INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan.

, 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

INFLUENCE OF EFFICACY OF MOTOR IMAGERY OF TABLE

TENNIS PLAYERS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS IN
PHYSICAL FATIGUE
G. Sivamaran1 & Dr S.V. Arun 2
AFFILIATIONS:
1.
Director of Physical Education, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and Science,
Sholinganallur, Chennai 600119 sivamaran.gp75@[Link] Mobile-9944566348
2.
Director of Physical Education, [Link] Naidu College for Men, Chennai 600102
gpsmphd@[Link]

ABSTRACT
In table tennis, numerous studies have been conducted to assess aerobic and anaerobic
capacities during an ecological exercise. The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of
motor imagery contributes to improved motor performance. Recent work showed that motor
imagery might provide additional benefits by comparing both in pre test (Experiment 1) post test
(Experiment 2). However the efficacy of motor imagery in different states of physical fatigue
remains largely unknown, especially as mental imagery accuracy may be in a reduced amount by
the physical fatigue. Stroke parameters are speed and accuracy of the ball as well as feelings of
fatigue and force production capacity of the elbow flexors, knee extensors both in a fatigued state
and non-fatigued state. Statically when comparing more than two sets of numerical data, a
multiple group comparison test such as one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is [Link]
speed, ball placement and speed-ball placement index showed satisfactory [Link] validity
analyses fatigued players had higher scores of ball speed,ball placement, speed- ball placement
index as well as made fewer errors than non-fatigued players. The decrease in accuracy was
associated with an increased ball speed in the non fatigue condition and a decreased ball speed in
the fatigue condition. These findings significantly influence table tennis performance and
therefore coaches should take into account both the physical and mental state of table tennis
players to optimize performance.

Key Words: Efficacy, Motor Imagery, Table tennis, Speed, Accuracy, Physical & Mental State.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 1

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Table tennis is a complex and technically difficult game because the player must act
quickly, accurately in changing conditions (Pluta, [Link]. 2020). Table tennis is characterized by
highly developed motor skills such as agility ( Zemkova & Hamar, 2015 ), reaction speed time
(Ak & Koçak, 2010 & Bhabhor, [Link]., 2013) explosive power ( Zagatto, [Link]. 2017) and
strength, eye movement and coordination (Faber, [Link]. 2014). Table tennis game skills include
such traits as grip, attitude or playing position, types of punches and leg movements (Bandi,
2004).
In physiological terms, table tennis belongs to endurance and speed-based disciplines
with changing modes of effort and intensity (Bencke, [Link]. 2002 & Chatterjee, Goswami, &
Bandyopadhyay, 2016). Performance in racket sports is multi-factorial and involves
technical, tactical, psychological, and physiological skills. Thus, a lot of specific field tests have
been proposed to evaluate these skills. No gold-standard test exists in table tennis to evaluate
some technical parameters during a simple and ecological table tennis task. Both speed and
accuracy of the ball were measured to evaluate the absolute sensitivity and reliability of the
specific test. Both parameters are crucial in table tennis since the distance between players and
the reaction time are short (Pluta, [Link]. 2020).
Psychological assessment involves any systematic attempt at the measurement of
psychological aspects related to players. Four major areas exist in psychological assessment
clinical (assessments of an individual performance-related mental skill) special assessment topics
(selection testing, polygraph testing and psycho-physiological assessment). Motor imagery is the
mental representation of an action without physical execution of the corresponding movement.
Experimental data provides ample evidence that motor imagery contributes to enhanced motor
performance in both sporting and everyday life motor skills. Motor imagery further positively
affects psychological factors involved in high-level sport performance like motivation and focus.
Imagery can be defined as a process by which sensory experiences are stored in the
memory and internally recalled and performed without external stimuli (Murphy, 1994). There
are two types of imaginary perspective: internal imaginary and external imaginary. Internal
imagery requires an approximation of the real life phenomenology so that athletes actually
imagine begin inside their bodies and experiencing those sensations that might be expected in the
actual situation. The influence of imagery perspective may be more powerful in performance
than in other areas because of the importance of kinesthetic awareness to sports performance.
Thoughts, images and mental pattern act as the control mechanism that directs the body. Positive
mental practice was a more effective learning procedure than negative mental practice. Negative
thought is particularly effective for destroying skilled performance.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Participants
Twelve professional male table tennis players age of 18 – 20 with training experience
volunteered to participate in this test. All the subjects were members of the table tennis team at
college level. All participants were right-handed. Motor imagery as a learning method employed
throughout the training in fatigued state. All the participants learnt to concentrate clearly on the
action and to imagine the same before accomplishing.
2.2 Instrumentation:
Motor imagery (MI) the mental simulation of an action without its actual execution is a
promising technique to boost motor learning via physical practice in rehabilitation, sport and

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 2

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

educational fields. Motor imagery might promote the development of this ability since it helps
people to concentrate on complex tasks.
2.3 Procedure
The test emphasis both speed and accuracy includes ball speed, ball placement and speed-
ball placement. The experimental process includes two target zones with large boxes on them at
each side of the table. Participant stands at the middle line of the table to begin. They are to place
as many alternate (side‐to‐side) marks in the boxes as they can in 30 [Link] the rally for
assessing speed and the number of dots in each box for assessing accuracy. A Bland–Altman
plot is a useful display of the relationship between two paired variables using the same scale. It
allows you to perceive a phenomenon but does not test it, that is does not give you a probability
of error on a decision about the variables as would a test.
3. RESULTS
The statistical analysis the better performance outcome from Pre to Post test was
performed by means of ANACOVA. By comparing speed & accuracy both in pre test count the
number of dots in 30 seconds with post test count the number of dots in 30 seconds under fatigue
and non fatigue state on speed ball.
TABLE 1
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE OF SPEED & ACCURACY ON MOTOR IMAGERY OF
PROFESSIONAL MALE TABLE TENNIS PLAYERS
Test Non Fatigue State Fatigue State Sum of df Mean F-
Speed Accuracy Squares Square ratio
(Mean) (Mean)
Pre Test 49.82 50.03 9.62 2 48.11 0.20
Post Test 53.23 52.87 151.36 2 72.54 3.51*
*F ratio at 0.05 level of confidence for 2 (df) =3.1
As shown in table 1 obtained value on the scores of pre test means was 0.20. The analysis
of post test means was 3.51 on mental imagery. The obtained F value 3.51 was greater than
required value of 3.1 to be significant at 0.05 level. Hence it is accepted that motor imagery
positively optimizes high-level performance in fatigue state.
4. DISCUSSION
Table tennis performance itself is influenced by individual differences in growth,
maturation, training experiences, competition, participation, and environmental factors. The
application of motor imagery by this stage become widespread in psychology scientific literature
which show an improved motor performance after training based. Imagined movement duration
was significantly longer than that of real movement. Motor imagery technique is often used by
elite athletes. They use MI for improving their performance (Hall [Link] 1990, Jones and
Stuth, 1997) who mastered the technical skills of their sport. The findings significantly influence
table tennis performance and therefore coaches should take into account both the physical and
mental state of table tennis players to optimize high level in fatigue state performance.
5. CONCLUSION
The findings of the study influence of efficacy of motor imagery of table tennis players
significantly influenced table tennis performance. Student assessment covered different kinds of
evaluations, all of them conducted by the experimenter. The training period on motor imagery
technique lasted 8 weeks. Coaches, trainers & physical education experts should take into
account both the physical and mental state of table tennis players to optimize high level
performance in fatigue state.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 3

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

REFERENCES
Hall, Craig R., Rodgers, Wendy M. and Kathryn A. (1990), The Use of Imagery by Athletes
in Selected Sports The Sport Psychologist, 4 :1-10
Jones, Lesley & Stuth, Gretchen (1997), The uses of mental imagery in athletics: An
overview Applied and Preventive Psychology, 6 ( 2): 101-115
Murphy, S. M. (1994), Imagery interventions in sport, Medicine & Science in Sports &
Exercise, 26(4): 486–494.
Zagatto, A.M.; Kondric, M.; Knechtle, B.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; Sperlich, B. (2017), Energetic
demand and physical conditioning of table tennis players. A study review. J. Sport Sci., 36
: 724–731.
Faber, I.R.; Oosterveld, F.G.; Nijhius-van der Sanden, M.W. (2014), Does an eye-hand
coordination test have added value as part of talent identification in table tennis? A validity
and reproducibility study. PLoS ONE, 9.
Zemkova, E.; Hamar, D. (2015), Toward an Understanding of Agility Performance, 2nd ed.;
Albert: Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Ak, E.; Koçak, S. (2010), Coincidence-anticipation timing and reaction time in youth tennis
and Ftable tennis players. Percept. Motor. Skill. 110 : 879–887.
Bhabhor, M.K.; Vidja, K.; Bhanderi, P.; Dodhia, S.; Kathrotia, R.; Joshi, V. (2013), A
comparative study of visual reaction time in table tennis players and healthy controls. Ind.
J. Phys. Pharm. 57: 439–442.
Beata Pluta , Szymon Galas, Magdalena Krzykała and Marcin Andrzejewski (2020), The
Motor and Leisure Time Conditioning of Young Table Tennis Players’ Physical Fitness
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17: 5733.
Bencke, J.; Damsgaard, R.; Saekmose, A.; Jørgensen, P.; Jørgensen, K.; Klausen, K.
(2002), Anaerobic power and muscle strength characteristics of 11 years old elite and
non-elite boys and girls from gymnastics, team handball, tennis and swimming. Scan. J.
Med. Sci. Sport, 12: 171–178.
Chatterjee, P., Goswami, A. and Bandyopadhyay, A. (2016), Somatotyping and some
physical characteristics of trained male and female young table tennis players. Am. J.
Sport Sci. 4: 15–21.
Bandi U. (2004). ‘The ability to play table tennis, the correlation study between agility and the
ability to punch with the ability to play table tennis’ Res Rep. Yogyakarta: FIK UNY;

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 4

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online
[Link]
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EYE - FOOT COORDINATION,

AGILITY AND SPEED WITH BALL DRIBBLING SKILLS
IN COACHING EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
STUDENTS OF FIK UNIMA
Jofan Moningka1, Meity Pungus2, and Ellen Lomboan3
Affiliations
1
Jofan Moningka, Manado State University (UNIMA), Manado, [Link]
jovanmoningka@[Link]
2
Meity Pungus, Manado State University (UNIMA), Manado, , Indonesia.
3
Ellen Lomboan, Manado State University (UNIMA), Manado, , Indonesia.

