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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Pandemics are large-scale outbreaks of infectious disease that can greatly increase

morbidity and mortality over a wide geographic area and cause significant economic,

social, and political disruption. Evidence suggests that the likelihood of pandemics has

increased over the past century because of increased global travel and integration,

urbanization, changes in land use, and greater exploitation of the natural environment

(Jones and others 2008; Morse 1995).

People did not expect nor wish to experience pandemic, but suddenly it happens.

With the COVID-19 pandemic still hanging over our heads, people are all doing what

they can to protect their selves and their loved ones. While others are more than lucky to

be in the comforts of their own home, like, spending their time through watching movies,

playing mobile games, chatting with their friends, eating what theywant, resting and

something comfortable. What they do not realize is that most Filipinos are less privileged

and are struggling to put food on the table – these are daily wage earners or low-income

earners, and people who have lost their jobs, careers, and opportunities due to the crisis.

The pandemic has caused a lot of panic to the country nor globally, and because of these,

people tend to focus on how could they survive in the midst of pandemic. While they

focus on their selves, they forgot to think of ways, on how they could help others that are

strongly affected as well.

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Under the rules of the Enhanced Community Quarantine and the General

Community Quarantine, Jeeps are not allowed to fully operate. Jeepney is a popular

modeof transportation in the Philippines, these public transportations are colorful,

sometimes cramped and open-window.

Jeeps are also known as the “Hari ng Kalsada” used to be found in every

direction, no matter what city they are in, its goal is to ridewherever they want to go.

However, with this time of the year, it has been difficult for people to go out resulting for

drivers to strive for money to live. It is because people are in the midst of pandemic, and

virus are all in there, the number of Jeeps roaming the streets is very limited because of

the protocols implemented by the government. Even with the few jeeps open they only

accommodate, at most, half the actual passenger capacity due to social distancing. This

has had a big impact on the situation of the drivers, especially those on standby, as they

are itching to return to the road and earn income for their own survival and their families.

The regular monthly salary to e-jeepney drivers could probably change the daily

calculus of drivers in terms of income and working environment. Nowadays, with the

boundary system, they are earning a measly 300 to 400 pesos take home pay after a day's

10-hour rigorous work.

According to Department of Economics, Ateneo de Manila University, working

papers series (2020) in the old normal most of these daily travelers have gotten used to

travelling to school or work using various modes of public transport. But the woes of the

Philippines commuting public have been a long-standing issue even prior to COVID-19.

The pandemic therefore presents a golden opportunity for an overhaul of the public

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transport system.An efficient urban transportation system would not only result

insignificant positive spillover to the general public and to the entire economy but would

also allow for coordinated response to the social distancing and the safety requires of

COVID-19 for the community public.

Since Jeepney drivers is the institution that would mostly experience the changes

in their earnings, setting aside the other sectors. Researchers, would like to take this

opportunityto identify how jeepney drivers, have been fighting for in the outcome of

pandemic to their earnings. And to answer the questions of the outcome of pandemic to

the earnings of Jeepney drivers, researchers decided to conduct the study in selected

Baranggay of Barangay in Cabuyao, Laguna.

Background of the Study

In many Asian cities public transport was suspended in order to contain the virus.

Employees are the most important assets in public transport they are the reason behind

the earnings of every Jeepney drivers, they are the sources of income of every Jeepney

drivers. But due to the pandemic and the implementation of government to the safety

protocols, like mandatory sanitizers and plastic barriers for the commuters, many of the

drivers suffering from earnings because they limit the passengers and also Jeepney

drivers increased their expenses because of the mandatory safety protocols equipment.

Because of the pandemic, the world facing right now. The researcher came up with this

study to show, how is the pandemic changes the earnings of Jeepney drivers. The

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researchers decided to study the outcome of pandemic to the earnings of Jeepney Drivers

in selected area of Barangay in Cabuyao, Laguna.

Theoretical Framework

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The Theoretical Framework serves as the foundation of contextualizing the

present study. In conducting this research, there is selected theory indicated by the

researchers that serve as basis and will be used through the study.

