The Philippine American

War
(1899- 1902)
Prepared by:
SAS Faculty Baby Grace R. Abad, JD.
Americans Occupied all the
provinces of the Philippines

OC
CU
PIE
D
• Contrary to the expectations of the
Americans, the occupation of the
Philippines and its control took more time
and violence to accomplish.
•The Filipinos, though lacking in arms and
munitions, fought valiantly throughout the
country.
Mariano Santos
• He was a veteran of
the revolution of 1896
Philippine-American
War, recalled when
interviewed in 1976 at
age 101.
• The Colonial motives of the United States
over the Philippines were economic,
politico-military, and religious.
• The Filipinos, facing a fully equipped and
trained army for conventional warfare, were
badly beaten. But the Filipinos ably
sustained the resistance through guerrilla
war-fare.
• The U.S. responded
with repressive and
violent measures to
end the war – using
water cure,
re-concentration,
and scorched –
earth tactics.
• The people,
threatened by
starvation and
diseases that were
related to the war,
opted for peace.
The Benevolent
Assimilation
(Proclamation)
• President McKinley is
the US President at that
time.
• He said:
1. What should I do in
the Philippines?
2. God, Please enlighten
me, on what to do
with the Philippines.
Benevolent Assimilation
• Before the signing the Treaty of Paris,
President McKinley said he did not know
what to do with the Philippines.
• He added that one night he felon his knees
to pray to God to enlighten him on what to
do with the Philippines.
Pressure Groups
• Are interested in the
Philippines.
• Pres. McKinley was
surrounded by
several men who
had interests in
making the
Philippines an
American colony.
• The following are the pressure groups who
worked hard to make the Philippines an
American Colony;
1. The American businessmen whose interests
included the Philippines not only as a market for
American products, but also as a steppingstone
to Asia’s markets.
2. The military and naval pressure group, who
wanted the Philippines as a base for
American ships and as a first line of defense.
3. The religious pressure group, who wanted the
Philippines as a base for protestant
missionaries.
• President McKinley
issued the so-called
“Benevolent
Assimilation”
Proclamation.
• McKinley officially
announced the
American Policy
regarding the
Philippines.
• It clearly indicated the intention of the
United States to exercise sovereignty over
the entire Philippines, making it a United
States colony.
• That the United States, will exercise
sovereignty over the entire Philippines.
• That the Philippines, will be one of the
colony of the United States.
General Wesley Merritt
• General Merritt, did not
published the Full Text
of McKinley’s
proclamation for fear of
arousing the anger of
the Filipinos.
• Instead, he changed
some words to soften
the language of the
proclamation so as not
to antagonize the
people.
Reactions of the
Filipino’s about the
Proclamation
• Unfortunately for General
Otis, & General Marcus
P. Miller, who was in
Iloilo, they published the
GENERAL OTIS original proclamation.
• Copies of the unchanged
version of the
proclamation fell into the
hands of the Filipinos.

GENERAL MARCUS MILLER

Attempts to Relax the
Tension
• Aguinaldo knew very
well that the war with
the United States would
bring hardship and
suffering to the people.
• Aguinaldo tried to relax
the tension by
suggesting to General
Otis that their
representatives should
meet to discuss ways
and means of avoiding
a conflict.
Oti’s three (3) Representatives
• General Otis
appointed his three
(3) representatives
which were compose
of three (3) military
offcicers.
Emilio’s three (3) Representatives
•Aguinaldo also
appointed his three
represntatives.
• The six representatives met for almost a
month, but nothing came out of the meetings
because the American representatives were
stalling, which heightened the tension
between the two panels.
• The Filipino military officers believed that the
Americans were only fooling the Filipinos
and that they were not interested in keeping
the Filipino-American diplomatic relations.
The Shot that
the War Started
• Some incidents which
were originally minor
in themselves became
serious in the face of
the mounting tension
between the two
peoples.
• On February 1, 1899 a
group of American
engineers was
arrested by Filipino
troops.
• It because of that incident General Otis
protested, but Aguinaldo replied that the
Americans were not arrested but merely
detained because they were found within the
Filipino lines.
• On February 2, General MacArthur protested
the presence of the some Filipino soldiers
within the American lines, The Filipino soldiers
withdrew, and MacArthur was satisfied.
• On the night of
February 4, 1899,
Private Willie G.
Grayson shot a Filipino
soldier on the corner of
Sociego and Silencio
Streets in Santa Mesa,
Manila.
• The Filipino answered
with rifle and the
Philippine American
War was on!
The Incident
Investigated
• The Filipino commander of the sector where
the firing started was in Malolos, together
with other officers, attending a dance.
Aguinaldo sent an emissary to inform
General Otis that the “Firing on our side the
night before had been against my order.”
But General Otis, haughty and arrogant,
said that the “Fighting, having started, must
go on the grim end.”
• Aguinaldo, wanting to know how the
incident happened, ordered an investigation
to determine the truth.
• Subsequent investigation showed that even
as early as February 2 and 3, the Filipino
employees in the service of American ships
had been dismissed; that in the morning of
February 4, between 200 and 300 American
soldiers boarded two Casco for Cavite.
The American Drive to
the North
• Because of their advanced preparations and
superior arms, the American troops easily
captured town in what is now Rizal
Province. Earlier in the north of Manila, the
Americans won victories in the Battle of La
Loma, near the Chinese Cemetery, where
Major Jose Torres Bugallon died in combat.
• With La Loma in his hands, MacArthur
proceeded to Caloocan where he was met
by General Antonio Luna’s force. In the
battle that ensued, Luna was defeated. The
superior arms of the Americans could not be
neutralized by bravery and courage alone.
Luna then planned to recapture Manila on
March 22, he lead the attack on the city.
• American reinforcements arrived in
February and March. General Otis took the
offensive in the north, while General Henry
Lawton started his offensive in the south. In
a few days, Pulo feel to the Americans and
by March 30, they were at the door of
Malolos. Meanwhile, Aguinaldo evacuated
Malolos and transferred the Capitol to San
Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
• The Filipinos had very few victories, but
these victories were costly to the
Americans. On March 25, the Filipino troops
repulsed General Lloyd Wheaton in the
Battle of Pulo and killed an American
colonel. In Quingua (now Plaridel), Major
Bell of the American cavalry was killed in
combat with the troops led by General
Gregorio Del Pilar.
The Battle of Bagbag
• The capture of Malolos by MacArthur led by
General Luna to retreat farther North of
Luzon. He established his headquarters in
Calumpit, the town immediately north of
Malolos. Here he prepared his defenses
against the Americans who were pursuing
him. General Luna sent a Telegram to
General Tomas Mascardo in Guagua asking
for reinforcements.
• But, General Mascardo refused. This
angered General Luna and ordered his
officers to leave for Guagua to punish
Mascardo. He brought with him the artillery
units, the cavalry, and elemts of the infantry
battalion. During Luna’s absence, General
Gregorio Del Pilar commanded the sector at
Bagbag, Calumpit.
• The Americans swarmed all over the place
and defeated Del Pilar. When General Luna
returned to Calumpit at twilight, the
Americans had already captured a large
portion of the town. Luna retreated farther
north, to Pampanga, and made preparations
to meet the advancing enemy.
The Fall of the Mabini
Cabinet
• Mabini was the next most powerful man in
the country, after Aguinaldo. He was
president of the Cabinet and, as such, he
was Prime Minister. He was also Secretary
of Foreign Affairs. Aguinaldo depended on
him because he was honest, hardworking
and incorruptible. He never used his high
position to enrich himself in office. He was
poor when he entered the government
service. He was very poor when died.
• When the Americans tried to win over the
Filipinos by promising them freedom and
autonomy, Mabini said this was a trick of the
enemy. He was for the independence of the
Philippines. He would not accept anything
less than independence. However, his
enemies, like Pedro A. Paterno, Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista, Felipe Buencamino,
and many others who belonged to the
wealthy and the powerful, opposed him.
• They believed that autonomy would be good
for the Filipinos. So they accepted the
American offer of Autonomy. Since the
group knew that Mabini was opposed to
their views, they persuaded Aguinaldo to
remove Mabini from office.
• On May 7, Aguinaldo informed Mabini that
Paterno was forming a New Cabinet. Mabini
knew what it meant.
• So he sent in the resignation of the entire
Cabinet he was heading. Mabini spent his
last years in his armchair writing articles
against the Americans, and his memoirs of
the Philippines struggle for independence.
The
Assassination of
General Antonio Luna
• General Antonio Luna was the most brilliant
among the Filipino military officers.
Belonging to an educated and a wealthy
family of Ilocos Norte, Antonio Luna was
born in San Nicolas, Manila. He studied
pharmacy in Manila and in Spain, where the
identified himself with the propagandists. He
was also a good writer in Spanish.
• The members of the Luna Family had in
common; he was short-tempered. He was
exiled to spain by the colonial government;
and on his way back to the Philippines in
1898, he passed by Hongkong. He asked
Felipe Agoncillo, a family friend, to give him
a letter of recommendation to General
Aguinaldo.
• When the Philippine-American War broke
out, Luna was Chief of military zone that
included many provinces of Central Luzon.
He made many enemies because of his
short temper. He slapped Felipe
Buencamino, Aguinaldo’s Secretary of
Foreign Affairs, who disagreed with his. He
also slap soldier due to standard.
• Aguinaldo recognized his brilliance and
appointed him to a high position in the army.
Luna saw that the army had no discipline.
So he tried to instill discipline in the army,
but the common soldiers particularly the
Kawit regiment did not like him for it.
• While he was in Bayambang, Pangasinan
inspecting the defenses against the
advancing Americans, he received a
telegram from Cabanatuan saying that he
was wanted there. So he went there with his
aide, Colonel Francisco Roman and some
soldiers. On June 5, 1899, He reached the
Aguinaldo’s Headquarters in Cabanatuan,
he got angry.
• Then he heard a rifle shot, rushed downstairs,
cursed the soldiers, and slapped one of them.
A captain named Pedrong Kastila from Cavite,
hacked Luna with a Bolo.
