Comparative CHAPTER 1

Isabela State University | ECHAGUE

College of Criminal Justice Education

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Echague Main Campus
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

-Criminology Program-
COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

[CRIM PROF 213] S.Y. 2020-2021
An Instructional Material
Prepared by:
REGINALD C. SIBUG
Instructor
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

Reginald C. Sibug, MS CRIM. 1
A. INTRODUCTION
Chapter’s Contents:
The study of comparative models in policing,
A. Introduction
comparative police system, comparative criminal justice
B. Concept of Police and law is a fairly new field and has corresponded with
C. Traditional Goals of Policing rising interest in a more established field, comparative
D. Ancient Policing System criminology. However, in this chapter, we will present
E. IMPORTANT Terms: some issues which will bring you to discover ideas
 Comparative Police System useful in the conceptualization of successful crime
 Comparative Criminal Justice control policies.
 Comparative Court System Chapter I contains the salient features of
 Comparative Correctional System comparative models in policing. It is focused on the
basic terms and topics covered on this subject prior to
 Comparative Juvenile Justice System
the actual comparison of the police models.
 International Criminal Justice
 Model System “The modern police service is a varied, multi-layered,
F. Transnational Crimes responsive institution working to ensure the safety of
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Citizens” – UK Home Office
At the end of the lesson, students should be able

The role of a modern police organization is laid
to: down succinctly in the above quote appearing in the
1. Gain general insights about the basic web page of UK Home Office. The first idea that comes to
concept of comparative models in our mind when we hear the term “Police” is the idea of a
policing. dominant personality who symbolizes the power of the
2. Explain the concept of police and State and criminal justice administration system. On the
differentiate the different concepts
one hand people view police as a protector of civil
and theories of policing.
liberties and on the other hand police is viewed as a
3. Enumerate and explain the traditional
symbol of brute force of state which oppresses the
goals of Policing
4. Identify and understand the various legitimate protests with force.
ancient policing system around the Dictionaries define Police as the governmental
world. department charged with the regulation and control of
5. define and understand the meaning of the affairs of a community, now chiefly the department
Comparative Police System; Criminal established to maintain order, enforce the law, and
Justice; court system; Correctional prevent and detect crime.
System mean; Juvenile Justice System;
International Criminal Justice; Model Policing is one of the most important of the
System functions undertaken by every sovereign government.
6. define and understand the meaning of For the state machinery, police is an inevitable organ
Transnational Crime; which would ensure maintenance of law and order, and
7. gain insights on the different also the first link in the criminal justice system. On the
transnational crimes like Drug other hand, for common man, police force is a symbol of
trafficking, human trafficking, brute force of authority and at the same time, the
Cybercrime, terrorism and Money protector from crime. Police men get a corporate
laundering.
identity from the uniform they wear; the common man
identifies, distinguishes and awes him on account of the
same uniform. The police systems across the world have

