MARICRIS B.

DELA RAMA
BS IN PSYCHOLOGY

LITERATURE 1 (PHILIPPINE LITERATURE)

PRELIMINARY TERM

1. Give at least three definitions of Literature.

LITERATURE

 Is derived from the Latin term litera which means letter.

 Any printed matter written within a book, a magazine or a pamphlet.
 Deals with ideas, thoughts, and emotions of man, literature can be said to be the story
of man.

2. The two general types of Literature.

Literature can generally be divided into two types, prose and poetry. Prose consists of those
written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs, while poetry
refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more
melodious tone.

3. Definition and examples of each type of literature.

I. PROSE
a. Novel. This is long narrative divided into chapters. The events are taken from true-
to-life stories.
Example: WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN by Stevan Javellana.
b. Short story. This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one
single impression.
Example: THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER by Carlos Bulosan.
c. Plays. This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has many scenes.
Example: THIRTEEN PLAYS by Wilfredo M. Guerrero.
d. Legends. These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins.
Example: THE BIKOL LEGEND by Pio Duran.
e. Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things
who speak and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of
children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes.
Example: THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE.
f. Anecdotes. These are merely products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim
is to bring out lessons to the reader. It can be stories about animals or children.
Example: THE MOTH AND THE LAMP.
g. Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular
problem or event. The best example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper.
h. Biography. This deals with the life of a person which maybe about himself, his
autobiography or that of others.
Example: CAYETANO ARELLANO by Socorro O. Albert.
i. News. This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and
industry, and accidents, happening nationally or not.
j. Oration. This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in
public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience.

II. POETRY
A. Narrative Poetry: This form describes important events in life either real or
imaginary. The different varieties are:
1) Epic. This is extended narrative about heroic exploits often under
supernatural control. It may deal with heroes and gods. Two kinds of epic
poetry are the popular or ancient epic wherein it is often without a definite
author and is of slow growth; the literary or modern is with a definite author.
Example: THE HARVEST SONG OF ALIGUYON ( translated in English verse by
Amador T. Daguio)
2) Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be
classified either as a ballad or a metrical romance. Examples of these are
simple idylls or home tales, love tales tales of the supernatural or tales
written for a strong moral purpose in verse form.
Example: BAYANI NG BUKID by Al Perez
3) Ballads. This is considered the shortest and simplest. It has a simple structure
and tells of a single incident. There are also variations of these: love ballads,
war ballads, sea ballads, humorous, moral, historical, or mythical ballads. In
his applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings to the
poet. They are usually short, simple and easy to understand.
B. Lyric Poetry: Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to
the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that
expresses emotions and feelings of the poet. They are usually short, simple
and easy to understand.

There are different types of a lyric poetry. These are:

1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short poems intended to be sung. The common
theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow.
Example: CHIT-CHIRIT-CHIT
2. Sonnets. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea.
These are two types: Italian and the Shakespearean.
Example: SANTANG BUDS by Alfonso P. Santos
3. Elegy. This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and whose
theme is death.
Example: THE LOVER’S DEATH by Ricardo Demetillo
4. Ode. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number
of syllables of definite number of lines in a stanza.
5. Psalms. (Dalit) This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy
of life.
6. Awit. (Song) These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung
to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
Example: FLORANTE AT LAURA by Fransisco Balagtas
7. Corridos. (Kuridos) These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a
martial beat.
Example: IBONG ADARNA
C. Dramatic Poetry: Included in this form are the following :
1. Comedy. The word comedy comes from the Greek term “Komos” meaning festivity or
revelry. This form usually is light and written with the purpose of amusing, and usually
has a happy ending.
2. Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays with the opera. Today, this is related to
tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense emotion and is
usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character.
3. Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets
death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a comedy.
4. Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines;
situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and the
motives undignified and absurd.
5. Poems .This form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may
aim to bring about changes in the social conditions.

4. Write/search for the lyrics of at least three Filipino Folk Songs.

BAHAY KUBO

Bahay-kubo, kahit munti

Ang halaman doon ay sari-sari

Singkamas at talong

Sigarilyas at mani

Sitaw, bataw, patani

Kundol, patola, upo't kalabasa

At tsaka mayro'n pang

Labanos, mustasa

Sibuyas, kamatis, bawang at luya

Sa paligid-ligid ay puno ng linga.

PARUPARONG BUKID

Paruparong bukid na lilipad-lipad

Sa gitna ng daan papaga-pagaspas

Isang bara ang tapis

Isang dangkal ang manggas

Ang sayang de kola

Isang piyesa ang sayad

[Repeat 2x]

May payneta pa siya — uy!

May suklay pa man din — uy!

Nagwas de-ohetes ang palalabasin

Haharap sa altar at mananalamin

At saka lalakad nang pakendeng-kendeng.

[Repeat from the top]

SITSIRITSIT

Sitsiritsit, alibangbang

Salaginto, salagubang.

Ang babae sa lansangan

Kung gumiri’y parang tandang.

Santo Niño sa Pandacan

Puto seco sa tindahan

Kung ayaw kang magpautang

Uubusin ka ng langgam.

Mama, mama namamangka

Pasakayin yaring bata

Pagdating sa Maynila

Ipagpalit sa manika

Ale, aleng namamayong,

Pasukubin yaring sanggol

Pagdating sa Malabon,

Ipagpalit sa bagoong.

5. Identify the provinces of Region I and their capital.

PROVINCES OF REGION 1 AND ITS CAPITAL

1. Ilocos Norte (Ilocano: Amianan nga Ilocos; Probinsia ti Ilocos Norte) is a province of the
Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. Its capital is Laoag City, located in the
northwest corner of Luzón Island, bordering Cagayan and Apayao to the east, and Abra
to the southeast, and Ilocos Sur to the southwest. Ilocos Norte faces the West Philippine
Sea to the west and the Luzon Strait to the north. Ilocos Norte is noted for being the
birthplace of the former President Ferdinand E. Marcos.

2. Ilocos Sur (Ilocano: Makin-abagatan nga Ilocos) is a province in the Philippines located in
the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Its capital is the city of Vigan, located on the mouth of the
Mestizo River. Ilocos Sur is bordered by Ilocos Norte and Abra to the north, Mountain
Province to the east, La Union and Benguet to the south and the South China Sea to the
west.Ilocos Sur was founded by the Spanish conquistador, Juan de Salcedo in 1572. It
was formed when the north (now Ilocos Norte) split from the south (Ilocos Sur). At that
time it included parts of Abra and the upper half of present-day La Unión. The current
boundary of the province was permanently defined through Act 2683, which was signed
in March 1917.The province is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, namely, the
Heritage City of Vigan and the Baroque Church of Santa Maria.

3. La Union (Tagalog pronunciation: [la ˈuɲon]) is a province in the Philippines located in

the Ilocos Region in the island of Luzon. Its capital is the city of San Fernando, which
also serves as the regional center of the whole Ilocos Region.The province is bordered
by Ilocos Sur to the north, Benguet to the east, Pangasinan to the south and to the west
by the shores of the South China Sea (West Philippine Sea).
4. Pangasinan (Pangasinan: Luyag na Panggasinan, [paŋɡasiˈnan];[4] Tagalog: Lalawigan ng
Pangasinan) is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region of Luzon. Its
capital is Lingayen. Pangasinan is on the western area of the island of Luzon along the
Lingayen Gulf and West Philippine Sea. It has a total land area of 5,451.01 square
kilometres (2,104.65 sq mi).[2] According to the 2015 census, it has a population of
2,956,726 people.[3] The official number of registered voters in Pangasinan is 1,651,814.
[5] The western portion of the province is part of the homeland of the Sambal people,
while the central and eastern portions are the homeland of the Pangasinan people. Due
to ethnic migration, Ilocano people have settled in some areas of the province
(ex.Rosales, Balungao, Villasis, Urdaneta City).