• The other soldiers, seeing that he was
wounded, started hacking him as well with their
bolos and some fired gunshots at him. Luna
drew his revolver but he fell outside the
convent and died saying, “Cowards!
Assassins!” he died with more than forty
wounds in his body and head.
The Conquest of the
Visayas
• The Conquest of the Visayas Meanwhile,
General Otis instructed Miller to invade
Iloilo. To Miller’s demand that the Filipino
troops surrender, the Visayan patriots under
the leadership of General Martin Delgado
decided to fight instead. To prevent the
enemy from capturing the city, Delgado
ordered his men to burn it. The Cebu
patriots, however, did not give up the fight
easily.
• They resorted to guerilla warfare under the
command of General Arcadio Maxilom and
Landro Fullon. It took some time and much
effort for the Americans to completely
subdue the brave Cebuanos. Meanwhile in
Negros, many wealthy Negrenses
sympathized with the Americans. When the
enemy came, they raised the American flag.
• A committee composed of prominent
Negrenses was sent to Manila to ask
General Otis to allow them to arm a
battalion to maintain peace and order.
General Otis approved the petition, for it
was a unusual act of collaboration with the
Americans.
• On March 1, General Otis issued an order
providing for the creation of a military district
to include Panay, Negros and Cebu.
• This was known as the Visayan Military
District. The Negrenses were allowed to
meet in a convention to frame a constitution.
Known as the Negros Constitution, it was
submitted to President McKinley for
approval. The American President did not
take it seriously and nothing came out of it.
The Kiram- Bates
Treaty
• The Kiram-Bates Treaty Upon learning that
the Spaniards failed to completely subjugate
the Muslims, the Americans dealt with them
in a diplomatic way in order to neutralize
their offensive. General John C. Bates tried
to win the friendship of the Muslims by
negotiating with them and treating them
equals.
• The Sultan of Jolo, Datu Kiram, insisted that
the Americans must not be allowed to
occupy any other part of Sulu except the
town proper of Jolo. Furthermore, the Sultan
insisted in collecting customs duties in place
that were not occupied by the Americans.
• The Sultan of Jolo, Datu Kiram, insisted that
the Americans must not be allowed to
occupy any other part of Sulu except the
town proper of Jolo. Furthermore, the Sultan
insisted in collecting customs duties in place
that were not occupied by the Americans.
On August 20, 1899 an agreement was
signed by General Bates, representing the
United State and the Sultan of Jolo and
Datus, representing the Sulu Sultanate.
• The American promised not to interfere in
religious matters and no to persecute
anybody on account of his religious beliefs.
The Americans also agreed to pay the
Sultan and his leading Datus monthly
salaries. With the neutralizations of the
Muslims, the Americans proceeded with the
so-called pacification of the Christian areas
of the Philippines.
Aguinaldo Retreats to
Palanan
• With the death of General Luna, many
Filipino field commanders were
demoralized. A number of Aguinaldo’s
Generals surrendered to the enemy. This
development led General Otis to make
plans to entrap, the recognized leader of the
Filipino people and his army General Emilio
Aguinaldo.
• Because, the Americans were not familiar
with the local terrain and not used to the
tropical climate would be put to a great
disadvantage with this tactic. Meanwhile,
Aguinaldo and with some selected men, his
son, wife, mother, and sister fled to
pangansinan. The Americans followed him
and tried to catch him, but they failed.
• People cooperate to Aguinaldo; they
contributed money, food and other supplies
to the Revolutionary Army. Later, he left his
family behind in order to spare them from
the hardships of travelling. Aguinaldo and a
handful of faithful followers walked to Tierra
Virgen, Cagayan. On September 6, 1990,
he and his men reached Palanan, Isabella
where he established his Headquarters.
The Battle of Pasong
Tirad
• While fleeing the Americans, Aguinaldo
reached the Mountain Province. He ordered his
trusted General Gregorio Del Pilar, to remain
behind as they continued to advance. Del Pilar
was to intercept the Americans who were
tracking them.
• After the departure of Aguinaldo, Del Pilar
chose to delay the enemy at Pasong Tirad,
a narrow pass of 4,500 feet high where he
had a good view of the surrounding country.
So narrow was the trail that only one man at
a time could climb it. It was in this place that
Del Pilar and sixty loyal soldiers positioned
themselves.
• The American troops under Major Peyton
march to pursued Aguinaldo. In the morning
of December 2, 1899 Major Peyton March
and his well-armed men proceeded toward
Del Pillar’s position. The Filipino troops
guarding the narrow pass fired at the
Americans who had no recourse but to
retreat.
• Unfortunately, an Igorot guided the
Americans to a secret trail leading to Del
Pilar’s men. The Americans slowly and
quietly went up the trail and surprised the
Filipino troops. A fierce battle ensued and
Del Pilar was killed by a bullet that passed
through his neck.
• The American soldiers rushed to the dead
body of the young general and looted his
personal belongings for souvenirs. The
American left the body there and for two
days it remained unburied. On the third day,
the Igorots buried his remains in a shallow
grave.
The Stage of Guerrilla
Warfare
• Aguinaldo was no longer an effective leader
at this stage of the war. Through surprise
attacks or ambush, and with the support of
the townspeople including many of the
elites, the war lasted longer than expected.
Many Filipino military officers were
emboldened to fight with renewed
enthusiasm.
• They took advantage of the cooperative
attitude of the wealthy Filipinos to help the
people in the resistance. Faced with the
effective guerrilla warfare, Americans used
cruel methods to persuade the Filipinos to
cooperate with them. For Example, they
used the “Water Cure” on many Filipinos to
punish or extract information from them.
• This form of torture was done by forcing
water into the stomach of a person until it
gets filled. Then the person would be made
to lie on his back and an American soldier
would jump on his stomach. Another form of
torture was placing a rope around a
person’s neck and then twisting it to choke
him.
• Another form of torture was beating the
victim until he became blue in the face. In
Samar, the Americans also resorted to
massacre to avenge the death of their
comrades who were killed by the Filipino
Guerrillas under the command of General
Vicente Lukban.
• The Americans also burned down the whole
town of Balangiga and killed all men and
even boys over ten years old. Many are
surrendered/died because they could not
take any more of these brutalities.
The Capture of
Aguinaldo
• With the help of a Spaniard, Lazaro
Segovia, who joined the Filipino forces
against the Americans, Colonel Frederick
Funston planned the capture of Aguinaldo.
The Spaniard led some men from
Macabebe and pretended to have captured
some American soldiers.
• They walked to Palanan and informed
Aguinaldo through a courier that they were
bringing in the American captives.
Aguinaldo was happy to hear the news and
made preparations for the soldiers who had
captured the enemy.
• When Segovia arrived in the house where
Aguinaldo was staying, he and his men
signaled to their comrades to start firing.
When Aguinaldo rushed to the window to
see what was happening, Funston and his
men told Aguinaldo to surrender.
The End of Guerrilla
Warfare
• Upon Aguinaldo’s capture many Filipino
field commanders surrendered, while the
wealthy Filipinos happily collaborated with
the Americans. However, there were still a
few Filipino generals who refused to give up
the fight.
• General Miguel Malvar of Batangas took
over the leadership of the Filipino
Government and fought the enemy in
running battles. He was so successful that
the Americans tried to frighten the civilian
population by re-concentrating them in a
place where food supply was supposedly
assured.
• To live outside thse zones or sona meant
lack of protection and sure hunger. At this
time, Virus(rinderpest) killed over 90% of
carabaos, thus, rice planting was greatly
affected causing severe shortage of food.
The American continued their relentless
campaign against the guerrillas.
• On February 27, 1902, they captured
General Vicente Lukban in Samar. This was
the end of the guerrilla war-face in that
province. Two months later, April 16, 1902
General Malvar surrendered in order to
save his people from the brutality of the
enemy and from hunger.
• With the surrender of General Malvar,
systematic opposition to American
sovereignty ceased. The case of Macario
Sakay, patriots refused to surrender, but at
this point, their effect on the Americans was
negligible. The guerrilla war-face was
crushed.
Pacifying the Ladrones,
Non- Christian and Moro
People
• Despite the official declaration of the end of the
war by President Theodore Roosevelt on July
4, 1902, recent studies point to the continuation
of the fight against the colonizers by
politico-religious groups called ladrones by the
Americans, which means thieves and bandits.
• Composed of the poor and uneducated
peasants, these groups continued to harass
the newly-organized Philippine Scounts or the
Filipinos now serving in the U.S. Army. These
groups who believed in the power of prayers,
rituals, and amulets (Antinganting) were not
only anti-foreigners (Friars, Spanish and
Americans) but also anti-caciques and
landlords.
• Among them were the samahans and
confradias of Ruperto Rios in Tayabas; Apo
Ipe Salvador in Bulacan, Pampangan,
Nueva Ijica, Tarlac and Pangasinan; and
Papa Isio of Negros who was greatly feared
by the elite who welcomed the Americans
and put up their own Republic.
• There were also the Pulajanes in Cebu (led
by the Tabal brothers), “Dios-Dios” in Leyte
led by Faustino Ablan and by Papa Pablo in
Samar. War was ended in these places in
piecemeal fashion 1903 to 1913, using
violent means.
• The Non-Christian Filipinos like those in the
Cordilleras of Luzon and the Muslims in the
Sulu archipelago on the south, were
“Pacified” through the creation of two
special provinces; The Moro Province in
1903 and the Mountain Province in 1908. In
the Moro Province warfare would continue
for a decade up to 1916.
• The brutal military campaigns of the U.S.
against them was revealed in the massacre
at Bud Dajo in 1906 in Sulu, where after
four days of fierce fighting, the U.S forces
suffered 20 casualties and 70 men
wounded. All the Tausugs – men, women
and children about a thousand of them,
were all killed.
Sources
• https://www.slideshare.net/jonreypineda/the-phi
lippine-american-war-1899-1902
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%E2%80
%93American_War
• https://www.britannica.com/event/Philippine-A
merican-War
-SOAR HIGH EMILIANS-
SPANISH-
AMERICAN WAR
Prepared by:
SAS Faculty Baby Grace R. Abad, JD.
Learning Objectives
1. The learners will fully understand and
explain; How Americans fought for Filipino’s
independence from Spain.