ABSTRACT
In this study, what is meant by population is all male students of the Department of
Coaching Education, FIK UNIMA, semester IV (4 classes), totaling 103 [Link] research
sample is a portion of the population taken as a representative source of all population data. In
determining the research sample, researchers used a selective sampling approach, by students
who can play football. To make it easier, the researchers limited the sample size to 30 students
(soccer players). In this study the date collection using the measurement method, namely: To
measure ankle coordination using a soccer wall volley. The reliability value is 0.61 and the
validity is assumed with face validity, To measure agility with the "zigzag running test"
reliability level of 0.93 and validity of 0..To measure speed with the "30 meter running speed
test". To measure dribbling skills with the "Dribbling test" with a reliability of 0.99 and a validity
of 0.92. Research conclusions Based on data analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that
there is a significant relationship between eye-foot coordination, agility and speed on the ability
to dribble in the fourth semester students of the FIK UNIMA Coaching Education Department.
Keywords: Eye-foot coordination, Agility and Speed, Dribbling kills.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 5

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Football is a sport that is very popular with all levels of society in Indonesia, both in
cities and in villages. Even now football is favored and played by women. In promoting sports
and exercising the community, football is one of the prioritized sports to be fostered, so to
improve and achieve achievements, it would be nice if from an early age you have received
sports education and especially football in a correct, orderly and directed manner. Today, the
game of football is not just entertainment or leisure time, but it is required to achieve the highest.
Realizing this need, various efforts have been and are being carried out in order to
achieve the desired achievements, including creating or growing football clubs at an early age, or
football schools which are now known as Lembaga Pendidikan Sepakbola (LPSB), which aims
to introduce various techniques, tactics in the game of football from an early age, given that the
abilities of children are different from adults, Soekatamsi (1988) argues that, "because children
are still experiencing physical growth and spiritual development, there is a need for age
grouping". This division of age groups is important so that each group is a self-study team or a
training team alone, and also influences the determination of the training load (intensity).
Physical and technical training is a basic training program in football training. In this case
Muchtar (1992) argues that, "apart from technical proficiency, physical quality which consists
of various elements is an absolute requirement in football". This means that physical and
technical abilities are interrelated and inseparable components in the game of football. So far, the
physical and technical abilities have been maximally trained and improved. The components of
the physical conditions that support the mastery of basic football techniques are trained
systematically and continuously. In the game of football, when observed, dribbling is a
movement that is often done by football players, so that these players stand out. According to
Sarumpaet (1992) states that "dribbling is a technique in an effort to move the ball from one
area to another during the game. While the objectives of dribbling are: 1) to move the game, 2) to
get past the opponent, 3) to lure the opponent, 4) to slow down the game ”.
According to Sajoto (1988) "In addition to mastering the correct basic techniques, a
football player must also have a good physical condition, the components of physical conditions
that are needed include: strength, endurance, explosive power, accuracy, flexibility, balance,
coordination, agility, accuracy and reaction ”. So dribbling does not only bring the ball along the
ground and straight ahead but faces an opponent who is quite close and tight.
Agility is the ability to change direction and position according to the situation at hand
quickly, precisely as the body moves from one place to another. Agility relates to reaction time
after an action from outside or from within a person so that it will get good results and in
accordance with one's expectations. With the agility possessed, it allows a player to be able to
make movements in changing directions according to the situation at hand effectively and
efficiently. The game of football requires agility to move suddenly which aims to outwit
opponents either with the ball or without the ball.
Another very important element of physical condition is speed. Physiologically according
to Jonath and Krempel in Harsono (1988), speed can be interpreted as; "Ability based on
flexibility (flexibility), nervous system processes and muscle tools to perform movements in a
certain unit of time." Meanwhile, according to Syafruddin (1992) physically, speed can be
interpreted as: Distance divided by time, and the result of the influence of force on a moving
body where strength can accelerate body [Link] is an interesting phenomenon to study,
is it true that students have good eye-foot coordination, good agility, running speed, and good

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 6

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

dribbling skills too. Therefore, the authors took a study entitled "The relationship between eye-
foot coordination, agility and speed with dribbling skills in Semester IV FIK UNIMA students.
This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between eye-foot
coordination and dribbling skills, whether there is a relationship between agility and dribbling
skills, whether there is a relationship between speed and dribbling skills and whether there is a
relationship between eye-foot coordination and agility and speed together with dribbling skills.
2. METHODOLOGY
The research method used is a survey method using correlational techniques. According
to Sugiyono (2009) the survey method is used to obtain data from certain natural (not artificial)
places, but researchers treat data collection by distributing questionnaires, tests, structured and
planned interviews and so on. To obtain data in this study, researchers conducted tests or
measurements on the variables studied.
The correlation technique in question is to see the pattern of the relationship between one
variable and another.
Rianto (1996) explains that "correlational research is research that looks at the
relationship between variables or other variables". In this study the research used a quantitative
approach.
The measurement site to obtain the data needed for problem solving was held at the
UNIMA Stadium. The time needed for the implementation of this research, starting from the
preparation, data collection, data processing and analysis to the preparation of a report on the
implementation of this research, was for three months.
In this study, what is meant by population is all male students of the Department of
Coaching Education, FIK UNIMA semester II (4 classes) and semester IV (4 classes), totaling
103 students.
1. To measure eye coordination using a soccer wall volley. The reliability value is 0.61 and
the validity is assumed with face validity
2. To measure agility with the "sig-zag running test" reliability level of 0.93 and validity of
0.82.
3. To measure speed with the "40 meter running speed test" (Lubis & Wardoyo, 2014).
4. To measure the skill of dribbling with the "Dribbling test" with a reliability of 0.99 and a
validity of 0.92 (Nurhasan, 2007).
The analysis technique to test the hypothesis uses "Product Moment Correlation
Analysis" (Husaini 2001). To start the hypothesis testing, it is preceded by a number of test
analysis requirements to determine the feasibility of the data, namely the normality test and
linearity test.
3. RESULTS
1.1 . Normality Test
The calculation of the data normality test is intended to determine whether the variables
in the study have the distribution of data used to come from a normal distribution or not. In this
study, to test the normality of the data used a technique using SPSS Statistics 21 with the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov formula.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 7

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

TABLE 1
NORMALITY TEST
Correlation Significance Level (p) Information
X1 With Y 0,283 Normal Distribution
X2 With Y 0,136 Normal Distribution
X3dengan Y 0,839 Normal Distribution
Based on the results of the normality test, it can be seen that the data from all variables
have a p value (Sig.)> 0.05, so all variables are normally distributed and the analysis can be
continued.
3.2. Linearity Test
Linearity test is used to determine whether the relationship between the independent
variable and the dependent variable is linear (the relationship graph forms a straight line).
Linearity testing can be done using the help of SPSS Statistics 21.
TABLE 2
LINEARITY TEST
Correlation FCount Significance (p) Information

X1dengan Y 1,328 0,519 Linier

X2dengan Y 1,390 0,504 Linier
X3dengan Y 1,328 0,519 Linear
Based on the results of the linearity test, it can be strengthened by the value of p (Sig.)>
0.05 so that all variables X1, X2, X3 have a linear relationship with Y. Thus, all prerequisite
analyzes are met and can be continued.
3.3. Hypothesis Test
TABLE 3
HYPOTHESIS TESTING WITH MULTIPLE REGRESSION
Fregression Significance (p) Contribution Regression Equation
7,069 0,001 Y = 341,753+7,612 X1 44,9%
+0,778 X2 +0,445 X3
Based on the table, the significance of 0.03 <0.05, so that H0 is rejected and Ha is
accepted. This means that the three independent variables (eye-foot coordination, agility and
speed) together have a significant relationship with the ability to [Link] regression equation
formed is Y = 341,753 + 7,612 X1 +0,778 X2 +0,445 X3. The correlation coefficient between
the Y criterion and the three predictors (X1, X2, X3) is [Link] significance or significance of
multiple correlation coefficients is carried out using the F price. From the multiple correlation
analysis, it is obtained that Fcount is 7.069, then Ftable is consulted. It turns out that the price of
Fcount>Ftable, meaning that the double correlation is [Link] coefficient of
determination (R2) in the multiple regression analysis of the three predictors is 0.449. That is, it
has a 44.9% relationship with the ability to dribble and 55.1% is influenced by other factors not
examined.
4. DISCUSSION
The results of the research that have been done show that students who have good
coordination can dribble well and smoothly, but on the other hand, poor ankle coordination also

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 8

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

affects the ability to dribble the ball not smoothly. Students who have good agility can dribble
well and smoothly, but on the other hand, bad agility also affects the ability to dribble the ball to
be not smooth and the lack of agility will have an impact on dribbling speed. Students who have
good agility can dribble well and smoothly, but on the other hand, bad agility also affects the
ability to dribble the ball to be not smooth and the lack of agility will have an impact on
dribbling speed. The coefficient of determination in the multiple regression analysis is 44.9%
with the ability to dribble and 55.1% is influenced by other factors that are not examined, such as
field conditions, training intensity, flexibility, endurance, balance. Thus the results of this study
also show that agility is important to be owned and improved by every student to improve the
ability to dribble the fourth semester students of the FIK UNIMA Coaching Education
Department.
5. CONCLUSION
There is a significant relationship between eye-foot coordination, agility, speed and the
ability to dribble the fourth semester students of the FIK UNIMA Coaching Education
Department.
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
From the results of this study, those who provide course material should pay attention to
other factors besides eye-foot coordination, agility and speed and for the next researcher, it is
hoped that they can conduct research on the ability to dribble by considering other factors
besides ankle coordination and endurance.
REFERENCES
A. Sarumpaet, Guitar Djazet, Parno & Imam Sadikun. (1992). Big Game. Jakarta: Ministry
of Education and Culture, Directorate General of Higher Education, Educational Staff
Development Project.
Harsono. (1988). Coaching and Psychological Aspects in Coaching. Depdikbud, DitjenDikti
P2PLTK, Tambak Kusuma Jakarta, p. 205
Husaini Usman. (1996). Social Research Methodology, Jakarta: Earth Literacy.
Lubis, Johansyah and HendroWardoyo. 2014. Pencak Silat. Jakarta. PT. Raja
GrafindoPersada
Nurhasan. (2007). Test and Measurement. FPOK Bandung
RemmyMuchtar. (1992). Soccer Choices [Link] Educational Personnel
Development Project.
Soekatamsi. (1988). Basic Techniques for Playing Soccer. Surabaya: Triumvirate.
Sajoto. (1988). Physical Condition Development in Sports. Ministry of Education and Culture,
Directorate General of Higher Education, Book Procurement Project at the Education
Personnel Development Institute. Jakarta.
Sugiyono. (2009). Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods R & D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Syafruddin. (1992) Introduction to Training Science. FPOK IKIP Padang. Thing. 54
Yatim Riyanto. (1996), Educational Research Methodology, (Surabaya: SIC).

