SOCIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY

MODULE 6
The Emergence of Linguistics,
Political Science, Psychology, and
Demography

This module will help you to understand the emergence and historical developments on
the major events that happen in the different social science disciplines.
It will cover the forming of language, governing political activities, studying mental
processes and behavior, and studying population. The activities embedded in this
module will help you gain knowledge on the events on the emergence of the various
social science disciplines.

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1.Discuss the differences in the various social science disciplines and their fields (e.g.
Linguistics, Political Science, Psychology, Demography);
2. Identify carefully the relationship of the various social science disciplines that led to
the emergence of major events and their contribution to our society; and
3. Give the purposes of the various social sciences disciplines in solving issues and
problems.

DIRECTIONS. Choose the best answer to the following questions/statements below.

Write the chosen letter on your yellow pad.

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

1. Which of the following is NOT a subfield of Linguistics?
A. Syntax C. Semantics
B. Morphology D. Grammar
2.Which of the following is NOT a subfield of Linguistics?
A. Syntax C. Semantics
B. Morphology D. Grammar
3. Which of the following discipline of social science deals with a system of governance and
the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and political behavior?
A. Politics C. Governance
B. Political Science D. Sociology
4. Political science comprises numerous subfields, EXCEPT:
A. comparative Politics C. Political Theory
B. Political Economy D. Institutionalism
5. If you were to apply knowledge to the various sphere of human activity, including
problems of individual daily lives and the treatment of mental illness, which discipline would
be applicable?
A. Linguistics C. Psychology
B. Economics D. Chemistry
6. Which of the following notable persons defined psychology as the science of mental life,
both of its phenomena and their condition?
A. William James C. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
B. John Watson D. Christian Wolff
7. Making a judgment about something based on the information you received that your
brain processed is an example of ___________.
A. Biological Psychology C. Social Psychology
B. Behavioral Psychology D. Cognitive Psychology
8. It refers to the study of how humans think about each other and how they relate to each
other.
A. Cognitive Psychology C. Behavioral Psychology
B. Social Psychology D. Biological Psychology
9. Demography comes from the prefix ancient Greek word demos which means
__________.
A. Structure B. Measurement C. Study D. Human
10. 10. What is the primary political purpose of the census?
A. To figure out life expectancies. C. To provide a basis for taxation.
B. To project life insurance. D. All of the above.

Since you already know our target for this module, are you ready to learn more? I hope
that you will enjoy all the activities and reading materials that we have prepared for you.
Good luck and happy learning to you.

LESSON 1 – LINGUISTICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

A. LINGUISTICS MEANING AND DEVELOPMENT

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It involves the analysis of language
form, language meaning, and language in context. Linguistics also deals with social,
cultural, historical, and political factors that influence language through which
linguistic and language-based context is often determined.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
1. The earliest activities in the documentation and
description of language have been attributed to the 6th
century BC Indian grammarian Panini who wrote a
formal description of the Sanskrit language in his
Astadhyayi.
2. Historical Linguistics is the study of language
change over time, particularly with regards to a specific
language or group of languages. Historical linguistics
was among the first sub-disciplines to emerge in
linguistics. It was the most widely practiced form of
linguistics in the late 19th century.
3. There was a shift of focus in the early 20th century
to the synchronic approach (the systemic study of the
current stage in languages), but historical research
remained a field of linguistic inquiry.
Noam Chomsky is the founder of Linguistics.

NOAM CHOMSKY

BRANCHES DEFINITION
1. Syntax and Morphology • branches of linguistics concerned
with order and structure of
meaningful linguistic units such
as words and morphemes.
• Syntacticians study the rules and
constraints that govern how
speakers of a language can
organize words into sentences.
• Morphologists study similar rules
for the order of morphemes sub-
word units such as prefixes and
suffixes – and how they may be
combined to form words.
2. Semantics and Pragmatics • are branches of linguistics
concerned with meaning. These
subfields have traditionally been
divided by the role of linguistic
and social context in the
determination of meaning.

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

• Semantics in this conception is
concerned with core meanings
and pragmatics is concerned with
meaning in context.
3. Phonetics and Phonology • are branches of linguistics
concerned with sounds (or the
equivalent aspects of sign
languages)
• Phonetics is primarily concerned
with the physical aspects of
sounds, such as their acoustics,
production, and perception.
• Phonology is concerned with the
linguistic abstractions and
categorizations of sounds.

B. POLITICAL SCIENCE (MEANING AND ITS HISTORY)

POLITICAL SCIENCE-was derived from the Greek word POLIS which means
city-state and the Latin word SCIRE, which means science or to know. Therefore,
POLITICAL SCIENCE is the study of the city-state. However, political scientists
define it as a social science dealing with a systematic study of the state in its
essential nature, form, manifestation, organization, and development.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
The antecedents of Western politics can be traced back to the Socratic political
philosophers, such as Aristotle ("The Father of Political Science") (384–322 BC).
Aristotle was one of the first people to give a working definition of political science.
He believed that it was a powerful branch of science and that it held special authority
over other branches, such as military science. Political philosophers such as Plato
and Aristotle began to analyze political thought in a way that placed more
significance on the scientific aspect of political science, which was contrary to how it
was portrayed by the Greek philosophers that came before them. Before Plato, the
main commentary on politics came from poets, historians, and famous playwrights of
the day.