developed on a socio cultural background, and for this C. TRADITIONAL GOALS OF POLICING
reason alone huge differences exist between these police
systems. The importance of the police in administration of justice
can also be shown by studying its five traditional goals
B. CONCEPT OF “POLICE” which as follows: (1) enforcement of laws; (2)
preservations of the peace; (3) prevention of crimes; (4)
protection of civil rights and liberties; and (5) providing
POLICE is the agency of a community or government
other services. The success or failure of the police in
that is responsible for enforcing the law, maintaining
achieving these goals can directly affects the works and
public order, and preventing and detecting crime.
functions of other pillars. In this regard, police pillar is
In the very broadest sense, the term POLICE refers considered as the BACKBONE of the criminal justice
to the internal organization or regulation of the state, the system.
control and regulation of the community or state through
the exercise of the constitutional power of the The [1] ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS as one of the
government. traditional goal of police pillar has been considered as
the prime goal of policing. The police in this regards play
In a narrower sense, POLICE denotes the a major role in fashioning and implementing a proper
constitutionally created agency that exercises the power law enforcement policy for their community. This makes
of the government concerning the maintenance of police as an integral part of the criminal justice system,
tranquility, public order, peace, security of persons and responsible for apprehending offenders and assisting in
property and the protection of public health and morale. their prosecution. According to Charles D. Hale the goals
and objectives of enforcement of law includes the
In a very restricted sense, POLICE refers to that
following: (1) Crime Prevention, (2) Criminal
organization of armed men, which is actually an
Apprehension, (3) Order Maintenance, (4) Public
institution that is capable of exercising legally mandated
Services and (5) Traffic Regulations and Motor Accident
duties to enforce the law, maintain public order, and
Investigation.
detect and prevent crimes.
Evolution of the word police: The second goal of police is the [2] PRESERVATION OF
THE PEACE. This has also been accepted by police as an
The term police came from the GREEK important goal. It is known as the peacekeeping and
word Politeia (government of a city), which was community service roles. Police have the legal authority
used to describe the group of civil officers to arrest individual for disturbing the peace or for
governing the city and not necessarily the armed disorderly conduct. Police are often called to intervenes
men guarding/policing the city. When the not only criminal conduct but also in noncriminal
ROMANS conquered the Greeks, they changed the conduct such as that which occurs at public events, in
word slightly to Politia (civil administration) social relations and in traffic control to maintain law and
which itself derives from the Ancient Greek word order. They often help the people solve problems that
polis (city). The FRENCH changed the word to they cannot cope with alone. This is due to the public
Police and used it to those authorized people who impression that the police are also a SOCIAL
actually enforce the law. The ENGLISH and the SERVANT and a MEDIATOR to domestic problems.
AMERICANS borrowed the word from the French Hence, the public calls the police for their social services
and used it to describe a law enforcement roles, because the police are: (1) constantly available
officer. when needed, (2) dependable when called upon and (3)
capable of providing advice and decision-making
involving interpersonal conflict.
[3] CRIME PREVENTION is the third goal of the police protect”. The police can provides service to the public
pillar which closely related to law enforcement and such as giving information; directions and advice;
peace preservation. If the peace has been kept, crime counseling and referring; licensing and registering
has, in effect, been prevented. Crime prevention differs vehicles; intervening in domestic arguments; working
from peacekeeping and law enforcing in that it attempts with neglected children; rendering emergency medical
to eliminate potentially dangerous or criminal or rescue services; dealing with stray animals; and
situations. It is PROACTIVE. If police are highly controlling traffic and crowds. In addition police
visible in a community, crime may be prevented. For provides community education programs regarding
example, a routine patrol might not only discover a crime, drugs, safety and the like.
crime in progress, but it might also prevent crimes from
being committed. Crime prevention activities are often  THEORIES & CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE
undertaken by police include working with juveniles,
cooperating with probation and parole personnel, 1. Home Rule Theory - The police is considered
educating the public, instigating operation identification servants of the community who depends for the
programs providing visible evidence of police authority. effectiveness of their functions upon the express
In addition many community services often provided by wishes of the people.
police departments aid in crime prevention. This goal
includes the following activities crime detection, crime 2. Continental Theory - Policemen are considered
investigation, apprehension of suspects and case servants of the higher authority and people have
preparation. This police activity is directed toward the little or no share of all their duties, nor any direct
identification and apprehension of alleged criminals and connection with them.
the accumulation, preservation and presentation of 3. Old Concept - The old concept of police service
evidence regarding their crimes. The main objective is to looked upon the police as merely a repressive
determine who the criminal is and to develops and machinery.
