REVIEW PROBLEMS NO.

20 THERMODYNAMICS

Aguila, Shildin K.

14-52292

Problem No. 1

A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads 30 kPa at a location where the barometric

reading is 755 mmHg. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank.

Given:

Pvacuum = 30 kPa

Patm = 755 mmHg

Required:

Pabs

Solution:

Pabs = Patm – Pvacuum

101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Patm = 755 mmHg x 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

Patm = 100.6583882 kPa

Pabs = 100.6583882 kPa – 30 kPa

Pabs = 70.65838816 kPa

Problem No. 2

Determine the pressure exerted on a diver at 30m below the free surface of the sea.

Assume a barometric pressure of 101 kPa and a specific gravity of sea water is 1.03.

Given:

h = 30m

Pgauge = 101 kPa

SGh2O = 1.03

Required:

Pressure

Solution:

P = Patm + Pwater

Pwater = ρgh

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Pwater = 1.03 (1000 𝑚3 ) (9.81 𝑠2 ) (30m) (10−3 )
𝑃𝑎

Pwater = 303.129 kPa

P = 404.129 kPa
Problem No. 3

A turbine has an inlet pressure gauge reads of 2700 kPa. A turbine exhaust

vacuum gauge reads 25 inHg. If the barometer reads 14.5 psia, find the absolute pressure

the turbine inlet, psia.

Given:

Pgauge = 2700 kPa

Pvacuum = 25inHg

Required:

Pabs

Solution:

Pabs = Pgauge + Patm

14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Pabs = 2700 kPa x 101.325 𝑘𝑝𝑎 + 14.5 psia

Pabs = 406.2098446 psia

Pamela Mae B. Somera

14 – 52214
Problem No. 4:

The difference in height of water legs in open manometer is 46cm, find the

absolute pressure in psia if specific weight of water is 9.8 kN/m3.

Given:

h= 46cm

SW = 9.8 kN/m3

Required:

Pabs in psia

Solution:

Working formula: P=ρxgxh

𝑘𝑁
P = 9.8 𝑚3 (0.46 𝑚)

1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

P = 4.508 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 𝑥
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚

P = 0.6540103627 𝑝𝑠𝑖 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖

P = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊𝒂

Problem No. 5:

A close rigid container has a volume of 1m3 and holds air at 344.8 kPa and

273 K. Heat is added until the temperature is 600 K. Determine change in internal

energy.

Given:

V= 1m3
P1 = 344.8 kPa

T1 = 273 K

T2 = 600 K

Required:

ΔU

Solution:

Working Formula: PV = mRT

ΔU = mCvΔT

PV = mRT

kJ
(344.8 kPa)(1m3 ) = m (0.287 ) (273K)
kgK

m = 4.400709627 kg

kJ
ΔU = 4.400709627 kg (0.7186 kgK) (600 − 273)K

𝒌𝑱
ΔU = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝒈𝑲
Magpantay, Ethel Ivy R.

14 – 55970

Problem No. 7

A perfect gas has a value of R = 58.8 ft-lb/lb-R and k = 1.26. If 20 Btu are added 5

lb of this gas at constant volume when the initial temperature is 90ºF. Find the change in

entropy.

Given:

R = 58.8 ft-lb/lb-R

k = 1.26

Q = 20 Btu

m = 5lb

T1 = 90 ºF

Required:

Change in entropy, ΔS

Solution:

R
CV =
k-1

58.8ft-lb/lb-ºR
=
1.26 - 1

ft-lb 1 BTU
CV = 226.1538462 lb-ºR (778 ft-lb)
CV = 0.2906861776 BTU/lb-ºR

Q = mcv(T2 – T1)

20 BTU = 5 lb (0.2906861776 BTU/lb-ºR)(T2 – (90 + 460 ºR))

T2 = 563.7605442

T2
∆S = mcv ln( )
T1

563.7605442 ºR
∆S = 5lb (0.2906861776BTU/lb-R) ln( )
90+460 ºR

ΔS = 0.03591619014 BTU/ ºR

Problem No. 8

While the pressure remains constant at 689.5 kPa the volume of a system of air

changes from 0.567 m3 to 0.283 m3. Determine the heat added/rejected.

Given:

P = 689.5 KPa

V1 = 0.567 m3

V2 = 0.283 m3

Required:

Heat added, QA

Heat rejected, QR
Solution:

Pcp
Q= (V2 -V1 )
R

KJ
689.5 KPa (1 )
kgK
= KJ (0.567m3 -0.283m3 )
0.287
kgK

Q = 682. 2926829 KJ

Problem No. 9

A piston-cylinder containing air receives heat at a constant temperature of 500 K

and an initial pressure of 200 kPa. The initial volume is 0.01 m3 and the final volume is

0.07 m3. Determine the work.

Given:

T = 500K

P1 = 200 KPa

V1 = 0.01 m3

V2 = 0.07 m3

Required:

Work, W

Solution:

P1V1 = P2V2

200 KPa (0.01m3) = P2 (0.07m3)

P2 = 28.57142857 KPa

P1
W = P1 V1 ln ( )
P2

200 KPa
W = 200 KPa (0.01m3 ) ln ( )
28.57142857 KPa

W = 3.891820298 KJ

Mendoza, John Emmanuel P.

ME-5301

Problem No. 1.

In a certain plant, a brine is used to condense the exhaust steam that enters the

condenser at 55°F and leaves at 95°F. The specific heat of brine is 0.96Btu/lb.°F, the

density is 64.0 lb/cu.ft. The cooling water rate is 5600gpm. Determine the heat absorbed

by the cooling water, Btu/min.

Given:

Tentering the condenser = 55 °F ρbrine = 64.0 lb/cu.ft

Tleaving the condenser = 95 °F ⱱcooling water = 5600 gpm

Cbrine = 0.96Btu/lb.°F

Required:

Qheat absorbed

Schematic:
Exhaust Steam

Tentering the condenser = 55 °F

Brine

Cbrine = 0.96Btu/lb.°F

ⱱcooling water = 5600 gpm

ρbrine = 64.0 lb/cu.ft

Exhaust Steam

Tentering the condenser = 95 °F

Solution:

General Formula : Qheat absorbed = ṁCbrineΔT

• Determining the mass flow rate of the brine

ṁ = ρbrine x ⱱcooling water

since the ⱱcooling water is in gpm, we must convert it

ⱱcooling water = 5600 gpm

gal 0.133681 ft3

= 5600 𝑋
min 1 gal

= 748.6136 ft3/min

ṁ = ρbrine x ⱱcooling water

= 64.0 lb/ft3 X 748.6136 ft3/min

= 47911.2704 lb/min

• Assuming that the change in temperature of the cooling water is equal

to the change in temperature of the condenser.

Qheat absorbed = ṁCbrineΔT

= 47911.2704 lb/min (0.96Btu/lb.°F) (95 °F - 55 °F)

Qheat absorbed = 1839792.783 BTU/min

Adame, Wilhelm Levie M.

ME – 5301

Problem No. 13

Steam enters a turbine 80lbs of steam per minute with an enthalpy of 1700Btu/lb

and velocity of 98ft/s. It leaves the turbine at 1400 Btu/lb at 880ft/s. The heat loss is

90000Btu/hr. Find the horsepower output of the turbine.

Given:

ms = 80 lb/min

h1 = 1700 Btu/lb

v1 = 98 ft/s

h2 = 1400 Btu/lb

v2 = 880 ft/s

Q = 90000 Btu/lb

Required:

Horsepower, P

Solution:

W = ∆h + Q

W = [(1700 Btu/lb – 1400 Btu/lb) x (80 lb/min) x (60 min/hr)] + 90000 Btu/hr

W = (1530000 Btu/hr) x (1 hp / 2545 Btu/hr)

W = 601.1787819 hp

Problem No. 14

The mass flow rate of the gas in a gas turbine is 40kg/sec. The specific enthalpy and

velocity in the inlet are 1300KJ/ kg and 160m/sec respectively while in the outlet are

350KJ/ kg and 50m/sec respectively. Calculate the power output in KW in the turbine if

there is a heat loss of 1000KW.