2. The Learners will be able to understand how
the Philippines gained its Independence and
how our revolutionary leaders fought for our
Independence through the help of the
Americans.
3. The learners will be able to know; How the
Americans betrayed the Filipinos.
• The Spanish-American War was lasted only
about ten weeks in 1898. However, the war
had far-reaching effects for both the United
States and Spain.
• The Spanish American War was an 1898
conflict between the United States and
Spain that ended Spanish Colonial Rule in
the America and resulted in U.S. acquisition
of territories in the western Pacific and the
Latin America.
Historical
Background
Causes of the War
• The conflict had complex beginnings.
• In the year 1890’s, Cuba had unsuccessfully
battled Spain for independence for many years.
• In 1895, the Cuban revolutionary José Marti led an
expedition to the island, attempting to seize power
from Spain.
• As a result of U.S. had economic interests in Cuba,
the U.S. government sought to stabilize the
situation. An agreement was negotiated between
the United States and Spain by which Cuba would
become self-governing on January 1, 1898.
• On January 1898, During the riot in Havana,
President William McKinley sent the USS Maine to
Havana to protect U.S. citizens and interests.
• On February 15, 1898 an explosion sank the
Maine, killing 266 men on board.
• On April 19, 1898 the congress passed the Teller
Amendment, which said that the United States
would not establish permanent control over Cuba.
• The United States declared war on Spain on April
25, 1898.
The War
• Although Cuba played a key role in the start of the
war, the battles between the U.S. and Spain took
place around the world.
• In fact, the first hostilities took place in the
Philippines on May 1, 1898 in the Battle of Manila
Bay. Fighting did not occur in Cuba until June
1898; a key battle took place on July 1, 1898.
• One of the leaders of U.S. forces in this battle was
Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, who led a
cavalry regiment known as the Rough Riders.
• In May, U.S. troops landed in Puerto Rico,
where they faced little Spanish opposition. By
August 2, 1898 the Spanish and the Americans
began to negotiate an end to the conflict, with
the Spanish accepting the peace terms laid out
by President McKinley.
• Hostilities formally ended on August 12, 1898.
• The Treaty of Paris, ending the
Spanish-American War, was signed on
December 10, 1898.
• Spain gave up Guam, Puerto Rico, its
possessions in the West Indies, and the
Philippines in exchange for a U.S. payment of
$20 million.
• The United States occupied Cuba but, as
provided for in the Teller Amendment, did not
try to annex it.
Media Coverage
• The war helped fuel major changes in U.S.
news media. U.S. newspapers covered the war
with Gusto. Technological innovations changed
reportage and documentation. New technology
that made it easier for newspapers to publish
photographs allowed the papers to publish
more illustrations and less text.
• Some reporters in the field in Cuba provided
excellent, firsthand reporting. Reporters who
used telegraphs as the basis for their stories,
however, typically relied on secondhand
information.
• Major newspaper owners - including Joseph
Pulitzer of the New York World and William
Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal - viewed
public interest in the war as an opportunity to sell
newspapers. The papers, in a circulation war,
featured sensational coverage and
attention-grabbing photographs of events in Cuba.
• Although the cause of the explosion of the USS
Maine was unknown, for example, New York
newspapers blamed Spain. Historians once held
that biased coverage of the war, often referred to
as yellow journalism, was a cause of the war.
Today, however, historians find less evidence for
that claim.
• At the time of the war’s outbreak, film was a
new medium, and the conflict became a
popular topic. Short films showed such scenes
as servicemen exercising, Theodore Roosevelt
and the Rough Riders on their horses, and
funeral processions of dead soldiers. Motion
pictures began to move from being seen as a
fad to an accepted method of documenting
historical events- even though some films
depicting events from the war were actually
re-enactments.
Aftermath of the War
• Victory in the Spanish-American War transformed
the United States, a former colony, to an imperial
power. Many Americans saw this development as a
natural part of the nation’s “Manifest Destiny” the
belief that expansion of the United States was both
right and inevitable.
• Opposition to this new role also existed. In June
1898, the American Anti-Imperialist League was
formed to fight annexation of the Philippines. Its
members included former President Grover
Cleveland, industrialist Andrew Carnegie, author
Mark Twain, and labor leader Samuel Gompers.
• A recognized war hero, Theodore Roosevelt
instantly became credible as a political
candidate. Roosevelt was elected governor of
New York in 1898 and vice president of the
United States in 1901.
• Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest
president to date later that year, when
President McKinley was assassinated just
months into his second term.
The Return of
Aguinaldo
The declarations of the Philippine
Independence
• During the Spanish-American War, Filipino
rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo proclaim the
independence of the Philippines after 300
years of Spanish rule.
• By mid-August, Filipino rebels and U.S. troops
had ousted the Spanish, but Aguinaldo’s hopes
for independence were dashed when the
United States formally annexed the Philippines
as part of its Peace Treaty with Spain.
• The Philippines, is a large islands archipelago
situated off Southeast Asia, was colonized by the
Spanish in the latter part of the 16th century.
• Opposition to Spanish rule began among Filipino
priests, who resented Spanish domination of the
Roman Catholic churches in the islands.
• In the late 19th century, Filipino intellectuals and
the middle class began calling for independence.
• In 1892, the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary
society, was formed in Manila, the Philippine
capital on the island of Luzon. Membership grew
dramatically, and in August 1896 the Spanish
uncovered the Katipunan’s plans for rebellion,
forcing premature action from the rebels. Revolts
broke out across Luzon, and in March 1897,
28-year-old Emilio Aguinaldo became leader of the
rebellion.
• By late 1897, the revolutionaries had been
driven into the hills southeast of Manila, and
Aguinaldo negotiated an agreement with the
Spanish.
• In exchange for financial compensation and a
promise of reform in the Philippines, Aguinaldo
and his generals would accept exile in Hong
Kong. The rebel leaders departed, and the
Philippine Revolution temporarily was at an
end.
• In April 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out over
Spain’s brutal suppression of a rebellion in Cuba.
• The first in a series of decisive U.S. victories occurred
on May 1, 1898, when the U.S. Asiatic Squadron under
Commodore George Dewey annihilated the Spanish
Pacific fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay in the
Philippines.
• From his exile, Aguinaldo made arrangements with U.S.
authorities to return to the Philippines and assist the
United States in the war against Spain. He landed on
May 19, rallied his revolutionaries, and began liberating
towns south of Manila.
• On June 12, he proclaimed Philippine independence
and established a provincial government, of which he
subsequently became head.
• The rebels, meanwhile, had encircled the Spanish in
Manila and, with the support of Dewey’s squadron in
Manila Bay, would surely have conquered the Spanish.
Dewey, however, was waiting for U.S. ground troops,
which began landing in July and took over the Filipino
positions surrounding Manila.
• On August 8, the Spanish commander informed the
United States that he would surrender the city under
two conditions: The United States was to make the
advance into the capital look like a battle, and under no
conditions were the Filipino rebels to be allowed into
the city.
• On August 13, the mock Battle of Manila was staged,
and the Americans kept their promise to keep the
Filipinos out after the city passed into their hands.
• The Americans occupied Manila and planned
peace negotiations with Spain, Aguinaldo
convened a revolutionary assembly, the Malolos, in
September. They drew up a democratic
constitution, the first ever in Asia, and a
government was formed with Aguinaldo as
president in January 1899.
• On February 4, what became known as the
Philippine Insurrection began when Filipino rebels
and U.S. troops skirmished inside American lines in
Manila. Two days later, the U.S. Senate voted by
one vote to ratify the Treaty of Paris with Spain.
• The Philippines were now a U.S. territory, acquired
in exchange for $20 million in compensation to the
Spanish.
• In response, Aguinaldo formally launched a new
revolt–this time against the United States. The
rebels, consistently defeated in the open field,
turned to guerrilla warfare, and the U.S. Congress
authorized the deployment of 60,000 troops to
subdue them.
• By the end of 1899, there were 65,000 U.S. troops
in the Philippines, but the war dragged on. Many
anti-imperialists in the United States, such as
Democratic presidential candidate William
Jennings Bryan, opposed U.S. annexation of the
Philippines, but in November 1900 Republican
incumbent William McKinley was reelected, and
the war continued.
• On March 23, 1901, in a daring operation, U.S. General
Frederick Funston and a group of officers, pretending to
be prisoners, surprised Aguinaldo in his stronghold in
the Luzon village of Palanan and captured the rebel
leader.
• Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United
States and called for an end to the rebellion, but many
of his followers fought on. During the next year, U.S.
forces gradually pacified the Philippines.
• In an infamous episode, U.S. forces on the island of
Samar retaliated against the massacre of a U.S.
garrison by killing all men on the island above the age
of 10. Many women and young children were also
butchered. General Jacob Smith, who directed the
atrocities, was court-martialed and forced to retire for
turning Samar, in his words, into a “howling wilderness.
• In 1902, an American civil government took
over administration of the Philippines, and the
three-year Philippine insurrection was declared
to be at an end. Scattered resistance, however,
persisted for several years.
• More than 4,000 Americans perished
suppressing the Philippines–more than 10
times the number killed in the
Spanish-American War. More than 20,000
Filipino insurgents were killed, and an unknown
number of civilians perished.
• In 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines
was established with U.S. approval, and
Manuel Quezon was elected the country’s first
president. On July 4, 1946, full independence
was granted to the Republic of the Philippines
by the United States.
The History of the
Philippine Revolution
• The Philippine Revolution is one of the most
important events in the country’s history,
awakening a proud sense of nationalism for
generations of Filipinos to come. In a period of
heavy struggle and conflict, Filipinos of different
backgrounds united with a common goal: to resist
colonialism.
• The revolution against Spain was sparked in 1896
after Spanish authorities discovered the
“Katipunan,” a Filipino revolutionary society plotting
against their colonizers.
• It ended in 1902, where Spain lost and ceded
sovereignty of the Philippines to the United States.
The Katipunan: The secret
organization that initiated the
revolt
• Andres Bonifacio was the Supreme of the
Katipunan (association), or as it was also
known: Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest
and Most Venerated Association of the Sons
and Daughters of the Land).