Theory of Needs Maslow’s by Abraham Maslow

Theory of Needs Maslow’s theory of needs have five types of needs that are

activated in a hierarchical manner. Abraham Maslow was a clinical psychologist who

introduced his theory based on personal judgement, which was generally known as the

need hierarchy theory. The theory of needs introduced about how people satisfy various

personal needs. Maslow states that people are motivated by unmet needs which are in a

hierarchical order that prevents people from being motivated by a need area unless all

lower level needs have been met. People have basic needs they seek to fulfill through

work. Workers derive satisfaction from their jobs to the extent that their jobs meet these

needs. These needs are stimulated in a particular order from lowest to highest such that

the lowest-order need must be fulfilled before the next order need is triggered and the

process proceeds. The different levels of needs on Maslow’s Theory are discussed as

follows: i.) Physiological needs must provide workers with a salary that enable them to

afford adequate conditions. The need at the bottom of the triangle and include the lowest

order need and most essential. This includes the need to fulfill the basic biological drives

such as food, air, water and shelter. ii.) Safety needs are activated after physiological

needs are met. Refer to the need for a secure working environment free from any threats

or harms. This occupies the second level of needs. iii.) Social needs are activated after

safety needs are met. Social needs refer to the need to be loved and accepted by other

people. This represents the third level of needs. iv.) Esteem needs are needs for self-

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respect and approval of others. This represents the fourth level of needs. v.) Self-

actualization represents the last level of the top of the triangle. This refers to the need to

become all that one is capable of being able to develop one’s fullest potential.

According to Howell et al. (2013) the most prominent theory to explain the

relationship between income and subjective well-being (SWB) is need theory, which

proposes that increased income and wealth can lead to increased well-being in poverty

because money is used to satisfy basic physiological needs. At the present time needs,

obvious needs are not being met, and resources - people and plants - that might help to

meet them, are idle. But, it is said, in an economic crisis; the prime need is to overcome

this crisis, only then can further material needs be tackled, needs for better education,

better health services, better transport, housing, education and so forth. According to Max

the increase in productivity can also be related to needs. The socially necessary labor

time is diminished, with the consequent possibility for the worker of satisfying a "higher

level" of needs. But according to Marx, this can never come about in capitalism, partly

because the valorization of capital sets a limit to the reduction of labor time, and partly

because (and we shall see that this is the decisive factor) no structure of need can be built

that will enable ordinary people to use their free time to satisfy "higher needs".

Conceptual Framework

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The conceptual framework shows the flow of the study. It starts with identifying

the dependent variables and independent variables.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1.What is Demographic
Profile of the Jeepney
Drivers in terms of:
1.1 Age;
and
1.2 Route? Data Gathering through
2. What are the outcome of Outcome of Pandemic
 Survey
the pandemic to the to the Earnings of
Questionnaire
earnings of Jeepney drivers
Jeepney Drivers in
in terms of:  Computation,
2.1 Salary; Selected Baranggay
Tabulation and
2.2 Family in Cabuyao, Laguna
Interpretation of
needs; and
2.3 Data
Expenses?
3. Is there a significant
relationship between the
outcome of pandemic and
the earnings of Jeepney

FEEDBACK
Figure 1.1 Research Paradigm

Figured 1 showed the research paradigm of the study. The input variables were

the demographic profile in terms of age and route, identifying the outcome of pandemic

to the earnings of Jeepney drivers in terms of salary, family needs and expenses.

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The process variables thatapplyin this study includes the Data gathering through

survey questionnaire and computation, tabulation, and interpretation of data to the

outcome of pandemic to the earnings of Jeepney drivers.

The output variables will be conducting a survey questionnaire and data gathering

about outcome of pandemic to the earnings of Jeepney drivers in selected barangay in

Cabuyao, Laguna.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the study is to determine the outcome of pandemic to the earnings

of Jeepney drivers in selected Brgy. in Cabuyao, Laguna.

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Specifically seeks to answer the following questions:

1.What is Demographic Profile of the Jeepney Drivers in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Route; and

1.3 Salary?

2. What are the outcome of the pandemic to the earnings of Jeepney drivers in terms of:

2.1 Family needs; and

2.2 Expenses?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the outcome of pandemic and the earnings of

Jeepney drivers?

Hypothesis

HO; There is no statistical significance relationship between the Outcome of Pandemic

and Earnings of the Jeepney Drivers.

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Significance of the Study

This research is concerned with the Jeepney drivers on the outcome of pandemic

to the earnings in selected Baranggay in Cabuyao, Laguna. It is expected that the results

of the study would be meaningful to the following:

The Jeepney Drivers. The findings of this study would help the Jeepney drivers to

recognize the effect of the pandemic on their earnings.