Given:

mg = 40 kg/sec

h1 = 1300 kJ/kg

v1 = 160 m/sec

h2 = 350 kJ/kg

v2 = 50 m/sec

Q = 1000 kW

Required:

Power Output in kW, P

Solution:

W = ∆h - Q

W = [(1300 kJ/kg – 350 kJ/kg) x (40 kg/sec)] - 1000 Btu/hr

W = 37000 kW
REVIEW PROBLEMS NO. 21 - FUELS

Problem No. 1

A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Meralco. During 24 hrs. period, the plant

consumed 220 gallons of fuel at 28°API and was purchased at P15.50 per liter at 15.6°C.

What should be the cost of fuel to be produced per kWhr?

Given:

t = 24 hrs

V = 220 Gallons

°API = 28

P15.50 per liter at 15.6°C

Required:

Cost of Fuel to be produced per kWhr

Solution:

SG15.6 = 141.5 / (°API + 131.5)

SG15.6 = 141.5 / (28 + 131.5)

SG15.6 = 0.8871473354

p = SG15.6 x pwater

p = 0.8871473354 x 1 kg/m3

p = 0.8871473354 kg/li

V = 220 gal / 24 hrs x 33.785412 li/gal x 1 hr/3600 sec

V = 9.638780556 x 10-3 li/sec

m = 0.8871473354 kg/li x 9.638780556 x10-3 li/sec

m = 8.551018487 x10-3 kg/sec

Q = 41,130 + 139.6 (°API)

Q = 41,130 + 139.6 (28)

Q = 45038.8 kJ/kg (8.551018487 x10-3 kg/sec) (24 hrs)

Q = 9242.056669 kWhr

P15.50/li (832.7 li)

P = P12906.85 / 9242.056669 kWhr

P = P1.396534393 / kWhr

Ramos, Jerome Ray A. 14-06730

Problem No. 2

A diesel power plant uses fuel that as density of 892.74 kg/m3 at 15.660C. Find the

heating value.

Given:

Density= 892.74 kg/m3

Temperature= 15.660C

Required:

Heating Value= ?

Solution:

Qhhv = 41130 + 139.6 0 API

141.5
SG @15.60 =
131.5 + 0 API
892.74kg/m3 141.5
=
1000kg/m 3
131.5 + 0 API

0
API = 27

Q hhv = 41130 + 139.6(27)

kJ 1BTU 1kg
Q hhv = 44899.2  
kg 1.055kJ 2.205lb

Qhhv= 19301 BTU/lb

Problem No. 3

A fuel is represented with C5H8 is burned with 40% excess air. If mass fuel is 0.17

kg, find the mass of air needed.

Given:

C5H8

40% excess air

m= 0.17 kg

Required:

Mass of air= ?

Solution:

m
2n +
x= 2
2
8
2(5) +
x= 2
2

x=7

A 7(32) + (7)(28)(3.76)
=
F 5(12) + 8

A kg
Theoretical = 14.13176471 air
F kg fuel

 kg 
= (1 + 0.4)14.13176471 air 
A
Actual
F  kg fuel 

A kg
Actual = 19.78447059 air
F kg fuel

A kg air
Actual =
F kg fuel

kg air kg air
19.78447059 =
kg fuel 0.17kg

kgair= 3.36336 kg

Problem No. 4

The analysis of a product of combustion on dry basis, when C6H18 was burned with

atmospheric air, is as follows: CO2= 12%, CO=1.75%, O2= 3.01%, N2= 83.24%.

Compute the actual air-fuel ratio.

Given:
C6H18

CO2= 12%

CO=1.75%

O2= 3.01%

N2= 83.24%

Required:

Actual air-fuel ratio= ?

Solution:

x (C6H18) + a O2 + b N2 = 12 CO2 + 1.75 CO + 3.01 O2 + 83.24 N2 + e H2O

C: x(6) = 12 + 1.75

13.75
x=
6

x = 2.291666667

H: x(18) = 2e

e = 20.625

O: 2a = 12(2) + 1.75 + 3.01 (2) + 20.625

a = 26.1975

b = N2 = 83.24
A 26.1975(32) + 83.24(28)
Actual =
F 2.291666667((6)2 + 18)

A kg
Actual = 15.3650 air
F kg fuel

Dimaano, Jessie B.

ME – 5301

Problem 5. Given the ultimate analysis: C=17%, N2=17%, H2=4%, O2=3%, S2=5%,

Ash=6%, Moisture=8%. Using 20% excess air, determine the actual air-fuel ratio.

Given:

C=17%

N2=17%

H2=4%

O2=3%

S2=5%

Ash=6%

Moisture=8%

Excess air=20%

Required:

Actual air-fuel ratio

Solution:

A/F = 11.5C + 34.5(H-O/8) + 4.3S

A/F = [11.5(.71) + 34.5(0.04-0.03/8) + 4.3(0.05)]

A/F = 11.55675 kgair/kgfuel

Problem 6. There are 23 kg of flue gases formed per kg of fuel oil burned in the combustion

of a fuel oil C12H26. What is the excess air in percent?

Given:

Mass of flue gas=23 kg

Required:

Excess air in percent

Solution:

m
2(n) + 2
x=
2

26
2(12) + 2
x=
2

x = 18.5

18.5(32) + 18.5(28)(3.76)
Theoretical A/F =
12(12) + 26

A
Theoretical = 15
F
Actual Air Fuel Ratio = (1 + e)(Theoretical Air-fuel Ratio)

22 = (1 + e)(15)

e = 0.4667 or 46.6667 %

Problem No 7. Calculate the amount of air in kg necessary for combustion of 1 kg of

octane (C8H18) with theoretical air.

Given:

Mass of Octane=1kg

Required:

Air in kg necessary for combustion

Solution:

m
2(n) + 2
x=
2

18
2(8) + 2
x=
2

x = 12.5

A
= 12.5 kg
1

Mass of Air = 12.5 kg

Espiritu, Jade Erika M. 14-56817

Problem No. 8

Calculate the heating value of coal having the following composition by weight

using Dulong formula. Carbon 75%, hydrogen 5%, oxygen 6%, nitrogen 1.5%, sulfur

3%, water 1.5%, ash 8%.

Given:

Carbon 75%

Hydrogen 5%

Oxygen 6%

Nitrogen 1.5%

Sulfur 3%

Water 1.5%

Ash 8%.

Required:

Heating Value = ?

Solution:

O
Q hhv = 33820C + 144212(H − ) + 9304S
8
0.06
Q hhv = 33820(0.75) + 144212(0.05 − ) + 9304(0.03)
8

kJ 1BTU 1kg
Q hhv = 31773.13  
kg 1.055kJ 2.205lb

BTU
Q hhv = 13658.37229
lb

Problem No. 9

Methane, CH4, burns to form CO2 and H2O according to the equation

CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Given:

CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Required:

Balanced Equation = ?

Solution:

CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Problem No. 10

How many grams of CO2 will theoretically be formed when the mixture of 55g of

CH4 and 120g of O2 is ignited?

Given:
55g of CH4

120g of O2

Required:

Grams of CO2 = ?

Solution:

1mol
55 grams CH4 x = 3.4375 mole of Methane
16g

1mol
120 grams O2 x = 3.75 mole of O2
32g

3.75
Mole of CO2 = mole of O2
2

Mole of CO2 = 1.875 mole

44g
1.875 mole of CO2 x = 83 grams
1molCO 2

Mass of CO2 = 83 grams

Hernandez, Maria Abigail M.