present legally accepted evidence to a court of law so
that a conviction is assured. 4. New Concept- regards police as the first line of
The fourth traditional goal of the police is the [4] defense of CJS, as an organ of crime prevention.
PROTECTION OF CIVIL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES
which is perceived by some as the single most important ------------------------------------------------------------------------
goal of policing. This goal is acknowledged in the first
paragraph of the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics: “to D. ANCIENT POLICING SYSTEM
respect the constitutional right of all to liberty, equality
(EGYPT)
and justice.” The authority, goals and methods of the
police promote individual liberty, public safety and 1. MEDJAYS - Egyptians (1500 B.C) – Court system
social justice. presided by judges appointed by the Pharoah;
Marine patrol & custom house officers protecting
In addition to enforcement of laws, preserving the peace, commerce started; first use of dog patrol;
prevention of crimes protection of civil rights and MEDJAYS – civilian police under the command of
a military. Guarding TOMBS.
liberties, the police are often called on to provide [5]
ADDITIONAL SERVICES to their community as its fifth (GREECE)
and final goal. This role is acknowledged in the first
sentence of the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics: “As a 2. Ancient Greece – EPHORI – law enforcers
law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to serve
the community”. It is also acknowledged from the
Philippine National Police motto: “To serve and
(ROME) judgment and impose punishment. He was
Ancient Rome – 12 Tabulae (12 TABLES) – the first assisted by a group of constables, the forerunner
written laws, Emperor Augustus – created the: of the constabulary. The term Shire-reeve
eventually became Sheriff, the title of the chief of
3. PRAETORIAN GUARD – “emperor’s guard”
constables or police officers in a certain town.
4. URBAN COHORTS – “city patrol”
11. TRAVELING JUDGE – was held responsible in
deciding cases that were taken from Shire-reeves
5. VIGILES – “fire fighters”. The first civilian police
due to some abuses.
force which keep the peace very ruthlessly, hence
the word vigilantes.
12. COURT LEET: to handle local legal matters in
some, but not all, communities, the Normans
(ENGLAND)
established the "Court Leet", which looked after
matters of purely local interest and petty village
6. THANES – It was under King Alfred the Great that
nuisances. The head of the Court Leet was the
a type of internal police force evolved. Alfred
"COMES STABLE", which was a term that means
decreed that the various "thanes" or landowners
"Master of the House". Over a period of time, this
throughout his kingdom were responsible to
word became "Constable" which is still used
police his own territory, deliver criminals to the
today by members of our modern police forces.
King and to settle civil litigations.
The Comes Stable was often appointed by the
King but was also responsible to keep the peace
7. FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM – Policing was carried
and order in a specific area. This appointee was
out under a system called frankpledge or mutual
responsible to local officials who could petition to
pledge, whereby every male over 12 years old
have him removed if he did not do his job
join nine (9) of his neighbors to form a
properly.
Tythingmen – a group of ten (10) men whose duty
was to apprehend any person who offends another
13. KEEPERS OF THE PEACE - In 1195, King Richard
and deliver that offender for trial. Anyone who
of England issued a proclamation entitled
failed to join and perform this obligatory duty
Keepers of the Peace, requiring the appointment
was severely fined. Thus, policing responsibility
of Knights to keep the King’s peace by standing
lies on the hands of the citizens. The head of this
as guards on bridges and gates while checking the
group was referred to as a Tythingman
people entering and leaving the cities and towns
8. TUN POLICING – Tun was the forerunner of the
14. JUSTICE OF THE PEACE was a position given to a
word “town“. Under this system, ALL MALE
respected citizen, who has the power to arrest,
residents were required to guard the town to
pursue and imprison the offenders.
preserve peace and order, protect the life and
properties of the people and other factors that
disturbs the peace and order. 15. WATCH AND WARD - Statute of
Winchester(1285) was enacted for law and
9. HUE AND CRY – In this system, the complainant/ order by king Edward. This law introduced the
victim goes to the middle of the community and system of “WATCH AND WARD”. The primary
shouts to call ALL MALE residents to assemble. purpose of the watch and ward was to guard the
The victim reports his complaint to the assembly. city gates at night.
Consequently, all the male residents will go after
the criminal and apprehend him. 16. NIGHT WATCHMEN or BELLMEN - King Charles
II of England passed a law in 1663 that provided
10. SHIRE-REEVE SYSTEM – When King William for the employment of NIGHT WATCHMEN or
Norman became the ruler of England, he divided BELLMEN to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.
his kingdom into 55 military districts known as
the Shire-Reeves. SHIRE means a district while 17. BOW STREET RUNNERS - In 1748, Henry
REEVE means the ruler who made laws, pass Fielding became the Chief Magistrate at Bow
Street in London. He organized a group of men
known as BOW STREET RUNNERS (thief recording conversations. London Metropolitan
catchers). He later formed the Bow Street Horse Police employed the first undercover officer.
Patrol whose duty was to patrol the main roads The great contributions of Sir ROBERT PEEL led
thus secure the travelers from highwaymen or people to regard him the FATHER OF MODERN
highway bandits. In 1751, Henry published a POLICING. His most memorable principle was,
pamphlet entitled An Inquiry into the Causes of "the police are the public, and the public are