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 9

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

EFFECT OF CIRCUIT TRAINING ON GRASS, GRAVEL AND

SYNTHETIC FIELD ON MOTOR FITNESS AND
PERFORMANCE VARIABLES OF COLLEGE
MEN HOCKEY PLAYERS
J. Kannan 1 & Dr. C. Senthil Kumar2
Affiliations
1.
Head and Assistant Professor, Dept. of Physical Education, Thanthai Hans Roever College ,Perambalur.
2.
Teaching Assistant (Physical Education) Agriculture Engg College and Research Institute,(TNAU) Kumulur,
Trichy Dist-621 712.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of circuit training on grass, gravel and
synthetic field on motor fitness and performance variables among college hockey players. To achieve the
purpose of the study 80 male hockey players from different arts and science and engineering colleges in
Tamil Nadu the selected as subjects and their age group of 18 -25 years. The study was formulated as a
true random group design consisting of a pre-test and post test. The subjects (N=80) were randomly
assigned to four equal groups of twenty subjects in each group. Namely, Experimental group I was circuit
training on grass field (DSEC,Trichy), experimental group II was circuit training on gravel field(SRM
college of Engg,Trichy), experimental group III was circuit training on synthetic field (JJ College of
Engg,Trichy) and the control group was not given any experiment. Pre tests were conducted for all the
subjects on selected motor fitness variables such as speed and Cardio Vascular endurance and
Performance variables of dribbling. The training programme alternate days of twelve weeks. The post
tests were conducted on the above said dependent variables after the experimental period of twelve weeks
for all the three groups. It is concluded that three experimental groups have achieved significant
improvement as compared to control group towards improving motor fitness variables and performance
variables. The significance difference between the circuit training on grass is better than circuit training
on gravel. Circuit training on gravel is better than compared with circuit training on synthetic fields.
Circuits training on synthetic field have shown statistically better for motor fitness variables and
performance variables.
Key words: Speed, Endurance, Hockey and Dribbling.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 10

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
A sport is an organized, competitive, entertaining and skillful physical activity requiring
commitment, strategy and fair play in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Sports
training therefore directly and indirectly aim at improving the personality of the sportsman. No
wonder, therefore sports training is an educational process (Singh, 1991). Motor fitness means to
share responsibility without undue stress, fatigue and help in the quality of health and wellbeing.
So that the players should have motor fitness such as speed, agility, power and flexibility. Apart
from that player should be sound in technique at the time of play no player speed and movement
of the ball and change their technique and fundamental skill in order to execute the movement
successfully and it also for the defensive arts skill. Different people have different points of view
regarding physical fitness. For a common man a good physique is symbol of physical fitness. In
fact physical fitness of a person means the capacity to do the routine work without any fatigue or
exertion and after doing his work he has a power to do some more work and recovery is quicker
Physical fitness having health plus the capacity to do one’s everyday task to engage in
recreational pursuits and to meet emergencies when they arise. Physical fitness is used in two
close meanings - general fitness and specific fitness based on the ability to perform specific
aspects of sports or occupations (Deason, 1991).
1.1 Justification of Study
The ‘circuit’ is split into different exercises, which are known as ‘workstations’. An
exercise "circuit" is one completion of all prescribed exercises in the program. When one circuit
is complete, one begins the first exercise again for the next circuit. It is felt that the plight of
Indian hockey is inconsistent. Because the ignorance of latest techniques for our team to play on
the synthetic field for which the game is now played. For coaches and also for players ignorant
of the new techniques that have to be mastered before they can overwhelm in International
outfits. Artificial turf has completely revolutionized the style and system of play. Our players
however learned to play hockey on grass and gravel grounds.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The purpose of the study was find out the effect of circuit training on grass, gravel and
synthetic field on motor fitness and performance variables of college Men hockey players.
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 To find out the effectiveness of circuit Training on grass, gravel and synthetic field on
selected motor fitness variables (speed and endurance) of college Men hockey players.
1.3.2 To find out the effectiveness of circuit Training on grass, gravel and synthetic field on
selected performance variable (Dribbling) of college Men hockey players.
1.3.3 To find out the superiority effectiveness of circuit Training on grass, gravel and synthetic
field on selected motor fitness variables (speed and endurance) and performance variable
(Dribbling) of college Men hockey players.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Selection of the Subjects
To achieve the purpose of this study was Effect of Circuit Training on Grass, Gravel and
Synthetic Field on Motor Fitness and Performance Variables of College Men Hockey Players. The 80
subjects were randomly selected from 20 subjects grass field in Dhanalakshmi srinivasan of
Engineering in Trichy, 20 subjects gravel field in SRM college of Engineering ,Trichy and 20
subjects synthetic turf field in J J college of Engneering, Trichy, tamil nadu, during the academic year
2019 - 2020. The subject’s age ranged between 17-24 years only. They were randomly divided into
four equal groups. Circuit training group in different fields such as Grass, Gravel and Synthetic Fields

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 11

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

and the other group was control group. All the subjects were healthy and physically fit. The nature and
importance of the study was explained to the subjects and subjects expressed their willingness to serve
as subjects in this study. The study was formulated as pre and post test random group design.
2.2 Selection of Variables
2.2.1 Dependent Variables
Fitness Variables- Speed and Cardiovascular Endurance
Performance Variable- Dribbling
2.2.2 Independent Variables
Experimental group I - Circuit training on grass field
Experimental Group II - Circuit training on gravel field
Experimental Group III - Circuit training on synthetic field
Group IV -Control Group.
2.3 Research Design
The study was formulated as a true random group design, consisting of a pre test and post
test. The subjects (n=80) were randomly assigned to three equal groups of twenty college men
hockey players for each. The groups were assigned as three Experimental Groups respectively
the Experimental group I underwent circuit training on grass field whereas experimental group II
underwent circuit training on gravel field and experimental group III underwent circuit training
on synthetic field. The different stations for both experimental group I, experimental group II and
experimental group III were similar and the duration of exercises also was the same, only thing
which differentiated both was the different fields. The training was carried out only on week
days. Group III was the control group which did not participate in any training except their daily
routines. Pre tests were conducted for all the subjects on selected motor fitness variables such as
speed and Cardio Vascular endurance and Performance variable of dribbling. The experimental
groups participated in their respective circuit training in different fields like that grass, gravel and
synthetic field. The training programme alternate days of twelve weeks. The post tests were
conducted on the above said dependent variables after the experimental period of twelve weeks
for all the three groups. The training programme was scheduled at 6.30 to 7.30 a.m. on week
days excluding Sundays.
TABLE 1
NAMES OF VARIABLES, TESTS/ TOOLS ADMINISTERED AND THE UNIT
MEASUREMENT
SL. No Criterion Variables Test Items Unit of measurements
1. Speed 50 mts run In seconds
2. Cardio vascular Endurance Harvard step test Pulse counted
3. Dribbling “W” form dribbling test In seconds
2.4 Training Programme
TABLE 2
LAYOUT OF THE STUDY DESIGN
1 Treatments Circuit training exercise
2 Frequency 3 days/week
3 Total duration 12 weeks
4 Duration /session 40 minutes
5 Intensity 45-60%HRmax
6 Exercise days Alternate days
7 Time of training Morning (6:20-7.20:00 am)

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 12

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

2.5 Training Schedule

TABLE 3
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP OF CIRCUIT TRAINING ON GRASS, GRAVEL AND
SYNTHATIC FIELDS
Period Exercise Duration Intensity Repetition Set Recovery
(Seconds) Period
Sit ups, Half squats, Stick jumps, Burpees, 40 45% 3 3 3 Minutes
1-3 Body squats, Pushups, Mountain climbers
and Two legged low hops on spot.
Sit ups, Half squats, Stick jumps, Burpees, 45 50% 3 3 3 Minutes
4-6 Body squats, Pushups, Mountain climbers
and Two legged low hops on spot.
Sit ups, Half squats, Stick jumps, Burpees, 50 55% 3 3 3 Minutes
7-9 Body squats, Pushups, Mountain climbers
and Two legged low hops on spot.
Sit ups, Half squats, Stick jumps, Burpees, 55 60% 3 3 3 Minutes
10-12 Body squats, Pushups, Mountain climbers
and Two legged low hops on spot.
2.6 Statistical Techniques
The initial and the final readings derived from the experimental and the control group
underwent a procedure of statistical analysis using ANCOVA i.e. The SPSS Package version
24.00. The level of significance chosen was at 0.05 level. To find out the significant differences
Scheffe’s post hoc test was used as suggested by Clarke and Clarke.
3. RESULTS
TABLE 4
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON SPEED
F
Control Grass Gravel Synthetic
SOV SS df MS
Group field field field
Ratio
B 0.026 3 0.009
Pre test mean 7.70 7.74 7.73 7.69 0.244
W 2.691 76 0.035
Post test B 15.542 3 5.181
7.71 7.31 6.88 6.54 99.78*
mean W 3.946 76 0.052
Adjust post test B 15.305 3 5.102
7.71 7.30 6.87 6.55 113.5*
mean W 3.371 75 0.045
Mean
0.01 0.43 0.85 1.15
difference
* Significant at .05 level
(The table values required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence for 3 and 76 and 3 and 75
are 2.73 and 2.72 respectively).
An examination of Table 4 indicates that the speed scores of pre test means of control,
grass, gravel and synthetic groups were 7.70, 7.74, 7.73 and 7.69 respectively. The obtained F-
ratio of was 0.244. Since, the ‘F’ value was less than the required table value of 2.73 for the
degrees of freedom 3 and 76, it was found to be statistically insignificant at 0.05 level of
confidence.
The post-test means of the control, grass, gravel and synthetic groups were 7.71, 7.31,
6.88 and 6.54 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of was 99.78. Since, the ‘F’ value was higher