14-59634

25. Determine the mole percent of CO2 in the products of combustion of C8H18 when

150% theoretical air is used.

Given:
C8H18

Theoretical air = 150%

Required:

Mole percent of CO2 in the product

Solution:

Combustion reaction with 50% excess air:

C8H18 + 12.5 (1.5)O2 + 12.5(1.5)(3.76)N2 8CO2 + 9H2O + 0.5(12.5)O2 +

1.5(12.5)(3.76)N2

Total mols in product = 8 + 9 + 0.5(12.5) + 1.5(12.5)(3.76)

= 93.75

8
Mole percent of CO2 in the product = 93.75

Mole percent of CO2 in the product = 0.08533333333 x 100%

Mole percent of CO2 in the product = 8.5%

26. A fuel gas has the following volumetric analysis: CH4=68%, C2H6= 32%. Assume

complete combustion with 15% excess air at 101.325 KPa, 21°C wet bulb and 27°C dry

bulb. What is the partial pressure of water vapor in KPa?

Given:

Volumetric analysis: CH4=68%, C2H6= 32%

Excess air = 15%

Atmospheric Pressure = 101.325 KPa

Wet bulb temperature = 21°C

Dry bulb temperature = 27°C

Required:

Partial pressure of water vapour in KPa

Solution:

Combustion reaction with theoretical air:

0.68CH4 + 0.32C2H6 + 2.48O2 + 2.48(3.76)N2 1.32CO2 + 2.32H2O +

2.48(3.76)N2

Combustion reaction with 15% excess air:

0.68CH4 + 0.32C2H6 + 1.15[ 2.48O2 + 2.48(3.76)N2] 1.32CO2 + 2.32H2O +

0.15(2.48)O2 + 1.15(2.48)(3.76)N2

0.68CH4 + 0.32C2H6 + 2.852O2 + 10.72N2 1.32CO2 + 2.32H2O + 0.37O2 +

10.72N2

Total mols in product = 1.32 + 2.32 + 0.37 + 10.72

= 14.73

2.32
Partial pressure of water vapour = 101.325 KPa (14.73)

Partial pressure of water vapour = 15. 95885947 KPa

27. Calculate the mass in kg of the combustion products of 12 kg diesel fuel oil (C16H30)

with 30% excess air.

Given:

12 kg diesel fuel oil (C16H30)

Excess air = 30%

Required:

Mass of air in kg of combustion products

Solution:

C16H30 +1.3[ 23.5O2 + (23.5)3.76N2 ] 16CO2 + 15H2O +(1.3)

23.5(3.76)N2 + 0.3 (23.5)O2

Determining 12 kg of fuel in molal, then multiply to the whole combustion

equatiom

12
x = 222 = 0.0540540540

0.0540540540[C16H30 + 30.55O2 + 114.868 N2 16CO2 + 15H2O +

7.05 O2 + 114.868 N2

0.0540540540C16H30 + 1.651350 O2 + 1.830 N2 32/37 CO2 +

30/37H2O + 28717/4625 O2 + 114/370 N2

Converting the molal of products in kg

CO2 = 32/37 (12 + (2x16)) = 1408/37

H2O = 30/37((2x1)+16) = 540/37

O2 = 28717/4625 (32) = 12.1945

N2 = 141/370 (28) = 173.854

Total mass of product

m = 238.6975135 kg

REVIEW PROBLEMS NO. 22 - DIESEL POWER PLANT

Esguerra, Janelle Ann E.

14-56188

Problem No. 1.

A supercharged six-cylinder four stroke cycle diesel engine of 10.48 cm bore and

12.27 cm stroke has a compression ratio of 15. When it is tested on a dynamometer with a

53.34 cm arm at 2500 rpm, the scale reads 81.65 kg, 2.86 kg of fuel of 45,8220.20 kJ/kg

heating value are burned during a 6 min test, and air metered to the cylinders at the rate of

0.182 kg/s. Find the brake thermal efficiency.

Given :

b = 10.48 cm s = 12.27 cm
rk = 15 m = 81.65 kg

r = 53.34 cm N = 2500 rpm

mf = 2.86 kg Qh = 45,8220.20 kJ/kg

Required :

Brake thermal efficiency

Solution :

T = Fr = (81.65 kg)(9.81 m/s2/1000)(0.5334 m)

T = 0.4272461991 kN-m

BP = 2πTN = 2π (0.4272461991 kN-m)(2500 rpm)

BP = 111.8527934 kW

BP 111.8527934kW
η TB = =
m f Q h (2.86kg/(6)(60)s)(458220.20kJ/kg)

η = 0.30726094 76
TB

Problem No. 2.

In an air standard diesel cycle, compression starts at 100 kPa and 300 K, the

compression ratio is 16 to 1. The maximum cycle temperature is 2031 K. Determine the

thermal efficiency.
Given :

P1 = 100 kPa rk = 16

T1 = 300 K T3 = 2031 K

Required :

Thermal Efficiency

Schematic Diagram :
Qa
2 3
P

QR

1
V

Solution :

T
(r ) k − 1 = 2 ; T2 = (300 K)(16)1.4-1 = 909.43 K
k T
1

T 2031K
r = 3 = = 2.333
c T 909.43K
2

e = 1-(1/rkk-1)[rck-1/k(rc-1)] = 1-(1/160.4)[2.3331.4-1/1.4(2.333-1)] x 100%

e = 60.26%
Problem No. 3.

A 2000 kW diesel engine unit uses 1 bbl oil per 525 kW-hr produced. Oil is 25°API.

Efficiency of generator 93%, mechanical efficiency of engine 80%. What is the thermal

efficiency on the engine based on indicated power (%)?

Given :

P = 2000 kW ŋm = 80%

Pgen = 525 kW-hr ŋg = 93%

°API = 25

Required :

Indicated Thermal Efficiency

Solution :

Pgen 525kW − hr
IP = = = 705.6451613kW − hr
η η (0.80)(0.93)
m g

IP 705.6451613kW − hr(3600s/1hr)
η = =
IT m (HHV) (143.7332kg)(44620kJ/kg)
f

η = 39.60%
IT
Orlanes, John Brylle A.

ME - 5301

Problem No. 4.

A six cylinder, four stroke diesel engine with 76 mm x 89 mm stroke was run in the

laboratory at 2000 rpm, when it was found that the engine torque was 153.5 N-m with all

cylinders firing but 123 N-m when one cylinder was out. The engine consumed 12.2 kg of

fuel per hour with heating value of 54120 kJ/kg and 252.2 kg of air at 15.6°C per hour.

Determine the indicated power.

Given:

6 cylinder Tf = 153.5 N-m

4 stroke T5/6 = 123 N-m

D = 76 mm mc = 12.2 kg/hr

L = 89 mm HV = 54120 kJ/kg

N = 2000 rpm mair = 252.2 kg/hr @ 15.6 °C

Required:

Indicated Power

Solution:

BP = 2πTN = 2π (0.1535 kN·m) (2000/60 rps)

BP = 32.14886482 kW

FP/cylinder = 32.14886 kW (5/6) - 2π(0.123 kN·m)(3000/60 rps)

FP/cylinder = 1.029744259 kW
Total FP = 1.029744 kW (6) = 6.178465552 kW

IP = BP + FP = (32.1488 + 6.17846) kW

IP = 38.4 kW

Problem No. 5.

An 850-kwh diesel generating unit has a generator efficiency of 90 percent. If the

mass of the fuel is 209 kilograms, then compute for the engine fuel rate?

Given:

Gen.out = 850 kWh

e = 90%

mf = 209 kg

Required:

Engine fuel rate.