ARISTOTLE

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

BRANCHES DEFINITION
1. POLITICAL THEORY > - the study of theories and
doctrines on the origin, form,
behavior, and purposes of the state
and government. It is also called
political philosophy.
2. PUBLIC LAW > the field of political science
focused on the study of legal rules
and principles governing states,
governments, and individuals as
they are related to one another.
3. GOVERNMENT > this field studies the structure and
functions of both national and local
governments within the context of
one state or country.
4. COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT > this field focuses on analyzing
the similarities and differences
among states relative to their
executive, legislative, and judicial
branches of government, as
well as their fundamental laws,
functions, political cultures, and
traditions.
5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS > study of foreign policies of
countries, international
organizations, and international law.
6. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. > deals with the actual management
of the government in the realms of
administrative organization,
personnel, and human resource
management, fiscal management,
and management of public relations.
7. PUBLIC POLICY > it is concerned with the
assessment and evaluation of the
various policies pursued by the
government in areas like education,
defense, and health.
8. POLITICAL DYNAMICS > this field is a critical inquiry into
the various societal forces that exert
influence on political decision and
action.
9. GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS > looks into the government’s
exercise of corporate or business
function, as well as its regulatory
function that affects the economy of

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

the state. It is also called POLITICAL
ECONOMY.
10. LEGISLATURE > focuses on the essential role
played by the law-making body in
rulemaking, as well as the politics
behind the legislation.
11. GEOPOLITICS > deals on critically analyzing the influences of
population, resources, and the physical environment of a country on its
local and international politics.
VALUES AND USES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. AWARENESS OF THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT ON
PEOPLE’S LIVES
2. EDUCATION FOR CITIZENSHIP
3. DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIC VALUES
4. A PREPARATION FOR VARIOUS CAREERS AND PROFESSION

Lesson 2: Psychology and Demography

A. PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is derived from the Greek roots meaning the study of the psyche or soul
(psyche – breath, spirit, soul, and logia – study or research). Psychology is the science of
mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious
phenomena as well as feeling and thought. It is an academic discipline of immense scope.
Psychologists seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains and all the
variety of phenomena linked to those emergent properties, joining this way the broader
neuro-scientific group of researchers. As a social science, it aims to understand individuals
and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases.

LAO TZU CONFUCIUS Wilhelm Wundt.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
1. The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, India, and Persia were all
engaged in the philosophical study of psychology. In ancient Egypt, the Ebers

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

Papyrus mentioned depression and thought disorders. Historians note that Greek
philosophers, including Thales, Plato, and Aristotle, addressed the workings of the
mind. As early as the 4th century BC, Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that
mental disorders had physical rather than supernatural causes.
2. In China, psychological understanding grew from the philosophical works of Laozi
and Confucius, and later from the doctrines of Buddhism.
3. The founder of Psychology is Wilhelm Wundt.

BRANCHES DEFINITION
1. Clinical psychology > integrates science, theory, and
practice to understand, predict, and
relieve problems with adjustment,
disability, and discomfort. It
promotes adaption, adjustment, and
personal development.
2. Cognitive psychology > investigates internal mental
processes, such as problem solving,
memory, learning, and language. It
looks at how people think, perceive,
communicate, remember, and learn.
It is closely related to neuroscience,
philosophy, and linguistics.
> look at how people acquire,
process, and store information.
3. Developmental psychology >This is the scientific study of
systematic psychological changes
that a person experiences over the
life span, often referred to as human
development.
> It focuses not only on infants and
young children but also teenagers,
adults, and older people.
4. Evolutionary psychology > looks at how human behavior, for
example, language, has been
affected by psychological
adjustments during evolution
5. Forensic psychology > involves applying psychology to
criminal investigation and the law.
> It involves assessing the
psychological factors that might
influence a case or behavior and
presenting the findings in court.
6. Health psychology > is also called behavioral medicine
or medical psychology.

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

> It observes how behavior, biology,
and social context influence illness
and health.
7. Biological Psychology / > looks at the structure and function
Neuropsychology of the brain about behaviors and
psychological processes.
Neuropsychology may be involved if
a condition involves lesions in the
brain, and assessments that involve
recording electrical activity in the
brain.
8. Occupational or organizational > are involved in assessing and
psychologists making recommendations about the
performance of people at work and in
training political decisions and
action.
9. Social psychology > uses scientific methods to
understand how social influences
impact human behavior. It seeks to
explain how feelings, behavior, and
thoughts are influenced by the
actual, imagined, or implied
presence of other people.