• The organization drew inspiration from Dr. Jose
Rizal, whose literary works, particularly Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, exposed the
cruelties of the Spanish colonizers. Before
Katipunan was established, both Bonifacio and
Rizal were part of ‘La Liga Filipina’ – a
progressive organization initiated by Rizal that
sought peaceful reforms.
• After Rizal’s arrest and deportation to Dapitan, La Liga
Filipina dissolved. This was later replaced by a call for
aggressive reforms, put forward and favored by
Bonifacio. Upon hearing of Rizal’s arrest, Bonifacio and
his fellows founded the Katipunan. The anti-colonial
secret organization eventually attracted people from
lower and middle classes across the country, enjoining
them in an armed revolt against Spain.
• Rizal, the country’s national hero, refused to participate.
Bonifacio believed timing wasn’t on their side and the
nation was still unprepared. In spite of his friend’s
reservations, Bonifacio and his fellow Katipuneros
continued with their plan.
• Yet, on August 1896, a Spanish friar found them out.
A Series of Bloody
Revolts
• After the discovery of the Katipunan, Spanish
authorities made several arrests to identify their
members. Bonifacio and his fellows were
planning a nationwide revolt.
• This led to an event called the ‘Cry of Pugad
Lawin’, where revolutionaries took part in a
mass tearing of cedulas (community tax
certificates), symbolizing their fight against
Spain.
• Bonifacio simultaneously planned an attack on
Manila. However they were caught off guard, as
though the revolutionaries were greater in number,
the Spanish authorities were more armed.
• According to historical accounts, Bonifacio
continued with his plan despite the failure in his
first attempt.
• The revolt flared up in the surrounding provinces,
including Central Luzon, San Juan del Monte and
Southern Tagalog (which is why this is also known
as the Tagalog War).
• After several unsuccessful revolts, rebels in
Cavite finally had a taste of victory. Under
Emilio Aguinaldo (mayor of Cavite El Viejo) and
Mariano Alvarez (Bonifacio’s uncle), the
Philippine Revolution was in full swing.
• The revolution dragged down the name of
Rizal. He was accused of being associated
with the secret militant society. Charged with
sedition, conspiracy and rebellion, Rizal was
sentenced to death by firing squad.
Internal struggles, conflicts, and a
surprising turn of events
• Alongside the Spanish authorities, Katipuneros
were soon fighting amongst themselves.
Rivalries emerged between commanders and
territories, creating big rifts in the association.
• The Katipunan divided into two councils,
namely the Magdiwang and Magdalo – that is,
those who favored Aguinaldo and those who
favoured Bonifacio.
• To settle the leadership dispute, the Tejeros
Convention was established.
• This assembly of officials was intended to unite the
two factions and elect officers for the revolutionary
government.
• After a makeshift election, Bonifacio lost to
Aguinaldo and leadership was turned over to him.
• Bonifacio was given the role of Director of the
Interior, but his qualifications were questioned.
Under this further scrutiny he left the assembly –
Aguinaldo took oath as President the following day.
The Rival Government
• Bonifacio soon set out to Naic, Cavite, where he
established a rival government against Aguinaldo.
Newly recognized as the leader of the revolution,
he issued a coup d’etat against Aguinaldo’s
government. Upon learning this, Aguinaldo ordered
the official arrest of Bonifacio.
• Bonifacio was captured and found guilty of sedition
and treason by the War Council. They were soon
executed near Maragondon.
• Aguinaldo and his fellows soon established the
Republic of Biak-na-Bato and drafted the first
constitution.
• They came up with a pact that called for an end
to the revolution, which was positively favored
by the Spanish Governor-General. The pact’s
agenda included: the surrender of weapons to
revolutionaries, amnesty, exile for leaders, and
payment to the revolutionaries worth $400,000
USD.
• While the Spanish kept their word, other
revolutionary generals took arms – the
Philippines was still not independent.
The arrival of the
Americans and the
Declaration of
Independence
• April 1898 marked the second phase of the
Philippine Revolution. After a US Navy warship
exploded and sunk in Havana harbor, the
Americans declared a war against Spain
known as the Spanish-American War.
• The US Navy’s Asiatic Squadron, led by
Commodore George Dewey, sailed to Manila
and defeated the Spanish Navy. In just a few
hours all Spanish ships were destroyed and the
US gained control of the Philippine capital.
• Meanwhile, Aguinaldo became friendly with the
United States. Aguinaldo met with a US consul who
advised him to cooperate with the Americans. And
so, from his exile in Hong Kong, Bonifacio
eventually returned to the Philippines and resumed
the attacks against the Spanish authorities.
• And, On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the
country’s independence and the birth of the
Philippine Republic. From his balcony in his house
in Kawit, Cavite, the Philippine flag was unfurled.
The Philippines’ National Anthem, “Lupang
Hinirang” was first heard by the Filipino people.
• It was December of that year when the Spanish
government ceded the Philippines to the United
States through the Treaty of Paris.
• While it ended the Spanish-American War, the
Americans took possession of the Philippines.
Independence had not really been achieved.
Sources
• https://www.scribd.com/doc/27594134/The-Philippines-
During-theAmerican-Period
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution
• https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/philippine-in
dependencedeclared
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_in_the_Philippi
nes
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Ame
rican_War
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Ame
rican_War
-SOAR HIGH EMILIANS-
The War Years
Prepared by:
SAS Faculty Baby Grace R. Abad, JD.
Japanese
Colonization
Learning Objectives
1. The learners will be able to discuss the start of
the World War II in the Philippines.
2. The learners will be able to understand and
explain the reasons why Japan Colonized the
Philippines.
3. The learners will be able to evaluate what had
happen to the Philippines after the World War
II.
4. The learners will be able to explain how the
Japanese Reorganized the government of the
Philippines and its effect.
5. The learners will be able to understand; How
the Japanese surrendered.
Japanese Occupation
• The United States declared war against Japan
and the War in the Pacific was formally on.
• As a consequence of this war, the Philippines
was occupied by the Japanese.
• For three (3) years the Filipinos suffered the
rigors of war.
• Civil liberties were suppressed by the enemy,
the economy was geared to the demands of
the Japanese war efforts, education was
re-vamped to re-orient Filipino thinking along
Japanese lines, and political life was limited to
the Japanese-sponsored Republic.
Background of Pearl Harbor
• One of the factors that led the Americans to
acquire the Philippines was the belief that the
colony would be of strategic importance to the
United States.
• It was then thought that with Philippines under the
United States, no foreign Power would dare to
antagonize it.
• President Theodore Roosevelt expressed this view
in January 1906 when, in a letter to Major-General
Leonard Wood, he declared that “Japan had no
immediate intention of moving against the United
States”.
• On July 6, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt
wrote again a letter to General-Wood, then in
command in the Philippines in case of a Japanese
attack.
• Japan was a fast rising power in the Pacific and the
Philippine defenses were rather inadequate to
thwart any hostile attempt to invade the country.
• The American military’s apprehensions were
quieted when President Manuel L. Quezon, soon
after the inauguration of the Commonwealth,
prevailed upon General Douglas MacArthur to
become Field Marshal of the Philippine Army.
• MacArthur’s concept of defense was to build
up a Filipino army sufficiently strong to repel
a foreign invasion.
• On July 26, 1941; The Philippine reserve and
regular forces were incorporated into the
United States Army under the command of
General MacArthur. The combined forces were
called the United States Army Forces in the Far
East (USAFFE).
• The United States, in particular, froze
Japanese Assets in the United States thereby
preventing Japan from using these assets to
their advantage, nevertheless, the United
States exerted all efforts to come to a peaceful
understanding with Japan.
• In September 1941, Japan, apparently to discuss
American- Japanese problems in a peaceful
manner, sent Admiral K. Nomura to Washington.
• It was believed that Nomura would propose peace
to the American officials in order to avert war. It
was while Nomura was presenting his
government’s peace proposals to Secretary of
State Cordell Hull that the Japanese bombers
surprised Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and sank the
cream of the American Navy.
• The bombing occurred in the early morning of
December 7, 1941, Hawaiian Time.
President Roosevelt and the War
• The treacherous bombing of Pearl Harbor drove
the American people to frenzied anger.
• The American naval and military losses at Pearl
Harbor, total of 2,897 men. The tragedy struck
deep into the hearts of the Americans.
• On December 8, 1941, Prime Minister Winston
S. Churchill of England faced the House of
Commons and announced to the world that
Great- Britain would declared war on Japan.
• The European War, which commenced in the
year 1939, now expand to become the second
World War.
The Japanese Offensive Plan
• The general offensive plan of the Japanese was to
strike immediately at the rich Dutch and British
possessions in Southeast Asia, specially Malaya
and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).
• The Japanese Naval and air forces had to destroy
the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor in order
to neutralize it, and then to attack the Philippines in
order to cut America’s lines of communication in
the Pacific.
• The subjugation of the Philippines was a part of the
general plan of conquering the rich countries of
Southeast Asia so that their natural resources
could be used to bolster up Japan’s war machine.
• In the Philippines, four hours after the sneak
attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese
bombed several places in the Philippines
simultaneously.
• Clark field was bombed in the morning of
December 8, 1941 and American planes on
the ground were destroyed. Air attacks were
conducted against Davao, Baquio and
Aparri.
Occupation of Manila
• The Japanese preparation for the war,
particularly the attack on the Philippines, was
planned carefully. Even before their planes could
take off to attack targets in the Philippines, three
task forces were already on their way to the
Philippines; two were to land in Northern Luzon
and one in Batan Island.
• At dawn of December 8, 1941, the Japanese
landed at Batan without any opposition. Two
days later, enemy landing were made at Aparri
and Pandan, near Vigan. Similar landing made in
Davao and Jolo on December 20, 1941.
• On December 22, 1941, The Japanese
made a major landings at Lingayen,
Damortis, Rosario and on Central Luzon.
Quezon in Corregidor
• Manuel L. Quezon, President of the
Commonwealth was a very sick man when the
war broke out.
• Thousands were killed as a results of
indiscriminate bombings of the enemy and
thousands more were hospitalized for wounds
received from enemy bombs and bullets.