Solution:

Gen.out 850kWh
BP = =
e 0.9

BP = 944.4444 kWh

mf 209kg
FuelRate = =
BP 944.4444kWh

Fuel Rate = 0.22 kg/kWh

Problem No. 6.

A diesel generating unit, with a generator efficiency of 85%, has an output of 900 kw-

hr. If the mass of the fuel is 200 kg, compute fuel rate of the engine.

Given:

e = 85%

Gen.out = 900 kw-hr

mf = 200 kg

Required:

Fuel rate of the engine.

Solution:

Gen.out 9000kWh
BP = =
e 0.85

BP = 1058.8235 kWh

mf 200kg
FuelRate = =
BP 1058.8235kWh

Fuel Rate = 0.19 kg/kWh

Bolado, Via Maryen D.

14-53230

PROBLEM 7

A single-acting, four cylinder, 4 stroke cycle diesel engine with a bore to stroke of

21.59 cm x 27.94 cm, operating at 275 rpm, consumes 8.189 kg/hr of fuel whose heating
value is 43,961.4 kJ/kg. The indicated mean effective pressure is 475.7 kPa. The load on

the brake arm, which is 93.98 cm is 113.4 kg. What is the brake arm mean effective

pressure?

Given:

Number of cylinder = 4

Stroke = 4

N = 275 rpm

Bore to stroke = 21.59 cm x 27.94 cm

ṁ = 8.189 kg/hr

H = 43,961.4 kJ/kg

Pmep = 475.7 kPa

Lb = 93.98 cm

Mb= 113.4 kg

Required:

Brake arm effective pressure (Pb)

Solution:
π N
VD = 4 D2 L ( 2 ) C
π 275 rpm
VD = 4 (0.2159 m)2 (0.2794 m) ( ) (4)
2 x 60

VD = 0.09376332655 m3/s
T = Fr = 113.4 kg (9.81m/s2) (0.9398 m)
T = 1.045484269 kNm
275 rpm
BP = 2πTN = 2π (1.045484269 kNm) ( )
60

BP = 30.10778557 kW
Pb = BP/VD = 30.10778557 kW / 0.09376332655 m3/s
Pb = 321.1040678 kPa

PROBLEM 8

Find the power which a 2.5MW natural gas engine can developed at an altitude of

1981.2 m taking into consideration that the pressure change alone.

Given:

Ps = 2.5 MW

h = 1981.2 m

Required:

Power

Solution:

h
Pact = 29.2 -
1000

1981.2 m 3.281 ft
Pact = 29.2 - ( )
1000 1m

Pact = 23.4196828 in Hg

Pact
Power = Ps ( )
29.92

23.4196828 in Hg
Power = 2.5 MW ( )
29.92

Power = 1.956858523 MW

PROBLEM 9

A 373 kW (500Hp) internal combustion engine has a brake mean effective pressure

of 551.5 kPa at full load. What is the friction power if mechanical efficiency is 85%.
Given:

Brake Power = 373 kW = 500 Hp

IP = 551.5 Hp

ƞm = 85%

Required:

Friction Power (FP)

Solution:

BP
ƞm =
IP

500 Hp
0.85 =
IP

IP = 588.2352941 Hp

FP = IP – BP = 588.2352941 Hp – 500 Hp

FP = 88.23529412 Hp

REVIEW PROBLEM NO. 23 – GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT/ HYDRO-

ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Mea, Jane May M.

14-55383

Problem No. 1

Water is being heated by the exhaust gases from a gas turbine. The gases leave the

gas turbine at 648 ̊C and may be cooled to 148 ̊C. The water enters the heater at 93̊C. The

rate of gas flow is 25 kg/s and the water flow is 31.5 kg/s. Assume that the mean specific
heat of the gas and the water are respectively 1.088 and 4.27 kJ/kg- ̊C. What is the available

energy removed from the hot gases in kW? Take available sink temperature as 311 ̊K.

Given:

Tgt= 648 ̊C Tc= 148 ̊C

Th= 95 ̊C

mgf= 25 kg/s

mw= 31.5 kg/s

MEHg= 1.088kJ/kg- ̊C

MEHw= 4.27kJ/kg- ̊C

Sink Temperature= 311 ̊C

Required:

Energy removed from hot gases, kW

Solution:

ΔQ = Qgas – Qwater

Qgas = mgCΔT

Qgas = (25 kg/s)(1.088 kJ/kg - ̊C)(648-148) ̊C

Qgas = 73600 kW

Qwater = mwCΔT

Qwater = (31.5 kg/s)(4.27kJ/kg - ̊C)(311-93) ̊C

Qwater = 7397.7558 kW

ΔQ = 13600 kW – 7397.7758 kw

ΔQ = 8345.6 kW

Problem No. 2

In a gas turbine plant, the mass flow rate is 6.2 kg/s, the enthalpy at the combustor

entrance is 250 kJ/kg and the enthalpy at the exit is 980 kJ/kg. What is the capacity of the

combustor in kW?

Given:

m= 6.2 kg/s

h1= 250 kJ/kg

h2=980 kJ/kg

Required:

Capacity of the combustor, kW

Solution:

W= Δh = m(h2 - h1)

= 6.2kg/s (980 kJ/kg - 250 kJ/kg)

W= 4526 kW
Problem No. 3

A Brayton cycle has a compressor rated power of 451.3kw. If compressor

efficiency is 78%, find the ideal compressor work.

Given:

ηc = 78%

WT = 451.3 kw

Required:

Ideal compressor work, Wc

Solution:

ηc = Wc/Wt

0.78 = Wc/ 451.3 kW

Wc = 352.014 kW

Coro, Corinne S.

14 – 54200

Problem No. 4

A hydroelectric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of a capacity

6000000 m3 at a head of 170 m. Assume hydraulic efficiency of 80% and electrical

efficiency of 90%. The fall in the reservoir level after a load of 15 MW has been supplied

for 3 hours, if the area of the reservoir is 2.5 sq. km is closest to:
Given:

h = 170 m

ȠT = 0.80

ȠG = 0.90

Generating Output = 15 MW

t = 3 hours

A = 2.5 km2

Required:

Fall in the reservoir, H

Solution:

A = 2.5 km2

A = 2.5 x 106 m2

Generating Output = (w Q h) (ȠT) (ȠG)

kN
15,000 kW = (9.81 x Q x 170 m) (0.80)(0.90)
m3

m3
Q = 12.4922548 sec

After 3 hours,

m3 3600 sec
Q = 12.4922548 (3 hours x )
sec 1 hour

Q = 134,916.3519 m3

Volume = Area x Height

134,916.3519 m3 = (2.5 x 106 m2) (H)

H = 0.05396654074 m

H = 5.39 cm

Problem No. 5

In hydro-electric plant having 50 sq. km reservoir area and 100 m head is used to

generate power. The energy utilized by the consumers whose load is connected to the

power plant during a five-hour period is 13.5 x 10 to the 6th power kW-hr. The overall

generation efficiency is 75%. Find the fall in the height of water in the reservoir after 5-

hour period.

Given:

A = 50 km2

h = 100 m

t = 5 hour

Energy Output = 13.5 x 106 kWh

Ƞ = 0.75

Required:

The fall in the height of water in the reservoir after 5-hour period, H

Schematic Diagram:
Solution:

Energy Output = Power x Time

Energy Output = (wQh)(Ƞ)(t)

kN
13.5 x 106 kW-hr = (9.81 m3 x Q x 100 m)(0.75)(5 hr)

m3
Q = 3,669.724771 s

After 5 hours,

Volume = Q x t

m3 3600 s
Volume = 3,669.724771 (5 hrs x )
s 1 hr

Volume = 66,055,045.87 m3

Volume = Area x Height

66,055,045.87 m3 = (50 x 106 m2) (H)

H = 1.321100917 m

Problem No. 6

A hydro-electric plant discharges water at rate of 0.75 cubic meters per second and

enters the turbine at 0.35 mps with a pressure of 275 kPa. Runner inside diameter is 550

mm, speed is 520 rpm and the turbine efficiency is 88%. Find the turbine speed factor.