The Passengers.This study would help the passengers to be aware on paying fare

correctly for Jeepney drivers who are struggling to work to earn money.

The Future Researchers. This study helped the future researcher to have an idea and

would serve as their reference material in doing their research.

Scope and Delimitation

The scope of this research is about outcome of pandemic to the earnings of

Jeepney Drivers in selected barangay of Cabuyao, Laguna. Considering the demographic

profile of Jeepney drivers; age, route, and salary, utilizing the variables of family needs

and expenses.

Other than that, this is limited to only fifty Jeepney drivers in the selected

barangay of Cabuyao, Laguna. And will not go far across any other institutions.

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Definition of Terms

The following terms are used operationally and objectively in the study.

Adequate.Satisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.

Expenses. The researchers used this as a variable to know how often and many jeepney

drivers’ expenses.

Jeepney driver.Stands as a respondent to the research study.

Outcome. Refers to what are the researchers looking for, if what are the outcome of

pandemic to the earnings of Jeepney drivers.

Protocols. The official procedure or system of rules governing affairs of state or

diplomatic occasions.

Route. Variable used to know how regularly jeepney drivers travels along.

Salary.Variable used to identify how much jeepney drivers amount of money acquired.

Chapter2

REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE AND RELATED LITERTURE

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This chapter presents conceptual literature and related literature both foreign and

local which serve as supplementary ideas that provides the research with necessary

knowledge and direction that give deeper insight of the problem under the study.

Conceptual Literature .

According to Manelito P. Mansueto, M. A. 2020, this year could have been the

same if only the transportation system were not suspended. Both the minor transportation

such as jeepneys and tricycle and the major transportation such as airlines and ships are

strictly banned. Local and international flights from within and from without are

prohibited and largely sanctioned. Travel was made impossible within the time frame

beginning March 11, 2020 until May 15, 2020 when the ECQ was moderately lifted after

a series of successive extension. Some people were very lucky to have been employed at

this specific time-period as employers in the private sectors were given a government

mandate to release salaries, midterm bonuses and 13th-month pay. Unluckily, our brothers

and sisters who depend on a daily wage basis, such as, the informal economy and self-

employed workers, like small-time entrepreneurs, wet and dry market vendors, as well as

the bus and especially our Jeepney drivers, has suffered greatly in this eventual crisis due

to very limited food supply and of the basic goods and necessities, and to loss of income

particularly in this poverty-stricken country, such as, the Philippines.

Stated by Enrique Dussels, Philosophy of Liberation, and Physiological

aspect by which COVID-19 had bothered us all. One may not need to be physically

transmitted with the coronavirus to be bothered by it. But it may have inflicted us all on

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the psycho-emotional level. The news about the continually increasing number of those

infected is enough to worry everyone so much. To have lived in the National Capital

Region (NCR) where here is the highest number of infection cases in the Philippines is

truly bothersome. This situation alone is enough for everyone to get worried especially

with regards to the health and safety of their loved ones, including one’ self. Considering

that the nature of the infection is viral and contagious, this is truly terrifying and had

caused each one to truly stay indoors for fear of the infections, regardless whether it was

sanctioned by the government. One is made to choose between staying at home in hunger

or staying outside at the risk of the infection. Everyone is in a dilemma between health

and economics (in tagalog, referred to as buhay o pangkabuhayan). It was not just

government mandate alone, but it is simultaneously a personal decision to care for

oneself the same dilemma that our leaders, especially the public sector, need to consider

in enforcing and implementing crucial decisions regarding matters of the economy and

national interests, such as, in the implementation of lockdowns and travel bans.

Covid-19 and the increasing number of infected and death cause a lot of

emotional distress to everyone. Some of the people experienced total breakdown,

depression and anxiety, because of they are scared for what will happen to their lives if

the virus continues to spread. And also, because some of them loss their source of income

or job, and think for other ways on how to survive till their health breakdown and suffer.

A lot of Jeepney drivers chose to put aside their health or psycho-emotional for their

family and how to survive. They chose to violate the law by not staying home and find a

way to have other source of income or else they will die in hunger and not in the virus.

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Jeepney drivers are one of the many sectors who's in dilemma between health and

economics.