the Late Increase of Robbers, which called for the police”
many sweeping changes in the laws and the
execution of their laws1. (FRANCE)
NOTA BENE: Bow Street Runners is the First 19. OFFICERS DE PAIX - In Paris, the position
modern detective force. It is a small group of OFFICERS DE PAIX (origin of “Peace Officer”)
volunteers/non-uniformed homeowners often was formed in 1791. This was the origin of the
called "Take Thieves". They hurry to scene of term Peace Officers
crime and begin investigation.
20. SERGENT de VILLE - The French were the first
18. SCOTLAND YARD - The British statesman SIR to establish UNIFORMED POLICE OFFICERS –
ROBERT PEEL passed with the parliament the they were called SERGENT de VILLE (servant of
Metropolitan Police Act on September 29, the city).
1829 established the LONDON METROPOLITAN
POLICE, which became the world's first modern Other contributions of the French in the
organized police force. It was later called development of policing system were:
SCOTLAND YARD. It became model for the 1. Conceiving street signs.
American police system but also had great 2. Assigning house numbers.
influence on the style of policing in almost all 3. Installing street lighting.
industrial societies. The Metropolitan Police 4. Creating emergency and rescue
force was guided by the concept of crime services.
prevention as a primary police objective. The 5. Use of police ambulances.
force became the model for other police forces 6. Use of “warrant card”, and ID
in Great Britain. Informal names are, "the Met" signifying authority to arrest.
and "MPS". In statutes it is referred to in the
lower case as the "metropolitan police force" (AMERICA)
or the "metropolitan police", without the
appendage "service". The MPS is also referred to 21. RATTLEWATCH - Policing system in America
as Scotland Yard after the location of its original followed the model developed in England, New
headquarters. The development of the British York, Boston and Philadelphia organized their
police system is especially significant because night watchmen, which was similar to the
the pattern that emerged not only became a bellmen created in London during the reign of
model for the American police system but also King Charles II. These night watchmen were
had great influence on the style of policing in known as RATTLEWATCH because they carried
almost all industrial societies. rattle while on duty to inform the public of their
watchful presence.
Police are often referred to as ´BOBBIES´ or
'PEELERS' after Sir Robert (Bobby) Peel. The 22. “LEATHERMEN” - in 1638, Night-watch was
primary role of the police in Britain was to keep initiated in Boston, Massachusetts – they were
the Queen's Peace, which continues into the called “LEATHERMEN”
present day.
He also introduced the techniques in 23. TEXAS RANGERS – in 1835 - Texas Rangers were
detecting crimes such as detectives concealing organized
themselves, and secretly photographing and
1
Eduardo, 2008, Notes in Law Enforcement Administration
E. IMPORTANT TERMS 3. COMPARATIVE COURT SYSTEM
Court systems of the world are of two types:
1. COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM (1) Adversarial, where the accused is innocent
 It is the science and art of investigating and until proven guilty. The U.S. adversarial
comparing the police system of nations. It system is unique in the world. No other
covers the study of POLICE nation, not even the U.K. places as much
ORGANIZATIONS, TRAININGS and emphasis upon determination of factual guilt
METHODS OF POLICING of various nations.
in courtroom as the U.S. does.
 Process of outlining the similarities and
differences of one police police system with (2) Inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty
the other in order to discover insights in the until proven innocent or mitigated, have
field of international policing or coming out more secret procedures. Outside the U.S.
with the best practices in crime prevention most trials are concerned with legal guilt
and law enforcement where everyone knows the offender did it,
and the purpose is to get the offender to
 Comparative Law Enforcement
apologize, own up to their responsibility,
Comparative Research Methods argue for mercy, or suggest an appropriate
1. “safari” method (a researcher visits another country) or sentence for themselves.
2. “collaborative” method (the researcher communicates Where lesser rights are granted to the
with a foreign researcher) accused and the written law is taken as
gospel and subject to little interpretation.
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2. COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 4. COMPARATIVE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM
It is subfield of the study of Criminal Justice that Correctional systems worldwide can be easily
compares justice system worldwide. Such study can distinguished by whether they support corporal
take a descriptive, historical, or political approach .it punishment (beatings) or not. Some so-called
studies and differences in structure, goals, “civilized’’ countries claim they are better than the
punishment and emphasis on rights as well as the
U.S. because they don’t perform death penalty but
history and political stature of different systems.
Comparative criminal justice examines the actually practice such corporal punishments as
differences between justice in different kinds of beatings and whippings. Nations that practice
societies and communities. Those who specialize in corporal punishment do tend, however, to have less
such a field are called comparativists. By studying of a correctional overcrowding problem. Probation
the differences in approach, methodology and and parole, where they exist cross-culturally, are
effectiveness, they hope to discover better ways of applied to the country’s citizens, and not for
enforcing laws and ensuring justice for more people. foreigners or immigrants.
THREE (3) BASIC FUNCTIONS OF CRIMINAL -----------------------------------------------------------------------