Given:
m
v = 0.35 s

P = 275 kPa

D = 550 mm

N = 520 rpm

ȠT = 0.88

Required:

Turbine speed factor, ɸ

Schematic Diagram:

Solution:

P v2
h=w+ 2g

m 2
275 kPa (0.35 )
s
h= kN + m
9.81 2(9.81 2 )
m3 s

h = 28.0388634 m
πDN
ɸ=
√2gh

rev 1 min
π (0.55 m)(520 x )
ɸ= m
min 60 sec

√(2)(9.81 )(28.0388634 m)
sec2
ɸ = 0.6384618493

Calinao, Trisia Mae D.

ME-5301

7. The hydraulic efficiency of hydro-electric turbine is 85%, find the discharge Q in liters
per second. Power developed is 10500 kW and operating under a head of 320 m.

Given:
ŋ𝑇= 85%
BP = 10500 KW
H = 320 m

Required:
Discharge, Q

Schematic Diagram:

ŋ𝑇= 85%
BP = 10500 %
KW TURBINE H = 320 m

Solution:
BP = WP(ŋ1 ) = (γQh)( (ŋ1)
10500 Kw = (9.81 KN/𝑚2 )(Q)(320 m)(0.85)
𝒎𝟐
Q = 3.935060263 or 3935 L/s
𝒔
8. A hydro-electric in Bohol discharges 205 ft3/sec and reduces the pressure from 50psi to
30 psi. Determine the power in MW.

Given:
Q = 205 𝑓𝑡 3 /s
𝑃1 = 50 psi
𝑃2 = 30 psi

Required:
Power, MW

Schematic Diagram:

Q = 205 𝑓𝑡 3 /s
𝑃1 = 50 psi
TURBINE 𝑃2 = 30 psi

Solution:
WP = Γtdh
𝑚3 344.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎−206.84 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= (9.81 KN/𝑚2 )(5.8 )( )
𝑠 9.81 KN/𝑚2

WP = 800.47 KW or 0.80047
MW

REVIEW PROBLEMS NO. 24

STEAM POWER PLANT

1. 1. In an open feedwater heater for a steam power plant, saturated steam at 7 bars is mixed
with subcooled liquid at 7 bars and 25 degree C. Just enough steam is supplied to ensure
that the mixed steam leaving the heater will be saturated liquid at 7 bar when heater steam
efficiency is 90%. Calculate the flow rate of subcooled liquid if the steam flow rate is 0.865
kg per second.
Steam Properties are:
At 7 bars, saturated vapor:
hg = 2763.5 kJ/kg
At 7 bar and 25 degree C:
hf = 105.5 kJ/kg
At 7 bars, saturated liquid:
hf = 697.22 kJ/kg

Given:
At 7 bars, saturated vapor:
hg = 2763.5 kJ/kg
At 7 bar and 25 degree C:
hf = 105.5 kJ/kg
At 7 bars, saturated liquid:
hf = 697.22 kJ/kg

m = 0.865 m/s
ŋℎ = 90%

Required:
flow rate of subcooled liquid, 𝑚𝑠

Schematic Diagram:

𝑚𝑠 , ℎ1
ℎ3 ℎ2

Solution:
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
Eff =
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ3− ℎ )
2
=
𝑚𝑠 ( ℎ1− ℎ )
3
𝑚𝑠 (697.27−108.5)
=
0.865 (2761.5−697.22)

𝒎𝒔 = 2.7185 kg/s

Bitang, Kim Harold A.

14 – 23065

Problem No. 2

Determine the vacuum efficiency of a surface condenser which operates at a

vacuum of 635 mm Hg and exhaust steam enters the condenser at 45.81 °C. The

barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg.

Given:

Pactual vacuum = 635 mm Hg

@ T = 45.81 °C; Psat = 0.010 MPa = 10 kPa = 75.006 mm Hg

Pideal vacuum = 760 mm Hg – Psat

Required:

evacuum =?

Solution:
Pactual vacuum
evacuum = x 100 %
Pideal vacuum

635 mm Hg
evacuum = x 100 %
760 mm Hg−76 mm Hg

evacuum = 92.70156468 %

Problem No. 3

A steam condenser receives 10 kg per second of stem with an enthalpy of 2570

kJ/kg. Steam condenses into a liquid and leaves with an enthalpy of 160 kJ/kg. Cooling

water passes through the condenser with temperature increase from 13 degree C to 24-

degree C. Calculate the cooling water flow rate in kg per second.

Given:

msteam = 10 kg per sec

h1 = 2570 kJ/kg

h2 = 160 kJ/kg

T1 = 13 °C

T2 = 24 °C

Required:
mwater =?

Solution:

QA = QR

mwater x Cp x (T2 – T1) = msteam x (h1 – h2)

𝑘𝐽
mwater x 4.187 x (24 – 13) K = 10kg/s x (2570 – 160) kJ/kg
𝑘𝑔 𝐾

mwater = 523.2646503 kg/s

Problem No. 4

Calculate the logarithmic mean temperature difference for a condenser if the

temperature difference between condensing steam and water inlet is 790 °C and that

steam inlet and water is 100 °C.

Given:

ΔTA = 790 °C

ΔTB = 100 °C

Required:

LMTD =?
Solution:

ΔTA − ΔTB
LMTD = ΔTA
ln( )
ΔTB

790 °C − 100 °C
LMTD = 790 °C
ln( )
100 °C

LMTD = 333.8392919 °C

Abrenica, Chester Glenn C.

14-52461

Problem 5.0

A double pass condenser with a mass flow rate of 1,000,000kg/hr has a leaving

flow velocity of 1.5m/s. the area of the condenser tube is 0.003 m2. Calculate the number

of tubes.

Given:

Mass flow rate = 1,000,000kg/hr

Leaving flow velocity = 1.5m/s

Area of Condenser tube = 0.003 m2

Required:

No. of Tubes = ?

Solution:

n= 1235 tubes
Q = 1000000/1000(3600)
Q = 0.2778 m3/s

Q=Av; 0.2778= 0.003(n)(1.5)

n= no. of tubes; n= 617.3

since double pass; n=2(617.3)= 1234.6

Problem 6.0

Steam is admitted to the cylinder of an engine in such a manner that the average

pressure is 120 psi. The diameter of the piston is 10” and the length of the stroke is 12”.

What is the hp of the engine when it is making 300 rpm?

Given:

Pave = 120 psi

D= 10 in

S= 12 in

Required:

Hp=?

Solution:

Vd= 2(π/4 D2 LN)

= 2[π/4 (10in)2 (12in)(300/60 rps)]

Vd= 3000 π in3/ s

P = Pave. x Vd = 120 psi x 3000 π in3/ s

P = 171.359599 HP

Problem 7.0

A steam generator with economizer and air heater has an overall draft loss of

21.78 cm of water. If the stack gases are at 177 deg. C and if the atmosphere is at 101.3

kPa and 26 deg. C, what theoretical height of stack in meters is needed when no draft

fans are used? Assume that the gas constant for the flue gases is the same as that for air.

Given:

Overall draft loss = 21.78 cm

Patm = 101.325 kPa

T= 26 oC

Required:

H=?