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 13

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

than the required table value of 2.73 for the degrees of freedom 3 and 76, and it was found to be
statistically significant at 0.05 level of confidence.
The adjusted post-test means of the control, grass, gravel and synthetic groups were 7.71,
7.30, 6.87 and 6.55 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of was 113.51. Since, the ‘F’ value was
higher than the required table value of 2.72 for the degrees of freedom 3 and 75, it was found to
be statistically significant at 0.05 level of confidence.
TABLE 5
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORDERED PAIRED MEANS OF POST-TEST
ON SPEED OF CONTROL GROUP AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS
Means
Mean CI
Control Difference value
Grass field Gravel field Synthetic field
Group
7.71 7.30 0.41*
7.71 6.87 0.84*
7.71 6.55 1.16*
7.30 6.87 0.43* 0.19
7.30 6.55 0.75*
6.87 6.55 0.32*
* Significant at 0.05 level
Table 5 reveals the Speed mean differences between the paired adjusted post test means
of all. The mean difference between control group and grass field, control group and gravel
field, control group and synthetic field, grass field and gravel field, grass field and synthetic
field, gravel field and synthetic field were 0.41, 0.84, 1.16, 0.43, 0.75 and 0.32 respectively.
Since, the values of mean difference were higher than the confidential interval value of 0.19, it
was found to be statistically significant at 0.05 level of [Link] these results, it was
inferred that synthetic field produced better improvement on than the other training groups of
gravel, grass and control group.
TABLE 6
ANALYSIS ON CARDIO VASCULAR ENDURANCE COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS
OF COVARIANCE ON CARDIO VASCULAR ENDURANCE
Control Grass Gravel Synthetic
SOV SS df MS F Ratio
Group field field field
Pre test B 10.293 3 3.431
78.49 77.77 77.73 77.55 2.621
mean W 99.485 76 1.309
Post test B 2192.89 3 730.936
78.40 82.15 86.21 92.53 178.86*
mean W 310.581 76 4.087
Adjust B 2192.25 3 730.762
post test 78.02 82.22 86.31 92.73 201.51*
W 271.973 75 3.626
mean
Mean
differanc 0.09 4.38 8.48 14.98
e
* Significant at .05 level (The table values required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence
for 3 and 76 and 3 and 75 are 2.73 and 2.72 respectively).
The Table 6 indicated that the Cardio Vascular Endurance scores of pre test means of
control, grass, gravel and synthetic groups were 78.49, 77.77, 77.73 and 77.55 respectively. The
obtained F-ratio of was 2.62. Since, the ‘F’ value was less than the required table value of 2.73

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 14

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

for the degrees of freedom 3 and 76, it was found to be statistically insignificant at 0.05 level of
confidence.
The post-test means of the control, grass, gravel and synthetic groups were 78.40, 82.15,
86.21 and 92.53 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of was 178.86. Since, the ‘F’ value was
higher than the required table value of 2.73 for the degrees of freedom 3 and 76, and it was found
to be statistically significant at 0.05 level of confidence.
The adjusted post-test means of the control, grass, gravel and synthetic groups were
78.02, 82.22, 86.31 and 92.73 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of was 201.51. Since, the ‘F’
value was higher than the required table value of 2.72 for the degrees of freedom 3 and 75, it was
found to be statistically significant at 0.05 level of confidence.
TABLE7
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORDERED PAIRED MEANS OF POST -TEST ON
CARDIO VASCULAR ENDURANCE OF CONTROL GROUP AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS
Means
CI
Control Grass Gravel Mean Difference
Synthetic field value
Group field field
78.02 82.22 4.2*
78.02 86.31 8.2*
78.02 92.73 14.7*
78.02 86.31 4.09* 1.71
78.02 92.73 10.5*
86.31 92.73 6.4*
* Significant at 0.05 level
Table 7 reveals cardio vascular endurance mean differences between the paired adjusted post
test means of all groups. The mean difference between control group and grass field, control
group and gravel field, control group and synthetic field, grass field and gravel field, grass field
and synthetic field, gravel field and synthetic field were 4.2, 8.2, 14.7, 4.09, 10.5 and 6.4
respectively. Since, the values of mean difference were higher than the confidential interval
value of 1.71, it was found to be statistically significant at 0.05 level of confidence. From these
results, it was inferred that synthetic field produced better improvement on than the other
training groups of gravel, grass and control group.
TABLE 8
ANALYSIS ON DRIBBLING COMPUTATION OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON DRIBBLING

Control Grass Gravel Syntheti

SOV SS df MS F Ratio
Group field field c field

B 0.038 3 0.013 2.00

Pre test mean 15.51 15.45 15.46 15.47
W 0.480 76 0.006
B 4.149 3 1.383 120.04*
Post test mean 15.50 15.23 15.07 14.87
W 0.876 76 0.012
Adjust post test B 3.956 3 1.319 117.34*
15.48 15.23 15.07 14.87
mean W 0.843 75 0.011
Mean
0.01 0.22 0.39 0.60
differance
* Significant at .05 level

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 15

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

(The table values required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence for 3 and 76 and 3 and 75
are 2.73 and 2.72 respectively).
The Table 8 indicated that the Dribbling scores of pre test means of control, grass, gravel
and synthetic groups were 15.51, 15.45, 15.46 and 15.47 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of
was 2.00. Since, the ‘F’ value was less than the required table value of 2.73 for the degrees of
freedom 3 and 76, it was found to be statistically insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence.
The post-test means of the control, grass, gravel and synthetic groups were 15.50, 15.23,
15.07 and 14.87 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of was 120.04. Since, the ‘F’ value was
higher than the required table value of 2.73 for the degrees of freedom 3 and 76, and it was found
to be statistically significant at 0.05 level of confidence.
The adjusted post-test means of the control, grass, gravel and synthetic groups were
15.48, 15.23, 15.07 and 14.87 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of was 117.34. Since, the ‘F’
value was higher than the required table value of 2.72 for the degrees of freedom 3 and 75, it was
found to be statistically significant at 0.05 level of confidence.
TABLE 9
SCHEFFE’S POST TEST FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ADJUSTED
POST-TEST PAIRED MEANS OF DRIBBLING (SCORES IN SECONDS)
Means
Mean
Control CI value
Grass field Gravel field Synthetic field Difference
Group
15.48 15.23 0.25*
15.48 15.07 0.41*
15.48 14.87 0.61*
0.09
15.23 15.07 0.16*
15.23 14.87 0.36*
15.07 14.87 0.20*
* Significant at 0.05 level
Table 9 reveals the dribbling mean differences between the paired adjusted post test
means of all groups. The mean difference between control group and grass field, control group
and gravel field, control group and synthetic field, grass field and gravel field, grass field and
synthetic field, gravel field and synthetic field were 0.25, 0.41, 0.61, 0.16, 0.36 and 0.20
respectively. Since, the values of mean difference were higher than the confidential interval
value of 0.09, it was found to be statistically significant at 0.05 level of confidence. From these
results, it was inferred that synthetic field produced better improvement on than the other
training groups of gravel, grass and control group.
4. DISCUSSION
Hockey is very powerful, intermittent sport. The typical player performs for to twenty
min to sixty minutes game. This high-intensity bursts with quick changes in velocity and
duration a wide variety of motor skills and a high level of fitness to complete successfully at an
elite level. As any coach or physical educator knows, one of the primary objectives of a training
program is to obtain the greatest possible work load with the smallest physiological strain.
4.1 Speed
Speed of movement is a praised quality in hockey. Speed differs from individual to
individual and also between the different playfields like that grass, gravel and synthetics. Yadav
(2017) supported that the effects of circuit training and fartlek training on selected physical
fitness variables (speed and endurance) of the male school children’s the physical fitness

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 16

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

variables signifince improvement of circuit training, The speed no significant proved of between
experimental groups. Ucan (2015) investigates the effects of national-level field hockey on
physical fitness and body-composition parameters in Turkish females. Results suggest that
regular participation to hockey training programs improves the speed. Meethal and Najeeb
(2013) suggested three groups namely mud circuit training group, concrete circuit training group
and control group. The result of the study clearly indicated that the mud circuit training group
had improved the speed to a greater than concrete circuit training group. In this study among the
circuit training on grass is better than circuit training on gravel. Circuit training on gravel is
better than compared with circuit training on synthetic field. However no significant
improvement was observed in speed between control groups. Circuits training on synthetic field
have shown statistically better speed.
4.2 Cardiovascular Endurance
Hockey is a game in which endurance is of prime importance. Hence endurance occupies
an important place in the game of hockey. Taking into consideration of the above facts
endurance was selected as motor variable for this study. Deepender and Pal (2017) the purpose
of the current study was to determine the effect of circuit training on the cardiovascular
endurance (Sonchan, Moungmee, Sootmongkol, 2017). This study aimed to examine the
effects of a circuit training program on cardiovascular endurance. The circuit training program
improved cardiovascular endurance of the study subjects. Mayorga-Vega (2013) investigated
that the effects of a circuit training program was effective to increase and maintain
cardiovascular endurance among school children. In this study among the circuit training on
grass is better than circuit training on gravel. Circuit training on gravel is better than compared
with circuit training on synthetic field. However no significant improvement was observed in
speed between control groups. Circuits training on synthetic field have shown statistically better
on cardio vascular endurance.
4.3 Dribbling
Dribbling in hockey is an important aspect of individual tactics. The results are in
conformity with the following findings of Bose (1999) had conducted An Analytical Study of
Physical and Performance Variables of University and State men Hockey players, playing at
different playing surfaces. The dribbling variables of university men hockey players were found
better in the artificial surface and gravel surface. In this study among the circuit training on grass
is better than circuit training on gravel. Circuit training on gravel is better than compared with
circuit training on synthetic field. However no significant improvement was observed in speed
between control groups. Circuits training on synthetic field have shown statistically better on
dribbling.
5. CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that three experimental groups namely Circuit training on grass fields,
Circuit training on gravel fields and Circuit training on synthetic fields group have achieved
significant improvement as compared to control group towards improving motor fitness
variables such as speed and cardio vascular endurance. Circuit training on grass fields, gravel
fields and synthetic fields there was significant difference on speed and cardio vascular
endurance. The motor fitness variables of speed and cardio vascular endurance were better in
the synthetic field with compare of grass and gravel fields.
It is concluded that three experimental groups namely Circuit training on grass fields,
gravel fields and synthetic fields group have achieved significant improvement as compared to
control group towards improving performance variable such as dribbling for hockey. Circuit