JUSTICE SYSTEM
5. COMPARATIVE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
Juvenile justice systems vary widely. Scotland
 Policing
has the toughest system, regularly sentencing
 Adjudication
juveniles to harsh boot camps with a strict military
 Corrections
regimen and force labor. Germany has a juvenile
------------------------------------------------------------------------
justice system similar to the U.S., where more
emphasis is upon education as punishment.
----------------------------------------------------------------------- Transnational Organized Crime
6. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE Transnational organized crime involves the
It involves the study and descriptions of one planning and execution of illicit business ventures
country’s law, criminal procedure, or justice process by groups or networks of individuals working in
(Erika Fairchild). Comparative criminal justice more than one country. These criminal groups use
system attempts to build on the knowledge of systematic violence and corruption to achieve their
criminal justice in one country by investigating and goals. Crimes commonly include money laundering
evaluating, in terms of another country, culture, or Human smuggling; cybercrime; and trafficking of
institution. humans, drugs, weapons, endangered, body parts, or
------------------------------------------------------------------------ nuclear materials.
7. MODEL SYSTEM The Major Transnational Organized Crime

Model system is used to describe the countries Groups
being use as topics of discussion. These countries are Transnational criminals often operate in well-
chosen not because they are greater than the others but organized groups intentionally united to carry out
because they are the focused of comparison being illegal actions. Groups typically involve certain
studied. hierarchies and are headed by a powerful leader.
------------------------------------------------------------------------ These transnational organized crime groups work to
make a profit through illegal activities. Because
F. TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES groups operate internationally, their activity is a
It is a term that has been used in comparative threat to global security, often weakening
international criminal justice study in recent years to governmental institutions or destroying legitimate
reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime business endeavors.
issues. It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences
whose inception, proportion and/ or direct or indirect Well known organized crime groups include:
effects involve in more than one country. Examples
are:  SICILIAN MAFIA (Cosa Nostra)
 Human trafficking An Italian Mafia organized crime group
 Drug trafficking originating in the region of Sicily, dating to the
 Cyber crimes 19th century. The Mafia's core activities are
 Terrorism protection racketeering, the arbitration of
 Money laundering disputes between criminals, and the organizing
and oversight of illegal agreements and
- A transnational organized crime are any of the transactions.
following:  AMERICAN MAFIA (La Cosa Nostra)
1. A crime committed in more than one State. Known as the Italian or Italian-American
2. A crime committed in one State but a mafia. The most prominent organized crime
substantial part of its preparation, planning, group in the world from the 1920s to the 1990s.
direction or control takes place in another
They have been involved in violence, arson,
State.
3. A crime committed in one State but involves a bombing, torture, loan sharking, gambling, drug
criminal group that engages in criminal trafficking, health insurance fraud, and judicial
activities in more than one State. corruption.
4. A crime committed in one State but has  YAKUZA
substantial affects in another State or States. Japanese criminal group. Often involves
UNTOC Convention art 3.2)
in multinational criminal activities, including
human trafficking, gambling, prostitution, and HUMAN TRAFFICKING
undermining licit businesses.  Trafficking in persons is the illegal sale or trading
 RUSSIAN MAFIA (BRATVA) of persons across borders against their will for
Around 200 Russian groups that operate financial gain. It is a form of modern – day slavery.
Trafficking organizations prey on individuals who
in nearly 60 countries worldwide. They have
are poor, often women who are lured with false
been involved in racketeering, fraud, tax evasion promises of good jobs and better lives and, instead,
gambling, and drug trafficking, arson, robbery, are forced to work under brutal conditions.
and murder.  Trafficking in persons is a crime against humanity.
 FUK CHING It further defined for the purposes of commercial
Chinese organized criminal group in the sexual exploitation or force labor: a modern-day
United States. They have been involved involved form of slavery. It is the fastest growing criminal
in smuggling, street violence, and human industry in the world, and tied with the illegal arms
trafficking. industry as the second largest, after the drug trade.
 TRIADS  Trafficking in person is the 2nd largest international
Underground criminal societies based in crime. It is second place after drug trafficking as
Hong Kong. They control secret markets and bus the most profitable illegal industry in the world.
routes and are often involved in money  The majority of trafficking victims (teenager) are
laundering and drug trafficking. between 18 and 24 years of age. An estimated 1.2
million children are trafficked each year. Many
trafficking victims have at least middle-level
 14K GANG AND “WO SING WO” education. 600,000 to 800,000 people were
Triads, such as “Wo Sing Wo” and 14K trafficked across international borders every year,
are two of the many triads in Hongkong. They of which 70% were women and 50% children –
are involved in various activities ranging from mostly for commercial sex trade.
drug trafficking to corruption.
 UNITED BAMBOO GANG Trafficking in Persons Defined
The largest of Taiwan's three main
Triads.  International Definition
 Trafficking in person is a crime against
They are involved in drug trafficking,
humanity. It further defined as act of
prostitution, women and child trafficking. recruiting, transporting, transferring,
 JAO PHO harboring, or receiving a person through a
Organize crime group in Thailand. They use of force, coercion or other means, for the
are often involved in manufacturing and purpose of exploiting them. Every year,
trafficking methamphetamine thousands of men, women and children fall
into the hands of traffickers, in their own
 “NAM CAM GANG”
countries and abroad. Every country in the
One of the most noted organized crime world is affected by trafficking, whether as a
group in Vietnam and known for drug trafficking country of origin, transit or destination for
and one of the major transit point of drugs in victims. (United Nation Convention against
Laos, Myanmar, China and Taiwan from Traditional Organized Crime)
Cambodia.
 Republic Act No. 9208 Definition
 RED WA
 Trafficking in person is refers to the recruitment,
Gangsters from Thailand. They are transportation, transfer or harboring, or receipt
involved in manufacturing and trafficking of persons with or without the victim's consent or
methamphetamine. knowledge, within or across national borders by
means of threat or use of force, or other forms of
coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of transfer, maintaining, harboring, or receipt of
power or of position, taking advantage of the persons
vulnerability of the person, or, the giving or  The Means (How it is Done) - Threat or use of
receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the
force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse
consent of a person having control over another
person for the purpose of exploitation which of power or vulnerability, or the giving or
includes at a minimum, the exploitation or the receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the
prostitution of others or other forms of sexual consent of a person having control over another
exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, person
servitude or the removal or sale of organs.  The Purpose (Why it is done) – For the purpose
 The recruitment, transportation, transfer, of exploitation, which include exploiting the
harboring or receipt of a child for the purpose of
prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced
exploitation shall also be considered as
"trafficking in persons" even if it does not labor, slavery, servitude or similar practices and
involve any of the means set forth in the the removal or sale of organs.
preceding paragraph.
 Republic Act No. 10364 Definition Types of Trafficking in Persons
1. Trafficking of Women For Sexual Exploitation
 Trafficking in Persons – refers to the 2. People Smuggling
recruitment, obtaining, hiring, providing,
3. Child Sexual Exploitation
offering, transportation, transfer, maintaining,
harboring, or receipt of persons with or without 4. Trafficking for Forced Labour/Servitude
the victim’s consent or knowledge, within or 5. Trafficking of Organs
across national borders by means of threat, or
use of force, or other forms of coercion, HUMAN SMUGGLING
abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of  Human smuggling is the illicit transfer of people
position, taking advantage of the vulnerability of across borders.
the person, or, the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a Migrant Smuggling Defined
person having control over another person for
the purpose of exploitation which includes at a It is the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or
minimum, the exploitation or the prostitution of indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the
others or other forms of sexual exploitation, illegal entry of a person into a state party of which
forced labor or services, slavery, servitude or the the person is not a national or permanent resident.”
removal or sale of organs. (Article 3 of the UN Protocol against the
 "The recruitment, transportation, transfer, Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Air and Sea).
harboring, adoption or receipt of a child for the
purpose of exploitation or when the adoption is In contrast to Trafficking in Persons, migrant
induced by any form of consideration for smuggling varies in one important way –
exploitative purposes shall also be considered as victimization. In the case of migrant smuggling the
‘trafficking in persons’ even if it does not involve person involved “voluntarily” submits to being
any of the means set forth in the preceding
engaged in criminal activity. Factors such as
paragraph.
economic deprivation, political instability, and
Elements of Human Trafficking ethnic strife, motivate individuals to cross borders in
On the basis of the definition given in the trafficking search of a better life. Restrictions by governments
in Persons Protocol, it is evident that trafficking in on the flow of immigration have therefore created a
persons has three constituents’ elements: lucrative business in the form of migrant smuggling.
 The Act (What is done) - recruitment, obtaining,
hiring, providing, offering, transportation,