B. DEMOGRAPHY

Demography comes from prefix demo – from the Ancient Greek, demos meaning
“the people”, and –graphy from grapho, ies “writing, description or measurement”.
Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.
Formal demography – limits its object of study to the measurement of population
processes, while broader field of social demography or population studies also
analyses the relationships between economic, social, cultural, and biological
processes influencing a population.
Demography is the study of human population dynamics. It encompasses the study
of the size, structure, and distribution of populations, and how populations change
over time due to births, deaths, migration, and aging. Demographic analysis can
relate to whole societies or smaller groups defined by criteria such as education,
religion, or ethnicity.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
The study of human populations has its roots, like sociology generally, in the societal
changes that accompanied both the scientific and industrial revolutions. Some early
mathematicians developed primitive forms of life tables, which are tables of life
expectancies, for life insurance and actuarial purposes. Censuses, another
demographic tool, were instituted for primarily political purposes:
-as a basis for taxation

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

-as a basis for political representation
The development of demographic calculations started in the 18th century. Census
taking, on the other hand, has a long history dating back close to 2,000 years among
the Chinese and the Romans and even further back in history among some groups
in the Middle East. Most modern censuses began in the late 18th century.
John Graunt is the founder of Demography.

JOHN GRAUNT
Founder of Demography John Graunt
METHODS DEFINITION
1. DIRECT METHODS > Direct data comes from vital
statistics registries that track all
births and deaths as well as certain
changes in legal status such as
marriage, divorce, and migration.
> A census is another common direct
method of collecting demographic
data. Census typically collect
information about families or
household in addition to individual
characteristics such as age, sex,
marital status, literacy/education,
employment status and occupation,
and geographical location.
2. INDIRECT METHODS > countries and periods where full
data are not available, such as is the
case in much of the developing
world, and most of the historical
demography.

TASK NO. 1. FILL ME UP.

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

DIRECTIONS: Your task is to discuss the differences in the various social
science disciplines and their fields (e.g., Linguistics, Political Science,
Psychology, Demography) by completing the table below.
CRITERIA LINGUISTICS POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY DEMOGRAPHY
SCIENCE
ETYMOLOGICAL
NAME

FOCUS OF
THE STUDY

FOUNDER

TASK NO. 2. RELATE ME.

DIRECTIONS: Your task is to carefully identify the relationship between the
various social science disciplines that led to the emergence of major events
and their contribution to our society.

Social Science Discipline Relationship to

Linguistics Political Science Psychology Demography

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

Political Science Psychology Demography Linguistics

Psychology Demography Linguistics Political Science

Demography Linguistics Political Science Psychology

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

TASK NO. 3
DISCIPLINE PURPOSES.
DIRECTIONS: Your task is to give three purposes on why you need to study
the different social science disciplines and how it will help to address social
issues and problems.
SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES PURPOSES
1. LINGUISTICS 1.
2.
3.
2.POLITICAL SCIENCE 1.
2.
3.
3. PSYCHOLOGY 1.
2.
3.
4. DEMOGRAPHY 1.
2.
3.

DIRECTIONS. Choose the best answer to the following questions/statements below.

Write the chosen letter on a yellow pad.
1. Which of the following is TRUE about Linguistics?
A. Noam Chomsky is the father of Modern Linguistics.
B. Linguistics began to be studied systematically by the Indian scholar Panini in the
7th century.
C. A and B are true.
D. None of the above.
2. The following are subfields of Linguistics, EXCEPT:
A. Syntax B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Grammar
3. 3. It is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of
sentences in a given language, usually including word order.
A. Syntax B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Grammar
4. He was one of the first people to give a working definition of political science, and
he believed that it was a powerful branch of science.
A. Plato B. Aristotle C. Hippocrates D. Thales
5. Which of the following field studied the structure and function of both national and
local within the context of one state or country?
A. Public Law C. Comparative Governance
B. Government D. International Relations

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan

6. Why is the history of Psychology is important?
A. It helps remove the confusion caused by the diversity of psychology by helping us
to understand the present diversity.
B. Theories are influenced by someone or something in the past.
C. A and B are true.
D. None of the above.
7. 7. Which of the following is TRUE about demography?
A. Birth, deaths, and migration are the big three of demography.
B. Demography is the study of a population-based on factors such as age, race, and
sex.
C. Demography is widely used for various purposes and encompasses small,
targeted populations or mass populations.
D. All of the above.
8. He believed that the study of conscious thoughts would be the key to
understanding the mind.
A. Wilhelm Wundt C. Plato
B. Noam Chomsky D. Aristotle
9.Demography: Population; Political Science: ___________.
A. Behavior C. Language
B. Government D. Past events
10. It is the study of language over time particularly with regards to a specific
language or group of language.
A. Syntax C. Historical Linguistics
B. Morphology D. Pragmatics

DIRECTIONS: Your task is to make a timeline on the notable events and

contributions that led to the emergence of Linguistics, Political Science, Psychology,
and Demography.

Prepared by: Mr. Fobe Mechael A. Nudalo MST-Araling Panlipunan