Central Luzon State University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
Name: Isaac Noah F. Serquina Date Submitted: December, 2020
ABEN 110 – Introduction to Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering
Exercise No. 5 – Internal Combustion Engine
INTRODUCTION
In an Agricultural Engineering many things are needed to be considered because
manpower or just simple machines sometimes are not enough for the work load and application
of ideas to be finished. By the help of growing technology in this modern era, the different
addressed problem has a solution as of now by the creation of an Engine and one type of it is the
Internal Combustion Engine. The Internal Combustion Engine is a key part of a vehicle such as
tractors, truck and many others that is very helpful for the transportation of important materials or
it could be a that will be used in an application for Agricultural Engineering. In this exercise the
types, different parts and the events that occur in an Internal Combustion Engine and also the
different calculations of its output will be discussed.
Internal combustion engines used for agricultural applications range from those used for
one-horsepower garden tools to the hundreds of horsepower required for very large tractors.
Because engines are very common, knowledge of how and why they work is essential to a
successful agricultural manager. In this chapter, the basic engine types and functions are
discussed, as are some basic calculations concerning engine size (displacement) and
compression ratio (Field, H. and Solie, J., 2007).
OBJECTIVES
After performing this activity, the students should be able to:
1. be able to list and describe the events that occur in an internal combustion engine;
2. be able to describe how a spark ignition engine differs in operation from a compression
ignition engine;
3. be able to diagram and describe the events that occur in sequence during each stroke of a
four-stroke cycle engine;
4. be able to diagram and describe the events that occur in sequence during each stroke of a
two-stroke cycle engine; and,
5. given the bore, stroke, number of cylinders, and clearance volume, be able to calculate the:
a. Piston displacement
b. Engine displacement
c. Compression ratio
PROCEDURES
1. Enumerate and describe the different parts of an internal combustion engine.
2. Discuss the theory of operation of an internal combustion engine.
3. Differentiate spark ignition engine from compression ignition engine.
4. Differentiate two-stroke cycle engine from four-stroke cycle engine.
5. Explain the following terms:
a. Displacement
b. Compression ratio
6. Solve the following problems: (show your detailed computations for the given problems)
6.1. Find the piston displacement for the following engines:
a. B x S = 4.25 x 4.75
b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
c. B x S = 4 x 5.00
6.2. Find the engine displacement for the following engines:
a. Four cylinders, B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and 3/4
b. Three cylinders, B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
c. Six cylinders, B x S = 4.30 x 5.00
6.3. Find the compression ratio for the following engines:
a. B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and ¾, clearance volume of 9.6 cu.in.
b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72 and clearance volume of 3.59 cu.in
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
1.
The different parts of an Internal Combustion Engine are:
• Air filter • Crankshaft counterbalance weight
• Carburetor • Exhaust valve
• Connecting rod • Intake valve
• Connecting rod cap • Muffler
• Crank Case • Piston
• Crank pin • Spark plug
Air filter- the air filter works by preventing any particle matter from entering the engine’s cylinders
which could led to a mechanical failure or error and can cause the engine to wear down by time.
Most type of air filter were a pleated paper filter element in the form of a flat panel.
Carburetor- is a device that mix a fuel and an air and with a component that includes storage
chamber for liquid fuel, a choke, an idling (or slow-running) jet, a main jet, a venturi-shaped air-
flow restriction and an accelerator pump.
Connecting rod- it connects the central link between the piston and the crank and its purpose is
to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. The
connecting rod is usually made out of either forging of wrought steel or powdered metal or it could
also be cast.
Connecting rod cap- it is the removable section of a two-piece connecting rod that provides a
bearing surface for the crankpin journal and it is attached to the connecting rod with two cap
screws for installation and removal from the crankshaft.
Crank case- it is formed by the portion of the cylinder block and it is below the cylinder bores and
the stamped or cast metal oil pan that forms the lower enclosure of the engine and also serves
as lubricating oil reservoir, or sump.
Crank pin- it is the device that connects the crankshaft to the connecting rod. It is looks like a
cylindrical surface, to allow the crank pin to rotate relative to the “big end” of the connecting rod.
Crankshaft- it is the primary backbone of the internal combustion engine because it is responsible
for the proper operation of the engine and converting linear motion to a rotational motion.
Exhaust valve- in every engine cylinder includes a main rocker arm mounted on a rocker arm
shaft and a secondary rocker arm arranged on the main rocker arm and mounted on the rocker
arm shaft for the activation of an exhaust brake function.
Intake Valve- it is the valve that opens in the right moment in the cylinder and allow the fuel-air
mixture to be drawn into the cylinder.