Solution:

h= 0.2178m (1000 kg/m3 ) = 217.8 kg/m2

𝑃 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎
ρa=𝑅𝑎 𝑇𝑎 = = 𝑘𝑗
(0.287 )(26+273)𝐾
𝑘𝑔𝐾

ρa =1.180473821 kg/m3
𝑃 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎
ρg =𝑅𝑔𝑇𝑔 = = 𝑘𝑗
(0.287 )(177+273)𝐾
𝑘𝑔𝐾

ρg = 0.7843592722 kg/ m3

ℎ 217.8 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2
H=ρa−ρg =1.180473821−0.7843592722

H= 549.8409504 m

Joefren P. Alvarez

14-52545

Problem 8.0

A waste heat recovery boiler produces 4.8 MPa (dry saturated) steam from 104 oC

feed water. The boiler receives energy from 5 kg/s of 945oC dry air. After passing through

the waste heat boiler, the temperature of the air has been reduced to 343 oC. How much

steam in kg is produced per second? Note: At 4.80 MPa dry saturated, h=2796.0 kJ/kg.

Given:

mg = 5 kg/s

T1 = 945 oC

T2 = 343 oC

hs = 2796 kJ/kg

Required:
Steam Flow Rate

Solution:

Heat Loss = Heat Gain

mgCg(T1-T2) = ms(hs-hf)

5kg/s(1kJ/kgK)(945-343)K = ms[(2796kJ/kg)-(4.187kJ/kgk)(104K)

ms= 1.275125479kg/s

Problem 9.0

What is the external heating surface area in square feet of a tube with the following,

dimensions; tube inside diameter = 5 in, wall thickness = ½ in, length = 18 ft.

Given:

Di = 5in

t = ½ in

L = 18 ft

Required:

External Heating Surface Area

Solution:

Do = Di+2t

= 5in + 2( ½ in)

Do = 6in
S.A. = 2πrL

1𝑓𝑡
= 2π(3in x 12𝑖𝑛)(18ft)

S.A. = 28.27433388 ft2

Problem 10

Steam enters the superheaters of a boiler at a pressure of 25 bars and dryness of

0.98 and leaves the same pressure at a temperature of 370 degree C. Calculate the heat

energy supplied per kg of steam supplied in the superheaters. Steam Properties are: At

25 bars and 370OC: h = 3171.8 kJ/kg At 25 bars and 0.98 dryness: hf = 962.11 kJ/kg

hfg = 1841.0 kJ/kg

Given:

hf = 962.11 kJ/kg

hfg = 1841.0 kJ/kg

0.98 dryness

h2 = 3171.8 kJ/kg

Required:

Heat Energy Supplied

SchemSolution:

h1 = hf + xhfg = 962.11kJ/kg + 0.98(1841 kJ/kg)

h1 = 2766.29kJ/kg
Q = h2 – h1 = (3171.8 – 2766.29) kJ/kg

Q = 405.51 kJ/kg

Emmanuel L. Cuevas

ME – 5301

Problem No. 11.

The steam boiler on a test generates 885000 lb of a steam in a 4 hour

period. The average steam pressure is 400 psia, the average steam temperature is 700 °F (

h= 1362.7 BTU/lb) and the average temperature of the feed water is supplied to the boiler

is 280 °F (h= 249.1 BTU/lb). if the boiler efficiency for the period is 82.5%, and if the

coal has a heating value of 13850 BTU/lb as fired, find the average amount of coal

burned in short tons per hour,

Given:

ms = 885 000 lb

t = 4 hours

p = 400 psia

T1 = 700 °F

hs = 1362.7 BTU/lb
T2 = 280 °F

hf = 249.1 BTU/lb

ebo = 82.5%

Qh = 13850 BTU/lb

Required:

Average amount of coal burned in short ton per hour

Solution:

ebo = ms ( hs – hf ) / mf Qh

0.825 = ( 885 000 lb / 4 hr)( 1362.7 – 249.1 ) BTU/lb / mf (13850 BTU/lb)

mf = 21562.97998 lb/h ( 1 short ton / 2000 lb )

mf = 10.78148999 short ton/hr

Problem No. 12

Steam expands adiabatically in a turbine from 2000 kpa, 400 degree C to 400 kpa,

250 degree C. What is the effectiveness of the process in percent assuming an

atmospheric pressure of 15 degree C? Neglect changed in kinetic and potential energy.

Given:

P = 2000 kpa

T = 400 degree C
P2 = 400 kpa

T2 = 250 degree C

Patm = 15 degree C

Required:

Effectiveness in percent

Solution:

Steam properties are:

At 2000 kpa and 400 degree C:

h = 3247.6 KJ/kg, s = 7.1271 KJ/kg

At 400 kpa and 250 degree C

h = 2964. 2 KJ/kg, s = 7.3789 KJ/kg-K

Q = h1 – h2

Q = (93247.6 -2964.2) KJ/kg

Q = 283.4 KJ/kg

Qs = T (s2-s1)

Qs = (15+273) k (7.3789 – 7.1271 ) KJ/kg-k

Qs = 72.5814 KJ/kg
Effectiveness = ( Q/ Q+Qs ) ( 100% )

Effectiveness = (284.3) / 283.4 + 72. 5184 x 100

Effectiveness = 79.62499269 %

Problem No. 13

How many percent of turbine work output is required to operate the pump steam

power plant, operating at an ideal Rankine cycle if steam enters the turbine at 2.5MPa

and is condensed at the condenser at 50KPa (Vf = 0.001030 m3/kg). The turbine work is

653.6 KJ/kg

Given:

P1 = 50KPa

P2 = 2.5MPa

Vf = 0.001030 m3/kg

Wturbine = 653.5KJ/kg

Solution:

WP = vf (P2 – P1)

= (0.001030 m3/kg)(2500-50)KPa

WP = 2.5235 KPa
% = WP/Wturbine = 2.5325KPa/653.8KPa

% Work = 0.38597%

Mariella H. Acorda

ME – 5301

Problem No. 14

A steam plant has turbine work of 654 kj/kg and the pump work is 3 kj/kg. If the

mass flow rate is 18 kilogram per second, compute the power produced by this plant.

Given:

Wt = 654 kj/kg

Wp = 3 kj/kg

Mf = 18 kg/s

Required:

Power produced by this plant

Solution:

P = Wt – Wp

= 18 kg/s (654 – 3) kj/kg

P = 11, 718 KW
Problem No. 15.

A turbine has an efficiency of 75% and a kilowatt output of 5500 at full load. If the

available energy is 120 kj/kg, determine the steam flow at the turbine per hour.

Given:

e = 75%

Po = 5500 Kw

Pi = 120 kj/kg

Required:

Steam flow at the turbine per hour

Solution:

𝑃𝑜
𝑒=
𝑃𝑖

5500 𝑘𝑤
0.75 = 𝑘𝑗
𝑚𝑠 (120 )
𝑘𝑔

3600 𝑠
ms = 61. 11111111 kg/s 𝑥 1 ℎ𝑟

ms = 220 000 kg/hr

Problem No. 16
Steam at a pressure of 1.2 MPa and at a temperature of 500 degree C (h=34763

kj/kg) flows at a velocity of 330 meters per second through a device. Determine the

stagnation enthalpy.

Given:

p = 1.2 Mpa

T = 500 °C

v = 330 m/s

Required:

Stagnation enthalpy

Solution:

Hs = H + v2

2000

Hs = 3476.3 kj/kg + ( 330 m/s )2

2000

Hs = 3530.75 kj/kg

REVIEW PROBLEM NO. 25 SOLAR POWER PLANT, MACHINE

FOUNDATION, CHIMNEY, VARIABLE LOAD

BRUCAL, GIAN PATRICK A.

13-57048

Problem No.1
The sun generates 1 kW/m2 when used as a source for a solar collector. A collector with

an area of 1 m2 heat water. The flow rate is 3.0 litters /min. What is the temperature rise

in the water? The specific heat of water is 4200 J/kg OC.

