General Mathematics

11
Table of Contents
1 Lesson 1: Introduction to Functions
6 Lesson 2: Evaluating Functions
6 Lesson 3: Operations on Functions
7 Lesson 4: Word Problems Involving Functions
10 Lesson 5: Interest

Lesson 1: Introduction to Functions

Functions, which deal with corresponding relationship between the elements of two sets, are
useful concepts. In the formal definition of functions, the set of inputs is called the domain,
which serves as entry value to the function rule, and the set of outputs is called range.
If f is a function and x is an element in its domain, then, to each element, x, the function f
associates exactly one value to be denoted by f(x). This symbol, f(x), is read as “f of x.” A
synonymous notation y can also be used, y=f(x)
Function is a rule of correspondence between 2 nonempty sets, such that, to each element of
the first set called domain, there corresponds one and only one element of the second set called
range.

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The set of all first coordinates (abscissas) is called the
DOMAIN; D of the relation while the set of second coordinates (ordinates) is called the
RANGE;R of the relation.
GRAPH OF A FUNCTION
If a given mathematical relation is presented in a graphical form, one can easily determine
whether it is a graph of a function by using the VERTICAL LINE TEST.
-A graph of a mathematical relation is a function if any vertical line drawn passing through
the graph intersects the graph at exactly one point.
A function can be described as a nonempty set of ordered pairs such that no 2 pairs have the
same first coordinate.
If these ordered pairs are real numbers, each ordered pairs that satisfy f. Then, plot the
corresponding points in a Cartesian plane. The set of points whose coordinates are the ordered
paints of the given function constitutes the graph of function.
In graphing a function, say f, first, find all ordered pairs that satisfy f. Then plot the
corresponding points in a Cartesian plane, and draw a smooth curve that will pass through all
points from left to right.
Graphically, the domain of a function y=f(x) is the projection of the graph of f on the x-axis,
and the range of the function, is the projection of the graph on the y-axis.
❖ Relations can be described in numerous ways:

Ordered Pairs Table Mapping Diagram

{(1, 𝟒), (2, 𝟖), (3,

𝟏𝟐), (4, 𝟏𝟔), (5,
x y
𝟐𝟎)} 1 4
2 8
3 12
4 16
5 20

Graph Equation

y = 4x
✓ One-to-one relation ✓ Many -to-one relation ✓ One-to-many relation

3
C 1
A 17
R 5
E

ordered pairs : ordered pairs : ordered pairs:

{(C,3), (A,1), (R,17), (E,5)} {(Luzon, Philippines), {(Louisian, Service-oriented),
(Visayas, Philippines), (Louisian, Loving and Life-giving),
(Mindanao, Philippines)} (Louisian, Self-directed),
(Louisian, Interconnected)}
Domain: {C,A,R,E} Domain: {Luzon, Visayas,Mindanao} Domain: {Louisian}
Range: {3,1,17,5} Range: {Philippines} Range: {Service-oriented, Loving
and Life-giving, Self-directed,
Interconnected}

Here’s a tip:
To identify whether a given relation is a function or not, determine what kind of relation it is. If it
is one-to-one or many-to-one, then it is a function. Otherwise, it is merely a relation. You may
also check the elements of the domain. If an element is repeated in the domain, then it is not a
function.
Verify whether each relation is a function. Then, identify its domain
and range.
EXAMPLES
1. {(5,2), (5,3), (5,4) The relation shows a one-to-many relation.
•NOT A FUNCTION Since an element in the domain is repeated, then the
Domain: {5} relation is not a function, it is merely a relation.
Range: {2,3,4}
2. {(2,5), (3,5), (4,5) The relation shows a many-to-one relation.
•FUNCTION Since all the elements in the domain are unique, then
Domain: {2,3,4} the relation is a function.
Range: {5}
3. The relation shows a one-to-one relation.
Recovered Covid-19 Cases (Philippines) Since all the elements in the domain are unique, then
the relation is a function
Month No. of Recovered
Cases
March 49
April 1,042
May 3,904
June 10,230
Source: https://covid19stats.ph/

•FUNCTION
Domain: {March, April, May, June}
Range: {49, 1042, 3904, 10230}
4. The relation shows a one-to-one relation. Since all the
x -5 -3 -1 1 elements in the domain are unique, then the relation is
y -5 -3 -1 1 a function.

•FUNCTION
Domain: {-5, -3, -1, 1}
Range: {-5, -3, -1, 1}
5. The example on the left is not a function nor a relation
since an element in the domain is not mapped or paired
to a corresponding element in the range.