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 17

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

training on grass fields, gravel fields and synthetic fields group there was significant difference
of dribbling for hockey. The performance variable of dribbling shows performed in the synthetic
field was better than the grass and gravel fields.
REFERENCES
Bose, Muthu K. M. (1999), An Analytical Study of Physical and Performance Variables of
University and State Men Hockey Players Playing at Different Playing Surfaces,
Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Alagappa University, Karaikudi.
Deason, Joyce. (1991), Physiological Correlates to 800 Meter Running Performance, The
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 33 (1) : 499-504.
Deepender and Pal, Inder Singh (2017), Effect of circuit training on cardiovascular endurance.
International Journal of Yoga, Physiotherapy and Physical Education, International
Journal of Yoga, Physiotherapy and Physical Education, 2( 3): 65-67.
Meethal, Atul and Najeeb, A.M. (2013), effects of circuit training on different surfaces on
selected physical and physiological variables of school boys, International journal of
physical education, fitness and sports, 2(4): 56-60.
Mayorga-Vega, Daniel., Viciana, Jesus., and Cocca, Armando (2013), Effects of a Circuit
Training Program on Muscular and Cardiovascular Endurance and their Maintenance
in Schoolchildren, Journal of Human Kinetics, 37: .153-160.
Singh, Hardayal (1991), Science of Sports Training, New Delhi: D.V.S. Publications.
Sonchan, Wirat., Moungmee, Pratoom., Sootmongkol, Anek (2017), The Effects of Circuit
Training Program on Muscle Strength, Agility, Anaerobic Performance and
Cardiovascular Endurance, International Journal of Medical, Health, Biomedical,
Bioengineering and Pharmaceutical Engineering, 11(4): 55-61.
Ucan, Yılmaz (2015), Effect of National-Level Field Hockey on Physical Fitness and Body
Composition Parameters in Turkish Females, Contemporary Sports Issues, Sports
Nutrition, Sports Studies and Sports Psychology, Women and Sports. 5(6): 12-16.
Yadav, Mahesh (2017), Study of comparative effects of circuit training and plyometric training
on selected fitness variables of secondary school boys, International Journal of Yoga,
Physiotherapy and Physical Education, 2 (2) : 62-64.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 18

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

THE STUDY OF MENTAL IMAGERY DIMENSIONS AND

THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PERFORM DIVE ON
FLOOR EXERCISE IN GYMNASTICS
Dr. Salah. S. Sarteep1
AFFILIATION:
1
Researcher, College of Physical Education and Sport Science Salahaddin University,
Erbil (Iraq), Email- [Link]@[Link]

ABSTRACT
The Main Purpose of the current study was to Study of Mental Imagery Dimensions and
their Relationship to Perform Dive Roll on Floor Exercise in Gymnastics as well as the level of
mental imagery for the study sample .Sport Imagery Questionnaire was applied to measure the
imagery ability of the athletes’ skill performance, a s well as the test of dive-roll for (35)
undergraduate male students, chosen from the second year of college of physical education and
sports science, students at salahddin university Erbil.(n=35, age19±1.44 years). descriptive
research method used as it suits the nature of the research problem. There searcher used the
following statistical means (the mean, standard deviation, person correlation coefficient). There
results indicated that the overall level of Mental Imagery was moderate as well as a significant
relationship between the study variables. The researcher recommended paying more attention to
the mental imagery along with preparing the learning and training schedules.
Keynotes: Mental imagery, gymnastics, male students, Floor exercise, skill, performance

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 19

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Gymnastic for college students is a relatively difficult sport compared to other activities
and games since this sport requires flexibility and coordination that help performers to apply the
skills safely. Many gymnastic skills involve large weight-bearing powers in the hands and other
parts of the body; as well as the requirement of a good mental preparation. (Gabel, 1998). Dive
roll is one of the skills in gymnastics that requires a good timing between the takeoffs and
extends the arms before landing. To perform a well shown skill in sports not only, physical
training is sufficient to reach high performance but psychological skills required as well. Most
athletes have relatively close physical abilities, which makes the difference in completions is the
psychological preparation. According to Driskell [Link] (1994) imagery use has a sensible and
significant impact on motor skill performance. Further more imagery can improve emotional
control, goal setting and concentration which appear solidly as a crucial part of success in sports
(Heuzé and Lévèque (1998).
The word imagery came from the Latin imago (imitate), imagery contains creating a
mental picture of experience clearly and as close as to the real situation. It is an influential
mental technique that has been used widely among researchers, sport psychology consultants, as
well as trainers and athletes (Taylor & Wilson, 2005). Athletes can employ imagery techniques
for more determinations such as: learning and practice of skills; and stress management
(Strachan & Munroe-Chandler, 2006).
Mental training also helps in establishing a positive thinking of one hand and turns the
negative thoughts into positive, on the other hand (Malik &Yadav, 2015). There is evidence that
also used to enhance skill acquisition (Hall et al, 1998).
The current study explores the study of mental imagery dimensions and their relationship
to dive roll on floor exercise, and the purpose of the study is to find out:
1. The level of mental imagery for the study sample.
2- The relationship between mental imagery dimensions and Dive-Roll skill on floor
exercise. Field of the study:
1. Human scope: (35) undergraduate Male students, chosen from the second year of college
of physical education and sports science, students at Dalahaddin university –Erbil.
2- Time scope: from 22/01/2020 until 29/01/2020
3- Spatial scope: Dr. Shakhwan gymnastic Hall.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Participants
35 undergraduate 2nd year Male students were chosen from the college of physical
education and sports science, at Salahddin University, Erbil (Iraq).
2.2 Selection of Variables
The dive roll skill in gymnastics and four dimension of mental imagery i.e. Visual,
Auditory, Kinesthetic and mood were selected for the purpose of present investigation.
2.3 Instrumentation
In order to collect data for the study, the Sport imagery questionnaire was used to
evaluate the four dimension of mental imagery. Dive-roll in gymnastics was performed on Floor
arena and recorded by Sony Handycam recoder-CX440
2.3.1 Evaluation of Mental imagery
The researcher used sport imagery questionnaire, which developed by Rainier Martens
author and pioneer in sport psychology and was designed to help athletes to determine how they
experience .The questionnaire contented four specific areas (sight, sound, feeling and mood) of

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 20

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

an image, and in four different situations (practicing alone, practicing with other, watching
teammate and competing.
After the preparation of finished the questionnaire of sport imagery on the sample after a
week of Dive –roll skill evaluation in order to measure the imagery of the student about the skill,
they had to perform the Dive first after the skill recorded the week. After the questionnaire of
sport imagery had applied, the data was extracted.
2.3.2 Evaluation of Dive- Roll skill
The researcher filmed the participants each individual by Sony camera, which was
stabilized in 4 meters of place of perfumed dive roll. Afterward, the film showed to (4)
gymnastic lecturer send judges in order to score the skill. The score was out of 5; the 2 highest
and lowest was removed, and the other two score was averaged.
2. 4. Pilot study
Before conducting the present investigation, pilot Study on 10 participants of the same
community by taking different sample of the second- year undergraduate male students belong to
college of physical education and sport science. The purpose of conducting the pilot study was to
find out the following:
1. Familiarization to the sport imagery questionnaire.
2. Reducing of the testing hurdles.
3. Knowing the total time of the answering questions.
2. 5. Final Study
After the preparation of finished the questionnaire of sport imagery on the sample after a
week of Dive –roll skill evaluation in order to measure the imagery of the student about the skill,
they had to perform the Dive first after the skill recorded the week. After the questionnaire of
sport imagery had applied, the data was extracted.
2.6 Statistical Analysis
The researcher used SPSS software for the statistical treatment of the collected data. The
mean, standard deviation and Pearson Moment correlation coefficient were calculated.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To find out the relationship between dive-roll and four dimensions of mental imagery,
mean, Sd, and Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were computed and data ertaining to
this, has been presented in table 1 to 5.
TABLE 1
MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF DIVE- ROLL AND VISUAL AUDITORY,
KINESTHETIC AND MOOD DIMENSIONS OF MENTAL IMAGERY
S.N0. Variables Mean SD
1 Dive Roll 3.98 3.12
2 Visual imagery 16.33 2.19
3 Auditory imagery 15.42 2.31
4 Kinesthetic imagery 17.67 2.03
5. The mood imagery 14.87 2.23
TABLES 2
CORRELATION VALUE BETWEEN DIVE -ROLL AND VISUAL DIMENSION OF
MENTAL IMAGERY
Variables Correlation Coefficient Required Value
Dive Roll V/S Visual imagery 0.876* 0.325
The (R) level of signification (0.05) and df (35-2) = 0.325

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 21

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Table 2 shows that the positive significant correlation was found between dive-roll and
visual dimension of imagery of college male students of physical education of Salahddin
University, Erbil (Iraq), as the obtained r-value of 0.876 was higher than the required r.05
(33)=0.325. The researcher attributed that the visual imagery is an important for skill perfection.
Therefore, the learner imaging the skill in his mind before occurrence the real performance of
physical education students. The obtained result is compatible with (Elliott &Khan, 2010, p97).
TABLES 3
CORRELATION VALUE BETWEEN DIVE -ROLL AND AUDITORY DIMENSION OF
MENTAL IMAGERY
Variables Correlation Coefficient Required Value
Dive Roll and V/S Auditory 0.771 * 0.325
imagery
The (R) level of signification (0.05) and df (35-2) = 0.325
Table 3 shows that the positive significant correlation was found between dive-roll and
auditory dimension of imagery variables of college male students of physical education of
Salahddin University, Erbil (Iraq), as the obtained r-value of 0.771 was higher than the required
r.05 (33)=0.325. The researcher described the close relationship between the visual and auditory,
when the trainer wants to correct the skill performance of the player uses the auditory
information as a feedback during movement execution. The neuromuscular compatibility has a
great role in directing the motor response and raised the value of the correlation coefficient.
Therefore, the compatibility between the nervous and muscular systems is important in the
success of any response or skill (Thanoon, 1987, p42).
TABLES 4
CORRELATION VALUE BETWEEN DIVE -ROLL AND KINESTHETIC DIMENSION
OF MENTAL IMAGERY
Variables Correlation Coefficient Required
Value
Dive Roll and Kinesthetic imagery 0.892* 0.325