Given:

Q = 1 kW/m2 V = 3.0 litters /min

A = 1 m2 Cp = 4200 J/kg OC

Required:

Temperature rise (∆T)

Solution:

m = pv = 1 kg/L (3 L/min x 1min/60s) = 0.05 kg/s

Q = mCp∆T

1 kW/m2 (1 m2 ) = (0.05 kg/s) (4.2 KJ/kg OC) ∆T

∆T = 4.7619 OC ≈ 4.8 OC

Problem No.2

What is the required base area of the foundation to support an engine with specified

speed of 1200 rpm and weight of 9000 kg? Assume bearing capacity of soil as

47.867kPa. Use e=0.11.

Given:
N = 1200 rpm Sb = 47.867kPa

W = 9000 kg e = 0.11

Required:

Area (A)

Solution:

WF = e (We) (√𝑁) = 0.11 (9000 kg) (√1200 )

WF = 34294.60599 kg

𝑆𝑏 = (We + WF) / A

47.867kPa = (9000 kg + 34294.60599 kg) /A

A=8.872920483 m2

Problem No.3

2.52 kg coal per second are consumed by a steam boiler plant and produced 18.54

kg of dry flue gas per kg of coal fired. The air temperature outside is 32OC, the average

temperature of the flue gases entering the chimney is 343OC and the average temperature

the flue gases in the chimney is 260OC. The gage fluid specific volume is 1.005 x 10-3

m3/kg and a theoretical draft of 2.286 cm of water at the chimney base is needed when

the barometric pressure is 101.3 kPa. Find the diameter of the chimney in meters.

Given:

mf = 2.52 kg coal /s V = 1.005 x 10-3 m3/kg

m = 18.54 kg dry flue / kg coal h = 2.286 cm of water

To = 343OC P = 101.3 kPa

Tave. = 260OC

Required:

Diameter (D)

Solution:

PV=mRT

pg = P / Rg Tg = 101.3 kPa / (0.287 KJ/ kg K) (260 + 273) K

pg = 0.6622170215 kg/ m3

2𝑔ℎ𝑤
v=√ ; hw = h x p
𝑝g

9.81𝑚 1
2( )(0.02286𝑚)( )
v=√ 𝑠2 1.005 𝑥 10−3
0.6622170215 kg/ m3

v = 25. 95998361 m/s

mg = ma + mf = (18.54 kg dry flue / kg coal) (2.52 kg coal /s) + 2.52 kg coal /s

mg = 49.2408 kg/s

vg = mg / pg = (49.2408 kg/s) / (0.6622170215 kg/ m3)

vg = 74.35749671 m3/s

Q = A x Va ; Va = 0.3v

74.35749671 m3/s = π/4 (D2) (0.3 x 25. 95998361 m/s)

D = 3.486619906 m ≈ 3.5 m
Aldan Genesis L. Idio

13-50752

Problem No. 4 and 5

4. A steam boiler plant consumes 9000 kg of coal per hour and produces 20 kg of dry flue

gases per kg of coal fired. Outside air temperature is 32 degree C, average temperature of

flue gas entering the chimney is 343 degree C, and the average temperature of the dry

flue gas in the chimney is 260 degree C.

5. The gage fluid density is 994.78 kg per cu. Meter and the theoretical draft of 2.286 cm

of H2O at the chimney base needed when the barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg.

Determine the height of the chimney in meters.

Given:

𝑇𝑎 = 32°𝐶

𝑇𝑔 = 260°𝐶

𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 994.78
𝑚3

ℎ𝑤 = 2.286 cm of 𝐻2 0

Required: H= height of the chimney in meters

Solution:
101.325𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝜌𝑎 =
𝑘𝑗
0.287 (32 + 273)𝐾
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾

𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑎 = 1.157536985
𝑚3

101.325𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝜌𝑔 =
𝑘𝑗
0.287 (260 + 273)𝐾
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾

𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑔 = 0.6623804512
𝑚3

ℎ𝑤 = 𝐻(𝜌𝑎 -𝜌𝑔 ); ℎ𝑤 = ℎ × 𝜌

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
0.02286𝑚(994.78 𝑚3 ) = 𝐻(1.1575 − 0.6623) 𝑚3 \

𝐻 = 45.92622584𝑚

Ariola, Jhunnel B.

Problem 9.

Calculate the use factor of 135MW plant with a load factor of 0.80 and 120 MW

peak load. The operation is limited to 8500 hours a year.

Given:
Peak Load = 120MW

Load Factor = 0.80

Capacity = 135MW

Time = 8500 hrs

Required:

Use Factor

Solution:

For Average load

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
0.80 =
120𝑀𝑊

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 96𝑀𝑊

For Use factor

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑥 8760

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

96𝑀𝑊 𝑥 8760
=
135𝑀𝑊 𝑥 8500

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.73

Problem 10.

A power plant has a maximum demand of 55MW with a load factor of 70 and

capacity factor of 0.5. Estimate the plant capacity.

Given:

Peak Load = 55MW

Load Factor = 0.70

Capacity factor= 0.5

Required:

Plant Capacity

Solution:

For Average load

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
0.70 =
55𝑀𝑊

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 38.5𝑀𝑊

For Plant Capacity

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

38.5𝑀𝑊
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
.5

𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 77𝑀𝑊

Review Problems no. 26 – Power Cycles

Darwin M. Gayeta

13-11091

Problem 1.

An ideal Otto cycle has a pressure at the start of the compression process is 15 psia, the

temperature is 72°F and the volume is 13 𝑓𝑡3.The maximum temperature of the cycle is

2814°F, and the heat supplied is 375 Btu, Calculate the temperature at the beginning of

the combustion, °R?

Given:

P1= 15psia

T1= 72ºF+460= 532ºR

V1= 13 ft3

T3= 2814 ºF+460= 3274 ºR

QA= 375 BTU

Required:

Calculate the temperature at the beginning of combustion, ºR?

Schematic Diagram:

P 3

QA 4

2 QR
1
Solution: V

𝑙𝑏−𝑓𝑡
𝑅 58.8 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑏−𝑅
Cv=𝑘−1 = = 147 𝑙𝑏−𝑅
1.4−1

*QA = mCV(T3-T2)

778 𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
375Btu*( )= 291750 lb-ft
1𝐵𝑡𝑢

*PV=mRT

𝑙𝑏−𝑓𝑡
15𝑙𝑏⁄𝑖𝑛 2(144in2)(13ft2)=m(58.8 𝑙𝑏−𝑅 )(532R)

m= 0.897652294lbs substitute it to the formula of heat added to find T2

QA = mCV(T3-T2)

𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏
291750 lb-ft=0.897652294lbs(147 𝑙𝑏−𝑅 )(3274 º𝑅 − 𝑇2)

T2=1063.017094 ºR
Problem 2.

In an ideal Otto cycle with 950 KJ/Kg heat supplied and the maximum temperature in

the cycle is 1620°C. Calculate the change of entropy of the heat rejection process, KJ/Kg-

Given:

QA = 950 KJ/Kg, T3= 1620 ºC+ 273 = 1893 ºK

Required:

Calculate the change of entropy of the heat rejection process, KJ/Kg-K.

Solution:

𝑄 950 𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔
S= 𝑇1 = = 0.5018489171 KJ/Kg-K
1893 º𝐾

Change in Entropy = 0.5018489171 KJ/Kg-K

Aguspina, Johm Ray O.

Problem No. 3

In an air-standard Otto cycle, the clearance volume is 12% of the displacement

volume. Find the compression ratio and or thermal efficiency.

Given:

Clearance Volume (C) = 12%

Required:

Compresion Ratio and or Thermal Efficiency

Schematic:

Solution:

Solving for Compression Ratio

rk = (1 + C) / C

= (1 + 0.12) / 0.12

= 9.33333333

Solving for Thermal Efficiency

Thermal Eff = 1- [ 1 / rkk-1]

= 1 – [ 1 / (9.33333)0.4]

= 0.60
Problem No. 4

An Otto engine has clearance volume of 9%. It produces 350 KW power. What is

the amount of heat rejected in KW?