Related Literature

According to (Graham et al. 2020) Due to the loss of income, drivers had a really

hard time meeting their daily expenses. The ownership of cars remains low in Africa and

prospective drivers rent cars from owners on a weekly basis. These drivers could not

afford to pay weekly rent and lost access to the cars. As a result, drivers experienced

high-levels of stress due to hunger, threats of eviction and being made homeless. After

the lockdown, drivers have had to find alternative ways to earn a livelihood and meet

their daily expenses. Ride-hailing drivers’ livelihood strategies and mitigation tactics are

built to diversify their income sources and finding support in their interpersonal networks

in the form of borrowing from friends or informal lending activities.

The study showed how pandemic cause a lot to drivers, because of strictly banned

of vehicle transportation (Jeepney in particular), driver loss their income, and had a hard

time in meeting their daily expenses. Mostly of the drivers in Africa rent a car from

owners and need to pay weekly, but because of loss of income, lot of drivers could not

afford weekly. This situation mirrors the life of Jeepney drivers, some of them doesn't

own a jeep, and has have an owner and a boundary to pay in one day, accordingly what

the owner and the driver had pre concerted. And because of the travel ban, driver’s loss

their access in jeeps because the owner took their jeeps and use for any reasons, and their

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jeepney drivers remain nothing at source of income and this result to drivers experienced

high-levels of stress due to hunger, threats of eviction and being made homeless.

According to Nam 2004, Families as the basic unit would respond to the basic

needs of the member such as food, clothing and shelter. In a democratic Philippine

society, families have freedom on how to acquire these basic needs. During lockdowns,

families resorted to different ways on how to survive. Some were able to get by

especially those with salaries, others resorted to panic buying, some waited for the

government aid, while enterprising individuals resorted to selling. Other took the time to

plant vegetables in their own garden, while some families also did their share of helping

others by donating food, money, or other necessities. In contrast, some families like those

of the jeepney drivers resorted to begging in the streets due to loss of livelihood.

Some of the Jeepney drivers has have a daughter, a son, a relatives or families

need to feed. Some of this Jeepney drivers, has have the responsibility to support the

basic needs of their family members. These Jeepney drivers, has have a heavy obligation

on their backs on how to give a better future for their families. But because of the heavy

lockdown, many sectors, lost their jobs, especially the vehicle transportation that needed

to stop in operating, and the result of this affect many lives. The loss of job of Jeepney

driver results to loss of income or salary, and their loss of income results for not able to

support their family member. But despite of these, some of the Jeepney drivers, did their

very best to still support their loved ones or families, by choosing to beg in the streets for

a small amount of money. They pull down their dignity for begging and asking for help,

just to have the money that they can use to support their families and to survive for a

living.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methodology used by the researchers. This included the

research design, the research setting of the study, the subject of the study, procedures of

the study and source of data and the statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The design of the study is a descriptive type of quantitative research. This type of

research intends to discover relationship between selected variables. This type of research

also intends to answer questions based on the ongoing events. The researchers used

survey method. This includes the respondents answering questions through

questionnaires that the researchers will provide, which shall be constructed with clear and

easy to comprehend questions. These questions will examine the jeepney drivers'

perspective to outcome of pandemic to drivers’ earnings. After the respondents answer

the questions, the researchers will describe all answers or responses given and will give

assessment to make it understandable.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the selected 30 Jeepney drivers in Baranggay in

Cabuyao, Laguna.

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Sampling Techniques

The researchers used the purposive sampling technique, a non-probability that is

selected based on characteristic of a population and the objective of the study. According

to Blay (2013) purposive sampling involves choosing the respondents on the basis of pre-

determined criteria set by the researcher.

Research Instruments

The researchers will used questionnaires as the research instrument of the study.

Polit and Hungler (1997:466) define a questionnaire as "a method of gathering

information from respondents about attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, and feelings." The

questionnaire was designed to gather information about outcome of pandemic to the

earnings of jeepney drivers.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers conducted this study on selected Baranggay in Cabuyao, Laguna

survey fromquestionnaire and computation, tabulation, and interpretation of data were

administered to jeepney manufactures to determine and establish data base of company's

profile and technical input or design.

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Statistical Treatment of the Data

Statistical treatment

The method that the researcher used in gathering, analyzing and interpreting the

data result in the percentile method. The Formula used for finding the percentage is:

Percentage = F / N x 100

Where:

F = Frequency

N = Total of Respondent

The researcher used the formula to ascertain the rate of the answer made by the

respondent in the given survey questionnaire. The answer in the formula is the rates of

answer in total compared to the other question of respondents. Moreover, through the

formula given above researcher would find out the total number of answers done by the

surveyed.

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