Muffler- it is like a silencer in an engine, which the exhaust gases from the internal combustion
engine are passed to attenuate (reduce) the airborne noise of the engine and to be a efficient
sound reducer, it must decrease the velocity of the exhaust gases and either absorb sound waves
or cancel them by interference with reflected waves coming from the same source.
Piston- it transforms the pressure that is generated by the burning air-fuel mixture into force,
acting on the crankshaft and it is made from aluminum or steel or ferrous material like iron.
Spark plug- it carried the two electrodes which separated by an air gap, across which current
from a high-tension ignition system discharges, to form a spark for igniting the air-fuel mixture.
2.
In this part the theory of operation of internal combustion engine (ICE) will be given. The
primary function of all internal combustion engines is to convert the fuel (like chemical energy)
into power. This process will be accomplished by burning a fuel in a closed chamber and by the
increase in temperature within the closed chamber and this will cause in a rise in pressure. This
pressure will produce a force on the head of the piston causing it to move. The following linear
movement of the piston will be converted into rotary motion (at the crankshaft). The said rotary
motion is more useful than linear movement.
This processes for all internal combustion engines have eight requirements for conducting
the operation which includes the following:
1. The air (oxygen) should be drawn into the engine cylinder.
2. The quantity of the fuel is introduced into the engine.
3. The air and fuel are mixed.
4. The mixture of fuel-air is compressed.
5. The mixture of fuel-air will be ignited by the spark plug in engines or by the heat that is
compressed in engines.
6. The burning of the fuel-air mixture will cause an increase in pressure rapidly in the cylinder,
which will act against the piston, and it will produce a force in the piston.
7. The function of a crankshaft and connecting rod is to convert the linear movement of the piston
into rotary motion. While the force in the piston will be converted into torque on the crankshaft.
8. Lastly, the products of combustion are expelled from the engine.
3.
There are two commonly used engine today, namely the Spark Ignition engine and the
Compression Ignition engine and they have different usage or function. In the spark ignition
engine, the fuel is metered and will introduced into the engine by either a carburetor or an injection
system. The said fuel injection will improve the fuel efficiency of the engine because the different
sensors and computer can better match the fuel that needs in the engine. Then, when a carburetor
is used, the fuel is metered by the jets and orifices in it and added into the air as it will flow through
the venturi of the carburetor. After this, the mixing will occur as the fuel-air mixture will move
through the intake system to the cylinder and the spark plug will ignite it at the proper time. While
in the compression ignition engine, the fuel will be injected directly into the combustion chamber.
The injection is timed will occur just before the TDC on compression stroke and the combustion
are almost occurs instantaneously because the compression causes the air temperature within
the combustion chamber to rise to 1,000℉ and above. This is the reason that a spark plug is not
need to ignite the fuel because the inject pump controls the amount of fuel that is delivered to
each cylinder.
4.
There are two types of engine cycles that is used for the two types of engine, the four-
stroke cycle and the two-stroke cycle which have different process to function but both of them is
used by the spark and compression ignition engines. In the two-stroke cycle engine, the given
eight requirements for operation of ICE will occur during the two strokes of the piston and one
revolution of the crankshaft. Also, the carburetor is attached to crankcase, and there no intake
and exhaust valve in it. Then the gases flow into and out of the cylinder through ports in the
cylinder wall as they are exposed and covered by the movement of the piston. While for the four-
stroke cycle engine the eight events are also required but occur during the four strokes of the
piston or two revolutions of the crankshaft that is different from the two-stroke cycle. The four
strokes are namely: Intake, Compression, Power and Exhaust. During the intake stroke, the intake
valve will open then the piston will travel from the top of the cylinder to the bottom and this
movement of the piston reduces the pressure in the cylinder. Then the compression stroke follows
because the air-fuel mixture is trapped in the cylinder, and as the piston returns to the top of the
cylinder during this stroke, the air is compressed, and as it is compressed, the temperature rises
and it will trigger the ignition. Pressure is the key for converting the energy of the fuel to power.
This pressure will force the piston away from the cylinder head and this is called the power stroke.
In this stroke, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted to power. Then, before the piston will
reach the bottom of the cylinder at this time the exhaust valve will open and the exhaust gases
start to flow out of the engine. As the piston returns toward the top of the cylinder, the remaining
byproducts of combustion are expelled from the cylinder through the open exhaust valve and this
called the exhaust stroke. And after this the intake valve will open again and the process repeats.
5.
Displacement- it is the cylindrical volume that will displace the piston as it moves through one
stroke. This is equal to the area of the piston multiplied by the length of the stroke. Also, it is one
of the factors that determine the amount of horsepower an engine will produce, then the greater
the displacement, the greater the volume of the air and fuel that is burned during combustions,
which means more power.
