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    History-Is The Study of The Past

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    Diane Marie Cena Amihan
    1. History is the study of the past through various sources like written documents, oral traditions, artifacts, and architecture. 2. Historians write about important people and events but often focus only on elites, excluding other groups. 3. More recent approaches to history incorporate additional sources and seek to be more inclusive of marginalized groups.

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    History-Is The Study of The Past

    Uploaded by

    Diane Marie Cena Amihan
    87 views6 pages
    1. History is the study of the past through various sources like written documents, oral traditions, artifacts, and architecture. 2. Historians write about important people and events but often focus only on elites, excluding other groups. 3. More recent approaches to history incorporate additional sources and seek to be more inclusive of marginalized groups.

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    History

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    1. History is the study of the past through various sources like written documents, oral traditions, artifacts, and architecture. 2. Historians write about important people and events but often focus only on elites, excluding other groups. 3. More recent approaches to history incorporate additional sources and seek to be more inclusive of marginalized groups.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    87 views6 pages

    History-Is The Study of The Past

    Uploaded by

    Diane Marie Cena Amihan
    1. History is the study of the past through various sources like written documents, oral traditions, artifacts, and architecture. 2. Historians write about important people and events but often focus only on elites, excluding other groups. 3. More recent approaches to history incorporate additional sources and seek to be more inclusive of marginalized groups.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    History- is the study of the past.

                  -is the systematic accounting of a set of natural phenomena, that is, taking


    into consideration the chronological arrangement of the account.
                  - Greek word “historia”= knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation
                  -Is noted by students for requiring  them to memorize:
                      >names
                      >dates
                      >places
                      >events from distant eras
        *so there’s a low appreciation of the course and shallow understanding of the relevance of
    history*

    Herodotus - is the father of history


    History is known as the account of the past of a person or a group of people through:
                         >written documents
                         >historical evidences
    Historians- write about>monarchs, heroes, saints, and nobilities >wars, revolutions,
    breakthroughs
                    -has the mantra about no document, no history

    As History progresses through time, it opens up to other valid historical sources which are
    limited to written documents (government records, chroniclers' accounts, or personal letters). If
    we only focus on written documents it invalidates the following scenarios:
    1.       Civilizations that do not keep their written documents.
    2.       Word of mouth
    3.       Documents destroyed or burned during war or colonization
    4.       Restriction of historical evidences as exclusively written nobilities, monarchs, elites, and
    even the middle class can have government records but how about the peasant families or
    indigenous groups. Do they even EXIST?

    Oral valid historical sources


    -oral traditions>epics, songs
    -artifacts
    -Architecture
    -memory

    Collaboration w/ other disciplines
    1.       Archaeologist- artifacts
    2.       Linguist-language
    3.       Biochemist-DNA patterns and etc.
    History and Historiography

    History is the study of the past, the events that happened in the past and the causes
    of such events while historiography is the study of history itself or history of history.
    Historiography-the writing of history, especially the writing of history based on the
    critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic
    materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that
    stands the test of critical examination. The term historiography also refers to the
    theory and history of historical writing.
    Positivism - is the historiographical view that historical evidence requires no
    interpretation, the work of the historian is to compile the primary sources, “let them
    speak for themselves”
    -is the school of thought that emerged between 18th and 19th century
    -requires empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that a
    particular knowledge is true
    -entails an objective means of arriving at a conclusion.
    -the mantra “no document, no history”
    -positivist historian are expected to be objective and impartial not just in
    arguments but also in conducting historical research.

    Postcolonialism - is a school of thought that emerged in early 20th century when


    formerly colonized nation grappled the idea of creating their identities and
    understanding their societies against the shadow of their colonial past
    -a reaction and an alternative to the colonial history that colonial
    powers created
    -There are two things in writing history in postcolonial history:
    first to tell history of their nation that will highlight their identity free from that
    of colonial discourse and knowledge and
    second is to criticize the methods, effects and idea of colonialism.

    Issue of recording history


     Much portrayed through the eyes of the storyteller e.g. village elder, orator,
    historian.
     Listeners of these stories, or readers and viewers of the past lives are influenced
    by their representations and interpretations
     Choices we make are based on those representations
    Issue of interpretation
     The sources are subject to the interpretation of the person who recorded the
    events.
     History is the historian’s reconstruction of the past from how s/he has
    interpreted the sources of information.
     IMPORTANT: the people who reconstruct the past have an important role as
    they influence our perception of the present and that perception influences our
    daily lives.
     Historians may overlook views of others and reflect what they themselves see.
     RESULT: “bias or prejudice” – derived from attitude of historians – on how
    events should be recorded.
     Problems confronted by history is always written by victors. It means narrative
    of the past is always written from the bias of the powerful and the more
    dominant player. E.g. World War II in the Philippines depicts US as the hero
    and the imperial Japanese as the oppressors.