• On December 24, 1941, MacArthur informed
Quezon that he and some of his officials, as
well as the members of his family were to leave
for Corregidor.
• Japanese bombers were still hitting the Port
Area in Manila at the time Quezon and his
party were scheduled to leave.
• On December 30, 1941, Quezon took his oath
of office as President of the Commonwealth,
marking the end of his first term and the
beginning of his second term.
The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
• MacArthur’s retreat to Bataan was a brilliant
maneuver, for in the process he outwitted
General Masaharu Homma, the Japanese
commander-in-chief, who failed in his attempt
to encircle the USAFFE as contemplated.
• Maneuvering in a limited territory, MacArthur
succeeded in keeping his army intact and well
coordinated. Several times, the Japanese
launched their offensive against Bataan only to
be repulsed with heavy losses.
• It was the strategy of the Japanese Imperial
Command to subjugate the Philippines within a
short period of time in order to proceed
immediately to the conquest of other parts of Asia.
• The heroic defense of the Filipino-American troops
on Bataan irritated the Japanese.
• Japanese leaflets asking the Filipino soldiers to
surrender and to desert their American
comrades-in-arms were dropped on Bataan to
demoralize the USAFFE, but the courageous
Filipino soldiers ignored the Japanese propaganda.
• On April 9, 1942, General Edward P. King,
commander of the forces on Bataan,
surrendered. Some 78,000 of General Kings
forces were include in the surrender
negotiations. Around 2,000 escaped to
Corregidor and to the surrounding provinces.
Wainwright, as USAFE commander-in-chief,
was in Corregidor. King’s surrender on Bataan,
therefore, was an individual surrender, and not
the surrender of the entire USAFFE force.
Thus, ended the Battle of Bataan which
resounded throughout the world.
Bataan Death March
• The Bataan Death march was when the
Japanese forced 76,000 captured allied
soldiers (Filipinos and Americans) to march
about 80 miles across the Bataan Peninsula.
• The March took place on April of 1942 during
World War II.
• The surrendered Filipino-American troops were
forced at gunpoint to march from Bataan to
San Fernando, Pampanga, under the hot
tropical sun.
• Those who could not march because of
physical weakness were shot down or
bayoneted.
• So inhuman was the forced march that the
event has been called the “Death March”. In
Capas, the prisoners were huddled together
like animals, hungry and sick.
• The forced march has been called a Death
March.
• Japanese stepped up their offensive against
Corregidor. From Bataan, now under the
Japanese, from the sea, and from Cavite,
the island fortress was subjected to intense
fire.
• The fall of the Philippines, at least officially,
was now complete.
Reorganization of the Government
• On January 3, 1942, a day after Manila
became an occupied city, the
Commander-in-chief of the Japanese
Imperial Forces, General Masaharu
Homma, issued a proclamation announcing
the end of the American Occupation and the
purpose of the Japanese Expedition.
• The Japanese avowed purpose was to
“emancipate you [the Filipinos] from the
oppressive domination of the U.S.A, letting
you established the Philippines for Filipinos”
as a member of the Co-prosperity sphere in
the Greater East Asia and making you enjoy
your own prosperity and culture”.
• On February 1942, the Japanese were ready to
institute sweeping reforms in the administration of
the government.
• The National government was re-named the
Central Administrative Organization, composed of
six executive departments: Interior; Finance;
Justice; Agriculture and Commerce; Education;
Health and Public Welfare; and Public Works and
Communications. Each departments was headed
by a Commissioner, whose duty was to execute
and administration within his jurisdiction under the
control of the Chairman of the Executive
Commission.
• The limitations upon the powers and
prerogatives of the Commissioners were
assured for the Japanese when the same
order provided the “Each department shall
have a Japanese adviser and Japanese
Assistant advisers’.
Educational Re- Orientation
• The Japanese educational policy was
embodied in Military Order No.2, dated
February 17, 1942.
• Its basic points were the propagation of Filipino
Culture; the dissemination of the principle of
the Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere;
the spiritual rejuvenation of the Filipinos; the
teaching and propagation of Nippongo; the
diffusion of vocational and elementary
education; and the promotion of love of labor.
• The motive behind this educational policy was
not only to create an atmosphere friendly to
Japanese intentions and war aims, but also to
erase the Western Cultural Influences,
particularly British and American on Filipino Life
and Culture.
• To carry out this policy, the Japanese
Commander-in-Chief instructed the
Commissioner of Education, Health and Public
Welfare to reopen the Schools, requiring, at the
same time, that teachers and students be made
to pledge themselves to the support of the new
educational policy.
• Priority was given to the re-opening of
Elementary Schools obviously because the
Japanese believed that the mind of the
young could be easily moulded into the
patterns of the Japanese concept.
• Next to the elementary Schools priority was
given to the re-opening of vocational and
normal schools, and those institutions of
higher learning giving courses in agriculture,
medicines, fisheries and engineering.
• In accordance with Japanese mandates, the
Department of Education, Health and Public
Elementary Schools beginning in June 1942.
• Japanese- Sponsored Republic was proclaimed
on October 14, 1943. the Educational set-up did
not change much. However, President Jose P.
Laurel added the fundamental principle of militant
nationalism.
• Educational reforms were instituted by requiring
teachers to obtain licenses after undergoing a
rigid examination. The teaching of Tagalog,
Philippine History, and character education was
reserved for Filipinos.
The Republic
• The Japanese authorities realized that it was
difficult to channel Filipino sympathy toward
them and consequently did everything in their
power, from threats to caress, to dissipate the
Filipinos’ hostility.
• It was important to them, for propaganda
purposes, that the Filipinos were made to
believe that Japan’s intention was to see the
Philippines become a Republic.
KALIBAPI
• Founder: Philippine Executive Commission.
• Founded: December 8, 1942.
• Dissolved: 1945
• The announcement was the cue to the Filipino
officials to make preparations for the event.
• On June 18, 1943, the KALIBAPI (Kapisanan
sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) was
instructed to form the Preparatory Commission
for Philippine Independence.
• The KALIBAPI promptly announced the
composition of the body the next day. It was
organized on June 20, 1943 with Jose P.
Laurel as President and Benigno S. Aquino
Sr. and Ramon AvanceÑa as Vice-
President.
• The Commission then prepared the draft of
the proposed Constitution, which was
approved on September 4, 1943, and
ratified by a popular convention days later.
• The Constitution provided for unicameral
National Assembly, whose delegates were
chosen on September 20, 1943.
• The studied enthusiasm over the
approaching independence was now
climbing to its climax.
• On September 25, 1943, the National
Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel President
of the Future Republic. Amidst the simulated
applause and hurrahs of the Filipino
audience who had no choice in the matter,
the Declaration of Independence was read,
the Republic inaugurated, and President
Jose P. Laurel inducted into office, October
14, 1943.
The Liberation
• Three (3) years of Japanese Occupation
were also years of resistance movement.
• Even before the Japanese entry into Manila,
Guerrilla units had been formed in
anticipation of what was then believed as
the short stay of enemy in the Philippines.
Guerrilla Warfare
• The Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese
Army warned the Filipinos against offering
resistance or committing hostile acts against
the Japanese forces in any manner.
• Any such act on the part of the Filipinos
would lead to the destructions of the
Philippines. The Japanese proclamation
threatened with death those who would
disturb the minds of the officials and the
people.
• The severity of the proclamation cowed
majority of the Filipinos into silence. Those
who refused to place themselves under the
authority of the Japanese Military
Administration fled to the mountains to join
the guerrillas.
USAFFE
• With the retreat of the USAFFE to Bataan,
the officers and soldiers who were isolated
by the rapid advance of the enemy
organized guerrilla units.
• In Central Luzon, the guerrillas flocked
under the banner of several leaders, some
of whom were civilians.
• In the Visayas, the most prominent guerrilla
leaders were Colonel Ruperto Kangleon,
who operated in Samar and Leyte; Colonel
Macario Peralta, of Tarlac, led the Panay
guerrillas, with Governor Tomas Confesor
as the civilian leader.
• In Mindanao, the guerrillas were headed by
Tomas Cabili, Wendell Fertig and Salipada
Pendatun. Jesuit priests in Mindanao-
Father Edward Haggerty, John Pollock,
Clement Risarcher, Harold Murphy.
• The guerrillas performed three important
functions:
1. To ambush or otherwise kill enemy soldiers
and civilians;
2. To relay important intelligence reports to
MacArthur in Australia, such as size of the
enemy army, troop movements, number of
Japanese ships, disposition of troops, activities
of the Japanese Military Administration, and
other information necessary to gauge the
strength and weakness of the enemy;
3. And to liquidate spies and Japanese
sympathizers.
• Many guerrillas met death in the
performance of their duties, but those left
behind carried on as if nothing happened.
There was only one thought uppermost in
their minds, and it was to help drive away
the invaders from Philippine Soil.
Guerrilla Newspapers
• Truthful news report about the war was
impossible under the enemy, for the press and
the radio were controlled. It was natural that
the Japanese should resort to Propaganda lies
to achieve their purpose of demoralizing the
Filipinos and making them believe on the
invincibility of Japan.
• People who read the “Tribune” and other
Japanese- Controlled magazines read between
the lines. But such reading was not sufficient to
slake their thirst for real news.
• Two ways were open to the Filipinos to get
real news; first, by tuning in their radios to
Radio San Francisco at the risk of being
caught on the act and then beheaded by the
enemy; and second, by reading, also at the
risk of being beheaded, the guerrilla
“newspapers”.
Matang Lawin
• The need for keeping up the faith in the
democratic tradition and for counteracting
Japanese propaganda led some guerrilla
outfits to put out their “newspaper”.
• These were not printed but mimeographed,
sometimes, typewritten.
• Colonel Guillermo Nakar, operating in the
Seirra Madre near Nueva Vizcaya, put out
the mimeographed newspaper “Matang
Lawin” or Hawk Eye.
• This paper, aside from giving news about
the last days of Bataan, also informed the
people that like the hawk, the guerrillas
would watch over the welfare of the people
and at the same time take cognizance of the
activities of the spies.
The Liberator
• One of the most widely- circulated guerrilla papers
was “The Liberator”, put out and edited by Leon O.
