SHS

General Biology 2
Quarter 3: Week 3 -
Module 3
Patterns of Descent with
Modification
General Biology 2
Grade 11/12 Quarter 3: Week 3 - Module 3: Patterns of Descent with
Modification
First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any

form without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Rochelle O. Mendoza, T-III

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of
Science Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II
Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
General Biology
2
Quarter 3: Week 3
-Module 3 Patterns of
Descent with
Modification

3
Target

Evolution is an unending process that works round the clock. New species
are formed as time goes by, although there are periods in earth’s history that are
characterized by unusual bursts of evolutionary activity – at certain times,
speciation (or the formation of new species); at other times, extinction .

In your previous lesson, you are done with the mechanisms that produce
change in populations from generation to generation (e.g., artificial selection,
natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, recombination).

This module will provide you with information and activities that will help
you understand the patterns of descent with modification from common
ancestors to produce the organismal diversity observed today.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define species according to the biological species concept;

2. Distinguish the various types of reproductive isolating mechanisms that
can lead to speciation;
3. Discuss the different modes of speciation; and
4. Explain how evolution produce the tremendous amount of diversity
among organisms

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer the pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.
Pre-test: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the best
answer for each test item in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following statements about biological species is(are) correct?

I. Biological species is a group of individuals whose members interbreed
with one another.
II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life.
III. Members of biological species produce viable, fertile offsprings.
A. I only B. II only C. I and III D. II and III

2. The following isolating mechanisms prevent fertilization and formation of

zygote Except .
A. Temporal isolation B. Hybrid breakdown
C. Gametic isolation D. Ecological isolation

3. Which of the following is the cccurrence of abrupt genetic change

cause reproductive isolation between groups of individuals?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Divergent speciation
C. Convergent speciation D. Sympatric speciation

4. Which of the following speciation occurs when populations are separated

by a geographic barrier?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation [Link] speciation

5. Which of the following is the abrupt change in the environment over a

geographic border and strong disruptive selection affects gene flow
between neighboring populations?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation [Link] speciation

6. Which of the following statements about natural selection is CORRECT?

A. Adaptations beneficial in one habitat should generally be beneficial in
all other habitats as well.
B. Adaptations beneficial at one time should generally be beneficial
during all other times as well.
C. Different species that occupy the same habitat will adapt to that
habitat by undergoing the same genetic changes.
D. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute
more to the next generation's gene pool, than do poorly adapted
individuals.

7. Which of the following factors BEST explains why the human population
has grown so rapidly over the last 1000 years?
A. Humans have decreased their reliance on natural resources
B. Humans have increased the amount of resources available on Earth.
C. Humans have increased the carrying capacity of the biosphere for
the population.
D. Humans have developed physical characteristics that increase
their competitive advantage.
8. Which of the following types of speciation occurs in the presence of physical
and geographical barriers?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation D. Sympatric speciation

9. Which of the following branches of biology deals with naming and

classifying organisms?
A. Binomial Nomenclature B. Evolution
C. Genetics D. Taxonomy

10. Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or

meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to
explain the existence of
A. Evolution B. The fossil record
C. Uniformitarianism D. The origin of new species
Pre-test: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the best
answer for each test item in a separate sheet of paper.

1. C

2. B

3. B

4. A

5.C

6. A

7. B

8. A

9. A

10. C
n 1: Evolution and Origin of Biodiversity: Patterns of Descent with Modifi

Jumpstart
Biological evolution is a powerful and important process. It is a process
which, over billions of years, gradually selects the organisms that are better
adapted to their environment to continuously change life and make all living
organisms in our world the way they are today.
Evolution is not a finished event wherein humans are the final
product. Rather, it is a continuing process which has been changing and
forming life on Earth for billions of years, and continues to do so for as long
as organisms are born, dying and competing for what they need to survive
and reproduce.

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities. Have fun and good luck!
Activity 1:
Directions: What can you say about the pictures below? What could be
there similarities and differences? Share your opinion with your classmates and
teacher.