    Why is history important?


     It allow us to understand our past and our present. If we want to know how and
    why our world is the way it is today.
     To deal with problems of the present by knowing the past (Rise of forceful
    leaders, Racial tensions, War, Disease, Poverty, Capitalism and Foreign rule
     It provides us insight into our culture of origin and unfamiliar cultures thus
    creating cross-cultural awareness and understanding.

    History and the Historian


    The Historian’s job
    -is not just to seek historical evidences and facts but also interpret this facts “Facts
    cannot speak for themselves”
    -to give meaning to these facts and organize them into a timeline, establishes causes
    and write history.
    -is to organize the past that is being created so that it can offer lessons for nations,
    societies and civilizations.
    -to seek meaning of recovering the past to let the people see the continuing relevance
    of provenance, memory, remembering and historical understanding for both the
    present and the future.

    Annales School of History - is a school of history in France that challenged the


    canons of history. This school of thought make their way different with the common
    historical subjects that were almost related to the conduct of the states and monarchs.
    Lucien febvre, March Bloch, Ferdinand Braudel and Jacques Le Goff
    -are Annales scholars who studies history in a different manner.
    -were concerned with social history and studied longer historical period.
    Ex. History of peasantry, history of medicine and history of environment.
    -they advocated that people and classes who were not reflected in the history should
    be included in the history
    Annales thinkers-link history with other disciplines like geography, anthropology,
    archaelogy and linguistics.

    Historical Sources
    Primary Sources
    These sources are records of events or evidence as they are first described or
    actually happened without any interpretation or commentary. It is information that is
    shown for the first time or original materials on which other research is based.
    Primary sources display original thinking, report on new discoveries, or share fresh
    information.
    Examples of primary sources:
    dissertations, scholarly journal articles (research based), some government reports,
    symposia and conference proceedings, original artwork, poems, photographs,
    speeches, letters, memos, personal narratives, diaries, interviews, autobiographies,
    and correspondence.

    Secondary Sources
    These sources offer an analysis or restatement of primary sources. They often
    try to describe or explain primary sources. They tend to be works which summarize,
    interpret, reorganize, or otherwise provide an added value to a primary source.
    Examples of Secondary Sources:
    Textbooks, edited works, books and articles that interpret or review research works,
    histories, biographies, literary criticism and interpretation, reviews of law and
    legislation, political analyses and commentaries.
    Tertiary Sources
    These are sources that index, abstract, organize, compile, or digest other
    sources. Some reference materials and textbooks are considered tertiary sources when
    their chief purpose is to list, summarize or simply repackage ideas or other
    information. Tertiary sources are usually not credited to a particular author.
    Examples of Tertiary Sources:
    Dictionaries/encyclopedias (may also be secondary), almanacs, fact books, Wikipedia,
    bibliographies (may also be secondary), directories, guidebooks, manuals, handbooks,
    and textbooks (may be secondary), indexing and abstracting sources.
    Note: Classification of sources of sources between primary and secondary
    depends not on the period when the source is produced or the type of source but
    on the subject of historical research.

    External criticism- is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by


    examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristics
    of the time it was produced; and the materials used for the evidences
    Example: Examining a document includes quality of the paper, the type of ink, and
    the language and words used in the material among others
    Internal criticisms - is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence. It looks
    at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production. It looks
    on the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the:
    author of the source,
    its context,
    the agenda behind its creation,
    knowledge which it formed,
    intended purposes among others
    It also entails that the historian acknowledge and analyze how such reports can be
    manipulated to be used as war propaganda. Validating historical resources is
    important because the use of unverified, falsified and untruthful historical resources
    can lead to false conclusions.
    Philippine Historiography
    It underwent several changes since the pre-colonial period until the present. Ancient
    Filipinos narrated their history through communal songs and epics that they passed
    orally from generation to another. When the Spaniards came, their chroniclers started
    recording their observations through written accounts. The Spanish colonizers
    narrated history of their colony in a bipartite view. They saw the age before
    colonization as a dark period in the history, until they brought light through Western
    thought and Christianity. Early nationalists refuted this perspective and argued the
    tripartite view. They saw the pre-colonial society as a luminous age that ended with
    darkness when the colonizers captured their freedom. They believe that the light
    would come again once the colonizers were evicted in the Philippines.
    This perspective highlights the importance of facilitating an internal conversation and
    discourse among Filipinos about our own history, using the language understood by
    everyone.

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