•NOT A FUNCTION NOR A RELATION

Domain Range
input x – output y –
values values
abscissa ordinate
independent variable dependent variable
DOMAIN AND RANGE OF FUNCTIONS
The definition of function does not allow an element of its domain to have two or more
corresponding elements in the range. The definition, however, does not restrict two or more
elements in the domain to correspond to the same element in the range.
If the domain of a function is not stated and restricted, it is understood that the domain is the
set of all real numbers. R which makes the values of the functions real.

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. If Mr. Reyes orders food for 120 persons, what would be the total cost of his order?
C ( x )=Php 110 xC ( x )=Php 110 (120 )C ( x )=Php 13 ,200
The total cost of Mr. Reyes’ order is Php 13, 200.

2. Mr. Dela Cruz would like to visit her aunt and give her some goods for her daily
needs. He decided to take a taxi. A taxicab charges a rate of Php 35.00 for the first 4
kilometers and an additional Php 13.50 for every kilometer thereafter.
Php 35.00 for the first 4 f ( x )=Php 35 ; (where x refers to the distance
kilometers if x ≤ 4 travelled from 0km to 4km.)
Note that in this function, the value
f(x) is constant as long as the
distance travelled is less than or
equal to 4km.
A rate of Php 35.00 for f ( x )=Php 35+ Php 13..50 ( x−4 ) ; (where x refers to the distance
the first 4 kilometers and if x >4 travelled greater than 4 km)
an additional Php 13.50 The expression (x-4) only refers to
for every kilometer the additional kilometer/s travelled.
thereafter.

a. Express the taxicab fare (f) as a function of distance (x)

f ( x )=
{ Php 35.00 ; if x ≤ 4
Php 35.00+ Php13.50 ( x−4 ) ; if x> 4
b. How much will Mr. Dela Cruz pay if he got off the taxi after 8 km.?
x=8 km f ( x )=Php 35+ Php 13..50 ( x−4 ) ; if x> 4
f ( x )=Php 35+ Php 13.50 ( 8−4 ) f ( x )=Php 35+ Php 13.50 ( 4 )
f ( x )=Php 35+ Php 54f ( x )=Php 89
Mr. Dela Cruz will pay Php 89 for his taxi fare for 8 km.

Lesson 2: Evaluating Functions

When a function f is defined by y=f(x), then x is called independent variable. Any element of
the domain can be chosen as a value of the independent variable. The resulting value determines
the corresponding value of the dependent variables y.
The value of the dependent variable y=f(x) that corresponds to a specific value of an
independent variable x is found by substituting x into the function rule, then, simplifying the
resulting expression. Such process is called evaluating a function.

RULE IN EVALUATING A FUNCTION

Replace every x in the function rule f(x) with the given replacement value, then, simplify the
resulting numerical expression.

DIFFERENCE QUOTIENT
Specifically, the difference quotient is used in the discussion of the rate of change, a
fundamental concept in calculus.

Lesson 3: Operation on Functions

COMBINING LIKE TERMS FACTORING

SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF FUNCTIONS

If f and g are functions with domains D f ∧D g respectively, their sum is the function defined
as
( f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ g ( x )
And their difference is the function defined as
( f −g ) ( x )=f ( x )−g(x )
The domain of ( f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ g ( x ) and ( f −g ) ( x )=f ( x )−g(x ) is D f ∩ D g

PRODUCT OF FUNCTIONS
If f and g are functions with domains D f ∧D g, respectively, their product is the function
defined by
( f × g )( x )=f ( x ) × g ( x )
The domain of ( f × g )( x ) is Df ∩ D g

QUOTIENT OF FUNCTIONS
If f and g are functions with domains D f ∧D g respectively, excluding the values of D g that
will make g(x) zero, then, their quotient is the function defined as

() f
g
( x )=
f (x )
g(x)

The domain of
f
g () ()
( x ) is D f ∩ D g, excluding those values of x that will make
f
g
(x)

undefined.

COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
If f and g are functions with domains D f ∧D g the composite function f and g is defined as
( f ○ g )( x )=f [ g ( x ) ]
The domain of ( f ○ g )( x ) consists of all real numbers f in the domain of g for which g(x) is in
the domain of f.
*( f ○ g )( x ) is read as “f circle g”

Lesson 4: Problems Involving Functions

1. To show appreciation and care to the medical personnel at the different hospitals in
Baguio City, Mr. Reyes hired a catering service to serve food for the frontliners. The cost
of the food is as follows:
₱ 130 per head for 50 persons or less,
₱ 120 per head for 51 persons to 100
persons , ₱ 110 per head for 101 to 150
persons, and for 150 or more persons,
the cost is at ₱100 per head.

a. Represent the total cost as a piecewise function of the number of frontliners.

b. If Mr. Reyes orders food for 120 persons, what would be the total cost of his order?