Source: [Link] Source: cat family - Google Search

Source: [Link]

The first pic shows the classification of BIRDS

Discover
Core Concepts:

• Species - Ernst Mayer’s definition: “Species are groups of interbreeding

natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such
groups.”
- Is a closely related organism that are very similar and capable of
producing fertile offspring.
• Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

- The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are a collection of

evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological
processes critical for speciation. They prevent members of different
species from producing offspring, or ensure that any offspring are
sterile. These barriers maintain the integrity of a species by reducing
gene flow between related species.
1. Pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms

- prevent fertilization and zygote formation.

- happens before fertilization occurs between gametes.

1.1 Geographic or ecological or habitat isolation

- occurs when two species that could interbreed do not because the
species live in different areas. The two species live in different habitats
and will not encounter one another: each is isolated from the other
species.

Source: [Link]
[Link]
Source:[Link]
q=Geographic+or+ecological+or+habitat+isolation&rl
z=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHpbfi77PuAhVL
HqwKHZKnDyUQ_AUoAXoECBcQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=p7TS1fGN4CFlzM

•1.2 Temporal or seasonal isolation

- different groups may not be reproductively mature. For example, two

populations of plants may produce flowers in different seasons, making
mating between the populations impossible.

Source: [Link]
q=Geographic+or+ecological+or+habitat+isolation&rl
z=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHpbfi77PuAhVL
HqwKHZKnDyUQ_AUoAXoECBcQAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=p7TS1fGN4CFlzM
•1.3 Behavioral isolation
- patterns of courtship is different. For example, eastern &
western meadowlark songs differ.

Source:[Link]
q=Behavioral+isolation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE wiymLWl8LPuAhVmwJcIHew-ArkQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Behavioral+isolation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzICCAAyBAgAEE
My
AggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgQIABAeMgQIABAeMgQIABAeUJXOBViVzgVgwtIFaABwAHgAg
AGLAogBiwKSAQMyLTGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=-
AoNYLK8OuaA3_QP7P2IyAs&bih=625&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934#imgr
c=- YAKnbesjJrJKM

•1.4 Mechanical isolation

- differences in reproductive organs prevent successful
interbreeding. Mechanical isolation occurs when mating is
physically impossible.

Source:[Link]
q=Mechanical+isolation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiviezC8rPu
AhX_B50JHVE7CEQQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=Mechanical+isolation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzICC
AA
yAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADIGCAAQCBAeMgYIABAIEB4yBggAEAgQHlCJ9QRYifUEYOj4BGgAcAB
4AIABiQKIAYkCkgEDMi0xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=Tw0NYO-lIf-
P9PwP0fagoAQ&bih=625&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934#imgrc=5lHIO6QWkEUbOM
•1.5 Gametic isolation
- incompatibilities between egg and sperm prevent fertilization. Often
this occurs because the female immune system recognizes sperm as
foreign and attacks it.

Source:[Link]
q=Gametic+isolation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi U2dXq8rPuAhUKGc0KHeafBXsQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Gametic+isolation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADIECAAQ
QzI
CCAAyBggAEAgQHjIECAAQGDIECAAQGDIECAAQGDIECAAQGFCemAhY_akIYJ2tCGgAcA
B4BIABmAKIAYsOkgEDMi03mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWewAQDAAQE&sclient=img
&
ei=ow0NYNT7A4qytAbmv5bYBw&bih=625&biw=1366&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH934PH934#i
mg rc=BycjMerdXAyTxM

2. Post-zygotic isolation mechanisms

- allow fertilization but nonviable or weak or sterile hybrids are formed.

In these cases, the zygote formed is called a hybrid. However, even
after a hybrid zygote forms, reproduction may still not be successful.

2.1 Hybrid inviability

- fertilized egg fails to develop past

the early embryonic stages. For

example, when tigers and leopards

are crossed, the zygote begins to

develop but the pregnancy ends in

miscarriage

or stillborn.
Source: [Link]
in/e-content/science/zoology/Isolating
%20 [Link]
2.2 Hybrid sterility

-their hybrids are sterile because gonads develop abnormally or there is

abnormal segregation of chromosomes

during meiosis. A horse and a donkey may

produce

a hybrid offspring, a mule. Mules are sterile

Source:://[Link]/instructo
r s/JasonArnold/VLI/Module3Evolution/Module3Ev
[Link]

2.3 Hybrid breakdown

- F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and viable, but F2 contains many weak
or sterile individuals

Source: [Link]

• Speciation - is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to

become distinct species. It is the process by which new species develop from
existing species.