6. Read the story of Biag ni Lam –Ang and the poem Nalpay a Namnama and answer the
following questions.

a. Biag ni Lam –Ang

I. Describe Lam –Ang. What is his dominant character trait?
Lam –Ang was gifted with speech as early as his day of birth, who embarked on a
series of adventures which culminated in his heroic death and subsequent
resurrection. His dominant character trait is being brave to face the difficulties of life
as we live.
II. Identify the character trait of Lam –Ang that is valued by Filipinos up to the present
time.
The character trait of Lam –Ang that is valued by Filipinos up to the present time is
the bravery that was shown by Lam-ang and the love for his father. He did also
impress his loved one of his courage.
III. Describe the trait of the characters that are realistic. What are not?
The traits of Lam-ang which are really realistic are (1) his braveness or
courageousness, (2) his sincerity towards Ines (3) man's best friend ( referring to his
dog and his rooster (4) his sense of responsibility as a child and a man.
On the other hand, the traits which are unrealistic are (1) his supernatural strength
(2) when he speaks after giving birth to him (3) when the fishes died because of his
body odor (4) his resurrection after he has died (5) when his dog barks, it destroyed
something which is in contrast with his rooster.

b. Nalpay a Namnama (Leona Florentino)

i. Who is the persona (speaker) in the poem?
Leona Florentino was the speaker in the poem and I think that she based it on her
own experience.
ii. What is the situation in the poem?
It looks like that she’s telling her situation that time and the hope she had was gone.
iii. How do you assess the speaker’s feelings in the poem?
The speaker’s feelings in the poem was very clear. The first two stanza of the poem
expess what she really desired to have, to be the one who is loved. We could also
tell that she had given up because the latter part of it she thought of dying or not to
be born.

7. Identify the provinces of Region 2 and their capital.

1.Batanes is an archipelagic province in the Philippines situated in the Cagayan

Valley region. It is the northernmost province in the country, and also the smallest, both
in population and land area. Its capital is Basco located on the island of Batan.
2. Cagayan is a province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region and the
northeastern tip of the Luzon. Its capital is the city of Tuguegarao. It is about 431
kilometres (268 mi) northwest of Manila, and includes the Babuyan Islands to the north.
The province borders Ilocos Norte and Apayao to the west, and Kalinga and Isabela to
the south.
3. Isabela is the second largest province in the Philippines in land area located in
the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon. Its capital is the city of Ilagan. It is bordered by the
provinces of Cagayan to the north, Kalinga to the northwest, Mountain Province to the
central-west, Ifugao and Nueva Vizcaya to the southwest, Quirino and Aurora to the
south, and the Philippine Sea to the east.
4.Nueva Vizcaya is a province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan
Valley region in Luzon. Its capital is Bayombong It is bordered by Benguet to the
west, Ifugao to the north, Isabela to the northeast, Quirino to the east, Aurora to the
southeast, Nueva Ecija to the south, and Pangasinan to the southwest. Quirino province
was created from Nueva Vizcaya in 1966.
5.Quirino is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley
region in Luzon. Its capital is Cabarroguis. It is named after Elpidio Quirino, the sixth
President of the Philippines.The province borders Aurora to the southeast, Nueva
Vizcaya to the west, and Isabela to the north. Quirino used to be part of the province of
Nueva Vizcaya, until it was separated in 1966.

8. Read the following poems and answer the given questions.

a. The Rural Maid by Fernando Maramag
1. What love story is depicted in the poem?
The poem is about a hopeless man has been in love with a girl but he could and never
would own.
2. Who is speaking? Describe his emotions for the one he loves.
The persona of the poem The Rural Maid was the author itself. He’s too much in love
with this girl even though it was one sided love. His love for this girl is hurting him but
his willing to sacrifice for her.
3. How do you think the speaker will face his future without his maid?
The speaker will face his future without his maid filled with loneliness. Not all people
ended up with a happy ending story, there’s someone who called hopeless dreamer that
who hold unto something that could never turn into reality.

b. The Return by Edith Tiempo

1. Identify the tone of the poem.
This poem has an elegiac or sad tone. It may also the tone of remembering something
in the past.
2. What is the theme of the poem?
The theme of the poem The Return are those momentous and if they can turn back in
time they used to be.
3. Evaluate the images of the poem. Are they appropriate?
The images of the poem described the memory of youth stopped abruptly by time. They
appropriate based on what the poem describing how they want to stop and go back in
their youth time.
4. Explain the idea suggested by the author in the “ The Return”. What is this
“Return”.
The poem is told from the point of view of an old man remembering his earlier life
experiences when he was a young sailor and adventurer.  The idea is that time
represents a prison for anyone seeking to go back, and perhaps the idea of returning
brings more anguish than satisfaction.

9. Conduct an interview with your grandparents. Ask them about the memorable
experiences in their lives. (Please type or write it on a separate sheet) or senior citizens
of 70 years up. Please give their full name and if they allow you to have pictures with
you, attach copy of the picture with your interview report/paper.

10. Research about the biography of Pedro Bukaneg and Leonora Florentino and the titles
of their works.

Pedro Bukaneg (March 1592 – c. 1630) was a Filipino poet. Blind since birth, he is the
acknowledged author of the Ilocana  epic Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang). He is considered
the "Father of Ilocano literature." A street inside the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)
complex in Pasay City, Philippines is named in his honor. His surname is lent to
the Bukanegan, the Ilocano equivalent of the Balagtasan.
Bukaneg was a foundling, who shortly after his birth already floating in a basket between
Bantay and Vigan in the Banaoang River was found by an old woman. They brought him to the
Bantay Augustiner priest who baptized him as Pedro Bucaneg. Bukaneg was blind but appeared
during his upbringing in the Augustinian convent smart and talented. He took lessons in Latin
and Spanish and also learned the local languages and Ilocano Isneg.
Through his knowledge of these languages he was asked by the priests in the region to translate
their prayers and sermons in local languages. He was being asked to help with the conversion of
the local population. Bukaneg composed poems and songs and was loved by the Ilocanos as a
troubadour. He was regarded by the locals as a seer. Even the Spaniards knocked him for his
services. He would have identified the killer of a servant of a Spaniard on a day in a row of Itneg
men by placing his hand on the chest of all these men.
His blindness prevented him to write. He dictated his poems, songs and translations, while
someone else wrote. Ilocano epic Biag ni Lam-ang is attributed to Bukaneg by some authors and
historians. It is also possible that the works of Bukaneg was sung for centuries by the Ilocano
and thus preserved it for eternity. It was also Bukaneg who translated the Doctrina Cristiana in
Ilocano. This book was printed in 1593 as one of the first books in the Philippines and was
intended for use in the conversion of the local population. In 1621 the Ilocano translation of
Bukaneg was printed in the Augustinian Convent of Manila. Bukaneg was also largely
responsible for Arte de la Lengue Iloca, the first grammar book of the Ilocano of Brother
Francisco Lopez, which was printed in 1927 by the University of Santo Tomas.
Bukaneg died around 1630. In his honor, a street in the Cultural Center of the Philippines
Complex in Pasay is named after him.

Leona Florentino (born Leona Josefa Florentina,19 April 1849 - 4 October 1884) was a Filipino
poet in the Spanish and Ilocano languages. She is considered as the "mother of Philippine
women's literature" and the "bridge from oral to literary tradition".
Born to a wealthy and prominent family in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Florentino began to write her first
verses in Ilocano at a young age. Despite her potential, she was not allowed to receive a
university education because of her gender. Florentino was instead tutored by her mother, and
then a series of private teachers. An educated Ilocano priest taught her advanced Spanish and
encouraged her to develop her voice in poetry.
Florentino married a politician named Elias de los Reyes at the age of 14. They had five children
together. Their son Isabelo de los Reyes later became a Filipino writer, activist and senator. Due
to the feminist nature of her writings, Florentino was shunned by her husband and son; she
lived alone in exile and separately from her family.She died at the age of 35.
WORKS
Her lyrical poetry in Spanish, and especially that in Ilocano, gained attention in various
international forums in Spain, Paris and St. Louis, Missouri. Her literary contributions -
particularly 22 preserved poems - were recognized when she was included in the Encyclopedia
Internationale des Oeuvres des Femmes (International Encyclopedia of Women’s Works) in
1889. She is believed to be the first Filipina to receive this international recognition, an homage
that occurred after her death at a young age.Her work was exhibited at the Exposition Filipina
in Madrid in 1887 and at the Exposition Internationale in Paris in 1889.
MIDTERM
1. Identify the provinces of Region III and their capital.
- REGION III CENTRAL LUZON Central Luzon (Filipino: Gitnáng Luzon, also known as
Region III), is an administrative division or region of the Republic of the Philippines,
primarily serve to organize the 7 provinces of the vast central plain of the island of
Luzon (the largest island), for administrative convenience. The region contains the
largest plain in the country and produces most of the country's rice supply, earning itself
the nickname "Rice Granary of the Philippines". Its provinces are: Aurora( Baler),
Bataan(Balanga), Bulacan (Bulacan), Nueva Ecija(Palayan), Pampanga(San
Fernmando), Tarlac(Tarlac City), and Zambales(Iba).
2. Read Atin Cu Pung Singsing (Folksong from Region 3) and answer the following
questions.
a. What is the problem of the author?
-The woman in the song was looking for a missing ring.
b. Why is the ring very important to her?
-The ring is very important to her because it was given by her mother.
c. What did she promise to whoever finds it?
- She promise and offers her love as a prize for the man who could find it.
d. If you had lost something precious, how would you show gratefulness to
someone who finds it?
-If I had lost something important and precious, I would show my gratefulness to
someone who can find it by simply saying thank you and a pray.
3. Read Faith, Love, Time and Dr. Lazaro (Gregorio Brillantes) and answer the following
questions.
a. Characterize Dr. Lazaro as a man and a father.
-Dr. Lazaro, a country doctor who wanted his son Ben to be a doctor like him but
his son was engaged to a religious vocation and wanted to become a priest to
serve God.
b. Identify the sickness or illness of the child had. How did Dr. Lazaro react to the
child’s death? What about his son’s reaction?
- Sick child bundled with blankets. Dr. Lazaro made cursory check - skin dry,
turning cold; breathing shallow; heartbeat fast and irregular. -Dr. Lazaro shooked
his head as a sign of there's nothing more he can do to save the child. -Ben knelt
beside the child and baptized it.
c. Determine what Dr. Lazaro meant when he told his son: “ The world will teach
him his greatest lesson.”
-Lazaro means when he tells his son: “ The world will teach him his greatest
lessons.” It means . Lazaro lost his faith and love in God so his greatest lessons is
he lost his faith and he would want to devote his life serving God. Lazaro's faith
to God, not be good in his Work, because he did not focused well.
d. Why is the story entitled Faith, Love, Time and Dr. Lazaro? What is its
significance?
- The faith, love, time and Dr. Lazaro tells the reader that there could be things
in a person's life that would make him lost his faith to God and how one
would want to devote his life serving God.The story demonstrates that for
certain things that had happened in Dr. Lazaro's life like losing his son and
because of his profession he questioned the existence of God. In spite of the
fact that his wife is a religious and devoted person he seemed not to believe
in God. Even the fact that his son, Ben, wanted to be a priest he still
questioned the church and its teachings.
4. Identify the provinces of Region IV-A and IV-B and V and their capital.
REGION IV-A and IV-B
1. Calabarzon (/ká-lɑ-bɑr-zon/), formally known as the Southern Tagalog Mainland, is an
administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region IV-A. The region
comprises five provinces: Batangas (Batangas City), Cavite (Imus), Laguna(Santa Cruz),
Quezon (Lucena), and Rizal (Antipolo) and one highly urbanized city, Lucena. The
region is the most populous region in the Philippines according to the Philippine
Statistics Authority, having over 14.4 million inhabitants in 2015, and is also the
country's second most densely populated after the National Capital Region. 
2. Mimaropa (usually capitalized in official government documents), formally known as
the Southwestern Tagalog Region, is an administrative region in the Philippines. It was
also formerly designated as Region IV-B until 2016. It is one of two regions in the
country having no land border with another region (the other being Eastern Visayas).
The name is an acronym combination of its constituent provinces: Mindoro (divided into
Occidental Mindoro(Mamburao) and Oriental Mindoro(Calapan), Marinduque( Boac),
Romblon (Romblon) and Palawan (Puerto Princesa).

REGION V
Albay, officially the Province of Albay (Central Bicolano: Probinsya kan Albay; Tagalog:
Lalawigan ng Albay), is a province in the Bicol Region of the Philippines. Its capital is the
city of Legazpi, the regional center of the whole Bicol Region, which is located in the
southern foothill of Mayon Volcano.
Camarines Norte (Central Bicolano: Amihanan na Camarines; Tagalog: Hilagang
Camarines) is a province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region in Luzon. Its
capital is Daet. The province borders Quezon to the west, Camarines Sur to the south,
and the Philippine Sea to the north. It has historically been a Bikol speaking region,
however there has been a language shift in recent years to Tagalog which is more
commonly used nowadays.
Camarines Sur (Central Bicolano: Habagatan na Camarines; Tagalog: Timog Camarines)
is a province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region in Luzon. Its capital is Pili and
the province borders Camarines Norte and Quezon to the northwest, and Albay to the
south. To the east lies the island province of Catanduanes across the Maqueda Channel.
Catanduanes is an island province located in the Bicol Region of Luzon in the Philippines.
It is the 12th-largest Island in the Philippines. Its capital is Virac and the province lies to
the east of Camarines Sur across Maqueda Channel. It had a population of 260,964
people as registered in the 2015 census.
Masbate, officially the Province of Masbate (Masbateño: Probinsya san Masbate;
Hiligaynon: Kapuoran sang Masbate; Central Bicolano: Probinsya kan Masbate;
Cebuano: Lalawigan sa Masbate), is an island province in the Philippines located near
the midsection of the nation's archipelago. Its provincial capital is Masbate City. The
province consists of three major islands: Masbate, Ticao and Burias.
Sorsogon (Bikol: Probinsya kan Sorsogon; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Sorsogon), is a province
in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region. It is the southernmost province in Luzon
and is subdivided into fourteen municipalities (towns) and one city. Its capital is
Sorsogon City (formerly the towns of Sorsogon and Bacon) and borders the province of
Albay to the north.
5. Read the short story written by NVM Gonzales “ The Bread of Salt” and answer the
questions given.
a. What is the conflict in the story?
- The conflict of the story was his aunt didn't approve of him joining the
orchestra. Another thing was, the story has a concept of man vs. society.
b. Does the narrator of the story belong to the rich family? Whom did he have a
crush on? To what social class did the girl belong?
- It tells the tale of an unnamed narrator, on the cusp of youth, as he falls in love
with a young girl named Aida who is the niece of a rich Spaniard. Aida, however,
is out of his league as she is the rich while the narrator is poor. He loves Aida
who belong to the social class.
c. Point out the dominant character trait of the boy. What daydreams about his
future did the boy have so he could make himself worthy of the girl’s love?
- The dominant character of the boy is being determine to pursue Aida and
wait for the right time. The daydreams about his future is to confess his love
to Aida and buy her a brooch so he earn money by joining the band and to be
a violinist.
d. Explain the bread of salt. What it stands for?
-The Bread of Salt or Pan de sal being one of the staple food of the masses and
the title of the story is one of the many manifestations of the story’s local color.
The story opened and ended with it; the life of the protagonist daily revolved
around the task of buying it and with his own money he decided to purchase
some, though this time it was only for himself. The Bread of Salt shows how
society or situations open the gate of realization to a young soul whose
innocence was guarded by purity. Hard as it may seem, life, in its purest and
most significant form should be regarded as an experience of waking up from
one’s untold, internal realities to face what lies ahead – what really lies ahead.
Social, intellectual, and physical differences may be bitter setbacks against an
individual’s ambition or dreams yet reality has always been this harsh.
6. Read the “War of the Dragonflies and the Monkeys” and answer the following:
a. What triggered the war between the dragonflies and the monkeys?
- The war between the dragonflies and the monkeys are triggered when one of
the dragonfly stop over at the banna tree to rest for a while and sue her
away by the monkey and accused her for trespassing.
b. Identify the two kings. Describe each king’s advantages and disadvantages.
- The two kings are both does not want to lose. The king dragonfly is very small
but the advantages of it he is very fast and smart while the king monkey is
big and proud but not thinking of the consequences of it.
c. What lesson does the fable teach us?
- The fable teach us a lesson about being kind and not be so proud. Be humble
and friendly. No matter how big or small we are, don’t think of it as a
advantages to outsmart someone.
d. What human traits are displayed by the following characters:
 King Dragonfly- good leader and smart
 King Monkey- boastful and unkind
 King Dragonfly’s sister- honest and storyteller
 Messenger- obedient
 Dragonfly’s army- doing their duty and ready to protect the leader and
place
Prelim/Midterm Research:
Search for the biography of the following writers, including their works.
1. Carlos Bulosan
2. Jose Garcia Villa
3. Nick Joaquin

Bulosan, Carlos (1911-1956)

Carlos Bulosan was a prolific writer and poet, best remembered as the author of
America Is in the Heart, a landmark semi-autobiographical story about the Filipino
immigrant experience. Bulosan gained recognition in mainstream American society with
the 1944 publication of Laughter of my Father, which was excerpted in the New Yorker,
Harper’s Bazaar, and Town and Country. He immigrated to America from the Philippines
in 1930, endured horrendous conditions as a laborer, became active in the labor
movement, and was blacklisted along with other labor radicals during the 1950s. He
spent his last years in Seattle, jobless, penniless, and in poor health.
According to his baptismal records, Bulosan was born in Pangasinan Province in the
Philippine Islands on November 2, 1911. But other sources give Bulosan’s birth date
three to four years later. This is just one example of conflicting versions of his younger
years in a peasant family with three brothers and two sisters. The family farm was sold,
hectare by hectare, to pay for boat fare for his older brothers’ passages to the United
States.

The Idea of Equality

In the period of Bulosan’s birth, Americanization of the Philippine Islands was strong. In
1903, the “Pensionado” program offered promising student scholarships to attend
universities in the United States to gain knowledge that could benefit their homeland.
Also in 1901, the “Thomasites,” a group of teachers who went to the Philippines on the
USS Thomas (hence the name), crossed the Pacific to educate Filipinos in the American
Way. This American style of education highly influenced the young Bulosan as he
attended high school. He was led to believe that equality existed among all classes and
individuals in the United States. Then in 1906, Filipino laborers arrived in Hawaii to work
on the sugar plantations (the beginning of the “Sakada” or plantation worker system).
Enticed by stories of the United States and by the departure of his elder brothers
Macario and Dionisio for California, in 1930 Bulosan quit his job working for his family
peddling vegetables and salted fish at the local market. He paid $75 for passage on the
Dollar Line to Seattle, Washington.

Not a Land of Opportunity

Bulosan had heard how easy it was to earn a living in the United States even as a
bellhop or dishwasher. He had not been told that people of color did not enjoy
democracy. Notwithstanding his status as a “national” and not an “alien," Bulosan
became quickly disillusioned by the reality of life in the United States. The stock market
crash of 1929 and the Depression had devastated the country. Jobs were scarce and
competition was intense for whatever was available.
When Bulosan arrived in Seattle, he was “shanghaied and sold for five dollars” to work
in an Alaska fish cannery to earn $13 for the season. He picked apples in Eastern
Washington and finally moved south to California to continue the familiar seasonal cycle
of picking fruits and vegetables.

Years of Bitterness
In Washington, the future author experienced racism when whites torched a bunkhouse
where he slept. According to Carlos P. Romulo, “it carried him into years of bitterness,
degradation, hunger, open revolt, and even crime. The pool rooms and gambling
houses, dance halls and brothels, were the only places he knew. They were the only
places a Filipino could know.”
Bulosan would later write: “I know deep down in my heart that I am an exile in America.
I feel like a criminal running away from a crime I didn't commit. And this crime is that I
am a Filipino in America.”
Between 1935 and 1941, he became involved in the labor movement, organizing unions
to protect his fellow Filipino workers.

Writing for His Life

Writing also became a means to fight against the discrimination he had witnessed. In
1932, he was published in a poetry anthology. While living with one of his brothers in
Los Angeles, he had already submitted articles for small newspapers and had done some
writing for The New Tide, a bimonthly Filipino publication. The New Tide was a radical
literary magazine that brought Bulosan into a wider circle of fellow writers.
Writer As Reader
Bulosan had always been sickly. He loved the public library and reportedly read a book a
day. During this time, he came across the works of Karl Marx and began telling friends
“of the rising power of the working classes and what they would achieve in the coming
revolution.”
In 1936, Bulosan contracted tuberculosis and was admitted to the Los Angeles General
Hospital. He spent about two years at this hospital, the whole time actively reading and
writing. “Writing is a pleasure and a passion to me,” he wrote.

In the 1940s, Bulosan gained recognition for his work as a poet and editor:
In 1942, his book of poems, Letter from America, was published.
Bulosan was featured in the 1942 edition of Who’s Who in America
He edited Chorus for America: Six Philippine Poets.
In 1943 he wrote the book of poems Voice of Bataan, a tribute to the soldiers who died
fighting in that battle.
In 1943, the Saturday Evening Post published four articles on the “Four Freedoms”:
freedom of speech, freedom to worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
Bulosan wrote "Freedom from Want."
In 1944, Bulosan's Laughter of my Father became a bestseller and established Bulosan
as an important writer. It was translated into several languages and excerpts were read
over wartime radio. He was praised by fellow Filipinos who “for the first time are
depicted as human beings.”
In 1946, Bulosan published the work that he is best remembered for, America is in the
Heart. In it, stories loosely based on his brothers’ and friends’ experiences depict an
immigrant Filipino’s life in the 1930s and 1940s. America is in the Heart has been used
as symbol for the Filipino American identity movement of the 1970s and is included in
many bibliography lists for college courses on Filipino American studies classes.
The 1950s ushered in the anti-Communist fervor of Senator Joe McCarthy and the Un-
American Activities Committee. Carlos Bulosan and fellow radicals were “blacklisted”
even by some Filipino writers. Bulosan continued his labor union activities and edited
the 1952 yearbook of the Union Local 37 International Longshoremen Workers Union
(ILWU).
In the 1950s, Carlos Bulosan was living in Seattle, jobless, penniless, and in poor health.
On September 11, 1956, the poet died of tuberculosis. With his passing, Filipino
Americans lost their most articulate spokesman.
His friend, Chris Mensalvas (called “Jose” in America is in the Heart) wrote in Bulosan’s
obituary: “... I am willing to testify that Carlos Bulosan is dead ... but ... [he] will never
die in the hearts of the people.”
Carlos Bulosan, writer, poet, labor activist was buried in Seattle in Mount Pleasant
Cemetery on Queen Anne Hill. Until 1982 his resting place was an unmarked pauper’s
grave. Finally a group of his admirers raised the funds to purchase an elaborate
headstone of black granite.
Sources:
Susan Evangelista, Carlos Bulosan and His Poetry: A Biography and Anthology (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985); “Carlos
Bulosan” in Asian American Biography Vol. 1 ed. by Helen Zia and Susan B. Gall (International Thomson Publishing Co., 1995), 24-27;
“Bulosan, Carlos,” in Current Biography ed. by Anna Rothe (New York: H. W. Wilson Co., 1946), 82-83; Chris Mensalves, "Reporting
for Carlos Bulosan," Daily Peoples World, December 28, 1956.

Jose Garcia Villa

Jose Garcia Villa, a Filipino poet, critic, short story writer and painter, is an important
person to recognize during Filipino American History Month.
Villa was born in 1907 in the Philippine Islands. His early path did not involve poetry.
Instead he began a pre-medical course of study at the University of the Philippines,
eventually switching to pre-law. After some time, Villa recognized that his true passion
was in the creative arts, and his career as a writer began.
In 1929, he published a collection of erotic poems called Man Songs. This collection was
met with some controversy. But that same year, he was selected for the Best Story of
the Year from the Philippine Free Press magazine for his story called Mir-l-Nisa.
Villa moved from the university in the Philippines to attend the University of New
Mexico where he went on to found Clay, a “mimeograph literary magazine.” After
finishing his BA there, he moved to Columbia University for his post-graduate education.
Aside from publishing various collections of poetry, Villa also added to the world of
poetic style, introducing a new rhyme scheme called “reversed consonance.” As Villa
explained, “The last sounded consonants of the last syllable, or the last principal
consonant of a word, are reversed for the corresponding rhyme. Thus, a rhyme for near
would be run; or rain, green, reign.”
Villa also wrote something he called “comma poems,” where a comma is included after
each word in the poem. As he explained in the preface to his Volume Two, “The commas
are an integral and essential part of the medium: regulating the poem’s verbal density
and time movement: enabling each word to attain a fuller tonal value, and the line
movement to become more measured.”
Villa has won numerous awards, including the 1973 National Artist of the Philippines for
literature. His work in both poetry and challenging traditional poetic style continues to
have an impact in modern poetry, both for members of the poetry community and
other Asian American writers.

Nick Joaquin
Nick Joaquin, byname of Nicomedes Joaquin, (born May 4, 1917, Paco, Manila,
Philippines—died April 29, 2004, San Juan), Filipino novelist, poet, playwright, essayist,
and biographer whose works present the diverse heritage of the Filipino people.
Joaquin was awarded a scholarship to the Dominican monastery in Hong Kong after
publication of his essay “La Naval de Manila” (1943), a description of Manila’s fabled
resistance to 17th-century Dutch invaders. After World War II he traveled to the United
States, Mexico, and Spain, later serving as a cultural representative of the Philippines to
Taiwan, Cuba, and China.
Starting as a proofreader for the Philippines Free Press, Joaquin rose to contributing
editor and essayist under the nom de plume “Quijano de Manila” (“Manila Old-Timer”).
He was well known as a historian of the brief Golden Age of Spain in the Philippines, as a
writer of short stories suffused with folk Roman Catholicism, as a playwright, and as a
novelist. Joaquin wrote his works in English.
The novel The Woman Who Had Two Navels (1961) examines his country’s various
heritages. A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino (1966), a celebrated play, attempts to
reconcile historical events with dynamic change. The Aquinos of Tarlac: An Essay on
History as Three Generations (1983) presents a biography of Benigno Aquino, the
assassinated presidential candidate. The action of the novel Cave and Shadows (1983)
occurs in the period of martial law under Ferdinand Marcos. Joaquin’s other works
included the short-story collections Tropical Gothic (1972) and Stories for Groovy Kids
(1979), the play Tropical Baroque (1979), and the collections of poetry The Ballad of the
Five Battles (1981) and Collected Verse (1987). Fifteen essays were published in the
book Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming
(1988). Joaquin’s later works are mostly nonfiction, including Manila, My Manila: A
History for the Young (1990), The D.M. Guevara Story (1993), and Mr. F.E.U., the Culture
Hero That Was Nicanor Reyes (1995).
***Write your own critic/analysis on the work of Nick Joaquin entitled “ The Woman Who
Had Two Navels”

The Woman Who Had Two Navels wrote by Nick Joaquin is about a woman named Connie
Escobar who hallucinates that she has two navels (belly buttons) and needs to be treated.
Based on what I read, it looks like that the navels that she’s preferring are the issue in the past
that still hunting her. The author mentioned that the mother of Connie had an affair to his
husband, Macho Escobar and that incident serves as connected to the present.

PRE-FINAL

1. Identify the provinces Region VI, VII, VIII, IX, X and their capital.

REGION VI

Aklan

The Philippine Province of Aklan occupies the northwestern coastal plain of the island of Panay,
in Region VI, Western Visayas. Its 1,853 sq. km. supports a population of 441,000 in seventeen
municipalities, of which Kalibo is the capital. After strenuous and sustained political efforts,
Aklan was separated from Capiz by act of the national legislature in April 1956. Agriculture is a
prominent part of the economy, principal products being rice, maize, coconuts, and cut flowers.
Ocean- fishing is also important, as is tourism, Boracay, a white-sand island just offshore, being
a world-class resort. Inland fishing and aquaculture yield several export products. This actually
seems to explain every element in the shield. Cottage weaving is widespread, and rattan
furniture is manufactured for export.

Antique

The province of Antique, on the western side of Panay, is separated from the other provinces
by a long range of mountains. One of these, Mt. Madia-as, is the highest mountain on the
island, a dormant volcano adorned with several lakes and more than a dozen waterfalls. The
population is largely Malay, immigrants from Borneo centuries before the Spanish arrived. Their
language, Kiniray-a, is Indo-Malayan. Several Visaya dialects are also spoken. The area was
made a separate province by the Spanish government in 1790. Its name seems to be a Spanish
adaptation of a local word. The province's area is 2,522 sq.km., its population 456,000, no cities,
eighteen towns, of which San José de Buenavista is the capital. Agriculture is important; sugar
and coconuts lead, with coconut oil and coconut wine both being significant. Ocean fishing is
also important; one website speaks of "the tuna highway along the coast." Seaweed is
harvested. Marble and gemstones are mined. Other valuable mineral deposits are known but
undisturbed. Like Capiz, it seems to have enormous potential for tourism, its many miles of
sandy beaches being sparsely settled. There are also hot springs in the mountains.

Capiz

The Philippine Republic's Province of Capiz is on Panay Island, north of Iloilo. It occupies the
fertile valley of the Panay River and a considerable amount of coastline. Its population is some
625,000. Its capital and only city is Roxas, population 118,000, birthplace of Manuel Roxas, first
president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. The capital was formerly known by
the same name as the province. There are sixteen towns besides; one of them is named
President Roxas, another, Panay. This was founded by Manuel López de Legaspi, and is the
second oldest Spanish town in the country. The province's economy is heavily agricultural,
varied by considerable fishing and very widespread cottage weaving. Mineral deposits have
been located. Opportunities for water sports, fishing, and spelunking abound--caves are very
numerous and extensive--and the wildlife is abundant and diverse, but Panay does not seem to
be much of a tourist destination. Many churches in the central Philippines are remarkably large
and strong, meant not only for worship but as shelter from pirate raids. One such in Panay has a
bell two meters in diameter and ten tons in weight, one of the largest in the world.

Ilo-ilo (Ilo-ilo City)

The Philippine Province of Iloilo is located on the island of Panay. Its current population seems
to be about 1,907,000, of whom 366,000 live in the capital city, also named Iloilo. Besides this
city there are more than forty municipalities, or towns. The land area is 4,767 sq.km. The
aboriginal population is Negrito, but Malays had established themselves in large numbers on
the coastal lands centuries before the Spanish arrived. Miguel López de Legaspi, or Legazpi,
who headed the first Spanish expedition that was carefully planned and prepared to bring
Spanish government to the Philippines, established his headquarters on Panay for some years
before moving to Manila. The city of Iloilo, a native town of some standing before the Spanish
arrived, was repeatedly raided by Portuguese, Dutch, English, and Moros. In 1616 the Spanish
built Fort San Pedro to protect the place from pirates. The island of Guimaras shelters the city
from typhoons. Iloilo, like Negros Occidental, throve amazingly on the sugar trade in the second
half of the nineteenth century.

Negros Occidental

The people of Negros Occidental speak mostly Ilonggo, a Visaya dialect; Cebuano, another
Visaya dialect, is a distant second. Most also speak English. In the second half of the nineteenth
century sugar cane cultivation grew enormously, drawing many settlers from other islands.
Negros Occidental was made a separate province in 1890. In spite of three periods of warfare,
sugar remained dominant long into the twentieth century, as the province came to produce
most of the country's total sugar production. In the late 1970s the world price of sugar fell
sharply, and continued into the early 1980s, and in 1983 the province suffered a serious
drought, and, in 1984, two typhoons. An attempt in 1986 to separate the northern part as the
province of Negros del Norte was defeated. Meanwhile, starting in 1985, the province received
considerable help from the national government and foreign donors to recover economically,
which included economic diversification. Today the province has substantial production of
coffee, cacao, black pepper, fruits, and grains. It also has a large copper mine. Gold, silver,
molybdenum, iron, gypsum, coal, and other minerals are mined. Light industry is growing.
Should one wish to visit and disburse, there are excellent opportunities for aquatic recreations,
including underwater photography. Mount Kanlaon, the highest peak on the island, is a bird
sanctuary, home to a hundred species known nowhere else in the world. The sugar industry led
to the building of steam railroads, now nicknamed "iron dinosaurs." Some are still roar and race
and breathe fire; others, abandoned, moulder away. The population of Negros Occidental is
2,556,000 in six cities and twenty-six towns. In addition to the capital city of Bacolod, Negros
Occidental has five cities, Bago, Cadiz, La Carlota, San Carlos, and Silay, to which the provincial
government's website adds Kabankalan, Sagay, Talisay, and Victorias.

Guimaras

Guimaras [ɡimaˈɾas] (Hiligaynon: Kapuoran sang Guimaras; Kinaray-a: Probinsiya kang

Guimaras; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Guimaras) is an island province in the Philippines located in
the Western Visayas region. Its capital is Jordan. The province is situated in the Panay Gulf,
between the islands of Panay and Negros. To the northwest is the province of Iloilo and to the
southeast is Negros Occidental. The whole island is part of the Metro Iloilo-Guimaras, one of
the twelve metropolitan areas of the Philippines.
The province consists primarily of Guimaras Island, and also includes Inampulugan, Guiwanon
(or Guiuanon), Panobolon, Natunga, Nadulao, and many surrounding islets.[3] Geologists[who?]
have concluded that the island once formed one landmass with Panay.Guimaras, formerly
known as Himal-us, was a sub-province of Iloilo until it was made an independent province on
May 22, 1992.

2. Identify/write at least two folksongs from Region 6.

Ili-ili Tulog Anay Ili-ili tulog anay,

Wala diri imong nanay.
Kadto tienda bakal papay. Ugaling con icao hidlauon
Ili-ili tulog anay. Ang Payaw imo lang lantauon.

mata kana tabangan mo Dandansoy, con imo apason

ikarga ang nakompra ko Bisan tubig di magbalon
kay bug-at man sing putos ko Ugaling con icao uhauon
tabangan mo ako anay Sa dalan magbobonbobon.

Convento, diin ang cura?

ili ili tulog anay Municipio, diin justicia?
wala diri imo nanay Yari si dansoy maqueja.
kadto tienda bakal papay
ili ili tulog anay. Maqueja sa paghigugma
Ang panyo mo cag panyo co
Dala diri cay tambijon co
Dandansoy (Visayan Song) Ugaling con magcasilo
Dandansoy, bayaan ta icaoPauli aco sa Payao Bana ta icao,asawa mo aco.
3. Research for the Legend of Dumaguete. Discuss its rich culture and tradition.

The people then prayed hared for protection. Families gathered at night to pray to the Neustra
Señora and Santa Catalina who had special patronage and affection for these people. Seeing
them, she answered their prayer. Dumaguete is also known as the City of the Gentle People,
although it is uncertain why, but the people who live there are renowned for their friendliness
making it a popular tourist destination.

4. Read Hinilawod a Panay Epic and answer the following questions.

a. Describe Labaw Donggon. What character taits make him comparable to other epic
heroes?
-Labaw Donggon is a Philippine epic hero who suffers a moral and military humiliation and
downfall. His young sons rescue him. While it is easy to dismiss Labaw Donggon as undeserving
his status as an epic hero because he needs to be rescued, when the rescue is seen through the
lens of Philippine cultural values, it makes sense.

b. Point out the Filipino values which are shown in the story.
-The writer says that Philippine culture portrays the importance of honor, love, family care.
These are the Filipino core values.
Hinilawod also portrays they love their culture and traditions.
They value the customs of their forefather and still apply them in their lives. They stick to their
roots.

5. Read the poem Letter to Pedro, U.S Citizen, Also called Pete. Do the given task below
a. Write a letter addressed to a fictitious friend who based abroad.
b. Tell him news about developments in your community.
Dear Jessica Eunice,

I hope you’re doing well.

How are you and your family there in Iceland? Are you enjoying your life there with your job?
Well, some changes in our town since you left here.
Remember the Plaza de Santa Maria where we always hanging around? Now, a businessman bought it
and built a Supermarket.
Last night I go to our favorite Carinderia and for my surprised, it was a restaurant now and the owner is
the same.
Oh! I met your cousin Ipan, and he told me that he’s a teacher now. How amazing is that ‘cause the last
time I saw him, he is no direction in his life.

Jess, I hope our path will crossed again and have some good time like the old days.
Everytime I passed by on our hometown, I always rememnber you.
Anyway, thank you for the books that you’ve sent me send me last time. I appreciate it so much as you
have imagined.

Your friend,

Maricris

P.S. Send my regards to your family.

6. Read the Essay Maratabat and the Maranao by Nainobai Disomangcop and answer the
following:
a. Identify the cultural practices of the Maranaos.
- Maratabat is equated with “hiya” or shame, honor and dignity, rank, self-esteem or “amor-
propio,” reputation and “face.” But maratabat is more than any of these. The Maranaos are
superstitious. They believe in the hidden powers of the ANTING-ANTING amulets. These Items
which they wear on their necks, arms or legs believed to bring them good luck.

b. Discussed Maratabat as explained in the essay.

- There is no single word or phrase that can clearly define maratabat, for the Maranaos have
surrounded it with many socio-psychological concepts of their own. It is directly proportional to
a person’s social rank. One social scientist views it as a blind, irrational pride of clan and tribe
and a deep sense of personal honor and face. The substance of maratabat lies in the symbols,
shared beliefs, images in the collective reputation, and in public morality of the Maranaos.
When positively directed, it gives them unity, strength, and identity; it serves as a driving force
in Maranao everyday life, be it social, political, or economic.
To some Maranaos the practice of maratabat is instinctive, but to others it is a learned cultural
practice picked up by the children from the elders. One Maranao claimed that he never
remembered being taught by his parents to do this or do that for it was expected of him, but
rather he learned it gradually through observation from the old Maranaos.
FINAL
1. Identify the provinces of Regions XI, XII, XIII, CAR, NCR, ARMM and their capital.
Region XI (Davao Region)

Davao de Oro, officially the Province of Davao de Oro (Cebuano: Lalawigan sa Davao de Oro;
Filipino: Lalawigan ng Davao de Oro), is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao
Region in Mindanao. Its capital is Nabunturan. It used to be part of the province of Davao del
Norte until it was made a separate province in 1998.
Davao del Norte (Cebuano: Amihanang Dabaw; Tagalog: Hilagang Davao) is a province in the
Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is Tagum. The province also
includes Samal Island to the south in the Davao Gulf.
Before 1967, the five provinces—Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao
Occidental, and Davao Oriental—were administered as a single province named Davao. The
present-day Davao Region is coterminous with this former province.Davao del Norte is also
known as "The Banana Capital of the Philippines."
Davao del Sur (Cebuano: Habagatang Dabaw; Tagalog: Timog Davao) is a province in the
Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Digos. The
province is bounded by Davao del Norte to the north, Davao Occidental to the south-east,
North Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat to the west, South Cotabato and Sarangani to the south-
west, and the Davao Gulf to the east.
Davao Occidental (Cebuano: Kasadpang Dabaw; Filipino: Kanlurang Davao) is the 81st and
newest province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao.Its capital is the
municipality of Malita. To the east lies the Davao Gulf. It also shares a maritime border with the
Indonesian province of North Sulawesi to the south.
Davao Oriental (Cebuano: Sidlakang Dabaw; Tagalog: Silangang Davao) is a province in the
Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is Mati, and it borders the
province of Davao de Oro to the west, and Agusan del Sur and Surigao del Sur to the north. The
province is the traditional homeland of the Mandaya and Kagan people.

SOCCSKSARGEN is a region of the Philippines, located in central Mindanao, and is officially

designated as Region XII. The name is an acronym that stands for the region’s four provinces
and one of its cities: South Cotabato(Koronadal), Cotabato(Kidapawan), Sultan
Kudarat(Isulan), Sarangani(Alabel) and General Santos City. The region is more formally
known by its older name Central Mindanao. The regional center is Koronadal City located in the
province of South Cotabato. Cotabato City, though geographically within the boundaries of the
province of Maguindanao, itself is part of SOCCSKSARGEN, and is independent of that province.
Maguindanao province is, in fact, a part of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM) which has its seat in Cotabato City. SOCCSKSARGEN and the province of Maguindanao
were once part of the original Cotabato province.

Caraga Region
Caraga is an administrative region of the Philippines, on the northeastern portion of the island
of Mindanao, also called Region XIII. The Caraga Region was created through the Republic Act
No. 7901 on February 23, 1995. The region is composes of five provinces: Agusan del
Norte(Cabadbaran), Agusan del Sur(Prosperidad), Surigao del Norte(Surigao City), Surigao del
Sur(Tandag) and Dinagat Islands(San Jose).

NCR
Metro Manila, otherwise known as National Capital Region, is the center of Luzon and the
capital region of the Philippines. Unlike the other 17 Philippine regions, NCR does not have any
provinces. It is composed of 16 cities – namely the City of Manila itself, Caloocan, Las Piñas,
Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Pasay, Pasig, Paranaque,
Quezon City, San Juan, Taguig, Valenzuela – and the municipality of Pateros.

ARMM
The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was situated in mainland Mindanao in
the southern Philippines and was created by virtue of the Republic Act No. 6734 which signed
into law by President Corazon Aquino on August 1, 1989. The plebiscite was conducted in the
proposed area of ARMM on November 17, 1989 in the provinces of Maguindanao(Buluan),
Lanao del Sur(Marawi), Sulu(Jolo), and Tawi-Tawi(Bongao). The region was strengthened and
expanded through the ratification of Republic Act No. 9054, amending for the purpose of
Republic Act No. 6734, entitled "An Act Providing for the ARMM" as amended in September
2001. The plebiscite paved the way for the inclusion of the province of Basilan and the city of
Marawi as part of ARMM.

2. Read the story Love in the Cornhusks by Aida Rivera- ford and answer the given questions
below:
a. Describe Tinang? Is she a typical young woman who dreams about love and family?
- Tinang is a typical young woman who dreams about love and family. Instead of continuing
her love for Amado, she consider the feelinhgs of her huisband now and her child.
b. What is the conflict of the story?
- The conflict of the story is shown when Tionang had read the letter where she realized
that Amado is still in love with her. The conflict is who will Tinang choose between Amado,
her first love and her husband,the father of his child.
c. Explain the meaning of the title Love in the Cornhusks?
- For me, the title of the story is represented of love between her first love and her love for
his family. The decision she will make if she choose her first love or her child.
3. Read Indarapatra at Sulayman and answer the following:
a. How is the value of bravery shown by the epic heroes Indarapatra and Sulayman?
-The value of bravery shown by the epic heroes Indarapatra and Sulayman is reflecting on how
they value their family and their land.
b. How could be considered-day heroes in your region?
- They considered the heroes as respected and need to recall for they braveness.
4. Read Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa and answer the following?
a. Explain what the author is saying about “early marriage”.
- The author explain that if you engage to an early marriage, you will regret and wish that you
don’t do that. A marriage is not a momentarily and if you’re not happy anymore,you just leave
and walk away.
b. Give the significance of the title Footnote to Youth”. Define Footnote. Find out what the
author’s footnote is to young people.
- Footnote to Youth is a brief reminder to the Filipinos, especially to the youth concerning what
reality would bestow upon us when we want our major desires in life instantly without even
being certain whether we truly long for them or not. The story was all about choosing the right
decisions.
c. Relate to real-life experience the incidents that are reflected in the narrative.
- Nowadays the so-called Gen- Z are too aggressive that they’re not thinking what they doing.
Jumping into relationship for fun and make some decision without thinking.
d. Characterize Dodong’s father, Dodong himself, and Dodong’s son, Blas. Is there similarity
among the three? Explain.
- The similarity of the three character are the same. They are always doing some decision with
thinking and regret it in the end.
5. Explain the following Tausug proverbs:
a. “A sleeping crab will be carried by the current”.
- The sleeping crab is carried by the water current. Meaning: You snooze, you lose. If you're not
quick on the mark, someone else will seize the opportunity, or it will be lost forever.
b. “There is no smoke if there is no fire.”
- Used to say that if people are saying that someone has done something wrong there is usually
a good reason for what they are saying.
c. “One who cannot decide will have no future.”
- If you’re making a decision, stick with it. If you cant decide of what you really want, you can’t
focus on your goal.
6. Research on the great bodies of the water found in Lanao del Sur. Lake LAnao, Sugud Bay,
Agus River, and the Maria Cristina falls. Find out their importance in the development of the
region.
- Lake Lanao is located in the province of Lanao del Sur of the Autonomous Region of Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM). The waters from these rivers and tributaries drain into the lake and goes
out through only one outlet, the Agus River in Lanao del Norte that flows southwest into Iligan
Bay via two channels; Maria Cristina Falls. A hydroelectric plant installed along Lanao Lake and
Agus River generates 70% of the electricity used by the people of Mindanao. Agus River
supports seven (7) hydroelectric power plants of the National Power Corporation (NPC) with a
combined capacity of 727 megawatts.

FINAL RESEARCH
Read and Write your own critic/analysis about the work of Carlos Bulosan “America is in the
heart”, at least 3-5 pages type written.

AMERICA IS IN THE HEART

America Is In The Heart – Carlos Bulosan – Carlos Bulosan was born in the Philippines in 1913 to
poor farmer parents who struggled to feed their family. Even when he was just five, he worked
in the farm. When he was 17, he left for the US with his brothers hoping to escape the grinding
poverty at home. But what greeted them in the US was racial and physical abuse. There was a
great deal of discrimination against the Asian communities and Bulosan had a rough time
adjusting to it. Though he found life difficult in America, he never went back to his homeland.
The initial years were spent in finding work. Later in his career, he worked in organizing labor so
that they could bargain collectively for better wages. He also worked to get citizen rights for
Filipinos.Though his experiences the harsh side of America, Bulosan has faith in its capacity for
championing human rights and labour welfare. While he lived in that country, he met with only
racial abuse and discrimination. But there were experiences that showed that that country was
not all bad. The care he received in the hospital where he was admitted after being injured in
an attack by whites showed him that America’s heart was in the right place.
America annexed the Philippines in 1913, the year in which Bulosan was born. The Filipino
society had seen the readiness with which Americans were accepted into the society where
they married local women and had children. This Filipino society had already a large number of
people of Malay, Chinese and Japanese descent living peacefully in Philippines.
The Filipinos who migrated to the US had mistakenly assumed that they would be accepted into
American society. But their experiences were starkly different. Filipinos found it very difficult to
find jobs and when they did, they were paid only a fraction of what the whites were paid. They
got beaten up when they ventured out to look for jobs. The abuse was psychological and
physical.When Carlos leaves for the US along with his brothers, they were hoping to escape
grinding poverty in the Philippines. Even the very young had to work on farms to make a bare
living. The Bulosan family had separated with the father living in the city with the older children
and the mother staying in the countryside with the younger ones.
Carlos had not even met some of his older siblings as they had left for the city with their father,
looking for work. The family got together only for festivals. Even in the face of racial
discrimination that he faced in America, he never returned to the Philippines even once as he
knew that there was some hope for a better life in America.
Carlos is the protagonist of this semi-autobiographical novel. Called Allos in the Philippines, the
slaves in the family’s tiny farm. Even when he is just five, he is working along with his mother.
At 17, his brothers and he decide to move to the US where they hope a better life waits for
them. But when they get there, their endurance is tested. Around there is racial abuse; Filipinos
are denied work and they are paid less than the local whites.
Carlos suffers beatings and taunts but he does not give up and return. His initial years are spent
trying to earn enough so that he can at least have one meal a day. He realizes that the one way
to ensure better terms for the immigrants is to bargain collectively. His communist leanings
make him a marked man in the eyes of the FBI. He later petitions the President for citizenship
for Filipinos as their country is at war with Japan in World War II. They wish to be in the US
army. But their appeal is rejected. Years of neglect and life in crowded unhealthy surroundings
take a toll and he dies at the age of 42.
Carlos, called Allos, is one of a large Filipino family that struggles to live a decent life in the
Philippines. While the younger children live with their mother in the countryside, the older
children work in the city with the father. All hopes rest on Macario who is being educated
hoping he will be able to help his siblings later. But things do not work out that way and the
older boys move to the US where they hope they will be able to work and save money.
Philippines were full of Americans who lived a comfortable life.
The boys believe that they would be accepted into the American society but even on the ship,
they are treated as the refuse of earth. Asians were considered to be almost sub-human.
When they arrive in America, the conditions are bad. It’s close to the Depressions and jobs are
scarce. The American resented the influx of non-whites into the country looking for jobs. Never
a people who tolerated outsiders or the natives of the land, they tuned vicious when faced with
a loss of their livelihood. The competition for jobs was intense with racial abuse and violence
being commonplace.For a time, Carlos concentrates on hanging on in America. But as time goes
past, he realizes that the solution lies in organizing themselves as a sector to get better wages.
But that is not as easy as they are not citizens. Petitions that they send are rejected.
Meanwhile, the Philippines is attacked by Japan during the Second World War. Filipinos wish to
fight as part of the US Army. But they are not allowed to enlist. Though in bad health, Carlos
works hard to win citizen rights for them. At last, the President grants Filipinos the right to fight
as part of the US Army.
As a Filipino in America, Bulosan’s experiences were as bad as those endured by blacks in
America. They were hounded, abused and driven to death by the whites who resented the
Filipinos’s presence in their country. America was in the throes of an economic recession and
jobs were scarce. The Filipinos were prepared to work for low wages.
On the highway, again, motorists had refused to take a dying man. And yet in this hospital,
among white people– Americans like those who had denied us– we had found refuge and
tolerance. Why was America so kind and yet so cruel? Was there no way to simplifying things in
this continent so that suffering would be minimized? Was there no common denominator on
which we could all meet? I was angry and confused and wondered if I would ever understand
this paradox.
Bulosan is confused by the dichotomy that he perceives again and again in America. One part of
America behaves with extreme cruelty but another part of the same country is committed to
the care and nourishment of all people irrespective of color or creed.
America is not bound by geographical latitudes. It is not merely a land or an institution.
America is in the hearts of men that died for freedom; it is also in the eyes of men that are
building a new world. America is a prophecy of a new society of men of a system that knows no
sorrow or strife or suffering. America is a warning to those who would try to falsify the ideals of
freemen.
Though Bulosan had had more than his share of bitter experiences on account of his being
Asian, a man with brown skin, he feels that America is very likely the place where personal
freedom is most likely to be guaranteed. Though things appear bad now, there is hope for the
future. We must live in America where there is freedom for all regardless of color, station and
beliefs.Freedom was enshrined in the constitution of America. It was one of the guiding
principles of the country. In real life, this may not be true but a man could appeal against
injustice and expect justice to be done. Discrimination was rampant all over America but that
did not have the sanction of the state.