Solution:
a. Represent the total cost as a piecewise function of the number of frontliners.
Representation:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝐶 𝑥; 𝑖𝑓 (where x refers to the number of persons

ranging from 1 to 50)
𝐶 𝑥; 𝑖𝑓 (where x refers to the number of persons
ranging from 51 to 100)
𝐶 𝑥; 𝑖𝑓 (where x refers to the number of persons
ranging from 101 to 150)
𝐶(𝑥) = ₱100𝑥; 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 150 (where x refers to the number of persons greater
than 150)

b. If Mr. Reyes orders food for 120

persons, what would be the total cost of his order?
𝑥 = 120 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝐶 (𝑥) = ₱ 110x
𝐶 (𝑥) = ₱ 110(120)
𝐶 (𝑥) = ₱ 13,200

 The total cost of Mr. Reyes order is ₱ 13,200.

2. Mr. Dela Cruz would like to visit her aunt and give her some goods for her daily needs.
He decided to take a taxi. A taxicab charges a rate of ₱35.00 for the first 4 kilometers
and an additional ₱ 13.50 for every kilometer thereafter.
a. Express the taxicab fare f as a function of distance x.
b. How much will Mr. Dela Cruz pay if he got off the taxi after 8 km.?

Solution :

a. Express the taxicab fare f as a function of distance x

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝑓 ₱ ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 (where x refers to the distance travelled from

0 km to 4km)
Note that in this function, the value of f(x) is
constant so long as the distance travelled is
less than or equal to 4 km.
𝑓(𝑥) = ₱35 + ₱13.50(𝑥 − 4); 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 4 (where x refers to the distance travelled
greater than 4km)

The expression (x−4) only refers to the

additional kilometer/s travelled.
b. How much will Mr. Dela Cruz pay if he got off the taxi after 8 km.?
𝑥 = 8 𝑘𝑚.
(𝑥) = ₱ 35 + ₱13.50 (x − 4) ; if x > 4
(𝑥) = ₱ 35 + ₱13.50 (8 − 4)
(𝑥) = ₱ 35 + ₱13.50 (4)
(𝑥) = ₱ 35 + ₱54
(𝑥) = ₱89

 Mr. Dela Cruz will pay ₱𝟖𝟗 pesos for his taxi fare for 8 km.

3. A laptop is one of the necessary materials in an online class. The Grade 11 – students
would like to have a fundraising activity so that they can donate one laptop to one of their
schoolmates who is really in need. As their fund-raising activity, they decided to sell t-
shirts. They found a supplier selling t-shirts at a price of ₱180 per piece but can charge
₱1,500 for a bulk order of 100 shirts and additional ₱25 for each excess after that .What
mathematical model can be drawn out from the given situation that represents the cost as
a function of the number of t-shirts purchased?

Solution:
What mathematical model can be drawn from the given situation that represents the
cost as a function of the number of t-shirts purchased? t = number of shirts
𝐶(𝑡) = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑

𝐶 ₱ (where t refers to the number of t-shirts

𝐶 ₱ ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 ordered ranging from 1 to 99) (where t
refers to 100 t-shirts)

𝐶(𝑡) = ₱1500 + ₱25(𝑡 − 100); 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 > 100 (where t refers to the number of t-shirts
ordered greater than 100)

The expression (𝑡 − 100 )only refers to the

additional t-shirts ordered exceeding 100.

Lesson 5: Interest
Interest is the amount paid for the use of another amount of money, called the principal
amount or simply principal.
Financial institutions like banks pay interest to their clients for using the money they
deposited in their savings account for other investment opportunities. On the other hand,
borrowers are charged by these institutions with a higher interest for the use of money loaned to
them. Interest is the primary source of income of banks.
a. Principal is the base in which interest is compound. If an amount is loaned or
borrowed, this amount is referred to as principal.
b. Term is the unit of time for which the principal is loaned, or the length of time the
principal is borrowed.
c. Interest Rate is the multiplier expressed as percent of the principal to be paid each
term.
The maturity value, or simply the amount, is the sum of the principal and the interest that
accumulates over the agreed term. This agreed term is usually expressed in years or a fraction of
a year (quarterly, semi-annually, or monthly). Conventionally, an agreed term in a business
transaction expressed in days, weeks, or months is converted to the equivalent fraction of a year.
If the term is not stated in a given situation, it is understood as percent per annum.
Interest may be calculated as simple interest or compound interest.