• Mode of Speciation

A. Allopatric Speciation (allo – other, patric – place; ‘other place’)

- A. Allopatric speciation or geographic speciation occurs when some

members of a population become geographically separated from the other
members thereby preventing gene flow. Examples of geographic barriers
are bodies of water and mountain ranges.
Source:[Link]
q=snail+allopatric+speciation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUK
Ewjtgqj5gLTuAhUHhZ4KHapKAt8Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=snail+allopatric+speciation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1AAWABg48EbaABwAH
gAg AEAiAEAkgEAmAEAqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=bxwNYK2PNYeK-
gSqlYn4DQ&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en-US#imgrc=UA3aKbJCPuUHgM

B. Sympatric Speciation (sym – same, patric – place; ‘same place’)

- occurs when members of a population that initially occupy the same

habitat within the same range diverge into two or more different
species. It involves abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the
reproductive isolation of a group of individuals. Example is change in
chromosome number (polyploidization).

Source:[Link]
q=sympatric+speciation+orca&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUK
Ewi5ypuBg7TuAhUPmJ4KHbpVASYQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=sympatric+speciation+orca&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIGCAAQCBAeMgQIABA
YOg
QIABBDOgIIADoGCAAQBRAeUM9DWK1NYLxSaABwAHgAgAGWA4gBsw2SAQcyLTEuMy4xmA
EAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=mR4NYPmZE4-
w- gS6q4WwAg&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en-
US#imgrc=ScAfhREiWzIdVM
C. Parapatric Speciation (para – beside, patric – place; ‘beside each
other’)
- occurs when the groups that evolved to be separate species are
geographic neighbors. Gene flow occurs but with great distances is
reduced. There is also abrupt change in the environment over a
geographic border and strong disruptive selection must also happen.

Source:[Link]
q=Parapatric+Speciation+oriole&tbm=isch&ved=2ahU
KEwjN78usg7TuAhXEnJ4KHRdHAD4Q2cCegQIABAA&oq=Parapatric+Speciation+oriole&gs_lcp
=CgNpbWcQAzoCCAA6BAgAEEM6BAgAEB46BggAEAUQHjoGCAAQCBAeOgQIABAYUNHLAViD
5QFguf4BaABwAHgAgAGgA4gB-A-
SAQcyLTYuMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=9B4NYM2lEcS
5- gSXjoHwAw&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en-US#imgrc=zQ2wBz2yy7aKDM

Shown in the figure are the differences of the three models of

speciation (Source:[Link]
q=models+of+speciation&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiH
l5W9g7TuAhVThJ4KHYOSAhgQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=models+of+speciation&gs_lcp=CgNpbWc
QA zIECAAQQzIGCAAQBRAeMgYIABAFEB4yBAgAEBhQkp0EWJKdBGD7oARoAHAAeACAAZ0CiA
GdApIBAzItMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=Fx8NYMevAt
OI- gSDpYrAAQ&bih=625&biw=1366&hl=en-US#imgrc=CZAiCe8woH9l1M )
Note: The present-day species evolved from earlier species and that the
relatedness of organisms is the result of common ancestry. This can be
supported by morphological and anatomical data, homology, biogeography,
DNA and protein sequences (molecular data), and embryology.

Activity 2:

Directions: Read carefully each statement and identify the

corresponding terminologies. Select the answer from the terms below for
items 1-5, and the next box for items 6-10.

Geographi Temporal Behaviora Mechanical Gametic

c Isolation l Isolation Isolation
Isolation Isolation

Hybrid Hybrid Sterile Hybrid

Inviability Breakdown

1. Two species of turtle live in the same region but one lives in water and
the other on land.
2. Two species of maya with different mating songs.
3. Two species of fish that breed in different seasons.
4. Mule is the sterile offspring of a horse and a donkey.
5. Two species of flower blooms at different months.

Allopatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation Parapatric

Speciatio
n

6. The hemp nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit is a tetraploid found to thrive in the

same area as two other diploids species, Galeopsis pubescens and Galeopsis
speciosa.
7. The Panama porkfish, Anisotremus taeniatus, found in the Pacific Ocean
is morphologically similar to the porkfish, Anisotremus virginiacus, found in the
Caribbean Sea are separated by a land bridge between North and South
America called the Isthmus of Panama.