Laws on Human Trafficking in the Philippines DRUG TRAFFICKING
1. Republic Act No. 10364 – the law amending RA  Drug trafficking is also known as illegal drug
No. 9208. It is otherwise known as the trade. It is a global black-market activity
“Expanded Anti-Trafficking in persons act of consisting of production distribution packaging
2012.” and sale of illegal psychoactive substances. It is
2. Republic Act No. 9208 – “Anti-Trafficking in simply smuggling across borders, and
Persons Act of 2003”. It provides protection and distribution within the demand country. This
support to trafficked persons duty of applies in the local scene where local producer’s
prosecutors to respect rights of trafficked scout demand areas for their illegal drug trade.
persons and provide punishment for traffickers.
 Drug trafficking involves SELLING drugs and
3. Republic Act No. 9775 - An Act Defining the drugs paraphernalia, whether it is a local
Crime of Child Pornography, Prescribing exchange between a user and a dealer or a
Penalties therefor and for other Purposes. It is major international operation. Drug trafficking
otherwise known as the "Anti-Child is a problem that affects every nation in the
Pornography Act of 2009." world and exists on many levels.
4. Republic Act No. 9995 - An Act Defining and
Penalizing the Crime of Photo and Video  Drug trafficking is the commercial exchange of
Voyeurism, Prescribing Penalties Therefor, and drugs and drug paraphernalia. This includes any
for Other Purposes. It is otherwise known as the equipment used to manufacture illegal drugs or
"Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009". use them. It is the illegal drug trade or drug
5. Republic Act No. 7610- “Special Protection of trafficking is a global black market consisting of
Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale
Discrimination Act”. of illegal drugs.
6. Republic Act No. 8042- “Migrant Workers and
Overseas Filipino Act” World Wide Perspective
1. Middle East - It is the Becka valley of Lebanon is
7. Republic Act No. 6955- “An Act to Declare considered to be the biggest producer of cannabis
Unlawful the Practice of Matching Filipino in the middle east. Lebanon is also becoming the
Women for Marriage to Foreign Nationals on a transit country for cocaine for south America to
Mail-Order Basis and Other Similar Practices European illicit drug markets
8. Republic Act No. 10906 - An act providing
2. Spain- It is known as the major transshipment
stronger measures against unlawful practices,
point for international drug traffickers in Europe
businesses, and schemes of matching and
and became ‘’the paradise of drug users in
offering Filipinos to foreign nationals for
Europe’’.
purposes of marriage or common law
partnership, repealing for the purpose RA No.
3. South America- Columbia, Peru Uruguay, and
6955, also referred to as the 'anti-mail order
panama are the principal sources all cocaine
bride law'" penalizes any person who has in any
supply in the world due the robust production
way engaged in business to exploit Filipinas to
of the coca plants source of the cocaine drug.
offer to foreigners for marriage
9. Republic Act No. 8239 - “Philippine Passport 4. Morocco- It is known in the world to be the
Act of 1996” number one producer of marijuana. However,
Mexico is still the major producer of cannabis.
5. Philippines- It is second to Morroco as to the