Ty of the Philippines Free Press.
• The Liberator circulated in Cavite, Manila, Rizal
and Bulakan.
• Some of its writers were caught by the Japanese
circulating the little news magazine and were
executed, but Leon Ty and a few of his
companions escaped the enemy dragnet.
• Panay had several guerrilla papers. Most famous
was the Kalibo War Bulletin which came out after
Pearl Harbor.
The Leyte Landings
• October 20, 1944 December 26, 1944 – The
Battle of Leyte.
• The leyte landings in the Philippines were to be
carried out by the forces under General
MacArthur. Such a task meant the
convergence of troop transports, supply ships,
fire support ships, escort carriers, mine craft,
landing craft, and cargo ships.
• “Upon his arrival, MacArthur gave a speech
in which he famously promised “I shall
return” to the Philippines. After more than
two years of fighting in the Pacific, he
fulfilled that promise. For his defense of the
Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the
Medal of Honor.
The return of the Commonwealth
• When it finally determined that a large part of the
island was in American hands, MacArthur ordered
the organization of civil municipal government.
• The temporary seat of the Commonwealth
Government was established in Tacloban, Leyte,
on October 23, 1944.
• On November 15, 1944, on the 9th anniversary of
the Commonwealth, President Sergio OsmeÑa
addressed the Filipinos, sayong in part: “The cause
of democracy and liberty, the right of every people
to govern itself and to be secure against
aggression, the great moral issues of justice and
righteousness and human dignity are being fought
in the Philippines today.
• President Sergio OsmeÑa said that: I am
proud of the way the American soldier is
fighting this battle. I am also proud of the
way the Filipinos are aiding in that fight.
The End of the War
• The Philippines having been liberated from
the enemy, MacArthur proposed to carry the
war right at Japan’s door. Hundreds of
B-29’s, the superforts, bombed the
mainland of Japan, reducing the latter’s war
potential.
• Important Japanese ports and cities like
Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, and Kure were
bombed day and night, giving the enemy no
respite.
• On July 26, 1945, the Allies, through
President Truman and Prime Minister
Churchill, issued the Potsdom Proclamation
calling upon Japan to surrender
inconditionally or face “prompt and utter
destruction”.
• Japan, proud the strength and prouder still
of Samurai spirit, refused to surrender.
• On August 6, 1945, Tokyo time, the United
States Air Force unleased the deadly atomic
bomb on Hiroshima, demolishing almost
one half of the city and killing thousands of
inhabitants.
• On August 9, 1945, another atomic bomb
was dropped on Nagasaki. To make things
more difficult for the Japanese, Russia
declared war against Japan on the same
day. Faced with total annihilation, Japan
unconditionally accepted the Allies demand
for surrender on August 15, 1945.
• On September 2, 1945, Japan signed the
terms of surrender on board the battleship
Missouri at Tokyo Bay. THE WAR WAS
OVER.
Sources
Books:
• Teodoro Agoncillio. 8th Ed. (1990). History of the
Filipino People. Garotech Publishing.
• Nestor M. Asuncion; Readings in Phil. History.
2019. ✓ John Lee P. Candelaria; 1 st Ed.
Readings in Phil. History. 2018.
• https://www.ducksters.com/history/world_war_ii/bat
aan_death_march.php
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KALIBAPI
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_
Forces_in_the_Far_East
• https://www.google.com.hk/search?q=central+admi
nistrative+organization+tagalog&tbm=isch&source
=iu&ictx=1&fir=deU9ScOYogYoMM%252C856DTz
8XgLzOeM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQ9YRYPO
n-v0WYhXhzz0flECrIxDg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO
somJgbrvAhVnxosBHfq6CycQ9QF6BAgJEAE#img
rc=deU9ScOYogYoMM
• https://www.slideshare.net/joanrdrgz/socsci-37389
968
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation
_of_the_Philippines
-SOAR HIGH EMILIANS-
HISTORY OF THE
PHILIPPINE FLAGS
Prepared by:
SAS Faculty Baby Grace R. Abad, JD.
Learning Objectives
1. The learners will be able to understand and
discuss the importance of history of the
Philippine Flags.
2. The learners will be able to explain the symbols of
each Flags and its importance.
The Philippine Flags
• It has been common since the 1960’s to
trace the development of the Philippine flag
to the various war standards of the
individual leaders of the Katipunan, a
pseudo-masonic revolution movement that
opposed Spanish rule in the Philippines and
led the Philippine Revolution.
• However, while some symbols common to
the Katipunan flags would be adopted into
the iconography of the Revolution, it is
inclusive whether these war standards can
be considered precursors to the present
Philippine flag.
Katipunan Movement
• The current
Philippine National
Flag evolved out of
many earlier
versions.
• All of these flag are
traced their origin
from the Common
endeavors of the
Philippine
Revolutionaries to
show their love for
the country.
• The first Philippine flag was the war banner
adopted by Andres Bonifacio in 1892.
• It was a rectangular piece of red cloth with
three white K’s arranged to form three
angles of an equilateral triangle.
• This Flag, created
by Benita Rodriguez
with the aid of the
wife of Bonifacio,
Gregoria de Jesus.
• With K white in a
horizontal
alignment.
• had a single K on it.
• These flag has been
construed as being
related to the Klu
Klux Klan.
The 1895 flag with white triangle
• Red flag with a white
triangle on the hoist
with K K K in three
corners and a sun
behind an outline hill.
• An 1895 version
attributed to General
Pio Del Pilar has a
slight resemblance to
the present flag. Rather
than a red and blue
stripe the field except
for the triangle of white
is red.
• The gold stars and sun being replaced by
the red K's and a red sun rising behind a
mountain. The sun has 8 rays.
Katipunan Standard
• Bonifacio’s Banner, as
the Father of the
Katipunan.
• Several months before
the outbreak of the
revolution in 1896,
Bonifacio had another
flag made.
• This flag was a red
rectangular field with
white 16 rayed sun in
the middle and three
white K’s below it.
Magdalo Faction
• In October 1896, General
Aguinaldo fashioned out
a banner consisting of a
rectangular field, with sun
in the middle.
• The sun had eight rays
representing the first
eigth provinces (Manila,
Bulacan, Tarlac,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija,
Laguna, Batangas and
Cavite) to take up arms
against the Spaniards
• In the middle of the white sun was a white
K, in the ancient Tagalog script.
• K from the pre-Hispanic Philippine alphabet.
Magdiwang Faction
• When the revolution
heated up, the
Magdiwang faction of
the Katipunan, which
operated in Cavite
under Mariano Alvarez,
adopted a flag
consisting of a red
banner with a white sun
with the baybayin the
ancient tagalog script
letter ka (for K) at the
center.
• Modification of
Magdalo Faction.
Katipunan Flag of 1897
• New Flag adopted by
the Katipunan.
• On March 17, 1897
Emilio Aguinaldo
displayed a new banner
at the Naic Assembly.
• This was a rectangular
red cloth, with a white
mythological sun in the
middle adorned with
eyes, nose and mouth.
• Radiating from the sun were eight group of
rays, each group consisting of three rays.
• This flag was used in the Truce of
Biak-na-Bato on December 14-15, 1897.
The Flag of the Association
“Katipunan”
• Sovereign and
Venerable
Association of the
Children of People.
• This group was
founded in Manila
(July 7, 1892) and it
fought against the
Spaniards troops for
Independence of the
Philippines.
Tagalog Flag at the Noveleta
Bridge
• The central Tagal
letter is the K. Red
seems to be the
background colour.
There are several red
flags but not single
blue flags. The sun
can be white or
yellow; the most
frequent is white, but
in preserved flags.
• This flag was also used by the mutineers in July
2003. It represents the use of some very significant
symbols in Philippines national iconography. The
sun harks back to the mythical sun used in the
flags of the Katipunan (the secret organization that
began the Philippine revolution in Spain in 1986).
The letter "I" in the middle is in "alibata" or ancient
Tagalog script, and represents the letter "K,"
symbolizing "Kalayaan" or "freedom." The sun and
letter K are all over the flags of the Katipunan and
its various leaders and provincial cells.
General Gregorio del Pilar’s Flag
• Blue triangle in
hoist, red horizontal
upper and black
below.
• The flag of General
Gregorio del Pilar,
the "Boy General."
Flown during the
Battle of Tirad Pass,
Ilocos Sur.
• General del Pilar's forces allowed General
Aguinaldo's retreating army to escape. The
"Boy General" died at age 24 defending the
pass on 2 December 1899.
Republic of the Philippines
• Pambansang Watawat
(National Flag)
• Adopted: June 12,
1898 used by the First
Philippine Republic.
• Design: A horizontal
bicolor of blue and red
with a white equilateral
triangle based at the
hoist containing three,
five-pointed gold stars
at its vertices, and an
eight-rayed gold sun at
its center.
Philippine Flag
• The flag of the
Philippines is
the National Flag of
the Republic of the
Philippines.
• It is a horizontal flag
bicolor with equal
bands of royal blue
and crimson red with
a white, equilateral
triangle at the hoist
• In the center of the triangle is a golden-yellow sun
with eight primary rays, each representing a
Philippine province.
• At each vertex of the triangle is a five-pointed,
golden-yellow star, each of which representing one
of the country's three main island groups- Luzon,
Visayas, Mindanao.
• The white triangle at the flag represents liberty,
equality and fraternity.
• A unique feature of this flag is its usage to indicate
a state of war if it is displayed with the red side on
top, which is effectively achieved by flipping the
flag upside-down.
Sources
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Ph
ilippines
• https://www.fotw.info/flags/ph-histo.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_P
hilippine_Revolution#:~:text=Katipunan%20f
lags,-KKK&text=With%20the%20establishm
ent%20of%20the,became%20the%20societ
y's%20first%20flag.
-SOAR HIGH EMILIANS-
Content and Contextual
Analysis of Selected
Primary Sources in
Philippine History

Prepared by:
SAS Faculty Baby Grace R. Abad, JD.
Learning Objectives
1. To familiarize oneself with the primary
documents in different historical periods of the
Philippines.
2. To learn history through primary sources.
3. To properly interpret primary sources through
examining the content and context of the
document.