8. The Siberian lesser black-backed gull, lesser black-backed gull and herring
gull are all found in the Arctic region. The lesser black-backed gull interbreeds
with the Siberian lesser black-backed gull but not with the herring gull.

1. Geographic Isolation 5. Temporal Isolation

2. Behavioral Isolation 6. Sympatric Speciation

3. Temporal Isolation 7. Allopatric Speciation

4. Hybrid Breakdown 8. Parapatric Speciation

Explore

Enrichment Activity 1
Directions: Complete the following questions using the information you learned
during the lesson activity.

3. Refer to the image on

the right. Identify the pairs
of organisms that are able
to produce offspring.

4. Which pair of
organisms in image are
members of the same
species?

5. Consider all of the pairs

of organisms in the that
are not of the same
species. What criterion are
missing in all cases that
could be used to define a
species?
6. A common farming practice is to breed a female horse with a male donkey.
The result is a very robust animal – the mule. Most mules however are sterile,
and therefore cannot reproduce. Are horses and donkeys members of the same
species? Justify your answer.

7. Many species of birds have elaborate mating rituals that include bird
calls, nest construction, and courtship displays. A researcher is comparing
two populations of birds with similar morphology that live in similar niches.
Male birds in one population build a nest before attempting to court a
female, while males in the other population build the nest in cooperation
with the female. Is it likely the researcher will classify these birds as the
same species? Justify your reasoning.

My Answers:

1. The inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due

to some barrier.

2. Over time the species were separated due to different barriers and the
species gradually changed to fit their environment.

3. Organisms A/B, C/D, and E/F are able to produce offspring

4. The only pair that is the same species are organism A and B.

5. The pairs of organism that are not the same species cannot produce
viable, fertile offspring.

6. No, horses and donkeys are different species because when they mate,
their offspring are infertile. This is the similar to the organism pair C/D in
the image.

7. No, these two birds would not be classified as the same species because
it is unlikely that they would be able to mate due to the difference in their
mating rituals.
Enrichment Activity 2
Directions: Give examples on the reproductive isolating mechanisms.
MECHANISMS EXAMPLES
1. Geographic Isolation 1. Isolation by Barriers
2. Isolation by Distance
3. population migrating to an island
and becoming separated from the
mainland population.
2. Temporal or Seasonal Isolation 1. Cicadas (Magicicada septendecim)
2. Cicadas of the species Magicicada
septendecim, which are found in the
United States, become adults on 17-
year cycles.
3. Malaysian orchid (Dendrobium
anosmum)
3. Behavioral Isolation 1. birds singing different songs to
attract mates
2. fireflies find mates using distinct
patterns of flashing
3. mating dances
4. Mechanical Isolation 1. If two bushbabies belonging to
different species try to mate, they won’t
be able to do so. Like we mentioned
earlier, the difference in their genitalia
will act as a physiological barrier.
2. In snails, reproductive parts will only
align if the male and female belong to the
same species. If they belong to two
different species, their reproductive parts
will not align, and as a result, these
species will not be able to mate.
3. Mechanical isolation is not just
restricted to animals, but is also seen in
plants. In fact, a textbook example of
mechanical isolation in plants will be that
of the two sage species, the black sage
and white sage. Even though they grow
in the same area, the chances of
interbreeding between these two species
are as good as none, as they are
pollinated by different insects.
5. Gametic Isolation 1. Sea urchins synchronously
broadcast gametes into the ocean.
2. Sperm and eggs from the same
species fuse to form zygotes.
3. In plants, the pollen that is
released by a particular species may
come in contact with the stigma of a
foreign species, but the chances of it
germinating range between rare to
none. Similarly, there are cases
wherein the pollen tube itself may fail
to develop and hinder fertilization.
Deepen
Directions: Make a booklet showing the compilation of the different modes of
speciation Put a short description in each picture. The scoring rubric below will be
used in assessing your output.

Types of Speciation

In Allopatric Speciation a species population

becomes separated by a geographic barrier,
whereby reproductive isolation evolves
producing two separate species. From this, if a
recently separated population comes in contact
again, low fitness hybrids may form, but
reinforcement acts to complete the speciation
process.

