to
music like pattern distinguish the sound between a
 Pattern of music guitar and a violin for example.
 When we combine PITCH (degree  In the same way, people can be
of highness or lowness of a tone) identified by their voices.
AND MELODY, we can create  A man’s voice sounds different
rhythm from a woman’s voice and an old
person’s voice is different from
B. MELODY that of a child.
 is the succession of tones arranged  Soulful voice – you can distinguish
in such a way as to give it a one’s voice – noticeable voice
musical sense.  It was the color of musical sound,
 It may also refer to the rising and a sound quality
falling of the tune in time  It is what a particular musical
 It is also defined as the succession instrument or human voice have a
of single tone or pitches that are different sound from one another
perceive to be unified even when they play or sing the
 A tune, a linear succession of same note
musical tones that the listener  It is like, it was the unique sound
perceived as single entity wave you create when speaking or
 Melody is the main tune in a piece singing which allows you to be
of music, and it was the most recognize by others (there’s
dominant of all separation of you to others)
 Pagkakilanlan ng boses
E. FORM b. SYMPHONY
 is the structure or the framework  is a sonata for the
of a composition orchestra
 group of instruments
i. VOCAL FORMS plays togteher

a. OPERA F. DYNAMICS
 is a drama set to  is the loudness and softness of the
music complete with sound in music indicated by
actions, costumes symbols to regulate the volume of
and scenery the sound.
 the idea is that there  Connected to volume
is an act
 needs a healthy voice i. PP PIANISSIMO
 Very soft
b. CANTATA  Symbol is PP
 is a religious story
told in music without ii. P PIANO
actions  Soft
 steady then singing
 like in churches iii. MP MEZZO PIANO
 depends on the  Half soft
culture or place  Moderate soft
 Symbol is MP
c. MORO-MORO
 is a Philippine drama
ADDITIONAL: before FF Fortissimo
set to music which
depicts the conflict  MF MEZZO FORTE
between the  Moderate loud
Christians and the
Muslims.  FFORTE
 Like musical act as  Loud
well
 There is a drama and iv. FF FORTISSIMO
music  Very loud

ii. INSTRUMENTAL FORMS v. CRESCENDO

 Gradually becoming louder
a. SANATA
 is a long composition vi. DECRESCENDO
for solo instruments  Gradually becoming softer
(piano, Violin)
 one instrument only
which have
repetitive rhythm
II. ELEMENTS OF DANCE F. DESIGN
 Is the planned organization or
patterns of movement in time and
A. MUSIC space
 plays an important role in the dance  Pattern in time, is provided by
to which it is closely related. rhythm to be executed in space on a
 It should be melodic and harmonious stage or dance floor
and fits into the movements of the
dance. G. COSTUME
 Music motivates the dancers to move  The type of dance performed and the
in tune with its rhythm. costumes worn relate closely to the
 The background music of the dance customs, beliefs, and environment of
functions to captivate the interest the people. Costumes enhance the
and awe of the audience effect of the dance.

B. MOVEMENT
 is how the dancers use their bodies to III. ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
move and create organized patterns.
 Dancers also use gestures which
express specific emotions or ideas in A. DRAMA
sign language.  is basically one of the genres of
literature that is written primarily to
C. CHOREOGRAPHY be performed.
 refers to how the steps and  The performance is done by actors on
movements are connected for it to be stage before a live audience.
performed in an organized manner.
 The choreography guides the dancers’
movements for them to perform the
movement, convey the message and
tell the story through body language.
 There is a pattern to follow
(choreographer)