(R) level of signification (0.05) and DF (35-2) = 0.325

Table 4 shows that the positive significant correlation was found between dive-roll and
kinesthetic dimension of imagery of college male students of physical education of Salahddin
University, Erbil (Iraq), as the obtained r-value of 0.892 was higher than the required r.05
(33)=0.325. The researcher accredited to nature of gymnastics since the gymnast can not see his
performance, and in order to perform a good control oo the skill, he requires a very good sense of
his body during the performance as well as a good coordination between muscular system and
central nervous system. The obtained result is compatible with (Collet et. al., 2004,p195).
TABLES 5
CORRELATION VALUE BETWEEN DIVE -ROLL AND MOOD DIMENSION OF
MENTAL IMAGERY
Variables Correlation Coefficient Required Value
Dive Roll and mood dimension 0.721* 0.325
(R) level of signification (0.05) and DF (35-2) = 0.325
Table 5 shows that the positive significant correlation was found between dive-roll and
mood dimension of imagery of college male students of physical education of Salahddin

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 22

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

University, Erbil (Iraq), as the obtained r-value of 0.721 was higher than the required r.05
(33)=0.325. The researcher accredited that to nature of gymnastic. Since gymnast is an
individual game the gymnast does not need to think about the other performers can not see his
performance, as well as and in order to perform a good control of the skill he requires; the fact
that the more the central nervous system is under-excited, the fine motor control and the greater
the accuracy, which makes the students able to control and isolate their emotions, as the idea
stresses the mood and generates behavior in a valid sense of his body during the performance.
The finding is compatible with (Terry,2003,p5-10).
4. CONCLUSIONS
1. The positive significant correlation was found between dive-roll and visual dimension of
mental imagery followed by auditory dimension, kinesthetic dimension and mood
dimension of imagery of college male students of physical education.
2. Mental imagery is highly beneficial for the better skill performance of male physical
education students in gymnastics. So in order to perform a better skill in gymnastics,
mental imagery skill is valid and accurate.
5. RECOMMENDATION
1. Researcher recommends that physical educationists and gymnastic coaches should make
use of this research results via setting and formulating training session by increasing the
attention on the mental imagery along with preparing the learning and training schedules.
2. Encouraging the students of using mental training during the lectures as well as after
them.
3. The necessity of establishing a good relationship between the sport psychologist, and the
team manager during all the preparation periods.
REFERENCES
Driskell, J.E., Copper, C., & Moran, A. (1994). Does mental practice enhance performance?
Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 481-492.
Elliott, D. & Khan, M.A,(eds).(2010).Vision and goal directed movement ,Neurobehavioral
perspective ,U.S.A,Human Kinetics.
Evans, L., Hare, R., & Mullen, R. (2006). Imagery use during rehabilitation from injury.
Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 1(1), 1-19.
Gabel, G.T. (1998). Gymnastic wrist injuries. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 17, 611-621
Hall, C. R., Mack, D. E., Paivio, A., &Hausenblas, H. A. (1998). Imagery use by athletes:
Development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport
Psychology, 29(1), 73–89.
Heuzé JP, Lévèque M. (1998), Préparationpsychologique etoumentale :uneanalyse comparative.
In P. Fleurance (Ed), Entraînement mental et sport de haute performance Paris: Editions
INSEP, 41-69.
Malik,S,.Yada,M.(2015).A comparative study of imagery usage among sportspersons belonging
to different Sports. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 2015;
2(1): 217-219
Strachan,L.,Munroe,[Link],M,.(2006) Using Imagery to Predict Self-Confidence and
Anxiety in Young Elite [Link] of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical
[Link] (1).issue (1). DOI: [Link] Published
online:31 Oct 2006.
Taylor, J.,& Wilson, G. (2005). Applying Sport Psychology: Four Perspectives. 117-
[Link], IL: Human Kinetics

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 23

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Terry, P. C. (2003) ‘An Overview of Mood and Emotion in Sport’, University of Southern
Queensland, (January 2003), pp. 1–11.
Thanoon, M.(1987).sport psychology .daralkoutib .musel.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 24

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYSIOTHERAPY AND

CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION OR BOTH
SIMULTANEOUSLY IN GOLFER’S
ELBOW OF ATHLETES
Dr. Ranjit Kumar Dutta1
Affiliation
1.
M.B.B.S., M.S (Ortho), Dip. In Sports Med. (JU), Associate professor, Department of
Orthopedic Surgery, Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical science & Hospital, 137, K.P. Mondal
Road, Buita, Budge Budge, Kolkata – 700137, duttaranjitkumar1952@[Link]

ABSTRACT
Present study was done to find out the difference in treatment of Golfer’s elbow in
athletes and their effect on them . Fifty athletes, both male and female were selected from
different sports. Their age range was between 20 years to 35 years. 6 athletes were lost in
follow-up. The diagnosis was done by history , physical examination , radiography ,
ultrasound and EMG/NCS. They were categorized as mild , moderate and severe types of
disabilities. 15 of them were selected for intralesional corticosteroid injections , 15 for
physiotherapy and 14 for combined therapy .In 4 weeks improvement was noted with
corticosteroid injection group , less with physiotherapy , but good improvement with
combined group . In 12 weeks deterioration’ were noted in only injection group , more
improvement was noted with physiotherapy group but significant improvement was noted
with combined group. At 26 weeks more deterioration with only injection group but
excellent improvement was noted with combined group. Even physiotherapy alone group
showed better results.
Key Words – Physiotherapy , Intralesional Corticosteroid injections , Categorized

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 25

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Golfer’s Elbow or Medial Epicondylitis is a condition in which inner part of the elbow
becomes painful and tender. In athletes it develops due to training error, improper technique and
faulty equipment’s or functional risk factors including lack of strength, endurance or flexibility
(Planchar, Halbrecht, & Lourie, 1996). Pain is less common in medial epicondylitis than
lateral epicondylitis. (Kamien, 1988). Golfer’s and Tennis players often develops this condition
because of the repetitive stress placed on the medial elbow soft tissues (Field & Savoie, 1998).
Active contraction with forearm pronation and wrist palmar flexion, combined with extension at
the elbow in motion progressed from the acceleration phase to the release phase results in an
eccentric load to the flexor – pronator mass. The additional valgus stress in the throwing
mechanism accelerates this mechanical tendency to overload the flexor-pronator mass (Gabelet,
2001).
In athletes repetitive microtrauma in the elbow occurs from chronic use (Planchar,
Halbrecht, & Lourie, 1996). New studies show all muscles of common flexor tendon (CFT)
affected except Palmaris Longus (Ahmed, 2017). Although the diagnosis is often made
clinically , imaging is helpful in evaluating overuse injuries in the elbow as tendons ,
ligaments & nerves can be evaluated (Kijowski, Tuite and Sanford 2005). In acute stage
most effective treatment is rest combined with application of Ice and NSAIDS including
ultrasound. Alteration of equipment as change of racquet, use of grip band, reduction of load on
elbow, strengthening of flexor muscles and coaching from professional trainers (Kamien, 1988)
etc. can help to protect from golfer’s elbow. Use of brace, elastic strap also helps for pain free
grip. Physical therapy and mobilisation technique are the primary management for medical
epicondylitis ( Ann Rehabil Med, 2012). Local corticosteroid injections are widely
administered for the treatment of medial epicondylitis ( Stahl &, Kaufman 1997 ).
Multiple modalities may provide relief inclusive of dry needling ( Gattie, Cleland, &
Snodgrass, 2017), Extracorporeal shock wave therapy ( Soakl [Link]., 2012), Iontophoresis (
Nirschl, [Link]., 2003), Phonophoresis ( Skaun et. al., 1984 ). Elbow tapping may also be
useful ( INT J SPORTS MED 2013 ). Platelet rich plasma injections have been shown to
reduce pain and improve functions ( Foster , [Link]. 2009) . Low dose electromyography
guided Botulinum toxins ( BTX ) injection have been studied in refractory cases (
Alexandra Creuze [Link]., 2018). Prolotherapy may also provide relief in refractory cases (
Hause , Holland & Hemwal, 2009) . Ultrasound guided autologous blood injection also
tried (Suresh, Ali and Connell, 2006 ). Surgical management is indicated in refractory
cases , but it usually not needed. Surgical management includes the release of the
common flexor tendons at the epicondyle and debridement of the pathologic tissues .
2. METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted to compare between corticosteroid injection and
physiotherapy or both simultaneously applied in the treatment of Golfer’s elbow or
medial epicondylitis . It was carried out in Jagannath Gupta Medical College and Hospital
; Budge budge ; Kolkata 700137. Golfer’s elbow patients were diagnosed by clinicians at
Orthopaedic
O.P.D. and Specialist Clinic of same hospital and the study period was
approximately three years ( December , 2016 to November , 2019 ). 46` athletes , both male
and female were selected for study . Among them 2 athletes were lost in follow up .
They were divided randomly into 3 groups . 15 of them were selected for Corticosteroid

