HUMAN ANATOMY for PHARMACY
By: Degu G. (MSc. Anatomist)
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Unit: 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy
Outline
➢ Definition
➢ Historical Background of Anatomy
➢ Subdivisions of anatomy
➢ Approaches to studying Anatomy
➢ Anatomical terminologies
✓Anatomical Position
✓Anatomical Planes
✓Terms of Relationship, Comparison & mov’t
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Definition
❖ The word “Anatomy “derived from the Greek term “anatome”
( ana = apart and tome = cutting. )
❖ Therefore anatomy means to cut apart, divide or dissect.
❖ Human Anatomy- is a visual, descriptive scientific discipline that
investigates the structure and function of the human body
❖ It uses dissection to have a detailed knowledge of the various
structures
❖ Clarify normal structures of the body and their interrelationship.
❖ It is basic for any medical discipline
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BRIEF HISTORY:
Is one of the old Biomedical sciences.
• It was first formally studied in Egypt - around 3000 B.C
• Earliest descriptions of human anatomy were written on papyruses- B/n
3000 and 2500 B.C
• It was taught in Greek by Hippocrates (460 - 377 B.C.E.)
• Aristotle (384-322 BC) was the first person to use the word “anatome .”
• artists & anatomists like Leonardo davinci, Michelangelo, and Vesalius
(1514-1564) began to accurately display and describe the parts of the
human body
• In 1543 the first human anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius
• In the 19th century anatomy started to be divided into its different parts
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Subdivisions of anatomy:
➢
➢ General anatomy
✓ gross & microscopic structures as well as the composition of the body, its
tissues & fluids
Special anatomy
✓ certain definite organs or groups of organs involved in the performance of special
function
➢ Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
✓ is the study of the human body or its parts without the help of a microscope
➢ Microscopic anatomy
✓ the study of cells, tissues & organs of the body by the help of microscope.
✓ Cytology: cellular anatomy
✓ Histology: study of tissues
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Subdivisions of anatomy….
➢ Developmental anatomy
✓ anatomy of the structural changes of an individual
from fertilization to adulthood.
✓It includes embryology & postnatal development.
➢ Pathological anatomy
✓ it is the study of structural changes caused by
diseases.
✓pertains to gross & microscopic study of organs &
tissues removed for biopsy or postmortem examination
➢ Radiological anatomy
✓ the study of the body by the help of radiographs.
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Subdivisions of anatomy….
➢ Surgical anatomy
✓applied anatomy in reference to surgical
diagnosis & treatment
➢ Descriptive anatomy
✓ deals with the description of the physical
structure of man
➢ Comparative anatomy
✓ is the comparative study of structures with
regard to homologous organs or parts
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Approaches to Studying Anatomy
❖ Regional or Topographic anatomy
❖ Systemic Anatomy: study body systems
❖ Clinical (applied) Anatomy: emphasizes on features
important in practice of medicine
❖ Surface anatomy : provide knowledge of what lies
under the skin and what structures are palpable in the
living body at rest and in action
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Regional or Topographic anatomy
✓ Is the anatomy of certain related parts
or divisions of the body
✓ recognizes the body's organization by
layers:
✓skin,
✓subcutaneous tissue, and
✓deep fascia ,
✓muscles,
✓skeleton, and
✓cavities
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Regional or Topographic anatomy….
Upper limb:
➢ Bones – scapula, clavicle,
humerus, radius, ulna,
carpals, metacarpals,
phalanges
➢ Joints – shoulder, elbow,
wrist, carpometacarpal,
metacarpophalangeal,
interphalangeal
➢ Muscles
➢ Nerves
➢ vessels
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Regional or Topographic anatomy…
Lower limb:
➢ Bones – femur, patella, tibia,
fibula, tarsus, metatarsus,
phalanges
➢ Joints – hip, knee, ankle,
tarsometatarsal
metatarsophalangeal
interphalangeal
➢ Muscles
➢ Nerves
➢ Vessels 11
Regional or Topographic anatomy….
Thorax
✓Heart
✓Bones & muscles
✓Great vessels & nerves
✓Lungs
✓Thymus
✓Trachea
✓Esophagus 12
Regional or Topographic anatomy….
Abdomen:
❖ Skin, Subcutaneous Fascia
❖ Muscle, Deep fascia
❖ Fat, Peritoneum
❖ GI tract
❖ Adrenal glands
❖ Kidneys and ureters
❖ Liver
❖ Gallbladder
❖ Pancreas
❖ Spleen
❖ Aorta and I VC 13
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Regional or Topographic anatomy….
Pelvis
• Reproductive organs
• Bladder and terminal part of ureters
• Rectum
• Blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
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Regional or Topographic anatomy….
Perineum
• Between the thighs and the buttocks
• Include both surface and deep compartments
• Contains penis, scrotum, vulva, anus
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Regional or Topographic anatomy….
Back
• Skin and subcutaneous tissue
• Deep fascia
• Muscles
• Ligaments
• Vertebral column
• Ribs (in thoracic region)
• Spinal cord and meninges
• Nerves and vessels
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Regional or Topographic anatomy….
Head
• Skull
• Brain (meninges, CSF,
cranial nerves)
• Special sense organs
(eyes, ear, tongue & nose)
• Scalp
• Face
• Teeth
• Blood vessels , nerves 18
Regional or Topographic anatomy….
Neck
• Site of attachment between head,
trunk and arms
• Bones (cervical vertebrae)
• Spinal cord
• Vessels (carotid arteries, jugular
veins)
• Airway (larynx & trachea)
• Esophagus
• Lymph nodes
• Thyroid and parathyroid glands
• Salivary glands
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Systemic anatomy
• Is an approach to anatomical study organized by
organ systems that work together to carry out
complex functions.
• The arteries and veins of the circulatory system
supply oxygen to them and remove waste from them,
and the nerves of the nervous system stimulate them
to act.
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Systemic anatomy…
• The Integumentary system
– consists of the skin (integument) and its appendages such as the hair and nails
• The skeletal system
– consists of bones and cartilage
– It provides support for the body and protects vital organs
• The muscular system
– is composed of muscles that act (contract) to move or position parts of the
body
• The nervous system
– consists of the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system
– The nervous system controls and coordinates the functions of the organ
systems.
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Systemic anatomy…
• The circulatory system
• consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, which function
in parallel to distribute fluids within the body.
– The cardiovascular system
• consists of the heart and blood vessels that propel and conduct blood
through the body.
– The lymphatic system
• is a network of lymphatic vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid
(lymph) from the body's interstitial (intercellular) fluid compartment.
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Systemic anatomy…
• The digestive or alimentary system
– consists of the organs and glands associated with the ingestion,
mastication, swallowing, digestion, and absorption of food and the
elimination of faeces (solid wastes)
• The respiratory system
❖ consists of the air passages and lungs that supply oxygen and
eliminate carbon dioxide.
• The urinary system
– consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, which
filter blood and subsequently produce, transport, store, and
intermittently excrete liquid waste (urine). 23
Systemic anatomy…
►The reproductive system
❖consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes) that
produce oocyte (eggs) and sperms and the other
genital organs concerned with reproduction.
►The endocrine system
❖ consists of ductless glands, (e.g., thyroid gland)
❖secrete hormones.
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Body cavities
➢ Ventral
✓ Thoracic cavity
✓ Abdominal cavity
✓ Pelvic cavity
➢ Dorsal
➢ Cranial cavity
➢ Vertebra canal
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Thoracic Cavity
Contains the
• (a) pleural cavity (left and right, divided by the
mediastinum)
– encloses: the lungs
– the membranes: visceral and parietal pleura
• (b) pericardial cavity
– encloses: the heart
– The membranes: visceral and parietal pericardium
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Anatomical Terminology
The Anatomical Position :-
✓ Is a position used as a reference when describing parts of the
body in relation to each other.
✓ allow a standard way of documenting where one part of the
body is in relation to another, regardless of whether the body is
standing, lying down, or in any other position
✓ All anatomical descriptions are expressed in relation to the
anatomical position
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Anatomical Terminology…
➢ In anatomical position
✓ Person is erect with the head,
eyes and toes pointing forward
and facing the observer
✓ The head level & eyes facing
directly anteriorly
✓ Arms at the sides with palms
turned forward
✓ Feet are flat on the floor &
directed forward
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Anatomical Terminology….
➢ Anatomical planes
✓ Anatomical descriptions are based on four imaginary planes
(median, sagittal, frontal, and transverse) that intersect the body in
the anatomical position.
1. median plane: the vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, divides
the body into right and left halves.
2. Sagittal planes : vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median
plane.
3. Frontal (coronal) planes: vertical planes passing through the body at right angles
to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
4. Transverse planes: it passes the body at right angles to the median and frontal
planes, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
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The main use of anatomical planes is to describe
sections, a cut surface along a plane
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Anatomical Terminology….
Anatomical sections
✓ Sections provide views of the body as if cut or sectioned along
particular planes.
• Helps to understand the anatomical relationship one part to
another .
• Longitudinal sections: run parallel to the long axis of the body
or of any of its parts
• Transverse sections or cross sections: are slices at right angles
to the longitudinal axis of the body or of any of its parts
• Oblique sections : slices are not cut along one of the previously
mentioned anatomical planes. 32
Longitudinal section Transverse section
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Terms of Relationship and Comparison
✓ are words that describe the position of one body part in relation
to another
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Terms Meaning Usage
Superior (cranial) Nearer to head Heart is superior to stomach
Inferior (caudal) Nearer to feet Stomach is inferior to heart
Anterior (ventral) Nearer to front Sternum is anterior to heart
Posterior (dorsal) Nearer to back Kidneys are posterior to intestine
Medial Nearer to median plane Fifth digit (little finger) is on medial
side of hand
Lateral Farther from median plane First digit (thumb) is on lateral side of
hand 35
Proximal Nearer to trunk or point of origin (e.g., Elbow is proximal to wrist; proximal
of a limb) part of artery is its beginning
Distal Farther from trunk or point of origin (e.g.,Wrist is distal to elbow; distal part of
of a limb) lower limb is foot
Superficial Nearer to or on surface Muscles of arm are superficial to its
bone (humerus)
Deep Farther from surface Humerus is deep to arm muscles
Dorsum Dorsal surface of hand or foot Veins are visible in dorsum of hand
Palm Palmar surface of hand Skin creases are visible on palm
Sole Plantar surface of foot Skin is thick on sole of foot 36
Terms of Laterality
➢ Bilateral - Paired structures having right and left
members (e.g., the kidneys)
➢ Unilateral - on one side only
➢ Ipsilateral - something occurring on the same side of
the body
➢ Contralateral - occurring on the opposite side of the
body
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Terms of Movement
Terms Meaning
Flexion bending or decreasing the angle b/n the bones or parts of the body
Extension straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the
body
Abduction moving away from the median plane in the frontal plane
Adduction moving toward the median plane in a frontal plane
Circumduction circular movement that is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction,
and adduction
Rotation revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis
Pronation palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly 38
Supnation hand faces posteriorly and the palm faces anteriorly
Opposition the mov’t by which the pad of the thumb is brought to
another digit pad
Reposition movement of the thumb from the position of
opposition back to its anatomical position.
Protrusion movement anteriorly
Retrusion movement posteriorly
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Elevation raises or moves a part superiorly
Depression lowers or moves a part inferiorly
Eversion moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane
(turning the sole laterally).
Inversion moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane (facing
the sole medially).
➢ Dorsiflexion - flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when
walking uphill or lifting the toes off the ground.
➢ Plantarflexion - turns the foot or toes toward the
plantar surface (e.g., when standing on your toes).
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STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:
• The atom [i.e. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or Oxygen(O)] is the least complex
level. An atom is defined as the smallest particle of an element. Atoms
combine with (react with) other atoms to form...
• molecules [i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H20)]. A molecule is
defined as a particle composed of 2 or more joined atoms. Molecules
combine with other molecules to form...
• macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids).
– A macromolecule is defined as a large molecule. Macromolecules combine with
other macromolecules to form...
• organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosome).
An organelle is defined as a small organ of a cell, which performs a particular function.
Organelles collectively compose to form ... 45
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STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION…
• cells
➢ Smallest independent units of life
➢ The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms!
➢ Each cell has a set of organelles and performs a particular
function
➢ Some cells have all of the machinery that they need to live
➢ Similar cells are arranged into...
Tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous).
➢ A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that performs a
specialized function.
➢ Two or more tissues combine to form...
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STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION…
• organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain).
– An organ is defined as a structure consisting of a group of tissues
that performs a specialized function.
– Two or more organs combine to form...
organ systems (i.e. Integumentary, cardiovascular).
– An organ system is defined as a group of organs that act together
to carry on a specialized function.
– There are 11 organ systems. The eleven organ systems collectively
form the...
• human organism
– An organism is the most complex level of organization and is
defined as an individual living thing.
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Cells:
• The human body contains around 75 trillions cells each of which perform a
specific function.
• cells vary in size, shape, and function
• Cells exhibit the following basic functional activities or properties:
➢Metabolism (absorption, synthesis, respiration and excretion),
➢growth and regeneration,
➢irritability (excitability),
➢ movement,
➢reproduction,
➢aging and
➢death. 49
Any questions?
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