D. TECHNIQUE
 is the skill of the dancer in executing
B. PLOT
the movements.
 is the overall structure of the play.
 A good dancer has complete control
 It is concerned about what the story
over the muscles of the body thus
is all about.
creating grace and fluidity of
 Traditional plots have a beginning, a
movements
middle, and an ending.
E. THEME
 Is the content or the main ingredients
of the dance
 It tells what the dance is trying to
convey
 It has something to do with the
message of the dance
The Plot progresses through the C. SETTING
following:  Is the locale and period in which the
story takes place.
i. EXPOSITION
 It includes the scenery, props and
 is the part that familiarizes
costumes used in staging
the audience with the
 It is the background of that informs
characters and the
the audience where and when the
situation they are in.
story will take place
 settings or character
 initiate the development of
D. CHARACTERS
the conflict and suggest for
 are the persons involved in the story.
shadowing or presentation
 They may seem real to the audience
of scenes that create a
depending on how the playwright
feeling that something is
structures the dialogues to make the
going about to happen
characters come to life.
 Characters can be the protagonist or
ii. COMPLICATION
the antagonist.
 happens in the middle part
 Protagonist (main) is the character
of the play which develops
from which the story revolves around
the conflict that was started
while the antagonist (challenge
in the exposition.
the main) is the person who
 Where conflict happens
challenges the role of the protagonist.
 Flashback or sometimes
used to enhance the
E. DIALOGUE
characters and shed more
 refers to the words uttered by the
light to the conflict
characters in the story.
 As the conflict developed it
 It what the characters use when
reaches a height called
conversing with each other or when
climax where a turning
expressing his thoughts and
point is expected
emotions.
 There is a transition in the
 Dialogues let the audience know the
drama
kind of character that the actor is
 Transitional period
portraying.
 In drama (flashback)
 There are, however, plays with no
dialogues.
iii. RESOLUTION
 Pantomimes rely heavily on actions,
 Also called the anticlimax
gestures, facial expression and sound
or the part where conditions
effects.
in the story are normalized
and the situation become
F. THEME
stable
 is what the story means. It is how the
 There is a resolution in here
individual elements are put together
 This is a part were a
to give the story significance and
translation happens from a
perspective.
critical event to a resolution
 It relates something about life that is
and the story ends
presented in its totality.
 The theme may be directly or
indirectly stated.
IV. ELEMENTS OF THEATER V. ELEMENTS OF CINEMA (MOTION
PICTURE)
 Theater art is performed live. Its
performance is immediate and once
performed cannot be undone.
 Its magic begins when the curtains
are raised and the stage lights go on.

A. THE PLAYWRIGHT’S
 role is to work out the plot in terms of
the actual actions to be performed
and dialogue to be spoken by actors A. ACTING AND THE STARS
within the limited facilities of the  Acting is the art of portraying or
stage. impersonating a character in the
 Writer’s story.
 The presentation of the playwright’s  A performer during filming should
creativity is called PLAY embody the character he is
 Play is the output portraying.
 The actor’s portrayal must be perfect
B. THE PERFORMERS and complete.
 are the ones who portray the
characters in a play. B. SET AND DIRECTORS
 These are the actors and actresses  should know the setting of the story
and build artificial sets.
C. THE DIRECTOR  The idea is that the settings is exact
 works with the playwright to present to the scene
which is interpreted and translated
into dramatic action C. MUSIC AND MUSICAL DIRECTOR
 the interpretation of the director  Music is indispensable in motion
must be clear pictures.
 looks on how to direct clearly  The musical director is in charge of
selecting, composing new songs,
D. PRODUCTION DESIGN writing orchestration, preparing
 includes the scenery, props, make-up, background music, creating musical
costumes, lights, music, sound and all scores and supervising all recording.
other special effects used in a theater
production. D. COLOR
 It is the collaborative effort of the  in the movies is an innovation in
stage, make up and technical artist to cinematography.
translate into the images the vision of  It costs twice as much as the black
the director and white films. Most films are now
shown in high definition (HD) color.
 1970 (black and white)
E. MAKE-UP, HAIR AND COSTUME
DESIGN
 These people are responsible for
applying the specific type of make-up,
hairstyle and costume to the actors
before they face the camera.
 The way the makeup through
prosthetics (mascara, costumes) is
applied as greatly improved or
increase the level of an art form

F. SOUND, CAMERA AND SPECIAL

EFFECTS TECHNICIANS
 Sound technicians are responsible for
making the dialogue clear and music
of fine quality.
 They make sure that there is no
background noise.
 The use of cameras and the functions
of the special effects technician is
indispensable in cinematography.
 They decide on the use of masking,
the choice of lens, the camera angle
and the control of camera movements.
 Special effects like visual and sound
effects

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LESSON 6 harmony that are used to create
the whole composition.
PRINCIPLES OF ART
 The idea is you can see how it was
made
 Connect materials and techniques
I. PRINCIPLES OF ART
to create a form

