11/27/2021

Environmental Pollution Control

CHE F411

Krishna Etika
BITS Pilani Department of Chemical Engineering
B.I.T.S-Pilani, Pilani Campus
Pilani Campus

Waste Water Sampling and

Analysis

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Recap

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Waste Water Treatment

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Outline
– Basic processes of water treatment
– Primary treatment
• Pretreatment
• Sedimentation (in detail)
• Flotation
– Secondary (Biological) Treatment
• Activated sludge Process
• Trickling Filters

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Basic Processes of Water

Treatment
Screening, Sedimentation, floatation
Physical and filtration

Precipitation, Coagulation and

Chemical disinfections

Air stripping, Carbon adsorption,

Treatment Physical &
Oxidation and reduction, Ion
Chemical exchange, and membrane Processes

Biofiltration and Activated Sludge

Biological Process

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Primary Treatment
Primary Treatment Process

Pretreatment Sedimentation Flotation

Discrete Settling Flocculent Settling Zone Settling

Pretreatment
Is used to remove large floating and suspended solids. This
process consists of screening and then grit removal

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Pretreatment

Manually–raked bar screen

Mechanically-raked bar screen 8

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Pretreatment
Alternative of Screening: Comminutor

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Grit Chamber
Aerated Vortex

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Lecture 28

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Sedimentation

 The solids are removed by gravitational settling under

quiescent conditions.

 The sludge formed at the bottom of the tank is removed

as underflow either by vacuum suction or by raking it to a
discharge point.

 Sedimentation tanks are round or rectangular

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Sedimentation Tank

Horizontal flow
(rectangular basin)

Up flow (circular basin)

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Sedimentation Tank

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Sedimentation Tank

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Sedimentation Tank
 Within sedimentation,
the flow goes through a
very large area  slow
velocity
 To remove the water
from the basin quickly,
the water is directed
into a pipe or small
channel
 A series of troughs or
weirs are provided

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Clarifier Design
Clarifiers are settling tanks built with mechanical means
for continuous removal of solids being deposited by
sedimentation. A clarifier is generally used to remove
solid particulates or suspended solids from liquid for
clarification and (or) thickening

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Clarifier Design
A particle in suspension is accelerated until a limiting terminal
settling velocity (vt) is reached. The sedimentation tanks are
designed in such a way that all particles with settling velocity
greater than and equal to vt will be removed.
Critical Particle: will be one
that enters at the top of the
settling zone A, and settles
with a velocity just sufficient
to reach the sludge zone at
point B. The particle falls
through a depth H with
retention time to
H
to 
vt 18
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Clarifier Design
In the same time, the particle travels a distance L with a
horizontal velocity vh and therefore
L
t0 
vh

Again Q Where, Q = inflow rate, W = width of the

vh 
HW tank

H L

vt vh
Hvh Q Q
vt   
L LW As Surface Area of Tank
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Clarifier Design
Where, As = WL = Surface Area of the settling zone
 vt is the terminal settling velocity of the slowest-settling
particles that could be removed completely in an ideal
sedimentation basin
 The important design parameter Q/As is called overflow
rate or surface loading rate
 vt is independent of the depth but it is directly related to
the surface area.
 In waste water treatment, the sedimentation tank is fed
with suspension of particles of varying sizes.

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Clarifier Design

Suppose that a particle of terminal velocity vs is introduced

at point A, where vs< vt. This particle will not be removed
during the time provided for settling since it does not
reach the bottom of the settling zone (path AB’)

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Clarifier Design
However, it is introduced at a distance less than equal to h
from the bottom, where h = vs to, it will be removed (path
A’B). Hence, the fraction of the particles having settling
velocity vs that can be removed is given by,
v
x t  s

v t

For a given inflow rate Q, where Q  vt A

Of total particles settled, only fraction(1-xt) has the velocity

greater than and equal to vt
The fraction of particles which were removed and have velocities
vs<vt will be xt
v
0 v st dx 22
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Clarifier Design
The overall fraction (R) removed from the suspension, will be
x
1 t
R  [1  xt ]   vs dx
vt 0
The second term in equation can be determined by graphical
integration of a settling analysis curve, such as the shaded portion
of the given figure with vs<stated value
Fraction of particles

xt
x

vs vt
Settling velocity 23
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Example (Discrete Settling)

A certain municipality plans to use water from a river. Since

the river is very turbid, pre sedimentation is necessary.
The results of a column test is as follows:
Time 0 60 80 100 130 200 240 420
(min)
Conc 299 190 179 169 157 110 79 28
(mg/l)
What is the percentage removal of particles if the hydraulic
loading rate is 25 m3/m2-day? The column is 4 m deep
x
1 t
R  [1  xt ]   vs dx
vt 0
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Determine C/C0 = x, v = Z/t

Plot x Vs v
vt = surface loading rate = 25 m3 /m2-d (1.7 x 10-2 m/min)
Find xt corresponding to vt
Removal % = (1-xt) + Integral (can be sum of v*delx)

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