Simple interest is the interest calculated on the original principal for the entire period that is
borrowed or invested. It is computed by multiplying the principal amount, the rate of interest,
and the length of time of the deposit or loan. Simple interest refers to the amount earned for one
year calculated by multiplying the principal by the interest rate. Only the principal, no more no
less, is considered for the computation of interest. This kind of interest is applied for transactions
that usually last only for less than a year. It is also important to note that simple interest (I) is
directly proportional to the principal (P), interest rate (r), and the term (t).
Formula :I =Prt

TERM: ORDINARY TIME AND EXACT TIME

The time or term for which a certain amount is lent or borrowed is important in any financial
transaction. The process of computing the term, if only inclusive dates of transaction are
indicated, depends on the agreement between parties involved. There are two ways in which a
term is determined:

1. ORDINARY TIME is based on a 30-day per month computation. This means that a 6-
month transaction covers (6)(30 days)= 180 days.
2. EXACT TIME is based on the exact number of inclusive dates of transaction. For
instance, a loan entered on December 24, 2014 and matured April 11, 2015 has
a. 7 days- from December 25, 2014 to December 31, 2014
b. 31 days- from January 1, 2015 to January 31, 2015
c. 28 days- from February 1, 2015 to February 28, 2015
d. 31 days- from March 1, 2015 to March 31, 2015
e. 11 days- from April 1, 2015 to April 11, 2015
Total= 108 days total

INTEREST: ORDINARY INTEREST AND EXACT INTEREST

The choice of whether to adopt ordinary (or approximate) time or exact time in financial
transactions affects the computation of interest.
The divisor to be used in computing the term in days is contingent on the agreement of
parties involved. The term in days has 2 divisors: a divisor of 365 (the actual number/days in a
year), and 360 (the usual practice in business since this number offers many factors).
There are 2 ways computing for the term. The 2 choices for the divisor for the term, result in
four ways of computing simple interest.

EXACT TIME ORDINARY TIME

360 DAYS Ordinary Interest with exact Ordinary interest with
time ordinary time
(Banker’s Rule)
365 DAYS Exact interest with exact time Exact interest with ordinary
time

The most commonly used method is the Banker’s rule. The other methods are seldom used.
If the method to be used is not specified, the Banker’s rule applies.

6%-60 Day Method

The ordinary simple interest (I) on principal (P) at 6% for 60 days is I =P ( 0.01 ) .

INSTALLMENT PAYMENTS
In many cases, payments for borrowed money are made on installment basis. To determine
the amount due at the time of final payment, any of the 2 rules of thumb is applied, depending on
the agreement reached by all parties involved.

PAYING ON INSTALLMENT BASIS RULE NO. 1

Payments received must be deducted first from the amount with interest due. The balance,
the amount due after deducting the payment, is then subjected to the agreed interest and is
computed from the date of the last payment and the balance of the principal.

PAYING ON INSTALLMENT BASIS RULE NO. 2

The interest for the entire term of the principal amount is added to the maturity value. If
installment payments are made, these payments plus the interest on each installment payment
from the date that payment is made to the due date are subtracted from the computed maturity
value to obtain the amount due.

PRESENT VALUE AT A SIMPLE INTEREST RATE

The present value (P) at a simple interest rate (r) of a given amount (A) for a given term (t)
A
can be determined by the formula P= .
1+rt

Compound interest is also the amount earned for one year calculated by multiplying the
principal by the interest rate. Borrowing, bonding, and saving in financial institutions apply
compound interest. Compound interests are usually used for long-term transactions.
When interests are added to the principal to become the new principal, the resulting interest
is said to be compounded. The periods of time when the addition of interest and the principal
occur is referred to as conversion period. These time intervals when applied, may have the
interests compounded annually (once a year), semi-annually (twice a year), quarterly (four times
a year), or monthly (twelve times a year).
1. Compound amount- the accumulated amount of a given principal at the end of a given
time interval
2. Compound interest- the original principal minus the compound amount
3. Term- the length of time for which the compound interest is to be calculated

TIME TERM
INTERVAL ANNUALL SEMI- QUARTERLY MONTHLY
Y ANNUALLY
1 year 1 period 2 periods 4 periods 12 periods
2 years 2 periods 4 periods 8 periods 24 periods
3 years 3 periods 6 periods 12 periods 36 periods

4. Nominal rate-the quoted rate which is the basis for converting the interest rate per
conversion period

TIME INTEREST PER CONVERSION PERIOD

INTERV ANNUALL SEMI- QUARTERLY MONTHLY
AL Y ANNUALLY
1 year 1% 1 1 1
% % %
2 4 12
2 years 2% 1% 1 1
% %
2 6
3 years 3% 1 3 1
1 % % %
2 4 4

Formula for Compound Amount

An =P ( 1+i )n
Formula for Compound Interest
I n= An −P

PRESENT VALUE AT A SIMPLE COMPOUND RATE

An −n
P= n
=A n (1+i )
( 1+i )

Example Problems: