1.
Analyze the given cases of metaphor:
1. She was handsome in a rather leonine way. Where this girl was a lioness, the other was a
panther – lithe and quick.
2. Leaving Daniel to his fate, she was conscious of joy springing in her heart.
2. Differentiate between genuine and trite metaphors.
A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two non-similar
things.
Metaphors can be classified according to the degree of unexpectedness as I.R.
Galperin offers: metaphors which possess extreme degree of unexpectedness are
called genuine, and the ones often appear in texts and are sometimes fixed in
dictionaries, the meaning of which are easily defined, are trite or dead.
1. In the spaces between houses the wind caught her. It stung, it gnawed(гриз) at nose and ears
and aching cheeks, and she hastened(поспішати) from shelter to shelter…
2. Swan had taught him much. The great kindly Swede had taken him under his wing.
3. It being his habit not to jump or leap, or make an upward spring, at anything in life, but to
crawl at everything.
4. Then would come six or seven good years when there might be 20 to 25 inches of rain, and
the land would shout with grass.
5. The laugh in her eyes died out and was replaced by something else.
3. Analyze the following cases of personification.
Personification is a figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or
feelings or is spoken of as if it were human.
1. On this dawn of October, 1885, she stood by her kitchen window…watching another dismal
and rainy day emerge from the womb of the expiring night. And such an ugly, sickly-looking baby
she thought it was that, so far as she concerned, it could go straight back where it came from.
2. He was fainting from sea-sickness, and a roll of the ship tilted him over the rail on to the
smooth lip of the deck. Then a low, gray mother-wave swung out of the fog, tucked Harvey under
one arm, so to speak, and pulled him off and away to the lee-ward; the great green closed over him,
and he went quietly to sleep.
4. Indicate metonymies:
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one object or idea takes the place of another with
which it has a close association. As a literary device, it is a way of replacing an object or idea with
something related to it instead of stating what is actually meant.
1. He went about her room, after his introduction, looking at her pictures, her bronzes and
clays(the material instead of the thing made of), asking after the creator of this, the painter of that,
where a third thing came from.
2. (4) Except for a lack of youth, the guests had no common theme, they seemed strangers
among strangers; indeed, each face (part instead of whole), on entering, had struggled to conceal
dismay at seeing others there.
3. (5) She saw around her, clustered about the white tables, multitudes of violently red lips,
powdered cheeks, cold, hard eyes, self-possessed arrogant faces, and insolent
bosoms(characteristic feature of an obj instead of obj itself).
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5. Indicate the cases of irony.
1. When the war broke out she took down the signed photograph of the Keiser and, with some
solemnity урочистість, hung it in the men-servants’ lavatory(туалет); it was her own combative
action.
2. England had been in a dreadful(the situation wasn’t that bad) state for some weeks. Lord
Coodle would go out, Sir Thomas Doodle wouldn’t come in, and there being nobody in Great
Britain (to speak of) except Coodle and Doodle, there has been no Government.
3. From her earliest infancy Gertrude was brought up by her aunt. Her aunt had carefully
instructed her to Christian principles. She had also taught her Mohammedanism Islam, to make
sure.
6. Analyze the following cases of antonomasia.
it means to replace a title or an epithet for a proper noun or using a proper name through an idea
such as a Scrooge used for a person who is a miser.
1. “You cheat, you no-good cheat – you tricked our son. Took our son with a scheming trick,
Miss Tomboy(пацанка, поводиться як хлопець), Miss Sarcastic, Miss Sneerface(недобний
погляд).”
2. A stout middle-aged man, with enormous owl-eyed spectacles, was sitting…on the edge of a
great table. I turned to him.
“Don’t ask me”, said Mr. Owl Eyes (порівняння з його окулярами) washing his hands on
the whole matter.
3. (4) I keep six honest serving-men
(They taught me all I know);
Their names are What and Why and When
And How and Where and Who. (comparison to people who ask a lot of questions, or the
means of communications that a person uses)
I send them over land and sea,
I send them east and west;
But after they have worked for me
I give them all the rest.
I let them rest from nine till five,
For I am busy then,
As well as breakfast, lunch and tea,
For they are hungry men.
But different folk have different views.
I know a person small –
She keeps ten million serving-men,
Who get no rest at all.
She sends ‘em abroad on her own affairs,
From the second she opens her eyes –
One million Hows, two million Wheres, (
And seven million Whys. (comparison to people who ask a lot of questions, or the means of
communications that a person uses)
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7. Indicate cases when a pun is created through homonyms and when through different
meanings of a polysemantic word.
A pun is a literary device that is also known as a “play on words.” Puns involve words with
similar or identical sounds but with different meanings. Their play on words also relies on a word or
phrase having more than one meaning.