THREE KEY ELEMENTS OF THE

VISUAL ARTS 2. CONTENT
 refers to the message the artist wants
 Generally, the visual arts are made-
to convey through his art.
up of three key elements that are
 The message you wanted to give
independent of each of their specific
 It is also the meaning that is
elements. In the appreciation of the
communicated by the artist or an
visual arts, these three elements
artwork
present themselves as:
 Going back to elements of the art
work: we have FORM, SHAPE, LINE, The levels of content are:
COLOR, SPACES AND TEXTURES
a. FACTUAL
 is the literal interpretation of the
1. FORM
work, its images, attributes,
 refers to how specific elements in the
actions and poses.
artwork are organized to produce a
 Obvious meaning
unified whole.
 Like representational object
 It is how the elements, medium and
which is identifiable or
material are put together to create a
recognizable
composition
b. CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
Form is further classified into:  takes into consideration the basic
genres and the figurative
meanings usually indicated by
a. PRIMARY FEATURES familiar signs and symbols and
 This is how the artwork appears to the quality of work.
the viewers.  It pertains to the acknowledge,
 Its physical attributes in terms of interpretation of the artwork
medium, color, texture and size. using motif, signs, symbol and
 Focus on physical appearance of other cycles as basing of its
an artwork meaning
 Appearance of an artwork like the  The idea is the symbol – there is
medium being used hidden symbol
 ingredients  The conventional art established
through time is strengthened by
b. SECONDARY FEATURES the recurrent used and wide
 This is how the primary features acceptance by its viewer or
of the artwork relate to one audience and scholar who studied
another. them
 Particularly, this refers to
balance, proportion, unity and
 Like there is a meaning already b. SECONDARY CONTEXT
studied by scholars before  pertains to the setting.
spreading it out  The historical period, time in
 Connected to non- which the work was produced.
representational because there is  Included here are the functions
no obvious meaning, too deep to served by the art work, its
understand easily religious and philosophical
 Like Mona Lisa by Da Vinci conviction, socio political and
economical undertones, climate
c. SUBJECTIVE LEVEL and geography.
 takes into consideration the effect  Historical period
of form and content on the viewers  before
of the art.
 This meaning is term from the
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
viewers or audience circumstances
that form into play when engaging  To sum up the three: in a simpler
with the art term, the FORM, is seen as the how
 For example: looking at a (paano nagawa, na form)
particular painting, the  The CONTENT, is the why (bakit
perception or meaning are always ganyon yung artwork, ano ang
inform and even colored by a message nito)
manifold of context  And the CONTEXT is the where
 So what we know, what we (saan ang pinagkunang inspirasyon,
learned and what we experienced, settings as well)
and the values we stand for, it is
therefore expected that the
meaning may not be singular II. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
rather a painting may  The principles of design describe the
communicate multiple meanings ways in which an artist has used or
to its viewers can use the elements of art to create
 Show, that we can define an beautiful compositions. (Grieder
artwork based on what we see or 1996)
how we see an artwork

1. BALANCE
3. CONTEXT  is the distribution of the visual weight
 refers to the various circumstances of objects, color, texture and space.
that influence how a work of art was  The use of these elements should be
produced and interpreted. balanced to make the viewers see and
feel design as stable.
The two types of context are:

a. PRIMARY CONTEXT
 pertains to the characteristic of
the artist, his personality, beliefs,
interests and values
 based on the artist
Three types of balance:  Kapansinpansin ang
dominant/nagsstand out
a. SYMMETRICAL BALANCE
3. MOVEMENT
 results when the elements used on
 is the path the viewer's eye takes
one side of the design are similar
when looking through the work of art.
to those on the other side.
 Such movement can be implied along
lines edges, shape, and color within
the work of art.
 Example: stationary object but it
moves – because of optical illusion

b. ASSYMMETRICAL BALANCE
 is when the sides of the
composition are different but still
looked balanced.
4. PATTERN
 is the repetition of objects, shapes,
lines, or symbols all over the space or
picture plane
 use all the space

c. RADIAL BALANCE
 is achieved when the elements are
arranged around a central point.
 Elements may exhibit similarities
as they spread around the central
point. 5. PROPORTION
 Objects around the central  is the feeling of unity created when all
radians which we can say radial parts relate well with each other.
symmetry  Same but different shape, same
 Pizza pie materials as well