production of marijuana. It also became major
transshipment point for the world wide of

distribution of illegal drug particularly shabu and CYBERCRIMES
cocaine from Taiwan and South America. It is also  Cybercrime is any illegal act committed using a
noted that Philippines today is known as the computer network (especially the Internet).
“drug paradise of abusers in Asia”.
 Cybercrime is a subset of Computer Crime.
6. India- It is the center of the worlds drug map, ‘Cybercrime encompasses any criminal act
leading to rapid addiction among its people. dealing with computers and networks (called
hacking). Additionally, cybercrime also
7. Indonesia -Northern Sumatra has traditionally includes traditional crimes conducted through
been the main cannabis growing area in the Internet.’
Indonesia.  Cybercrime is an unlawful act wherein the
computer is either a tool or a target or both. The
8. Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand- is the most term used to denote the use of computer
favorable sights of drug distribution from the technology to engage in unlawful activity.
golden triangle and other part of Asia.
 Cyber Crime is a term used to broadly describe
9. China - It is the transit route for heroin from criminal activity in which computers or
golden triangle to Hong-Kong. It also the country
computer networks are a tool, a target, or a place
where ephedra plant is cultivated source of drug
ephedrine- the principal chemical for producing of criminal activity and include everything from
for drug Shabu. electronic cracking to denial of service attacks. It
is also used to include traditional crimes in
10. Hongkong- It is the world transshipment point of which computers or networks are used to enable
all forms of heroin. the illicit activity
11. Japan- It became the major consumer of Cyber

cocaine and shabu from the United State and · Refers to a computer or a computer network, the electronic medium in
Europe. which online communication takes place.
Hacking or Cracking
The Laws on Dangerous Drugs in the Philippines - the unauthorized access into or interference in a computer system,
1. R.A. 6425 - Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 server, or information and communication system; or any access in
order to corrupt, alter, steal, or destroy using a computer or other
2. R.A. 9165 – Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs similar information and communication devices, without the knowledge
Act of 2002. Approved on June 7, 2002 - Effective and consent of the owner (e.g. Denial of Service Attack; Virus
July 4, 2002 Dissemination; Web Defacement)
3. R.A. 9211 - Known as Tobacco Regulation Act of Phishing
2003 - Signed into law in June 2003. The · a form of identity theft in which scammers send an e-mail message that
following are the prohibited Acts: appears to come from a legitimate enterprise.
Pharming
a. Allowing Children to man stalls selling
- a cyberattack intended to redirect a website's traffic to another, fake
tobacco product (s) site. Pharming attacks compromise at the DNS server level, re-directing
b. Selling tobacco products to a minor (under you to a hacker's site when you type in a company's Web address.
18 years of age)
c. Selling of Tobacco products within 100 Philippine Laws on Cyber Crime
meters from playgrounds, schools and all
1. Republic Act no. 10175 - Cyber Crime Law of
youth facilities Cigarette vending machine
also within the place mentioned 2012
d. Smoking in Public Places 2. Republic Act No. 9775 - An Act Defining the
Crime of Child Pornography, Prescribing
Penalties Therefor and for other Purposes
3. Republic Act No. 9995 - An Act Defining and
Penalizing the Crime of Photo and Video

Voyeurism, Prescribing Penalties Therefor, and **Under Section 4 of R.A. 11479, otherwise known as
for Other Purposes the “The Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020”, TERRORISM is
committed by any person, who within or outside the
TERRORISM Philippines, regardless of the stage of execution:
 The use of violence and threats to intimidate or a) Engages in acts intended to cause death or
coerce especially for political purposes. serious bodily injury to any person or endangers
 Terrorism is the systematic use of terror, a person's life;
especially as a means of coercion. It refers only to
b) Engages in acts intended to cause extensive
those acts which are:
 Intended to create fear damage or destruction to a government or public
 Are perpetrated for ideological goal facility, public place, or private property;
 Deliberately target non-combatants c) Engages in acts intended to cause extensive
interference with, damage, or destruction to
 Common definitions of terrorism refer only to critical infrastructure;
those violent acts which are intended to create d) Develops, manufactures, possesses, acquires,
fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, transports, supplies or uses weapons, explosives
political or ideological goal, and deliberately
or of biological, nuclear, radiological or chemical
target or disregard the safety of non-combatants
(civilians). weapons; and
e) Release of dangerous substances or causing fire,
**Under Section 3 of R.A. 9372, otherwise known as floods or explosions
the Human Security Act of 2007, TERRORISM is the
act of any person who commits an act punishable when the purpose is to intimidate the general
under any of the following provisions of the revised
public, create an atmosphere of fear or to spread a
penal code:
 Art 122(Piracy and Mutiny) message of fear, to provoke or influence by
 Art 134 (Rebellion and Insurrection) intimidation the government or any international
 Art 134-a (Coup d etat) organization, seriously destabilize or destroy the
 Art 248 (Murder) fundamental political, economic, or social structures
 Art 267 (Kidnapping and serious illegal in the country, or create a public emergency or
detention) seriously undermine public safety.
 Art 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction)
Or under:
 PD 1613 (The Law on Arson) The definition further states that "advocacy, protest,
 R.A. 6969 (Toxic Substance Control Act) dissent, stoppage of work, industrial or mass action,
 R.A. 5207 (Atomic Energy Regulatory Act) and other similar exercises of civil and political rights"
 R.A. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law) shall not be considered as terrorist acts ONLY if
 PD 532 (Anti-Piracy and Highway Robbery) they "are not intended to cause death or serious
 PD1866 (Illegal Possession of Fire Arms) physical harm to a person, to endanger a person's life,
or to create a serious risk to public safety."
thereby sowing and creating a condition of
widespread and extraordinary fear and panic
among populace, in order to coerce the Penalty: Life imprisonment without the benefit of
government to give in to an unlawful demand parole.
shall be guilty of the crime of terrorism and shall
suffer the penalty of 40 years of imprisonment MONEY LAUNDERING
without the benefit of parole  Money laundering is the process of creating the
appearance that large amounts of money obtained
from illegal means.

