Learning Activity 10
The students should access this website
([Link]
They should read the story entitled “Three Friends in a Valley” and they are expected to
answer the seven (7) accompanying questions.
Question 1: What are natural springs, and what are a couple of reasons why the spring on Sara’s farm
stopped giving water?
- The reason behind this is when springs happen, water moves through breaks underneath the
Earth’s surface. The water can be a blend of rain water, which is the water from underground
channels that travels downhill toward the river, or water that is pushed up from deep underground
in the most deepest parts of the Earth, which has not ever before been to the surface. Now and
then springs found near one another on the outside of the Earth have totally various ways that the
water in each follows. The water that is drenching the neighbour’s property could possibly be
identified with the water that used to emerge from the spring; in any case, both of the changing
functions show that the land that Sara, Amira, and the neighbour live on is going through
developments that may not be noticeable on the surface.
Question 2: What are some possible reasons for why the fence is slowly tipping over?
- There are some possible answers for the reason why the fences is slowly tipping over. It might be
that the fence could be old, enough for the wood to fall apart. It might be also the donkey, it could
slightly push the fence to reach and eat some grass that is on the outside part of the fence. Be that
as it may, the ground could likewise be moving gradually underneath the ranch, causing the fence
presents on point tough throughout the long term. The way that the spring quit giving water may
uphold this thought significantly further, particularly if the way of the water to the surface was
broken on the grounds that the ground had moved slightly.
Question 3: What are some possible reasons for the cracks in the walls? What are some ways to find out
what is really happening?
- Despite the fact the the house was built on a very steep hill, the reason why there are cracks on
the walls is because the surface or the ground that the house was built might be unstable that is
gradually creeping down the hill. Unstable ground or grounds that are creeping is considerably
more prone to deliver during catastrophe such as earthquake and heavy rainfalls. Furthermore,
there are numerous approaches to determine what the genuine reason for the cracks might be.
Different signs such as the bowing of lines, wall, pathways, or streets, can be found to check
whether the ground is moving. For an instance, in the event that the ground is moving, electrical
wires that are connected to polls that is attached on the ground close to the edge of the hill will
turn out to be extremely fixed as the polls move together with the ground.
Question 4: What would cause trees to grow like this?
- There are many possible reasons why the posture of the tree is slightly bend base on the picture.
First, trees don't detect what direction is up, rather, their development follows the bearing from
which light comes. This phenomenon is called phototropism, which means twisting or bending
toward the light. Second, it could be dislodged during a calamities or human activities. Another
reason, If the soil on a hill is moving downward, the trees on the hill will tip downward. As the
tree continues to try to grow upward, the trunk will show a curve. The degree of bending could
indicate the rate or amount of movement of the soil.
Question 5: Where should the friends go first?
- It is most preferable if they must first go to Gozen’s house. In there, it has a television or radio
that may help them to monitor the damages and any developing weather systems that may come
cause by the earthquake or are there any emergency services that are being delivered. If they go
first to the farm, there might be a chance for aftershock and the unstable ground of the farm is
prone for the occurrence of landslide.
Question 6: What are some possible causes for the low river water level, and what should the girls do
about it?
- In river valleys that are probably going to encounter avalanche or landslide after the earthquake,
an abrupt reduction in waterway water levels may show a landslide dam has framed upstream of
the city. A landslide dam happens when a landslide has impeded a waterway or stream, making
water develop behind it. This causes flooding upstream and a dry season or diminished water
stream downstream. Landslide dams can be incredibly dangerous in light of the fact that they are
generally exceptionally unstable. As the water develops behind the dam, the landslide gets soaked
with water and can break disastrously, flooding all territories downstream with next to zero notice
or no warning. Also, the three friends must inform their folks or other city authorities promptly of
this chance so they can determine if a landslide dam has formed.
Question 7: What are some of the things the families can do to prepare for landslides, and to prevent
landslides from occurring on their land?