Compression ratio- it is the ratio of the total volume in a cylinder to the clearance volume. The
clearance volume is the volume of the combustion chamber when the piston is at TDC. The total
volume is the clearance volume plus the displacement. Also, the compression ratio is a
characteristic of an engine that is related to engine efficiency, the ability of the engine to convert
energy in the fuel to useful mechanical energy. Then the greater compression of it, the greater
the potential efficiency of the engine.
6.
6.1 Piston displacement
a. B x S = 4.25 x 4.75
Given: B x S = 4.25 x 4.75
Solution:
PD= Piston displacement in cubic inches (𝑖𝑛3 )
B= Bore of cylinder (diameter) in inches (in)
S= Stroke of piston in inches (in)
Formula:
𝜋× 𝐵2
𝑃𝐷 = ×𝑆
4
𝜋 × (4.25 𝑖𝑛)2 56.75 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝐷 = × 4.75 𝑖𝑛 = × 4.75 𝑖𝑛 = 14.19 𝑖𝑛2 × 4.75 𝑖𝑛 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟒𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝟑
4 4
The piston displacement for the given engine is 𝟔𝟕. 𝟒𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝟑
b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
Given: B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
Solution:
PD= Piston displacement in cubic inches (𝑖𝑛3 )
B= Bore of cylinder (diameter) in inches (in)
S= Stroke of piston in inches (in)
Formula:
𝜋× 𝐵2
𝑃𝐷 = ×𝑆
4
𝜋 × (3.94 𝑖𝑛)2 48.77 𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝐷 = × 4.72 𝑖𝑛 = × 4.72 𝑖𝑛 = 12.19 𝑖𝑛2 × 4.72 𝑖𝑛 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟒 𝒊𝒏𝟑
4 4
The piston displacement for the given engine is 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓𝟒 𝒊𝒏𝟑
c. B x S = 4 x 5.00
Given: B x S = 4 x 5.00
Solution:
PD= Piston displacement in cubic inches (𝑖𝑛3 )
B= Bore of cylinder (diameter) in inches (in)
S= Stroke of piston in inches (in)
Formula:
𝜋× 𝐵2
𝑃𝐷 = ×𝑆
4
𝜋 × (4 𝑖𝑛)2 50.27𝑖𝑛2
𝑃𝐷 = × 5.00 𝑖𝑛 = × 5.00 𝑖𝑛 = 12.57 𝑖𝑛2 × 5.00 𝑖𝑛 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟖𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝟑
4 4
The piston displacement for the given engine is 𝟔𝟐. 𝟖𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝟑
6.2 Engine displacement
a. Four cylinders, B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and ¾
Given:
n= 4 cylinders
B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and ¾
Solution:
PD= Piston displacement in cubic inches (𝑖𝑛3 )
B= Bore of cylinder (diameter) in inches (in)
S= Stroke of piston in inches (in)
ED= Engine displacement
n= Number of cylinders
Formula:
𝜋× 𝐵2 ×𝑆
𝐸𝐷 = 𝑃𝐷 × 𝑛 or 𝐸𝐷 = ×𝑛
4
1 3
𝜋 × (4 4 𝑖𝑛)2 × (4 4 𝑖𝑛) 269.54 𝑖𝑛3
𝐸𝐷 = ×4= × 4 = 67.39 𝑖𝑛3 × 4 = 𝟐𝟔𝟗. 𝟓𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝟑
4 4
The engine displacement for the following engine is 𝟐𝟔𝟗. 𝟓𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝟑
b. Three cylinders, B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
Given:
n= 3 cylinders
B x S = B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
Solution:
PD= Piston displacement in cubic inches (𝑖𝑛3 )
B= Bore of cylinder (diameter) in inches (in)
S= Stroke of piston in inches (in)
ED= Engine displacement
n= Number of cylinders
Formula:
𝜋× 𝐵2 ×𝑆
𝐸𝐷 = 𝑃𝐷 × 𝑛 or 𝐸𝐷 = ×𝑛
4
𝜋 × (3.94 𝑖𝑛)2 × (4.72 𝑖𝑛) 230.19 𝑖𝑛3
𝐸𝐷 = ×3= × 3 = 57.55 𝑖𝑛3 × 3 = 𝟏𝟕𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝟑
4 4
The engine displacement for the following engine is 𝟏𝟕𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 𝒊𝒏𝟑
c. Six cylinders, B x S = 4.30 x 5.00
Given:
n= 6 cylinders
B x S = 4.30 x 5.00
Solution:
PD= Piston displacement in cubic inches (𝑖𝑛3 )
B= Bore of cylinder (diameter) in inches (in)
S= Stroke of piston in inches (in)
ED= Engine displacement
n= Number of cylinders
Formula:
𝜋× 𝐵2 ×𝑆
𝐸𝐷 = 𝑃𝐷 × 𝑛 or 𝐸𝐷 = ×𝑛
4
𝜋 × (4.30 𝑖𝑛)2 × (5.00 𝑖𝑛) 290.44 𝑖𝑛3
𝐸𝐷 = ×6= × 6 = 72.61 𝑖𝑛3 × 6 = 𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟔𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝟑
4 4
The engine displacement for the following engine is 𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟔𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝟑
6.3 Compression ratio
a. B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and ¾, clearance volume of 9.6 cu.in.