4. To understand the context behind each
selected document.
5. The Learners will fully understand the
application of primary sources based on the
knowledge, facts, evidence he learned from
previous discussions.
6. The learners will be able to analysed the
important role of the historians in history, in
writing their books and story, stating the
important events based on their researched
and evidence presented.
7. The learners will be able to understand the
importance of people power as one of the
primary sources.
“Review”
• Historical Sources
✔ Is to ascertain historical facts.
✔ Such facts are then analyzed and
interpreted by the historian to weave the
narrative.
• Primary Sources
✔ it consist of documents, memoir, accounts
and other materials that were produced at
the period of the events or subject being
studied.
Primary Sources
• Two kinds of criticism
1. External Criticism
2. Internal Criticism
• External Criticism – examines the authenticity of
the document or the evidence being used.
✔ This is important that the primary source is not
fabricated.
• Internal Criticism – examines the truthfulness of the
content of the evidence.
✔ This criticism requires that the act must be
established the truthfulness and the accuracy;
and
✔ Examination of primary sources in terms of the
context of its production.
Primary Sources from Different
Historical Periods
• How?
✔ To evaluate the documents content in
terms of historical value;
✔ To examine the content of their
production.
• Here, the example of Primary sources that
we are going to examine are the following;
1. Antonio Pigafetta’s First Voyage around the
world;
2. Emilio Jacinto’s Kartilya ng Katipunan;
3. The Declaration of Philippine Independence;
4. Political Cartoon’s Alfred McCoy’s Philippine
Cartoons;
5. Political Caricature of the American Era (1900-
1941); and
6. Corazon Aquino’s speech before the U.S.
Congress.
• These primary sources range from chronicles,
official documents, speeches, and cartoons to
visual arts.
• Different types of sources necessitate different
kinds of analysis and contain different levels of
importance.
A Brief Summary of the First
Voyage around the World by
Magellan; by Antonio Pigafetta
• The source was taken from the chronicles of
contemporary voyagers and navigators, one of
them was an Italian Nobleman Antonio
Pigafetta, who accompanied Ferdinand
Magellan in his fateful circumnavigation of the
world.
• Pigafetta’s work instantly became a classic that
prominent literary men in the west.
• Pigafetta’s travelogue is one of the most
important primary sources in the study of the
precolonial Philippines.
• Pigafetta’s account was also a major referent to
the events leading to Magellan’s arrival in the
Philippines, Magellan’s encounter with local
leaders, Magellan’s death in the hands of
Lapulapu’s forces in the Battle of Mactan, and
in the departure of what was left of Magellan’s
fleet from the islands.
• In examining the document reveals several
insights not just in the character of the
Philippines during the Precolonial Period.
✔ Also, the European encounter with
unfamiliar terrain, environment, people, and
culture.
• Locating Pigafetta’s account in the context of its
writing warrants a familiarity of age of th
exploration, which pervaded Europe in the 15
and 16th century.
• In History, the primary source used in the
subsequent written histories depart from certain
perspective.
• In Pigafetta’s account was also written from the
perspective of Pigafetta himself and was a product
of the context of its production.
• The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan
was published after Pigafetta returned to Italy.
• The Chrnonicles of Pigafetta as he wrote his first
observation and general impression of the Far East
including their experiences in the Visayas
• Also, In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached
what he called the Ladrones of that we called these
three islands the Ladrones Islands or the Islands of
the Thieves.
• The Ladrones Islands is presently known as the
Marianas Islands.
✔ These islands are located in the south-southeast
of Japan, west-south west of Hawaii, north of New
Guinea, and east of Philippines.
• 10 days after they reached Ladrones Islands,
Pigafetta reported that they reached what Pigafetta
called the Isle of Zamal, now Samar but Magellan
decided to land in another uninhabited island fir
greater security where they could rest for few days.
✔ Pigafetta recounted that after 2 days, nine men
came to them and showed joy and eagerness in
seeing them.
✔ Magellan realized that the men were reasonable
and welcomed them with food, drinks and gifts.
✔ Pigafetta characterized the people as very familiar
and friendly and willingly showed them different
islands and the names of these Islands.
✔ Then the fleet went to Humunu Islands (Homonhon)
and there they found what Pigafetta referred to as
the “Watering Place of Good Signs”.
✔ It is in this place where Pigafetta wrote that they
found the first signs of gold in the Islands.
✔ They named the island with the nearby islands as
the Archipelago of St. Lazarus.
✔ They left the Island, then on March 25th, Pigafetta
recounted that they saw two balanghai (Balangay),
a long boat full of people in Mazzava/ Mazaua.
✔ After a few days, Magellan was introduced to the
King (Rajah) Raia Siagu, they went to this islands,
reported to them that this islandthey saw mines of
Gold.

✔ Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass

by the shore, the King heard this plan and later on
attended the Mass, Pigafetta explain that
Magellan and the King participated the Mass.

✔ After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross

be brought with nails and crown in place.
Magellan explain that the cross would be
beneficial for their people because once other
Spaniards saw this cross, then they would know
that they had been in this land and would not
cause them troubles, and any person who might
be held captives by them would be released.
✔ The King allowed the cross to be planted.
✔ This Mass would go down in history as the
first Mass in the Philippines, and the cross
would be famed Magellan’s Cross still
preserved at present day.
Analysis of Pigafetta’s Chronicle
• The Chronicle of Pigafetta was one of the
most cited documents by historians who
wished to study the precolonial Philippines.
• As one of the earliest account, Pigafetta
was seen as a credible source for a period
which was prior unchronicled and
undocumented.
• It was believed that Pigafetta’s writings
account for the purest precolonial society.
• Pigafetta’s work is of great importance in
the study and writing of Philippine History .
• In the case of Pigafetta, the reader needs to
understand that he was a chronicler
commissioned by the King of Spain to
accompany and document a voyage
intended to expand the Spanish empire.
• These attributes influenced his narrative,
selection of details to be included in the text,
his characterization of the people and of the
species that they encountered, and his
interpretation and retelling of the events. A
scholar of cartography and geography,
Pigafetta was able to give details on
Geography and climate of the places that
their voyage had reached.
• In Pigafetta’s description of the people, one
has to keep in mind that he was coming
from 16th century a European perspective.
• System measure the wealth of kingdoms
based on their accumulation of bullions or
precious metals like gold and silver.
• Pigafetta would always mention the abundance
of gold in the islands as shown in his
description of leaders wearing gold rings and
golden daggers and of rich gold mines.
• An empire also like Spain would indeed search
for new lands where they could acquire more
gold and wealth to be on top of all the European
nations. The obsession with spices might be
odd for Filipinos because of its ordinariness in
the Philippines, but understanding the context
would reveal that spices were scare in Europe
and hence were seen as prestige goods.
• In that Era, Spain and Portugal coveted the
control of Spice Islands because it would
have led to a certain increase of wealth,
influence and power.
• This contexts should be used and
understood in order to have a more qualified
reading of Pigafetta’s account.
The KKK and the “Kartilya ng
Katipunan”
• The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan is
arguably the most important organization formed in
the Philippine History.
• While, Anti-colonial movements, efforts, and
organizations had already been established
centuries prior to the foundation of the Katipunan, it
was only this organization that envisioned;
(1) A united Filipino nation that would revolt
against the Spaniards for;
(2) the total independence of the country from
Spain.
• Previous armed revolts had already
occurred before the foundation of the
Katipunan, but none of them envisioned a
unified Filipino nation revolting against the
colonizers.
✔ For example; Diego Silang was known as
an Ilocano who took up his arms and led
one of the longest running revolts in the
country.
✔ Silang, was mainly concerned about his
locality and referred to himself as El Rey
de Ilocos (The King Ilocos).
✔ The imagination of the nation was largely
absent in the aspirations of the local
revolts before Katipunan.
✔ The propaganda movements led by the
ilustrados like Marcelo H. del Pilar,
Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Jose Rizal
did not envision a total separation of the
Philippines from Spain, but only
demanded equal rights, representation,
and protection from the abuses of the
friars.
• One of the most important Katipunan
documents was the Kartilya ng Katipunan.
• The original title of the document was
“Manga [soc] Aral Nang [sic] Katipunan ng
mga A.N.B” or “Lessons of the Organization
of the Sons of Country”.
•The document was written by Emilio
Jacinto in the 1896.
✔ Jacinto was only 18 years old when he
joined the movement.
✔ He was a law student at the Universidad de
Santo Tomas.
✔ Andres Bonifacio recognized the value and
intellect of Jacinto that Jacinto’s Kartilya was
much better than the Decalogue, he wrote,
he willingly favored that the Kartilya be
distributed to their fellow Katipuneros.
• Jacinto became the secretary the secretary of
the organization and took charge of the
short-lived printing of the Katipunan.
• On 15th of April 1897
✔ Andres Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a
commander of the Katipunan in Northern
Luzon.
✔ Jacinto was 22 years old at that time. He
died of Malaria at a young age of 24 in the
town of Magdalena, Laguna.
• The Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan’s
code of conduct. It contains fourteen rules that
instruct the way a Katipunero should behave,
and which specific values should he uphold.
• The rules stated in the Kartilya can be
classified into two;
1. The first group contains the rules that will
make the member an upright individual;
and
2. The second group contains the rules that
will guide the way he treats his fellow men.
Rules in Kartilya
I. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and
reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not
a poisonous weed.
II. To do good for personal gain and not for its own
sake is not virtue.
III. It is rational to be charitable and love one’s fellow
creature, and to adjust one’s conduct, acts and
words to what is in itself reasonable;
IV. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born
equal; superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty
are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
V. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain;
the scoundrel, gain to honor.
VI. Xxxxx……………
• As the primary governing document, which
determines the rules of conduct in the
Katipunan, properly understanding the
Kartilya will thus help in understanding the
values, ideals, aspirations and even the
ideology of the organization.
Analysis of the “Kartilya ng
Katipunan”
• As a document written for a fraternity whose
main purpose is to overthrow a colonial
regime, we can explain the content and
provisions of the Kartilya as a reaction and
response to certain value systems that they
found despicable in the present state of
things that they struggled against with.