- They lived in there so they must become familiar with the land around them. Learn whether
debris flows have occurred in their area by contacting local officials. They should also know
about local emergency response and evacuation plans. Talk to everyone in their household about
what to do if a landslide occurs. Assemble and maintain an emergency preparedness kit. To
prevent landslides from occurring, they must used chemical agents to reinforce slope material
such as installing structures such as piles and retaining walls, grouting rock joints and fissures,
diverting debris pathways, and rerouting surface and underwater drainage.
Learning Activity 11
The students will watch the video on YouTube about “Hot Chocolate Mantle Convection Demonstration”
([Link]
Answer the following questions:
1. How is heat transferred in the video that you have watched?
- In the experiment, heat is transferred through the method we call conduction. Conduction is the
process of heat being transferred between objects through direct contact. Just like in the video, as
the kid open the heat source (stove), the heat automatically made contact to the pan. From there,
as the temperature rises, the pan conducts heat to it’s content enough for the milk to boil. As the
time goes on, that is the time where cracks and hot spot appeared on the chocolate powder to
release the pressure that traps underneath.
2. Describe what happens to the powder when the milk starts to boil. Explain why this occurs.
- As the temperature from the heat source increases, cracks and hot spot starts to appear on top of
the chocolate powder (which represents the crust). The heat rises through the process of
convection. In real life, the hot spots which appeared on the chocolate powder is what we called
melted rock, known as magma. It often pushes through cracks in the crust to form volcanoes.
3. How does this activity in the video relate to the formation of magma?
- Magma originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle.
Differences in temperature, pressure, and structural formations in the mantle and crust cause
magma to form in different ways. Just like in the video experiment, it basically shows how the
transfer of heat affects the milk and how decompression melting occurs in the chocolate powder,
where hot spots appear and how our continents formed. The experiment also shows how flex
melting occurs because we’ve seen how the milk (although it’s been mixed with some chocolate
powder) rises and how the other parts of the surface melted.
Assignment:
The students are ask to draw a schematic of a cross section of the Earth, showing the different layers of
the Earth. Include and label the following parts of the illustration:
1. Different tectonic settings where magma is generated.
- Magma is formed at three main plate-tectonic settings: divergent boundaries, convergent
boundaries, and mantle plumes.
2. The type of melting that is usually associated with the settings identified in #1.
- Decompression melting (occurs in divergent boundaries), involves the upward movement of
Earth’s mostly-solid mantle. This hot material rises to an area of lower pressure through the
process of convection. Furthermore, decompression melting also occurs at mantle plumes,
columns of hot rock that rise from Earth’s high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust. Flux
melting (happens in convergent boundaries), occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to
rock. These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. This creates magma in
places where it originally maintained a solid structure.
3. Heat transfer mechanisms and the direction of heat transfer (through arrows)
- Heat is transferred in three methods: conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction is heat
transfer through stationary matter by physical contact (e.g. heat transferred from the burner of a
stove through the bottom of a pan to food in the pan). Convection is the heat transfer by the
macroscopic movement of a fluid. This type of transfer takes place in a forced-air furnace and in
weather systems, for example. Radiation is another form of heat transfer. It does not require any
medium and can be used for transfer of heat in a vacuum as well. This method uses
electromagnetic waves which transfer heat from one place to the other.
Learning Activity 12
Concept mapping of the Bowen’s reaction series
Assignment:
The students will a make a short report by answering the question: Can the same volcano produce
volcanic rocks with different compositions? How?
- Volcanoes do not always erupt in the same way. Each volcanic eruption is unique, differing in size,
style, and composition of erupted material. One key to what makes the eruption unique is the
chemical composition of the magma that feeds a volcano, which determines the eruption style, the
type of volcanic cone that forms, and the composition of rocks that are found at the [Link] to
answer the question, yes, volcanoes can produce various kinds of volcanic rocks. The production of
volcanic rocks relies upon the sort of emission and the source and synthesis of the magma ejected.
For instance, basalt (a dark grey to black rock) contains more minerals of olivine and hornblende than
andesite (a grey rock).