Given:
n= 1 cylinders
B x S = 4 and 1/4 x 4 and ¾
CV= 9.6 cu.in.
Solution:
PD= Piston displacement in cubic inches (𝑖𝑛3 )
B= Bore of cylinder (diameter) in inches (in)
S= Stroke of piston in inches (in)
n= Number of cylinders
CV= Clearance volume (𝑖𝑛3 )
Formula:
𝑃𝐷+𝐶𝑉
𝐶𝑅 = 𝐶𝑉
(1)
1
𝜋 × 𝐵2 𝜋 × (4 𝑖𝑛)2 3 3
𝑃𝐷 = ×𝑆×𝑛 = 4 × (4 𝑖𝑛) × 1 = 14.19 𝑖𝑛2 × (4 𝑖𝑛) × 1 = 67.40 𝑖𝑛3
4 4 4 4
(2)
67.40 𝑖𝑛3 + 9.6 𝑖𝑛3
𝐶𝑅 = = 𝟖. 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟖. 𝟎: 𝟏
9.6 𝑖𝑛3
The compression ratio of the given engine is 𝟖. 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟖. 𝟎: 𝟏
b. B x S = 3.94 x 4.72 and clearance volume of 3.59 cu.in
Given:
n= 1 cylinders
B x S = 3.94 x 4.72
CV= 3.59 cu.in.
Solution:
PD= Piston displacement in cubic inches (𝑖𝑛3 )
B= Bore of cylinder (diameter) in inches (in)
S= Stroke of piston in inches (in)
n= Number of cylinders
CV= Clearance volume (𝑖𝑛3 )
Formula:
𝑃𝐷+𝐶𝑉
𝐶𝑅 = 𝐶𝑉
(1)
𝜋 × 𝐵2 𝜋 × (3.94 𝑖𝑛)2
𝑃𝐷 = ×𝑆×𝑛 = × 4.72 𝑖𝑛 × 1 = 12.19 𝑖𝑛2 × 4.72 𝑖𝑛 × 1 = 57.54 𝑖𝑛3
4 4
(2)
57.54 𝑖𝑛3 + 3.59 𝑖𝑛3
𝐶𝑅 = = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟏𝟕. 𝟎: 𝟏
3.59 𝑖𝑛3
The compression ratio of the given engine is 𝟖. 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝟏𝟕. 𝟎: 𝟏
CONCLUSION
The following conducted exercise shows the full contents of the Internal Combustion
Engine (ICE). First is the different parts of it that is explained thoroughly on how it works
individually that helps the ICE properly or smoothly. Next is the theory of operation of the ICE
which we find out that its primary function is to convert fuel (chemical energy) into power and this
operation have eight requirements before it will start. Then we also identify the difference in the
two types of engine namely spark ignition and compression ignition engine like in spark ignition
engine, the fuel is metered and will introduced into the engine by either a carburetor or an injection
system while for the compression ignition engine, the fuel will be injected directly into the
combustion chamber. The following difference in the two types of cycle which is four-stroke cycle
engine and two-stroke cycle engine have been discussed. In the two-stroke cycle, the given eight
requirements for operation of ICE will occur during the two strokes of the piston and one revolution
of the crankshaft and for four-stroke cycle the eight events are also required but occur during the
four strokes of the piston or two revolutions of the crankshaft that is different from the two-stroke
cycle. Lastly, the difference in two types of input that will help to compute an output for an engine
are the displacement and compression ratio. The displacement or piston displacement is one of
the factors that determine the amount of horsepower an engine will produce, then the greater the
displacement, the greater the volume of the air and fuel that is burned during combustions, which
2
means more power with an equation of 𝑃𝐷 = 𝜋×4𝐵 × 𝑆 and for its engine displacement with formula
2
of 𝐸𝐷 = 𝑃𝐷 × 𝑛 or 𝐸𝐷 = 𝜋× 𝐵4 ×𝑆 × 𝑛 both with a unit of cu. in. Then for the compression ratio, is a
characteristic of an engine that is related to engine efficiency, the ability of the engine to convert
energy in the fuel to useful mechanical energy. Then the greater compression of it, the greater
𝑃𝐷+𝐶𝑉
the potential efficiency of the engine with an equation of 𝐶𝑅 = 𝐶𝑉 . All of this discussed content
of the Internal Combustion Engine will be a great guide for the future like for maintenance of it or
improving it for more convenient way.
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