CHAPTER TWO

DATA SCIENCE

BY ABDULAZIZ OUMER
An Overview of Data Science
• Data science is a multi-disciplinary field that uses
scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and
systems to extract knowledge and insights from
structured, semi-structured and unstructured data.
• Data science is much more than simply analysing
data.
• It offers a range of roles and requires a range of
skills.
DATA Vs INFORMATION
DATA
• A representation of facts, concepts, or instructions
in a formalized manner, which should be suitable
for communication, interpretation, or processing,
by human or electronic machines.
• Unprocessed facts and figures
• Represented with the help of characters such as
alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special
characters (+, -, /, *, , =, etc.).
INFORMATION
• Is the processed data on which decisions and actions
are based.
• It is data that has been processed into a form that is
meaningful to the recipient.
• Is interpreted data; created from organized,
structured, and processed data in a particular
context.
Data Processing Cycle
• Is the re-structuring or re-ordering of
data by people or machines to
increase their usefulness and add
values for a particular purpose.
• Consists of the following basic steps
-input
-processing and
-output
…continued
❖ INPUT −in this step, the input data is prepared in some
convenient form for processing
• The form will depend on the processing machine
❖ PROCESSING −in this step, the input data is changed to
produce data in a more useful form
❖ OUTPUT −at this stage, the result of the proceeding
processing step is collected
• The particular form of the output data depends on the
use of the data
Data types and their representation
❖ Data types from Computer programming perspective
• Integers(int)- is used to store whole numbers,
mathematically known as integers
• Booleans(bool)- is used to represent restricted to one
of two values: true or false
• Characters(char)- is used to store a single character
• Floating-point numbers(float)- is used to store real
numbers
• Alphanumeric strings(string)- used to store a
combination of characters and numbers
❖Data types from Data Analytics perspective
❑Structured Data
• Is data that adheres to a pre-defined data
model and is therefore straightforward to
analyse
• Conforms to a tabular format
• Common examples of structured data are
Excel files or SQL databases.
…continued
❑ Semi-structured Data
• Is a form of structured data that does not conform with the
formal structure of data models
• Contains tags or other markers to separate semantic elements
and enforce hierarchies of records and fields within the data
• Also known as a self-describing structure
• Examples of semi-structured data include JSON and XML are
forms of semi-structured data
…continued
❑ Unstructured Data
• Is information that either does not have a predefined data
model or is not organized in a pre-defined manner.
• Is typically text-heavy but may contain data such as dates,
numbers, and facts as well
• Difficult to understand as it have irregularities and ambiguity
• Common examples of unstructured data include audio, video
files or NoSQL databases.
…continued

❑Metadata
• Metadata is data about data.
• provides additional information about a specific set
of data.
• for example In a set of photographs metadata could
describe when and where the photos were taken.
DATA VALUE CHAIN
• Is introduced to describe the information flow
within a big data system as a series of steps needed
to generate value and useful insights from data.
• The Big Data Value Chain identifies the following key
high-level activities: -Data Acquisition
-Data Analysis
-Data Curation
-Data Storage
-Data Usage
Data Acquisition

• Process of gathering, filtering, and cleaning data

before it is put in a data warehouse or any other
storage solution on which data analysis can be
carried out
• One of the major big data challenges in terms of
infrastructure requirements.
Data Analysis
• Is concerned with making the raw data acquired
amenable to use in decision-making as well as domain-
specific usage
• Involves exploring, transforming, and modelling data with
the goal of highlighting relevant data, synthesizing and
extracting useful hidden information with high potential
from a business point of view
• Related areas include data mining, business intelligence,
and machine learning
Data Curation
• It is the active management of data over its life cycle to
ensure it meets the necessary data quality requirements
for its effective usage.
• Can be categorized as content creation, selection,
classification, transformation, validation, and preservation
• Is performed by expert curators that ensures the data is
trustworthy, discoverable, accessible, reusable and fit their
purpose.
Data Storage

• It is the persistence and management of data in a

scalable way that satisfies the needs of applications
that require fast access to the data.
• Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)
have been the main, and almost unique solution to
the storage paradigm
Data Usage
• It covers the data-driven business activities that need
access to data, its analysis, and the tools needed to
integrate the data analysis within the business activity.
• Data usage in business decision making can enhance
competitiveness through the reduction of costs,
increased added value, or any other parameter that can
be measured against existing performance criteria.
Basic concepts of big data
❑ What Is Big Data?
• Big data is the term for a collection of data sets
so large and complex that it becomes difficult to
process using on-hand database management
tools or traditional data processing applications.
• In this context, a “large dataset” means a
dataset too large to reasonably process or store
with traditional tooling or on a single computer.
…continued
❖Big data is characterized by 3V and more:
• Volume: large amounts of data Zeta bytes/Massive
datasets
• Velocity: Data is live streaming or in motion
• Variety: data comes in many different forms from
diverse sources
• Veracity: can we trust the data? How accurate is it? e
Clustered Computing and Hadoop Ecosystem

❖Clustered Computing
• Clustering is a Machine Learning technique
that involves the grouping of data points
• Given a set of data points, we can use a
clustering algorithm to classify each data
point into a specific group
Big data clustering software combines
the resources of many smaller machines,
seeking to provide a number of benefits:

• Resource Pooling
• High Availability
• Easy Scalability
Hadoop and its Ecosystem
• Hadoop is an open-source framework
intended to make interaction with big data
easier
• Allows the distributed processing of large
datasets across clusters of computers using
simple programming models
The four key characteristics of
Hadoop are:
• Economical: Its systems are highly economical as
ordinary computers can be used for data processing
• Reliable: It is reliable as it stores copies of the data on
different machines and is resistant to hardware failure.
• Scalable: It is easily scalable both, horizontally and
vertically. A few extra nodes help in scaling up the
framework.
• Flexible: It is flexible and you can store as much
structured and unstructured data as you need to and
decide to use them later.
Hadoop has an ecosystem that has evolved from its four core
components: data management, access, processing, and storage.
It is continuously growing to meet the needs of Big Data. It
comprises the following components and many others:
• HDFS: Hadoop Distributed File System
• YARN: Yet Another Resource Negotiator
• MapReduce: Programming based Data Processing
• Spark: In-Memory data processing
• PIG, HIVE: Query-based processing of data services
• HBase: NoSQL Database
• Mahout, Spark MLLib: Machine Learning algorithm libraries
• Solar, Lucene: Searching and Indexing
• Zookeeper: Managing cluster
• Oozie: Job Scheduling
Big Data Life Cycle with Hadoop
1. Ingesting data into the system
• First stage of Big Data processing
• Data is ingested or transferred to Hadoop
from various sources such as relational
databases, systems, or local files
• Sqoop transfers data from RDBMS to HDFS,
whereas Flume transfers event data.
2. Processing the data in storage
• In second stage data is stored and
processed
• The data is stored in the distributed file
system HDFS, and the NoSQL distributed data, HBase
• Spark and MapReduce perform data
processing.
3. Computing and analysing data
• The third stage is to Analyse
• Here, the data is analysed by processing
frameworks such as Pig, Hive, and Impala
• Pig converts the data using a map and
reduce and then analyses it.
• Hive is also based on the map and reduce
programming and is most suitable for
structured data.
4. Visualizing the results
• The fourth stage is Access
• Performed by tools such as Hue and
Cloudera Search
• In this stage, the analysed data can
be accessed by users.
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