1. J.: …I’m starting work on Saturday.
H.: Oh, yes, she’s been called to the bar (a) British English to become a barrister b) American
English to become a lawyer.)
P.: What sort of a bar(a place where the drinks are served)?
J.: The sort you’re always propping up. I’m carrying on the family traditions.
2. Did you hit a woman with a child (мав на увазі що жінка була з дитиною)?
.No, Sir, I hit her with a brick(зрозумів буквально: вдарив не дитиною а кірпічом)
3. It was such a lonesome girl until you came,” she said. “There’s not a single (значення:
немає таких чоловіків) man in all this hotel that’s half alive.”
“But I’m not a single (значення: він уточнює що він не холостяк)man,” Mr. Topper replied
cautiously.
“Oh, I don’t mean that,” she laughed. “And anyway I hate single men. They always propose
marriage.”
4. She always glances up, and glances down, and doesn’t know where to look, but looks all the
prettier.
8. Discuss the structure and semantics of epithets in the following examples. Define the
type and function of epithets.
Epithets (metaphor) are such attributes which describe objects expressively.
Logical attributes are objective and non-evaluating: a round table, loud voice.
Epithets proper are subjective and evaluating, mostly metaphorical. loud ocean, wild wind,
glorious sight, crazy behaviour.
Semantically, epithets fall into two groups: epithets associated with the nouns modified and
epithets not associated with the nouns modified.
Associated epithets point out typical features of the objects which they describe. Such
typical features are implied by the meaning of the nouns themselves: if forest, then - dark; if
attention, then - careful; if seas, then - salty; if tears, then – bitter. Associated epithets are mostly
language epithets.
Unassociated epithets describe such qualities to objects which are not inherent in them. As
a result of this, metaphors emerge fresh, unexpected, original and expressive: voiceless sands,
helpless loneliness, . "speech epithets"
As to their structural composition, epithets are divided into
Simple epithets are ordinary adjectives: magnificent sight,
Compound epithets are expressed by compound adjectives: curly-headed boy,
phrasal epithets are expressed by word-combinations of quotation type: do-it-your
self command, go-to-devil request, head-to-toe beauty
Clausal epithets are expressed by sentences: 1-did-it-myself statement
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1. He has that unmistakable tall lanky “rangy” loose-jointed (compound) graceful closecropped
formidably clean American look. unassociated
2. (4) He’s a proud, haughty, consequential (simple), turned-nosed (compound) peacock.
3. (5) The Fascisti, or extreme Nationalists, which means black-shirted, knife-carrying, club-
swinging, quick-stepping (compound), nineteen-year-old-pot-shot patriots (phrasal), have worn out
their welcome in Italy. Associated proper
9. Discuss the following cases of simile. Pay attention to the semantics of the tenor and the
vehicle, to the brief or sustained*розгорнуту* manner of their presentation. Indicate the
foundation of the simile, both explicit and implicit. Find examples of disguised(замаскованих)
similes, do not miss the link word joining the two parts of the structure:
A simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially dissimilar objects or concepts are
expressly compared with one another through the use of “like” or “as.”
The one which is compared is called the tenor, the one with which it is compared, is
called the vehicle.
"to resemble", "to seem", "to recollect", "to remember", "to look like", "to appear", etc.
are called disguised
1. The menu was rather less than a panorama, indeed, it was as repetitious as a snore. (O.N.)
As wet as a fish – as dry as a bone;
As live as a bird – as dead as a stone;
As plump as a partridge – as crafty as a rat;
As strong as a horse – as weak as a cat;
As hard as a flint – as soft as a mole;
As white as a lily – as black as a coal;
As plain as a pike – as rough as a bear;
As tight as a drum – as free as the air;
As heavy as lead – as light as a feather;
As steady as time – uncertain as weather;
As hot as an oven – as cold as a frog;
As gay as a lark – as sick as a dog;
As savage as a tiger – as mild as a dove;
2. She has always been as live as a bird. (R. Ch.)
3. She was obstinate as a mule, always had been, from a child. (G.)
4. It was an unforgettable face, and a tragic face. Its sorrow welled out of it as purely, naturally
and unstoppably as water out of a woodland spring. (J.F.)
10. In the following sentences pay attention to the structure and semantics of oxymorons.
Also indicate which of their members conveys the individually viewed feature of the object and
which one reflects its generally accepted characteristic:
1. He caught a ride home to the crowded loneliness of the barracks. "adjective + noun"
2. He behaved pretty lousily to Jan. "adverb + adjective"
3. There were some bookcases of superbly unreadable books. "adjective + noun"
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4. Harriet turned back across the dim garden. The lightless light looked down from the night
sky. "adjective + noun"
5. Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield are Good Bad Boys of American literature. "adjective +
noun"