Peripatric Speciation is a mode of speciation in

which a new species is formed from an isolated
peripheral population. Since peripatric speciation
resembles allopatric speciation, in that populations
are isolated and prevented from exchanging genes, it
can often be difficult to distinguish between them.
Parapatric speciation occurs when new
species evolve in contiguous, yet spatially
segregated habitats. Unlike allopatric
speciation, the populations that are diverging
during parapatric speciation maintain a
zone of contact and do not cease the exchange
of genes completely.

Sympatric speciation is the evolution of a new

species from a surviving ancestral species while
both continue to inhabit the same geographic region.
Lesson 2:Development of Evolutionary Thought

Jumpstart
A major obstacle in the acceptance of the idea that organisms change
over time was the belief of the general public in the doctrine of creationism.

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities. Have fun and good luck!

Activity 1:

Directions: Identify the people on the pictures below and their

contributions in the development of evolutionary thought . Choose your answer
from the box.

Charles Darwin Charles Lyell Principles of geology Principle of use and disuse
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck James Hutton Essay on the Principle of Population Theory of Gradualism
Thomas Malthus The Origin of Species’

1. = Charles Lyell = Principles of geology

2. = Charles Darwin = The Origin of Species

3. = James Hutton = Theory of Gradualism

4 = Jean Baptiste de Lamarck = Principle of use and disuse

5. = Thomas Malthus = Essay on the Principle of Population

(Source: [Link]
Discover
Core Concepts:

• Early scientists who contributed in shaping and developing evolutionary thought.

Carolus Linnaeus
(Source: [Link]

• Swedish naturalist and explorer that was the first to frame principles for
defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system
for naming them, known as binomial nomenclature.

• Linnaean System of Classification

 The most influential early classification system was developed by
Carolus Linnaeus. In fact, all modern classification systems have
their roots in Linnaeus’ system. Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist
who lived during the 1700s. He is known as the “father of
taxonomy.” Linnaeus tried to describe and classify the entire
known natural world. In 1735, he published his classification
system in a work called Systema Naturae (“System of Nature”).
 The taxa are below:
o Kingdom - This is the highest taxon in Linnaean taxonomy,
representing major divisions of organisms. Kingdoms of
organisms include the plant and animal kingdoms.
o Phylum (plural, phyla) - This taxon is a division of a
kingdom. Phyla in the animal kingdom include chordates
(animals with an internal skeleton) and arthropods (animals
with an external skeleton).
o Class - This taxon is a division of a phylum. Classes in the
chordate phylum include mammals and birds.
o Order - This taxon is a division of a class. Orders in the
mammal class include rodents and primates.
o Family - This taxon is a division of an order. Families in the
primate order include hominids (apes and humans) and
hylobatids (gibbons).
o Genus - This taxon is a division of a family. Genera in the
hominid family include Homo (humans) and Pan
(chimpanzees).
o Species - This taxon is below the genus and the lowest
taxon in Linnaeus’ system. Species in the Pan genus
include Pan troglodytes(common chimpanzees) and Pan
paniscus (pygmy chimpanzees).

Thomas Malthus
(Source: [Link]

• An English cleric, scholar and influential economist in the fields of

political economy and demography.
• Author of the 1798 book, An Essay on the Principle of Population.
• He observed that an increase in a nation's food production improved the well-
being of the populace, but the improvement was temporary because it led to
population growth, which in turn restored the original per capita production
level. In other words, humans had a propensity to utilize abundance for
population growth rather than for maintaining a high standard of living, a view
that has become known as the "Malthusian trap" or the "Malthusian spectre".
Populations had a tendency to grow until the lower class suffered hardship,
want and greater susceptibility to famine and disease, a view that is
sometimes referred to as
a Malthusian catastrophe. Malthus wrote in opposition to the popular view in
18th- century Europe that saw society as improving and in principle as

• Father of Paleontology
• Theory of Catastrophism = boundaries
represent floods, droughts, etc. that destroyed
many species living at that time
• According to him, fossils are remains of
extinct life forms

perfectible.
Georges Cuvier
(Source: [Link]
James Hutton
(Source: [Link] )

• Theory of Gradualism = Profound changes can result from cumulative effect

of slow but continuous processes.
• Proposed that the Earth was shaped by geological forces occurring over very
long periods of time, and is MILLIONS not THOUSANDS of years old.