6. REPETITION
 works with patterns to make the work
seem active.
 The repetition of elements of design
creates unity within the artwork.
 May space
2. EMPHASIS
 is the part of the design that catches
the viewer's attention.
 The artist will usually make one area
stand out by contrasting it with other
areas.
 Shows uniqueness of an object than
others
7. RHYTHM
Emphasis can be
 is created when one or more elements achieved
of design are used repeatedly to through
placement,
produce a feeling of organized, contrast, colour,
continuous, sometimes flowing size,
repetition…
movement.
relates to focal
 To keep rhythm exciting and active, point
variety is important. BALANCE A feeling of
balance results
 Have same proportion but different when the
size elements of
design are
arranged
8. VARIETY symmetrically
or
 is the use of several elements of asymmetrically
design that adds interest in order to to create the
hold the viewer's attention and guide impression of
equality in
the viewer’s eye through and around weight or
the work of art. importance
PROPORTION/ The relationship
 Abstract painting between objects
SCALE with respect to
size, number,
9. UNITY and so on,
 is the feeling of harmony between and including the
relation between
among the parts of the work of art, parts of a whole
which creates a feeling of HARMONY The
completeness in the composition. arrangement of
elements to give
the viewer the
feeling that all
parts of the piece
THE PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN form a coherent
(how to use the tools to make art) whole
PATTERN A regular RHYTHM/MOVE The use of
arrangement of recurring
alternated or
MENT elements to
repeated direct the eye
element (shapes, through the
lines, colours) or image; the way
motifs the elements are
organized to
CONTRAST The lead the eye to
juxtaposition of the focal area
different
elements of The eye can be
design (for directed, for
example: rough example, along
and smooth edges and by
textures, dark means of shape
and light values) and colour
in order to
highlight their
differences
and/or create
visual interest
or a focal point
EMPHASIS Special
attention/import
ance given to one
part of a work of
art (for example:
a dark shape in a
light
composition)
III. THE RULE OF THIRDS AND THE  Placing the subject at the center does
SEVEN DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLE not provide enough interest for
viewers to be able to appreciate the
work.
 The Rule of Thirds is used by visual
artists (painters, digital artists, and
photographers) to create compositions THE SEVEN DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES
that meet the requirements for a good
 Leonardo da Vinci was more than an
design.
artist.
 Most artists today, however, do not use
o He was also an architect,
this rule, they opt for free flowing
scientist, inventor, anatomist,
composition that is more of their
geologist, historian and writer.
individual expression rather than of
o Through the centuries, Da
works limited or bounded by basic rules.
Vinci influenced various areas
 The point of this discussion is to
in many disciplines.
encourage artists to first be aware of the
o Based on the research
basic rules before they start venturing to
conducted by Michael J. Gleb
unorthodox techniques in expressing
(born 1952), specifically, in his
their art.
book “How to Think like
Leonardo da Vinci” (1998), da
Vinci’s genius was based on 7
THE RULE OF THIRDS
principles which he called the
seven da Vincian Principles.
o He was also a polymath –
different knowledge or have
many occupations

SEVEN DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES

 The surface with two equally spaced

vertical lines and two equally spaced
1. CURIOSITA
horizontal lines.
 is approaching life with a heightened
 These lines divide the picture plane
level of wonder and continuous search
into nine equal parts with four
to know and learn more.
intersecting points.
 Curiosita comes from the word
 Based on studies, placing an object in
curiosity
one of the intersecting points results
in a pleasing composition.
2. DIMOSTRAZIONE
 Balance is achieved by placing
 is the commitment to test knowledge
another object at the point opposite
and to persist in this task, which
the first one.
includes experiencing both success
 The major function of the Rule of
and failures in undertaking.
Thirds is to serve as a guide for visual
 Demonstration
artists on the proper placement of
 Action speaks louder than words
their subjects on the picture plane to
achieve a more interesting
composition.
3. SENSAZIONE  Interconnectedness is seeing how
 is experiencing life through events in the past led to the present
refinement of the senses. state of affairs.
 For example, the eyes should do more  A closer study of history would make
than see, it should be able to one realize how events in the past
distinguish between the beauty of explains the present.
various colors, note minute details
and savor the physicality of
everything the world has to offer ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
 Using senses

4. SFUMATO
 literally translates to “going up in
smoke”.
 It is accepting life’s paradoxes and
uncertainties.
 It is knowing and realizing that not
everything is cause and effect and
that events happen that even logic
cannot explain. 1. CURIOSITA
 Everything happens for a reason  Eager to discover
 uncertainties  Will to constant learning
 Observe, ask questions, take notes,
5. ARTE/SCIENZA discover
 is finding a balance between art and
science or logic and imagination. 2. DIMOSTRAZIONE
 This relates to the concept of a whole  Test knowledge to experience
brain thinking (not just the left and  Willingness to learn from mistakes
right brain).
 Know your filters/mental models,
learn, learn from mistakes,
6. CORPORALITA
persistence
 is taking care of one’s body.
 Ensuring that healthy habits are 3. SENSAZIONE
practiced and sustained.
 Sharpen senses
 A sound mind is usually the product
 SEE as means to live the experience
of a sound body and vice versa.
 The art of observation, practice the
 Physically fit senses, play music, dare to draw,
cook, etc
7. CONNESSIONE
 is realizing that all things are 4. SFUMATO
interconnected.  Be open for ambiguity, paradox and
 All things are connected to each other uncertainty
– da vinci  Selfvertainty, change, trust your
 It is discovering patterns in the way intuition
things work and how things and lives
work out.
5. ARTE/SCIENZA
 Balance between science and art,
logic and imagination
 Study the art of science, study the
science of art, map your mind

6. CORPORALITA
 Desire for grace, craftsmanship,
physical health and attitude
 Health, coordination

7. CONNESSIONE
 Value the interdependencies of things
 Systems thinking
 Holistic view, keen eye for context,
see relations

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