Learning Activity 13
The students will access the activities 1-3 thru online
([Link]
Learning Activity 14
The students will do the activity on Continental Jigsaw Puzzle and access it thru
online ([Link]
1. What is the idea of Continental Drift?
- Continental drift portrays perhaps the most punctual ways geologists thought continents moved
over the long haul. In the mid twentieth century, Wegener distributed a paper clarifying his
hypothesis that the continental landmasses were "drifting" across the Earth, some of the time
crashing through seas and into one another. He called this development continental drift.
2. Which 2 continents have the most obvious fit of the coastlines?
- Two continents have the most evident spasm of the coastlines are the east coast of South America
and the west coast of Africa, on the grounds that the east bank of South America and the west
shoreline of Africa appear to fit together like bits of a jigsaw puzzle. Wegener found that their
stone layers are fit similarly as it obviously.
3. How were the fossil symbols and mountain belts helpful in deciding where to move the
continents?
- Similar fossils found on various continents helped geologists decide how the landmasses used to
be associated. Mountain belts denoted the limits of moving plates, which appeared in which
heading the various continental drifted. Extrapolating from this data, scientists had an unpleasant
thought of how the continents were organized ages back.
4. Why don’t the present shapes of the continents fit perfectly into a supercontinent?
- On the off chance that we look cautiously and inspect each edge of the different landmasses you
will see where they fit. It may not be “perfect” as envisioned yet it is almost about a perfect fit.
335 million years prior, all the landmasses on Earth were combined in a solitary supercontinent of
Pangaea. Over the long haul, the geographical forces which united the continents in the end made
them drift apart. The present shaped of the continents doesn’t fit anymore due to the changes in
geography and topography of a continent or place. Since they don’t break neatly, one of the
reasons that affect its shape are erosion, earthquake, converging of plates and others.
5. Which fossil occurs on the most landmasses? What does this suggest about when these particular
continents broke up?
- The Glossopteridales (Glossopteris fossils) happen on the most landmasses. Their appropriation
over a few confined landmasses persuaded that these were once converged into a solitary
supercontinent (Pangea) . Their wide circulation recommends that the landmasses were still
together in the times of their existence (298.9 great many years prior 252.17 large number of
years back). Scientific evidence proposes that Pangea did indeed split after this, 175 million years
prior.
Table:
1,2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 – Yes 3, 4, 7 - No
Questions:
1. What criteria or basis did you consider in piercing together the “jigsaw puzzle”?
- In creating the original image of the jigsaw puzzle, the following terms are considered: By
observing and determining the shapes of coast lines, distribution of fossils, and mountain ranges.
2. Look at the resulting map. What can you conclude with regards to the location of the different
fossils? What about the mountain range?
- Alfred Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined into a solitary supercontinent
named Pangaea, signifying "all earth" in ancient Greek. He recommended that Pangaea separated
quite a while in the past and that the mainland’s at that point moved to their present positions. He
called his speculation continental drift. Other than the manner in which the landmasses fit
together, Wegener and his allies gathered a lot of proof for the continental drift hypothesis.
Ancient fossils of similar types of wiped out plants and creatures are found in rocks of a similar
age yet are on landmasses that are currently generally isolated. Wegener recommended that the
living beings had lived one next to the other, yet that the terrains had moved separated after they
were dead and fossilized. He recommended that the life forms would not have had the option to
traverse the seas. For instance, fossils of the seed plant Glossopteris were too hefty to even
consider being conveyed so far by wind. Mosasaurs was a swimming reptile however could just
swim in new water. Cynognathus and Lystrosaurus were land reptiles and couldn't swim. While
mountain ranges with a similar rock sorts, structures, and ages are currently on inverse sides of
the Atlantic Sea. For instance, the Appalachians of the eastern US and Canada are much the same
as mountain ranges in eastern Greenland, Ireland, Great Britain, and Norway. Wegener concluded
that they formed as a single mountain range that was separated as the continents drifted.
3. Give your thoughts on why the cut-outs/continents do not perfectly fit with each other.
- On the off chance that we look cautiously and inspect each edge of the different landmasses you
will see where they fit. It may not be “perfect” as envisioned yet it is almost about a perfect fit.