Charles Lyell
(Source: [Link]

• Principles of Geology = argued that the formation of Earth's crust took place
through countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time, all
according to known natural laws. His "uniformitarian" proposal was that the
forces molding the planet today have operated continuously throughout its
history. He also wrongly assumed that these causes must have acted only with
the same intensities now observed, which would rule out asteroid impacts and
the like.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

(Source: [Link] )
• One of first scientists to recognize that living things changed over time and
that all species were descended from other species.
• Lamarckism
- He proposed that the characteristics that an animal acquired during
its lifetime in response to life’s struggles or felt needs could be
passed on to its offspring
• 1809- Published his ideas about “Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics”

The inheritance of such a

characteristic means its reappearance
in one or more individuals in the next or
in succeeding generations. An example
would be found in the supposed
inheritance of a change brought about
by the use and disuse of a special organ.

Charles Darwin
(Source: [Link]
Evolution of Darwin’s Theory
• His voyage and his observations led him to write ‘The Origin of Species
• In 1831, 22-year old Charles Darwin left England as naturalist aboard the
HMS Beagle for 5 year voyage around the world. His mission is to chart the
South American coastline
• He noticed plants and animals were different from those he knew in Europe
• He wrote thousands of pages of observations and collected vast
number of Specimens.
• He spent a month observing life on the Galapagos Islands and realized that
each island has different rainfall and vegetation and its own unique assortment
of plant and animal species.
• He collected 14 species of finches and hypothesized that the Galapagos had be
colonized by organisms from the mainland that had then diversified on the
various.
• In 1859 , his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection was published. It presented evidence and proposed a mechanism
for evolution that he called NATURAL SELECTION.
• It took Darwin years to form his theory of evolution by natural selection.
His reasoning went like this:
1. Like Lamarck, Darwin assumed that species can change over time. The
fossils he found helped convince him of that.
2. From Lyell, Darwin saw that Earth and its life were very old. Thus, there
had been enough time for evolution to produce the great diversity of life
Darwin had observed.
3. From Malthus, Darwin knew that populations could grow faster than
their resources. This “overproduction of offspring” led to a “struggle for
existence,” in Darwin’s words.
4. From artificial selection, Darwin knew that some offspring have
variations that occur by chance, and that can be inherited. In nature,
offspring with certain variations might be more likely to survive the “struggle
for existence” and reproduce. If so, they would pass their favorable variations
to their offspring.
5. Darwin coined the term fitness to refer to an organism’s relative ability
to survive and produce fertile offspring. Nature selects the variations that are
most useful. Therefore, he called this type of selection natural selection.
6. Darwin knew artificial selection could change domestic species over
time. He inferred that natural selection could also change species over time.
In fact, he thought that if a species changed enough, it might evolve into a
new species.

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from this le

Explore
Enrichment Activity 1
Directions: Complete the concept map below.
Survival of the Fittest
New Species Change Over Time

Darwin

Dog Breeds

Naturalist
Anatomical
evidence
DNA
Galapagos Whale
bones
Vestigial structures
Homologous
structures
Turtles
Finches

Shaped Shells
Enrichment Activity 2
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if the
statement is incorrect.
TRUE 1. As recently as 200 years ago, many people believed that Earth
was only 6,000 years old.
FALSE 2. Artificial selection occurs when nature selects for beneficial traits.
FALSE 3. The individual Galápagos Islands are all similar to each other.
TRUE 4. Malthus argued that human populations grow faster than
their resources.
TRUE 5. Lamarck was one of the first scientists to propose that species
evolve by natural selection.
TRUE 6. Lyell was one of the first to say that Earth must be far older
than most people believed.
FALSE 7. Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired characteristics is has become a
widely accepted scientific theory.
TRUE 8. Fossils proved to Darwin that species can evolve.
FALSE 9. The term fitness to refer to an organism’s ability to outrun its
hunters.
FALSE 10. Darwin published his findings soon after returning to England
from the voyage of the Beagle.

Deepen
Directions: Make a list of at least ten (10) scientists/ people who contributed
to early evolutionary ideas and their contributions.