✔ For example; the 4th and 13th rules in the
Kartilya are an invocation of the inherent
equality between and among men
regardless of race, occupation, or status.
• In the context of the Spanish Colonial Era where
the indios were treated as the inferior of the
white Europeans, the Katipunan saw to it that
the alternative order that they wished to
promulgate through their revolution necessarily
destroyed this kind of unjust hierarchy.
• Katipunan’s recognition of women as
important partners in the struggle, as
reflected not just in Kartilya but also in an
organizational structure of the fraternity
where a women’s unit was established, in
an endeavor advanced for its time.
• All in all, the proper reading of the Kartilya
will reveal a more thorough understanding
of the Katipunan and the significant role that
it played in the revolution and in the
unfolding of the Philippine history, as we
know it.
Reading the “Proclamation of the
Philippine Independence”
• Every year, the country commemorates the
anniversary of the Philippine Independence
proclaimed on June 12 1898, in the
province of Cavite.
• Such event is a significant turning point in
the history of the country because it
signaled the end of the 333 years of
Spanish Colonization.
• The declaration was a short 2,000- word
document, which summarized the reason
behind the revolution against Spain, the war
for independence, and the future of the New
Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo.
• The proclamation commenced with a
characterization of the conditions in the
Philippines during the Spanish Colonial
Period. The document specifically
mentioned abuses and inequalities in the
colony.
•The declaration says:
“... Taking into consideration, that their
inhabitants being already weary of
bearing the ominous yoke of Spanish
domination, on account of the arbitrary
arrests and harsh treatment practiced by
the Civil Guard to the extent of causing
death with the connivance and even with
the express orders of their commanders,
who sometimes went to the extreme of
ordering the shooting of prisoners under
the pretext that they were attempting to
escape,xxx…..
in violation of the provisions of the
Regulations of their Corps, which abuses
were unpunished and on account of the
unjust deportations, especially those
decreed by General Blanco, of Eminent
personages and of high social position, at
the instigation of the Archbishop and friars
interested in keeping them out of the way for
their own selfish and avaricious purpose,
deportations which are quickly brought about
by a method of procedure more execrable
than than of the Inquisition and which every
civilized nations rejects on account of a
decision being rendered without a hearing of
the person accused”.
• The passage of the declaration demonstrate
the justifications behind the revolution
against Spain. Specifically cited are the
abuse by the Civil Guards and the unlawful
shooting of prisoners whom they alleged as
attempting to escape.
• The passage also condemns the unequal
protection of the law between the Filipino
People and the eminent personages.
• The passage also condemns what they saw
as the unjust deportation and rendering of
other decision without proper hearing,
expected of any civilized nation.
• The proclamation proceeded with a brief
historical overview of the Spanish
Occupation since Magellan’s Arrival in
Visayas until the Philippine Revolution, with
specific details about the latter, especially
after the Pack-of-Biak-Na-Bato had
collapsed.
• The revolt also reached Visayas; thus, the
independence of the country was ensured.
• The document also mentioned Rizal’s
execution, calling it unjust.
• The document also narrates about the
Cavite Mutiny of January 1872 that caused
the infamous execution of the martyred
native priests Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez,
and Jacinto Zamora, whose innocent blood
was shed through the intrigues of those
so-called religious orders that incited the
three secular priests in the said mutiny.
• The Philippine Flag was first waved.
Analysis of the Proclamation of
the Philippine Independence
• Re-examination of the document on the
declaration of Independence can reveal some
often overlook the historical truths about this
important event in Philippine History.
• The document reflects the general
revolutionary sentiment of that period.
✔ It because of inequality before the law
reflect the most compelling sentiments
represented by the revolutionary leadership.
• The Treaty of Paris was an agreement signed
between Spain and the United States of America
regarding the ownership of the Philippine Islands
and other Spanish colonies in South America. The
agreement ended the short-lived Spanish-
American War. The Treaty was signed on
December 10, 1898, 6 months after the
revolutionary government declared the Philippine
Independence. The Philippines was sold to the
United States at $20 million and effectivity
undermined the sovereignty of the Philippines
immediately which resulted in the Philippine-
American War that lasted until the earliest years of
the 20th century.
• The treaty proclamation also gives us the
impression on how the victorious
revolutionary government of Aguinaldo
historicised the struggle for independence.
• The official records and documents like
proclamation of independence, it is the task
of the historian, to analyze the content of
these documents in relation to the dominant
politics and the contexts of people and
institutions surrounding it.
• Primary Sources like official government
records within the circumstances of this
production.
A Glance at Selected
Philippine Political
Caricature of Alfred
McCoy’s Philippine
Cartoons: Political
Caricature of the
American Era (1900-1941)
• Political cartoons and
caricature are a rather
recent art form, which
veered away from the
classical art by
exaggerating human
features and poking
fun at its subjects.
• Such Art genre and
technique become a
part of the print media
as a form of social
and political
commentary.
• Cartoons became an effective tool of
publicizing opinions through heavy use of
symbolism, which is different form a verbose
written editorial and opinion pieces.
• The unique way that a caricature represents
opinion and captures the audience’s
imagination is reason enough for historians
to examine these political cartoons.
• Commentaries in mass media inevitably
shape public opinion and such kind of
opinion is worthy of historical examination.
• In Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of
the American Era (1900-1941), Alfred McCoy,
together with Alfredo Roces, compiled political
cartoons published in newspaper dailies and
periodicals in the aforementioned time period.
• Cartoons of War against the Speculators
was published on 16th of June 1917.
• The Cartoons was drawn by Fernando
Amorsolo and was aimed as a commentary
to the workings of Manila Police at that
period.
• The cartoons shows a Filipino child stole a
skinny chicken because he had nothing to
eat.
• The police officer was relentless pursuing
the said child.
• A man wearing a salakot, labaled Juan de la
Cruz was grabbing the officer, telling him to
leave the small-time pickpockets and
thieves and to turn at the great thieves
instead.
• He was pointing to hug warehouses
containing bulks of rice, milk and grocery
products.
Analysis of the Political
Caricatures during the American
Period
• The transition from the Spanish Colonial
period to the American Occupation period
demonstrated different strands of changes
and shifts in culture, society and politics.
• The selected cartoons illustrate not only the
opinion of certain media outfits about the
Philippine society during the American period
but also paint a broad image of society and
politics under the United States.
• The Cartoons as illustrated the conditions of
poor Filipinos in the Philippines now governed
by the United States.
• By controlling their consciousness and
mentality, Americans got to control and
subjugate Filipinos.
Revisiting Corazon Aquino’s
Speech Before the US
• Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino
functioned as the symbol of the restoration
of democracy and the overthrow of the
Marcos Dictatorship in the year 1986.
• The EDSA People Power, which installed
Cory Aquino in the Presidency, put the
Philippines in the International spotlight for
overthrowing a dictator through peaceful
means.
• Cory was easily a figure of the said revolution, as
the widow of the slain Marcos oppositionist and
former Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. Cory
was hoisted as the antithesis of the dictator.
• Cory was able to capture the imagination of the
people whose rights and freedom had long been
compromised throughout the Marcos regime.
• Cory came from a rich haciendero family in
Tarlac and owned vast estates of sugar plantation
and whose relatives occupy local and national
government positions.
The People Power Revolution
• Was widely recognized around the world for
its peaceful character. When former senator
Ninoy Aquino was shot at the tarmac of the
Manila International Airport on 21 August
1983, the Marcos regime greatly suffered a
crisis of legitimacy. Protests from different
sectors frequently different areas in the
country.
• Marco’s credibility in the international
community also suffered. Paired with the
looming economic crisis, Marcos had to do
something to prove to his allies in the United
States that he remained to be the
democratically anointed leader of the
country. Marcos called for a snap Election in
February 1986, where Corazon Cojuangco
Aquino, the widow of the slain senator was
convinced to run against Marcos.
• The canvassing was rigged to Marcos’s favor
but the people expressed their protests against
the corrupt and authoritarian government.
Leading military officials of the regime and
Martial Law Orchestrators themselves, Juan
Ponce Enrile and Fidel V. Ramos, plotted to
take over the presidency, until civilians heeded
the call of then Manila Archbishop Jaime Sin
and other civilian leaders gathered in Edsa. The
overthrowing presence of civilians in EDSA
successfully turned a coup into a civilian
demonstration.
• The thousands of people who gathered
overthrew Ferdinand Marcos from the
presidency after 21 years.
✔ Cory added that the country had
experienced the calamities brought about by
the corrupt dictatorship of Marcos, no
commensurate assistance was yet to
extended to the Philippines.
✔ Cory even remarked that given the peaceful
character of EDSA People Power
Revolution, “ours must have been the
cheapest revolution ever”.
✔ Cory demonstrated that Filipino people fulfilled
the “most difficult conditions of the debt
negotiation”, which was the “restoration of
democracy and responsible government”.
Analysis of Cory Aquino’s Speech
• Cory Aquino’s speech was an important event
in the political and diplomatic history of the
country because it has arguably cemented the
legitimacy of the EDSA government in the
international arena.
• The ideology or the principles of the new
democratic government can also be seen in the
same speech. Aquino was able to draw the
sharp contrast between her government and
her predecessor by expressing her
commitment to a democratic constitution
drafted by an independent commission.
• Cory claims that the Constitution upholds
and adheres to the rights and liberty of the
Filipino people.
• Cory also hoisted herself as the
reconciliatory agent after more than two
decades of a polarizing authoritarian politics.
• Readings through Aquino’s speech, we can
easily take cues, not just on Cory’s individual
ideas and aspirations, but also the guiding
principles and framework of the government
that she represented.
Books
• Torres, J.V, (2018). BATIS: Sources in
Philippine History. C & E Publishing, INC.
• Nestor M. Asuncion, Geoffrey Rhoel C. Cruz &
Bernardino C. Ofalia (2019). Readings in
Philippine History. C & E Publishing, Inc.
• John Lee P. Candelaria & Veronica Alporha.
(2018). Readings in Philippine History. Rex
Bookstore.
• Teodoro Agoncillio. 8th Ed. (1990). History of
the Filipino People. Garotech Publishing.
-SOAR HIGH EMILIANS-