Given:

Clearance Volume (C) = 9%

QA = 350KW

Required:

Heat Reject (QR)

Schematic:

Solution:

Solving for compression ratio: Solving for Thermal Efficiency:

rk = (1 + C) / C Thermal Eff = 1- [ 1 / rkk-1]

= (1 + 0.09) / 0.09 = 1 – [ 1 / (12.1111)0.4

= 12.11111111 = 0.6312547755

Solving for Heat Rejected (QR)

Efficiency = Wnet / QA Wnet = QA - QR

QA = 350KW / 0.6312547755 350 KW = 554.451251 - QR

= 554.451251 KW QR = 204.451251 KW

Afable, Leah L.

Problem No. 5

An air-standard engine has a compression ratio of 15 and a cut-off ratio of 3. If

the air intake pressure and temperature is 100 KPa and 28°C, find the work in KJ/Kg.

Given:

rk = 15

rc = 3

P1 = 100 KPa

T1 = 28 0C

Required:

Work (Wnet)

Schematic:
Solution:

Solving for efficiency

Eff. = 1- 1 / rkk-1[(rck – 1)/k (rc – 1)]

= 1- 1/150.4[(31.4 – 1) / 1.4 (3 – 1)]

= 0.5580668132

Solving for T2

T2 / T1 = rkk – 1

T2 = (28 + 273)(150.4)

= 889.2072587 K

Solving for T3

T3 / T2 = rc

T3 = (3) (889.2072587)

= 2667.621776 K

Solving for QA

QA = Cp (T3 - T2) ; Cp = 1.0

= 2667.6217 – 889.2072

= 1778.414517 KJ/KG

Solving for Wnet

Eff. = Wnet / QA

0.5580668132 = Wnet / 1778.414517

Wnet = 992.47412 KJ/KG

≈ 992.50 KJ/KG

A. 2976 B. 2166 C. 2437 D. 992.50

Problem No. 6

An Otto cycle has an initial condition of 98 KPa and 30°C. The compression ratio

is 11 and the maximum temperature of the cycle is 1400°C. Find the heat added in

KJ/Kg.

Given:

P1 = 98 kPa

T1 = 30 0C

rk = 11

T3 = 1400 0C

Required:

Heat Added (QA)

Schematic:
Solution:

T2 / T1 = rkk-1

T2 = (111.4-1) (30+273)

T2 = 790.68 K

= 517.68 0C

QA = mCv∆T

QA = 0.716 (1400 – 517.68)

= 631.74 KJ /KG ≈ 632 KJ/KG

Carlo G. Bejasa

ME – 5301

Problem No. 74

An Otto cycle has an initial condition of 100 KPa and 30oC. The compression

ratio is 10 and the maximum temperature is 1400oC. Find the cycle mean effective

pressure per kg of air.

Given:
P1 = 100KPa

T1 = 30oC

rk = 10

T3 = 1,400oC

Required:

Pm (Cycle Mean Effective Pressure)

Solution:

T2/T1 = (rk)k-1

T2/(30+273)K = 10(1.4-1)

T2 = 761.1015887K

QA = mCv(T3 – T2)

QA = 0.7186 KJ/kg-k ((1400+273)K - 761.1015887K)

QA = 655.2901984KJ/s

e = 1 – 1/rk(k-1)

e = 1 – 1/101.4-1

e = 0.6018928294

e = W/Qa

0.6018928294 = W/655.2901984KJ/s
W = 394.4144716KJ/s

V1 = mRT1/P1

V1 = (0.287KJ/kg-K (30+273)K)/100KPa

V1 = 0.86961m3

rk = V1/V2

0.6018928294 = 0.86961m3/V2

V2 = 0.086961m3

Pm = W/(V1 – V2)

Pm = 394.4144716KJ/s/(0.86961m3 - 0.086961m3)

Pm = 503.95KPa

Problem No. 75

At the start of compression in an ideal Diesel cycle the pressure is 16 psia, a

temperature of 77oF and a specific volume of 14.2 ft3/lb. If the compression ratio of 15

and heat addition is 355Btu/lb, calculate the temperature at the end of isentropic

compression.

Given:

T1 = 77oF

rk = 15

Required:
T2 (Temperature at the end of isentropic compression)

Solution:

T2/T1 = rkk-1

T2/77oF + 460 = 151.4-1

T2 = 1586.39oR

Panganiban, Tricia Marie G.

Problem No. 9

A Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 8 and cut-off ratio of 2.5. Find the cycle

efficiency.

Given:

rk = 8

rc = 2.5

Required:

Cycle efficiency

Solution:

1 𝑟 𝑘 −1
e= 1- 𝑟 𝑘−1
[𝑘(𝑟𝑐 −1)]
𝑘 𝑐

1 2.51.4 −1
e= 1- 81.4−1 [1.4(2.5−1)]
e= 45.9688962%

e= 46%

Problem no. 10

At the start of compression, an ideal Diesel cycle the pressure is 15 psia, a

temperature of 81°F and a specific volume of 14.2 𝑓𝑡3 /lb. If the compression ratio of 12

and heat addition of 370 Btu/lb, calculate the horsepower developed using 0.5 pound per

second air.

Given:

P= 15psia

T1= 81°F

Sp.vol=14.2 𝑓𝑡3 /lb

𝑟𝑘 = 12

370𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄𝑎 = 𝑙𝑏

M=0.5lb/s
Required:

Hp=horsepower developed

Solution:

in solving for T2,

T2= (81+460)(12)1.4−1

T2=1461.738762R

in solving T3

370Btu/lb=0.5lb/s(0.171Btu/lbR)( T3-1461.738762)

T3=5789.224142R

rc= T3/ T2=3.96050532

1 3.961.4 −1
e= 1- 121.4−1 [1.4(3.96−1)]

e=0.4759800964

in solving for Wnet;

W=𝑄𝑎 × 𝑒

W=370 ×0.4759800964

Hp=176.1126357Btu/lb (0.5lb/s)

Hp=88.05631783Btu/s (1.055kJ/s)

Hp=127.49hp

Mark Angelo Digno

15-05913

Problem 11
A diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 6 and cut-off ratio of 2, if heat added is 1500

KJ, find the heat rejected.

Given: rk =6

rc =2

QA =1500 KJ

Required: Heat Rejected QR

Schematic Diagram:

𝑄𝐴
2 3

P 4
𝑄𝑅
1

V
Solution:

1 𝑐 𝑟 𝑘−1
e=1-r k-1 [𝑘(𝑟 −1)]
k 𝑐

1 21.4-1
e=1- 1.4-1 [1.4(2-1)]
6

e = .428265

𝑄𝐴 −𝑄𝑅
e= 𝑄𝐴

𝑄𝐴 −𝑄𝑅
.428265 = 𝑄𝐴
1500𝐾𝐽−𝑄𝑅
.428265 = 1500𝐾𝐽

𝑸𝑹 = 857.60 KJ

Problem 12

A diesel cycle has an initial temperature of 30°C, compression ratio of 14 and cut-off

ratio of 5. Find the maximum temperature of the cycle.

Given: rk =14

rc =5

T1 = 30 °C

Required: Maximum temperature of the cycle T3

Schematic Diagram:

𝑄𝐴
2 3

P 4

𝑄𝑅
30 °C 1

V
Solution:

𝑇2
= 𝑟𝑘 𝑘−1
𝑇1

𝑇2
= 141.4−1
30+273
𝑇2 = 870.7507211

𝑇
𝑟𝑐 = 𝑇3
2

3𝑇
5= 870.7507211

𝑇3 = 4353.753606 K

𝑻𝟑 = 4080.753606 °C