Charles Darwin - was a British naturalist who proposed the theory of

biological evolution by natural selection. Darwin defined evolution as "descent
with modification," the idea that species change over time, give rise to new
species, and share a common ancestor.

Contributions
Darwin's greatest contribution to science is that he completed the Copernican
Revolution by drawing out for biology the notion of nature as a system of matter
in motion governed by natural laws. With Darwin's discovery of natural
selection, the origin and adaptations of organisms were brought into the realm
of science.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck - is one of the best-known early evolutionists. Unlike

Darwin, Lamarck believed that living things evolved in a continuously upward
direction, from dead matter, through simple to more complex forms, toward
human "perfection." Species didn't die out in extinctions, Lamarck claimed.

Contributions
He also anticipated the work of Schleiden & Schwann in cell theory in stating
that: . . . no body can have life if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue or
are not formed by cellular tissue. Lamarck even found time to write papers on
physics and meteorology, including some annual compilations of weather
data.

Charles Lyell - argued that the formation of Earth's crust took place through
countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time, all according to
known natural laws. His "uniformitarian" proposal was that the forces molding
the planet today have operated continuously throughout its history.

Contributions
was a well-known English geologist. Darwin took Lyell's book, Principles of
Geology, with him on the Beagle. In the book, Lyell argued that gradual
geological processes have gradually shaped Earth's surface. From this, Lyell
inferred that Earth must be far older than most people believed.

James Hutton - Uniformitarianism is one of the fundamental principles of

earth science. Hutton's theories amounted to a frontal attack on a popular
contemporary school of thought called catastrophism: the belief that only
natural catastrophes, such as the Great Flood, could account for the form and
nature of a 6,000-year-old Earth.

Contributions
Hutton is the best known for his important contributions to the science of
geology (uniformitarianism and the great age of the earth). However, Hutton
was also the first person to propose a mechanism of natural selection to
account for evolutionary change over time.

Georges Cuvier - In his Essay on the Theory of the Earth (1813) Cuvier
proposed that now-extinct species had been wiped out by periodic catastrophic
flooding events. In this way, Cuvier became the most influential proponent of
catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century.

Contributions
In the first half of the 19th century, the French naturalist Georges Cuvier
developed his theory of catastrophes. Accordingly, fossils show that animal and
plant species are destroyed time and again by deluges and other natural
cataclysms, and that new species evolve only after that.

Thomas Malthus - Thomas Malthus was an English economist and

demographer best known for his theory that population growth will always
tend to outrun the food supply and that betterment of humankind is
impossible without strict limits on reproduction.
Contributions
Thomas Malthus was an 18th-century British philosopher and economist noted
for the Malthusian growth model, an exponential formula used to project
population growth. The theory states that food production will not be able to
keep up with growth in the human population, resulting in disease, famine,
war, and calamity.

Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish naturalist and explorer Carolus Linnaeus was the
first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms
and to create a uniform system for naming them, known as binomial
nomenclature.

Contributions
Linnaeus's most important contribution was the naming system he devised to
accompany his classification system. In contrast to the complex and at times
chaotic rules used by other botanists, Linnaeus proposed that each type of
organism be called by a simple, two-part (binomial) name.

Alfred Russel Wallace - British naturalist, Alfred Wallace co-developed the

theory of natural selection and evolution with Charles Darwin, who is most often
credited with the idea. Alfred Russel Wallace was born in Wales in 1823. He has
been described variously as a naturalist, a geographer, and a social critic.

Contributions
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) was a man of many talents - an explorer,
collector, naturalist, geographer, anthropologist and political commentator.
Most famously, he had the revolutionary idea of evolution by natural selection
entirely independently of Charles Darwin.

J. B. S. Haldane - The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis suggests that life arose

gradually from inorganic molecules, with “building blocks” like amino acids
forming first and then combining to make complex polymers. ... Others favor
the metabolism-first hypothesis, placing metabolic networks before DNA or
RNA.

Contributions
In 1929 the British biologist John Burdon Sanderson Haldane published a
hypothesis on the origin of life on earth, which was one of the most emblematic
of the interwar period. It was a scenario describing the progressive evolution of
matter on the primitive earth and the emergence of life.