335 million years prior, all the landmasses on Earth were combined in a solitary supercontinent of
Pangaea. Over the long haul, the geographical forces which united the continents in the end made
them drift apart. The present shaped of the continents doesn’t fit anymore due to the changes in
geography and topography of a continent or place. Since they don’t break neatly, one of the
reasons that affect its shape are erosion, earthquake, converging of plates and others.
Assignment:
Using the table below, answer the questions that follows:
1. Compute, in meters, how far these continents will travel.
Continent Speed 100 yrs. 50,000 1 million
yrs. yrs.
Antarctic 2 cm/yr 2 1,000 20,000
African 2.2 2.2 1,100 22,000
cm/yr
South 1.5 1.5 750 15,000
American cm/yr
North 1.2 1.2 600 12,000
American cm/yr
2. Which continent moves the fastest? Where will it be in 50,000 years?
- After 50, 000 years as shown from the table, the African continent moves the fastest which has a
speed of 1,100 meter.
3. Which continent moves the slowest? Where will it be in 1 million years?
- After 1,000,000 years as shown from the table, the North American continent moves the slowest
which has a speed of 12, 000 meter.
4. Is there a chance that the continents will collide each other? Explain your answer. If yes, give an
example.
- As NASA’s stated year 2000, the Earth is going to be a very different place 250 million years
from now. 250 million years prior the landmasses of Earth were clustered into one supercontinent
named Pangea. As Yogi Berra would state, it would appear that "deja vu all over again" as the
present-day landmasses gradually merge during the following 250 million years to shape another
mega-continent: Pangea Ultima. For an instance, Africa is going to crush into Europe as Australia
relocates north to converge with Asia. Then the Atlantic Sea will presumably augment for a spell
before it turns around course and later vanishes.
Learning Activity 15
Have each student formulate three (3) review questions that cover the content of the lesson. Break the
class into pairs and instruct students that they will quiz their partners with the questions they have
prepared and discuss between them the answers. Each pair should submit their questions and
corresponding answers.
1. What is the difference between Abyssal plains and Abyssal hills?
- Abyssal plains and abyssal hills makeup the majority of the seafloor, and thus cover vast amount
of the Earth’s surface. Abyssal plain is a underwater plain on the profound sea floor, typically
found at depths between 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) and 6,000 meters (20,000 ft). Lying for the most
part between foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge. It is an extremely flat, sediment
covered stretches of the ocean floor, interrupted by occasional volcanoes, mostly extinct, called
seamounts. On the other hand, abyssal hills are lengthen slopes, ordinarily 50-300m high
furthermore, common on the slopes of mid oceanic ridge and usually cover half of the Earth’s
surface. Also, abyssal hills form in the young oceanic lithosphere near mid-ocean ridges. These
hills have their origins as faulted and tilted blocks of oceanic crust.
2. Describe divergent and convergent.
- Divergent boundary is where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other.
There are two types of divergent boundaries, categorized by where they occur: continental rift
zones and mid-ocean ridges. Usually, divergent boundary occur along spreading centers where
plates are moving apart and new crust is created by magma pushing up from the mantle. Along
these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock) rises from the Earth’s
mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust. When two plates come together, it
is known as a convergent boundary. There are three types of convergent boundaries: oceanic-
oceanic boundaries, oceanic-continental boundaries, and continental-continental boundaries. The
impact of the colliding plates can cause the edges of one or both plates to buckle up into a
mountain ranges or one of the plates may bend down into a deep. seafloor trench.
3. What is echo sounding?
- Is a type of sonar which measures depth by emitting a burst of high frequency sound and listening
for the reverberation (echo) from the ocean bottom. Sound is produced from a source on the boat
or a ship and the returning echo is distinguished by a receiver on the boat. The deeper the water
is, the longer for the echo to receive by the receiver.
My questions:
1. Give a brief summary (a short statement or discussion) about what is divergent boundaries.
- Divergent boundary is where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other.