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 26

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

injections only, 15 for Physiotherapy alone and 14 athletes for both Corticosteroid
injections and Physiotherapy combined group. Immense care was taken before Injection
pushing, specially on sterility. Physiotherapy was done under the guidance of experienced
Physiotherapist.
3. RESULTS
Table 1 indicates in Corticosteroid injection group , there were 15 athletes . Three had
mild symptoms, 5 withmoderate symptoms and 7 with severe symptoms . It was found
that at 4 weeks, 3 from mild group ( 100 % ), 4 from moderate group ( 80 % ) and 4 from
severe group ( 57.14 ) were relived from symptoms At 12 weeks 2 from mild group (
66.6 % ), 2 from moderate group ( 40 % ) and 2 from severe group ( 28.5 % ) were
benefitted .At 26 weeks , 1 from mild group , 1 from moderate group and none from
severe group relieved from symptoms ( 13.33 % ). Taking all in consideration it was
observed that 11 athletes were relieved from symptoms ( 73.33 % ) at 4 weeks . At 12
weeks total 6 athletes were relieved ( 40 %) and in 26 weeks 2 athletes ( 13.33 % ) got
benefit from intralesional corticosteroid injection. Table 2 indicates in physiotherapy alone
group , among 15 athletes , 5 was with mild symptoms, 5 moderate and 5 with severe
symptoms. At 4 weeks 3 from mild group ( 100 % ), 2 from moderate group ( 40 % ) and 1
from severe group ( 20 % ) were benefited from physiotherapy. Taking all the groups in
consideration 6 ( 40 %) were relived in 4 weeks. In 12 weeks 4 ( 80 % ) from mild group
3 ( 60 % ) from moderate group and 2 ( 40 % ) from severe group, total 9 athletes ( 60 %
) were benefited. At 26 weeks 5 ( 100 %) from mild group , 4 ( 80 % ) from moderate
group and 2 ( 40 % ) from severe group, total 9 athletes ( 73.35 % ) were benefited.
Table 3 reveals that in 4 weeks follow-up , there was a significant effect noted with the
athletes receiving both physiotherapy and intralesional corticosteroid injections. Among the
14 athletes selected for both intralesional injection as well as physiotherapy, 3 of them
had mild symptoms, 5 with moderate symptoms and 6 with severe symptoms. At 4 weeks
, 3 ( 100 % ) of mild group, 4 ( 80 % ) of moderate group and 4 ( 66.66 % ) of severe group
consisting of total 11 ( 82.2 % ) were relieved. At 12 weeks it was 3 ( 100 % ) , 4 ( 80 % )
and 5 ( 83.33 % ) respectively, total 12 athletes ( 87.8 % ) were relived. At 26 weeks, in mild
group 3 ( 100 % ), in moderate group 5 ( 100 % ) and 5 ( 83.33 % ) in severe group, total
consisting of 13 out of 14 athletes ( 92.85 % ) were benefited with both intralesional
corticosteroid injection and physiotherapy.
It was observed in this study that intralesional corticosteroid injection alone has no
long term beneficial effect, even less than physiotherapy. So the result of this study
shows that there will be more beneficial effect, when both corticosteroid injection as well
as physiotherapy were given side by side or simultaneously.
TABLE 1
IMPROVEMENT OF PATIENTS ON 4 WEEKS, 12 WEEKS AND 26 WEEKS ,
FOLLOWING INTRALIESIONAL CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION
Grading according to Number of 4 Weeks 12 Weeks 26 Weeks
symptoms Athletes
MILD 3 3 ( 100 % ) 2 ( 66.66% ) 1 ( 33.33 % )
MODERATE 5 4 ( 80 % ) 2 ( 40 % ) 1 ( 20 % )
SEVERE 7 4 ( 57.14 % ) 2 ( 28.5 % ) 0(0%)
TOTAL 15 11 ( 73.33 % ) 6 ( 40 % ) 2 ( 13.33 % )

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 27

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

TABLE 2
IMPROVEMENT OF PATIENTS ON 4 WEEKS, 12 WEEKS AND 26 WEEKS ,
FOLLOWING PHYSIOTHERAPY
Grading Number of 4 Weeks 12 Weeks 26 Weeks
according to Athletes
symptoms
MILD 5 3 ( 100 % ) 4 ( 80 % ) 5 ( 100 % ]
MODERATE 5 2 ( 40 % ) 3 ( 60 % ) 4 ( 80 % )
SEVERE 5 1 ( 20 % ) 2 ( 40 % ) 2 ( 40 % )
TOTAL 15 6 ( 40 % ) 9 ( 60 % ) 11 ( 73.33 % )
4. DISCUSSION
Golfer’s elbow is a condition that causes pain in the medial side of the elbow
where the tendons of the flexor muscles of wrist and forearm attach to the medial
epicondyle of the elbow. This pain frequently radiates to forearm and wrist. It is not
only limited to Golfer’s only but athletes who repeatedly use their wrist or clinch their
fingers as in tennis, hand ball, racquet sports, archery, bowling, weight lifting and javelin
throwing are also affected. The symptoms are usually pain on the inner side of the
forearm and wrist. There may be stiffness in the elbow joint, weakness of the hands and
wrist and tingling and numbness of the fingers. Golfer’s elbow pain may appear suddenly
or gradually. Pain might worsen while swinging a golf club or racquet, squeezing or
pitching a ball, shaking hands, lifting weight, picking up something with palm down and
flexing the wrist. The problems generally occurs while same activity is done regularly for
long time without rest. In athletes repetitive microtrauma in the elbow occurs from
chronic use. If left untreated, they may develop chronic elbow pain , restricting range of
motion and fixed flexion contracture of the elbow.
TABLE 3
INTRALESIONAL CORTICOSTEROID INJECTION WITH PHYSIOTHERAPY
COMBINED GROUP
Grading Number of 4 Weeks 12 Weeks 26 Weeks
according to Athletes
symptoms
MILD 3 3 ( 100% ) 3 ( 100 % ) 3 ( 100 % )
MODERATE 5 4 ( 80 % ) 4 ( 80 % ) 5 ( 100 % )
SEVERE 6 4 ( 66.66 % ) 5 ( 83.33 % ) 5 ( 83.33 % )
TOTAL 14 11 ( 82.22 % ) 12 ( 85.71 % ) 13 ( 92.85 % )
The site of pathology is the interface between pronator teres and flexor carpi
radialis origin. Pressure on the affected area will elicit pain. Golfer’s elbow test was
performed by pronation and palmar flexion of the wrist against resistance while elbow
will be extended. Pain will be felted over the attachment of the wrist flexor muscles on
the medial aspect of the elbow. Radiography can help to rule out other causes of elbow
pain such as fracture or arthritis. Sclerosis of medial border of the medial epicondyle
normally can be seen in most of the cases. Strengthening and stretching exercises of
forearm muscles should be done before sports activity. Sportsman should be educated by
the trainers. There are various methods of treatments as rest, ice, analgesics, brace,

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 28

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

physiotherapy as strengthening of flexor muscles, reduction of load on the elbow etc.

Intralesional corticosteroid injections are occasionally used. Surgery is seldom necessary
and used only when conservative treatment fails . Newer treatment with platelet rich
plasma was tried. Lontophoresiswas proved to be effective technique for reducing pain
and improve strength and function of the elbow. Other new treatments are dry needling,
phonophoresis, prolotherapy, Ultrasound guided autologous blood injection etc . This study
was done to compare the treatment with intralesional corticosteroid injections ,
physiotherapy or both together in Golfer’s elbow of athletes.
5. CONCLUSION
Golfer’s elbow is a soft tissue disorder causes pain at the insertion of flexor
muscles of the wrist and forearm in medial epicondyle of the elbow. Intralesional
corticosteroid injection will not give significant relief, specially in long run. Physiotherapy
alone is better than intralesional corticosteroid injection. Best result will be achieved if
intralesional corticosteroid injection and physiotherapy both are given simultaneously.
REFERENCES
Epicondylitis Humeri Medial and Lateral Humeral Epicondylopathia , Tennis Elbow
Golfer’s - Plancher K D , Halbrect J , Laurie G M ( 1996 ) ; Medial and lateral
epicondylitis in the athletes .
Authors . L D Field , F H Savoie.L D Field 1988 Cited by 121 Common elbow injuries in
sports – Pub. Med Related articles ; doi: 10 . 2165 / 00007256 – 199826030 -00005 .
Gablet G T . Management of medial epicondylitis in the throwing athlete . Oper Tech
Sports Med 2001 ; 9 ( 4 ) : 295 – 10 .
Medial Epicondylitis ( Golfer’s Elbow ) – New studies show all muscles of common flexer
tendon ( CFT ) affected except palmaris longus – David Abbasi , Christopher S . Ahmed
– oct , 2017 ; American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons .
Kijowski R , Tuite M , Sanford M . Magnatic resonance imaging of the elbow . Part || :
Abnormalities of the ligaments , tendons , and nerves . Skelet Radiol . 2005 ; 34 ( 1 ) : 1
– 18 .
Kamien M Tennis Elbow in long time tennis players . Aust J . Sci need Sport 1988 ; 20 (
2 ) : 19 – 27.
Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine / Journal / Science Direct . com by Elsecier
– 2012 .
Stahi S , Kaufman T . The efficacy of an injection of steroids for medial epicondylitis .
A prospective study of sixty elbows . J BoneSurg Am . 1997 NOV 79 ( 11 ) : 1648 –
52 .
Gattie E , Cleland J A , Snodgrass S . The effectiveness of trigger point dry needling for
musculoskeletal conditions by Physical therapist : A systemic review and meta
analysis . J .Orthop Sports Phys Ther – 2017 ; 47 : 133 – 149 .
Seok L . et al .Effectiveness of Initial Extracorporal Shock Wave Therapy on the newly
diagnosed lateral or medial epicondylitis , Ann Rehabil Med 2012 , 3c ( 5 ) ; 681 –
687
Nirschl R P , Rodin D M , Marratmanaa – Moe Iontophoretic administration of
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate for tennis elbow . A randomised , double blinded ,
placebo – controlled study . Am J Sports Med . 2003 ; 31 : 189 -95 .
Skauen ; Donald M ; Zenter , Gaylen M ( 1984 ) – “ Phonophoresis “ International Journel
of pharmaceutics 20 ( 3 ) : 235 – 245 .

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 29

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Tapping for Athletes with Medial Epicondylar Tendenopathy . Int J Sports Med ; 34 : 1003
– 1006 . 2013.
Foster T , Puskas , Mandelbaam B , [Link] . Platlet rich plasma : From basic science to
clinical applications . The American Journal of Sports Medicine . 2009 .( II ) .
Hauser R A , Hauser M A , Hollan P , Hackett – Hemwall Dextrose Prolotherapy for
Unresolved Elbow pain . Practical Pain Management . October 2009 ; 14- 26 .
S P S Suresh , K E Ali and D A Connel . Ultrasound guided autologous blood injection
also tried . Br .J Sports Med ( 2006 Nov ) 40 ( ii ) : 935 – 939 .
Vinod A V , Ross G. An effective approach to diagnoss and Surgical repair of refractory
medial epicondylitis J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015 Aug ; 24 ( 8 ) : 1172 – 7.
Alexandra Creuze et . al .J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2018 . Short Term Effect of Low –
Dose , Electromyography – Guided Botulinum Toxin A injection in the treatment of
Chr. Lateral Epicondylar Tendinopathy : A Chr. Lateral Epicondylar Tendinopathy : A
Randomized , Double – Blinded Study .