Three (3) Basic Steps to change Illicit Funds to economy, where they can be invested and
Legitimate Funds spent freely.
1. Placement– This is the first step of the money- - Laundered funds are made available for
laundering process and the ultimate aim of this activities such as investment in legitimate
phase is to remove the cash from the location of or illegitimate businesses, or spent to
acquisition so as to avoid detection from the promote the criminal's lifestyle. At this
authorities. It involves a changing the bulk cash stage, the illegal money has achieved the
derived from criminal activities into a more appearance of legitimacy. It should be
portable and less suspicious form, then getting noted that not all money laundering
those proceeds into the mainstream financial transactions go through this three-stage
system. process. Transactions designed to launder
Example: Dividing large amount of money into less funds can also be affected in one or two
smaller terms that are deposited directly into stages, depending on the money laundering
different bank account. technique being used.
2. Layering – Layering involves moving funds Example: Purchase or resale of real estate,
around the financial system, often in a complex investment in securities etc. or funnel such money
serious of transactions to create confusion and into various dummy firms and get repaid
complicate the paper trail. through salaries, rent,– COLLEGE
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY andOF CRIMINAL
leasJUSTICE
onEDUCATION
non- existing
- It involves the movement of these funds, assets. ORGANIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION
by: Reginald C. Sibug, MSCrim.
often mixed with funds of legitimate origins,
A typical Money Laundering Scheme
through the world’s financial systems in
numerous accounts in an attempt to hide 1
the funds back into the mainstream PREDICATE CRIME
economy, where they can be invested and
spent freely.
- To conceal the illegal origin of the placed
2
funds and thereby make them more useful, PLACEMENT
the funds must be moved, dispersed and
disguised i.e. layering.
- At this stage, money launderers use many
Dirty money integrates into the
different techniques to layer the funds in financial system
order to disguise their origins. Collection of Dirty money
3 LAYERING
Example: (1) having professionals act as Transfer on the

bank account of
intermediaries and transacting through company X.
corporations and trusts, (2) transferring funds to

numerous accounts in one or more financial
institutions. (3) Movements of money into Loan to
different accounts and different countries. Company
Y
Payment by Y of
false invoice to
Wire Transfer
3. Integration – The ultimate goal of money company X
laundering process is integration. Once the funds Purchase of luxury asset,

financial investment and
are in the financial system and insulated through commercial and industrial Offshore Banking
the layering stage, the integration stage is used investment
to create the appearance of legality through

additional transactions.
4 INTEGRATION
- It is the process of reintroducing these

layered funds back into the mainstream

ACTIVITIES
Learning Task #1
1. Base on the definition of Comparative Police

System, as future law enforcers, what do you think
are the importance of studying it?
2. Give hypothetical examples of the following

theories and concepts in policing:
a. Home Rule Theory
b. Continental Theory
c. Old Concept
d. New Concept
ACADEMIC REQUIREMENT #1b:

“TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES”
 Watch the following videos and make a
reaction paper about the content of the
said videos. Write first the name/title of
each videos before your
answers(“reaction/comments”).
a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ozty0bdayvg
b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3jPoS1TZ6fU&pbjreload=101
c. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ObJPaSZxCs
d. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KseFc_v-k4


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Isabela State University | ECHAGUE

College of Criminal Justice Education

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

At the end of the lesson, students should be able

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

THREE (3) BASIC FUNCTIONS OF CRIMINAL -----------------------------------------------------------------------

7. MODEL SYSTEM The Major Transnational Organized Crime

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

5. Philippines- It is second to Morroco as to the

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

11. Japan- It became the major consumer of Cyber

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

Example: (1) having professionals act as Transfer on the

corporations and trusts, (2) transferring funds to

laundering process is integration. Once the funds Purchase of luxury asset,

to create the appearance of legality through

- It is the process of reintroducing these

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

1. Base on the definition of Comparative Police

2. Give hypothetical examples of the following

ACADEMIC REQUIREMENT #1b:

COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

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