There are two types of divergent boundaries, categorized by where they occur: continental rift
zones and mid-ocean ridges. Usually, divergent boundary occur along spreading centers where
plates are moving apart and new crust is created by magma pushing up from the mantle.
2. Give at least one feature of the ocean floor and explain it.
- 5
3. State at least one evidence or proof that seafloor spreading has happened.
- 5
Assignment:
Research on the index fossils of the Philippines. Name at least one index fossil, indicate what division of
the Geologic Time Scale the index fossil represents and where the index fossil have been reported.
- Index fossil are any animal or plant preserved in the rock record of the Earth that is characteristic
of a particular span of geologic time or environment. One of the index fossils in the Philippines is
Priodiodella periodic dellides which derived from the geologic time scale of Triassic era. It’s
formation is limangsong formation and it is located in the Northern part of the Palawan in the
Philippines.
Assignment:
Ask the students to write a report (200-300 words) on one of the following topics:
1. Theories on the Origin of Life
- The origin of the first form of life has been a fascinating idea for a long time. Various theories
and experimental verifications were sent by various researchers during the time stretch. A portion
of these theories were dismissed as they neglected to give smidgens of proof while some others
were acknowledged. Nonetheless, there is no theory that could give a healthy perspective on the
source of life. The accompanying speculations have been recommended throughout the long
term:
Theory of unique creation, this theory proposes that all the living structures were made all things
considered by God. Various religions have various stories as far as this theory is concerned;
Theory of Unconstrained age, this theory proposed for the cause of living structures from the
non-living or lifeless things. Aristotle, Epicurus, Vel Holmont are a portion of the allies. They
accepted that a cut of spoiled meat brought forth the worms; Theory of Panspermia, this
hypothesis recommended by Richter in 1865 and recommended that life arrived at the earth from
other vast bodies; Theory of biochemical development or Materialistic theory, this hypothesis
was proposed by Oparin in 1923 and Haldane in 1928. It proposed that crude earth was
decreasing in nature because of the nonattendance of oxygen and a few synthetic substances
dense together in seas, warmed by hot temperature, shaped a ‘early stage’ soup’ in which the
principal living cell took its structure. A few amino acids, nucleic acids, sugars and other natural
and inorganic atoms together framed coacervated that were fit for engrossing water and
supplements and perform sprouting. These continued joining with an ever increasing number of
particles and framed the main living cell. The theory of biochemical cause had been tentatively
upheld by Urey and Mill operator, where they created crude Earth-like conditions by giving
lightning, water fumes, and inorganic particles and got the natural particles.
2. Possible Causes of Mass Extinction Events
- In spite of the fact that the Cretaceous-Paleogene elimination is acclaimed for being caused
essentially by an enormous space rock (asteroid), it's the exemption. The single greatest driver of
mass extinction appears to be major changes in Earth’s carbon cycle such as huge igneous
province eruptions, enormous volcanoes that overflowed a huge number of square miles with
lava. These eruptions ejected massive amounts of heat-trapping gases such as carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere, enabling runaway global warming and related effects such as ocean acidification
and anoxia, a loss of dissolved oxygen in water. Here are some conjectured foundations for every
one of Earth's greatest mass eliminations: In Ordovician extinction, the start of icy cycles on
Earth, and relating changes in ocean level. In addition the progressions in air and maritime
science identifying with the ascent of the Appalachian mountains; In Devonian extinction,
environmental change, potentially connected to the broadening of land plants and the lessening in
oxygen levels in the profound sea; In Permian extinction, the volcanic movement, changes in
barometrical science, and changes in maritime science and flow; In Triassic eradication, likewise
cause by volcanic action, and; In Cretaceous termination, space rock sway, volcanic action,
environmental change and changes in climatic and maritime science.