Sewall Wright - Genetic drift is also known as the Sewall Wright effect. It has
been observed that genetic drift sometimes may lead to gene variants to
disappear completely and thus results in the reduction of genetic variation.

Contributions
Like his British counterparts Sir Ronald Fisher and J. B. S. Haldane, Wright
formulated a mathematical theory of evolution, thereby showing how
frequencies of alleles and genotypes could change in response to evolutionary
pressures such as natural selection, mutation, and migration.

Gauge
Directions: Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
Write only the letter of the best answer for each test item in a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can
act upon that population?
A. Genetic variation among individuals
B. Variation among individuals caused by environmental factors
C. Sexual reproduction
D. Three of the responses are correct.
2. Which of the following does not contribute to the study of evolution?
A. Population genetics B. Inheritance of acquired characteristics
C. Fossil record D. Comparative embryology
3. Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or
meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to
explain what existence?
A. Evolution. C. Uniformitarianism.
B. The fossil record. D. The origin of new species.

4. Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the
writings of Thomas Malthus?
A. Technological innovation in agricultural practices will permit
exponential growth of the human population into the foreseeable
future.
B. Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food
supply normally allows.
C. Earth changed over the years through a series of catastrophic upheavals.
D. The environment is responsible for natural selection.

5. In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter
wheat plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give
rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this
regard were most in agreement on which of the following scientist?
A. Cuvier B. Hutton C. Lamarck D. Darwin

6. Which of the following ideas is not included in Darwin’s theory?

A. All organisms that have ever existed arose through
evolutionary modifications of ancestral species.
B. Natural selection drives some evolutionary change.
C. Natural selection preserves favorable traits.
D. Natural selection eliminates adaptive traits.

7. Which of the following statements is not compatible with Darwin’s theory?

A. All organisms have arisen by descent with modification.
B. Evolution has altered and diversified ancestral species.
C. Evolution occurs in individuals rather than in groups.
D. Natural selection eliminates unsuccessful variations.

8. Which of the following statements about biological species is(are) correct?

I. Biological species is a group of individuals whose members interbreed
with one another.
II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life.
III. Members of biological species produce viable, fertile offsprings.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III
D. II and III
9. Which of the following is not an isolating mechanisms that prevent
fertilization and formation of zygote?
A. Temporal isolation B. Hybrid breakdown
C. Gametic isolation D. Ecological isolation

10. Which of the following is the occurrence of abrupt genetic change

cause reproductive isolation between groups of individuals?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation D. Sympatric speciation
11. Which of the following speciation occurs when populations are separated
by a geographic barrier?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation [Link] speciation
12. Which of the following is the abrupt change in the environment over a
geographic border and strong disruptive selection affects gene flow
between neighboring populations?
A. Allopatric speciation B. Convergent speciation
C. Divergent speciation D. Sympatric speciation

13. Which of the following statements about natural selection is CORRECT?

A. Adaptations beneficial in one habitat should generally be beneficial in
all other habitats as well.
B. Adaptations beneficial at one time should generally be beneficial
during all other times as well.
C. Different species that occupy the same habitat will adapt to that
habitat by undergoing the same genetic changes.
D. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute
more to the next generation's gene pool, than do poorly adapted
individuals.

14. Which of the following factors BEST explains why the human population
has grown so rapidly over the last 1000 years?
A. Humans have decreased their reliance on natural resources
B. Humans have increased the amount of resources available on Earth.
C. Humans have increased the carrying capacity of the biosphere for
the population.
D. Humans have developed physical characteristics that increase
their competitive advantage.

15. Which of the following branches of biology deals with naming and
classifying organisms?
A. Binomial Nomenclature
B. Evolution
C. Genetics
D. Taxonomy

Great job! You are almost done with this module.

Gauge
1. A

2. C

3. B

4. B

5. C

6. D

7. C

8. C

9. B

10. B

11. A

12. C

13. A

14. D

15. D
References
Printed Materials:

Rabago, Lilia M. et al. (2003). Functional Biology Modular Approach. Quezon City,
Philippines: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

Ramos, John Donnie A. et al. (2011). Biology Exploring Life Through

Science. Queon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Commission on Higher Education. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School
General Biology 1 (pp. 120-131). Quezon City, Philippines

Website:
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48+ Types Of Ferns (Indoor, Outdoor, Aquarium) With Photos

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