3. How mankind is driving the next mass extinction event
- More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth have become terminated. Five mass
extinction are recorded in the fossil record. They were brought about by major geologic and
climatic events. Proof shows that a 6th mass extinction is happening now. In contrast to past mass
extinction, the 6th extinction is due to human actions. A few scientists consider the 6 th termination
to have started with early primates during the Pleistocene. They are accused for over-slaughtering
big mammals such as mammoths. From that point forward, human activities have had an ever
more impact on other species. The current rate of extinction is somewhere in the range of 100 and
100,000 species for each year. In 100 years, we could lose the greater part of Earth’s excess
species. The single biggest cause for extinction today is habitat loss. Agriculture, forestry,
mining, and urbanization have disturbed or destroyed more than half of Earth’s land area. Other
causes of extinction today include: Exotic species introduced by humans into new habitats; Over-
harvesting of fish, trees, and other organisms; Global climate change, largely due to the burning
of fossil fuels; Pollution, which adds chemicals, heat, and noise to the environment beyond its
capacity to absorb them and; Human overpopulation, which is crowding out other species.
Guide Questions:
1. Cite three tectonic settings where magma is formed.
- Magma is formed at three main plate-tectonic settings: mantle plumes, divergent boundaries
(such as rifts and mid-ocean ridges), and convergent boundaries (subduction zones).
2. What is the role of volatiles in the partial melting of rocks?
- Volatiles are substances that quickly evaporate like water, liquor, CH3)2CO, methane, alkali, and
so on. Solid rocks different compositions and minerals with varying melting points. Volatiles
have a major function in the partial melting of rocks since they cause the adjustment in
temperature of the stones and furthermore they cause the bringing down of dissolving purpose of
rock minerals.
3. Describe how rising magma causes melting.
- During their storage in the outside layer (crust), magma composition may be modified by
fragmentary crystallization, tainting with crustal melts, magma mixing, and degassing. Following
their ascent through the crust, magmas may feed a volcano or solidify underground to form an
intrusion.
Guide Questions:
1. What happens to magma after it is formed?
- Magma cools and solidifies to form igneous rock. Igneous rock undergoes weathering (or
breakdown) to form sediment. The sediment is moved and saved some place (such as, at the sea
shore or in a delta, or in deep sea). The sediment undergoes through lithification (the cycle that
transform it into a rock).
2. Do you think magma rises or stays in place?
- Magma structures from partial melting of mantle rocks. As the rocks move upward (or have water
added to them), they begin to melt a bit. These little blebs of melt migrate upward and coalesce
into larger volumes that continue to move upward. They may collect in a magma chamber or they
may just come straight up. As they rise, gas molecules in the magma come out of solution and
form bubbles and as the bubbles rise they expand. In the end the pressure from these bubbles is
stronger than the surrounding solid rock and this surrounding rock fractures, allowing the magma
to get to the surface.
3. What happens to the composition of magma as it rises up?
- As the magma rises crystals begin to form. Mafic magma is not viscous (thick) and will stream
easily to the surface. Meanwhile, felsic magma is viscous and does not stream easily. Most felsic
magma will remain deeper in the crust and will cool to form igneous intrusive rocks such as
granite and granodiorite. If felsic magma ascends into a magma chamber, it may be too viscous to
move and thus it stalls out. In general, the expulsion of these crystals drives the structure away
from basalt and towards rhyolite. The measure of magnesium oxide and iron oxide keeps on
diminishing and the measure of silica, sodium oxide, and potassium oxide increases.
4. How does magma change during crystallization?
- As the magma rises crystals start to form. The first crystal to shape is olivine, which contains the
elements magnesium, silicon, and oxygen in the proportions two to one to four. The crystal is
more dense than the surrounding magma and it begins to settle. By settling the crystals are being
removed from the magma, making the chemical composition of system to change. As
increasingly more olivine settle, the magma has less and less magnesium oxide and increasingly
more silica.
5. What is the significance of the Bowen’s reaction series?
- Bowen’s response arrangement is a means of ranking common igneous silicate minerals by the
temperature at which they crystallize. Minerals at the top have a generally high crystallization
temperature, which implies that they will be the first minerals to crystallize from a magma that is
cooling. If they are chemically incompatible with the magma as it continues to cool, they will
become bigger by expansion of external layers of additional material. If they are chemically
incompatible, they will respond with the liquefy (melt). What ultimately determines this chemical
compatibility is in large part the total silica content of the melt. Furthermore, the importance of
Bowen’s reaction series is that it can clarify why particular kinds of minerals will in general be
discovered together while others are almost never connected with each other.
Guide Questions:
1. What is metamorphism?
- It is a process of mineral assemblage and texture variation that results from the physical-chemical
changes of solid rocks, caused by factors such as crust movement, magma activity, or thermal
fluid change in the earth. The metamorphism comprises recrystallization, metamorphic
crystallization, deformation, fragmentation, and alternation. The product of the existing rock
(igneous and sedimentary rocks) suffering metamorphism is called metamorphic rock whose
chemical composition is related not only to original rock, but also to metamorphism. During the
process of metamorphism, regardless of whether the deformation of original rock or re-
composition of material is mostly finished under solid state is not known; hence the metamorphic
rock some aspects of the original rock or layer. The metamorphic rocks resulting from
metamorphism are often characterized by unique mineral composition, particular texture, and
structure to differentiate them from igneous and sedimentary rocks.
2. Define metamorphic grade.
- Metamorphic grade refers to the scope or range of metamorphic change a rock goes through,
advancing from low (minimal metamorphic change) evaluation to high (significant metamorphic
change) grade. Second rate (low-grade) metamorphism starts at temperatures and weights simply
above sedimentary rock conditions.
3. What is the role of stress in the formation of foliation?
- Foliation is normally formed by the preferred orientation of minerals within a rock. Ordinarily,
this is a consequence of some physical force and its effect on the development of minerals. The
planar texture of a foliation typically forms at right angle to the maximum principal stress
direction. In the underlying stages another foliation begins to develop in the rock as a result of
compressional stress at some angle to the original bedding. As the pods are compacted and
broadened, mostly by recrystallization, they could eventually intersect again to form new
compositional bands parallel to the new foliation.
4. Is it possible to find fossils in metamorphic rocks?
- Metamorphic rock infrequently contain fossils. Any that were available in the original
sedimentary rock will not normally endure the heat and pressure. Considering metamorphism
implies transformation or change of the rock by heat and pressure, which not only destroys rock
texture, but also transforms the minerals into other minerals and at very high grades of
metamorphism, partial melting can also happen. At very low grade of metamorphism, there may
be a distant chance, however it actually would be an uncommon event.
Guide Questions:
1. Why do the continents fit roughly along their coastlines?
- The continents roughly fit along their coastline due to the geological stresses that affects them.
Additionally, it was conjectured that all landmasses were once essential for an entire
supercontinent called PANGEA. It split separated and move away from one another through
billions of years. With that, scientist see the landmasses as a giant jigsaw puzzle.
2. What made early scientists reject Wegener’s continental drift idea?
- The main reason that Wegener’s hypothesis was not acknowledged was on the grounds that he
recommended no instrument for moving the landmasses. He thought the force of Earth’s spin was
adequate to make continents move, however geologists realized that rocks are too strong for this
to be true. It wasn’t until 1928 that a Scottish Geologist, Arthur Holmes, concocted a clarification
for why landmasses move. He believed that heat trap in the Earth caused convection currents.
There were areas where fluids trapped beneath Earth’s crust heat up, rise, spread laterally, than
cool and drop back down. This theory didn’t have a wide acknowledgment either, however was
revived in the 1940’s and 1950’s when scientists began to become familiar with the seafloor and
the magnetic properties of oceanic crust.
3. What evidence can prove that two mountain ranges separated by ocean wave part of a single
mountain range and that these were once joined together?
- Mountain ranges with a similar rock sorts, structures, and ages are currently on inverse sides of
the Atlantic Sea. For instance, the Appalachians of the eastern US and Canada are much the same
as mountain ranges in eastern Greenland, Ireland, Great Britain, and Norway. Wegener believed
that they formed as a single mountain range that was separated as the continents drifted.