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 30

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS

AMONG ATHLETES OF DIFFERENT TRACK AND
FIELD EVENTS
Dr. Dharmendra S Narwaria1 & Dr. Ashish Kumar Nigam2

1. Sports officer, JNKVV, Jabalpur MP narwarialnupe@[Link] Mobile- 9098605594,

2. Sports officer, JNKVV, Jabalpur MP, [Link]@[Link], Mob. 9826348748,

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the present study is to compare the physical fitness components among
athletes of different Track and Field Events. For the purpose of this study, three groups were
made namely Sprinters, Middle Distance and Long Distance Runners. A total of 45 subjects (15
in each group) were randomly selected from LNUPE, Gwalior, who have represented LNUPE,
Gwalior at All-India Inter-University level. All the subjects were tested on the cinder track of
LNUPE Gwalior. Investigators conducted the physical fitness test by use of AAHPER Physical
Fitness Test which possess of 6 items (1) Pull-ups (2) Sit ups (3) 10 yard Shuttle run, (4)
Standing broad pump (5) 50 yard dash and (6) 600 yard run/walk. These 6 items test the arm
strength, abdomen muscles strength, agility, leg strength, speed and endurance of the athletes.
Six stations were marked with required equipment. While conducting the test the investigator
personally motivated the subjects. The obtained data was analyzed by applying One Way
MANOVA (multi-variate analysis of variance). The MANOVA table was found significant for
all the variables at level of significance 0.05.
Keyword: Physical Fitness, Athletes, Track and Field Events

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 31

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
The physical demands differ greatly between the track and field disciplines; thus the
suitable assessments for each discipline and for particular athletes will vary to a great extent. The
number of children and adolescents participating in organized athletic activities worldwide is
increasing. However, physical fitness levels among youth are lower today than in previous
decades, (Cordelia W Carter, Lyle J Micheli, 2011).
In many sports, training for successful competition has become virtually a year-round
Endeavour. To assist in better preparation, a competitor's year may be divided into phases such
as off-season and in-season, indicating reduced or increased competition commitments,
respectively. A number of studies have described the effects of seasons or periods of
competition, training, detraining and reduced training on aspects of physical
fitness, (Koutedakis Y., 1995) Due to the increased interest in physical fitness and to the fact
that athletes start their training at younger ages the risk for injuries to the growing individual has
increased. (Sward L, 1992).
Physiological assessments are generally used to assess the overall fitness level of the
athletes and to set guiding principle for individualized training program. (Little, 1991, McArdle
2003).
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Selection of subjects
A total 45 subjects (15 in each group) were randomly selected from LNUPE, Gwalior.
The subjects were Sprinters, Middle Distance and Long Distance Runners who have represented
LNUPE, Gwalior at All-India Inter-University level.
2.2 Selection of variables
Through both the critical and allied literature pertaining to the problem under consideration
the following physical variables were selected-
1. Pull ups
2. Sit ups
3. 10 yard Shuttle run
4. Standing broad jump
5. 50 yard dash
6. 600 yard Run/ walk
The selections of these variables were also based on the feasibility criteria and the equipment
available as well as the investigator’s own experience in conducting the test and measurement to
these variables.
2.3 Administration of the test
All the subjects were tested at cinder track of LNUPE Gwalior. Researcher conducted the
physical fitness test by use of AAHPER Physical Fitness Test, which possess 6 items (1) Pull-
ups (2) Sit ups (3) 10 yard Shuttle run, (4) Standing broad pump (5) 50 yard dash and (6) 600
yard run/walk. These 6 items test the arm strength, abdomen muscles strength, agility, leg
strength, speed and endurance of the athletes. Six stations were marked with required equipment.
The subjects were properly guided and motivated during test. Proper instructions regarding the
objectives of the study and detail procedure were debrief to the subjects.
3. RESULTS
To assess the selected six components pf physical fitness of Sprinters, Middle Distance
and Long Distance Runners, mean, standard deviation and ANOVA were computed with the
help of SPSS 16.0 and data pertaining to this have been presented in Table 1 to 3.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 32

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

.
TABLE 1
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF SELECTED PHYSICAL VARIABLES OF
SPRINTERS, MIDDLE DISTANCE AND LONG DISTANCE
RUNNERS.
Physical Fitness Components Groups N M SD
Pull-ups Sprinters 15 24.86 2.42
Middle Distance Runners 15 23.00 2.24
Long Distance Runners 15 15.80 3.03
Sit-ups Sprinters 15 47.46 4.12
Middle Distance Runners 15 39.40 2.69
Long Distance Runners 15 35.40 2.67
Shuttle-run Sprinters 15 10.40 0.63
Middle Distance Runners 15 11.82 0.37
Long Distance Runners 15 11.93 0.62
SBJ Sprinters 15 2.66 0.16
Middle Distance Runners 15 2.28 0.09
Long Distance Runners 15 2.27 0.10
50yrd Dash Sprinters 15 6.33 0.29
Middle Distance Runners 15 6.89 0.32
Long Distance Runners 15 7.08 0.28
600yd Run/walk Sprinters 15 1.49 0.17
Middle Distance Runners 15 1.35 31.92
Long Distance Runners 15 1.35 0.08
The mean scores of Sprinters, Middle Distance and Long distance Runners on selected
physical variables have been depicted in figures 1 to 6
TABLE 2
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF ON SELECTED PHYSICAL VARIBLES OF MALE
SPRINTERS, MIDDLE DISTANCE AND LONG DISTANCE RUNNERS
Physical Source of df Sum of Mean F-Value
Variables Variance squares Square
Pull-ups Between Groups 2 687.64 343.82 51.55*
Within Groups 42 280.13 6.67
Sit-ups Between Groups 2 1133.38 566.69 54.22*
Within Groups 42 438.93 10.45
Shuttle Run Between Groups 2 21.95 10.98 36.21*
Within Groups 42 12.73 0.303
SBJ Between Groups 2 1.48 0.740 48.41*
Within Groups 42 0.64 0.015
50 Yard Dash Between Groups 2 4.59 2.293 25.51*
Within Groups 42 3.78 0.090
600 Yard Run/Walk Between Groups 2 0.19 0.099 7.76*
Within Groups 42 0.53 0.013
*Significant at .05 level, F .05 (2, 42)=3.21
It is evident from Table 2 that there were significant differences found among sprinters ,
middle distance and long distance runner on Pull-ups, Sit ups, 10 yard Shuttle run, Standing

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 33

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

broad jump, 50 yard dash and 600 yard Run/ walk components physical fitness, as the obtained
F-values of 51.55, 54.22, 36.21, 48.41, 25.51 and 7.76 respectively were higher than F .05 (2,
42) = 3.21.
As the F-ratios for Pull ups, Sit ups, 10 yard Shuttle run, Standing broad jump, 50 yard
dash and 600 yard Run/ walk were found to be significant, LSD Post Hoc Test was applied to
find out the significance of differences between the ordered paired means and the data pertaining
to this is presented in Table 3.
TABLE 3
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORDERED PAIRED MEANS OF
PHYSICAL VARIABLES OF SPRINTERS, MIDDLE DISTANCE
AND LONG DISTANCE RUNNERS
Variables Sprinters Middle Long Paired Confidence
Distance Distance Mean Interval
Runners Runners Differenc
e
Pull-ups 24.86 23.00 - 1.86 2.38
24.86 - 15.80 9.06*
- 23.00 15.80 7.20*
Sit-ups 47.46 39.40 - 8.06* 2.98
47.46 - 35.40 12.06*
- 39.40 35.40 04.00*
Shuttle Run 10.40 11.82 - 1.42* 0.51
10.40 - 11.93 1.53*
- 11.82 11.93 0.11
SBJ 2.66 2.28 - 0.38* 0.11
2.66 - 2.27 0.38*
- 2.28 2.27 0.01
50 Yard Dash 6.33 6.89 - 0.56* 0.28
6.33 - 7.08 0.75*
- 6.89 7.08 0.18
600 Yard Run/Walk 1.49 1.35 - 0.14* 0.10
1.49 - 1.35 0.14*
- 1.35 1.35 0.00
*Significant at .05 level
Table 3 reveals that the Post hoc test (LSD) for the critical difference between the means
of the selected variables shows that there was a significant difference in pull-ups of Sprinters and
Long Distance Runners and a significant difference was found between Middle Distance and
Long Distance Runners. But there was no significant difference found in pull ups of sprinters and
Middle Distance Runners. In case of Sit-ups also post hoc test (LSD) shows that there was a
significant difference in Sit-ups between the sprinters, Middle Distance and Long distance
Runners. In case of Shuttle Run, Standing Broad Jump, 50 yard dash and 600 yard run/walk post
hoc test (LSD) shows that there was a significant difference found between the Sprinters and
Middle Distance but there was no significant difference found in shuttle run of Middle Distance
and Long Distance Runners.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 34

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

TABLE 4
BOX'S M TEST OF EQUALITY OF COVARIANCE MATRICES
Box's M 66.066
F 1.243
df1 42
df2 5236.942
Sig. .136
Table 4 reveals the equality of variance and covariance matrices, and it also shows that
the Box’s M test is insignificant.
TABLE 5
MANOVA TABLE FOR THE DATA ON SELECTED PHYSICAL VARIABLES OF
SPRINTERS, MIDDLE DISTANCE AND LONG DISTANCE RUNNERS
Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig.

Pillai's trace 1.411 15.157 12.000 76.000 .000

Wilks' lambda .053 20.611a 12.000 74.000 .000
Hotelling's trace 9.114 27.341 12.000 72.000 .000
Roy's largest root 8.024 50.819b 6.000 38.000 .000

*Significant at 0.05 level

The table 5 reveals that the Wilks’lambda test was significant in all selected physical
variables at level of significance 0.05. table of that is shown below.
4. DISCUSSION
The purpose of the study is to compare the physical fitness of the athletes of different
Track and Field Events. The physical fitness component of the sprinters were found to be higher
than Middle Distance and Long Distance Runners in the tested items, the sprinters performed
significantly better than Middle Distance and Long Distance Runners in the selected test items
because it may be possible that the selected test items were well suited accordingly to the
characteristics of sprinters. Similar study was also conducted by Maruo, Y., Murphy, T. I., &
Masaki, H. (2018) and found the similar results. Further Surinder Kaur, Dolly and Rajesh
Kumar (2016) also conduted similar study and found similar results. The training for the
sprinters is focused at developing ATP-CP Energy system and many of the test items such as pull
ups, Sit ups, 10 yard Shuttle Run, Standing broad jump, 50 yard dash also include the
contribution of their energy system. At the same time the Middle Distance also have a greater
anaerobic component and ability to perform better, a test items requiring the explosive strength.
The test items in the fitness test battery were also suited to the physiological characteristics of the
sprinters as they have higher proportion to white blood cell as compared to the Middle Distance
and Long Distance Runners researchers conducted study and found the similar results Mujika et.
al. (2002). The Sprinters performs various Plyometrics exercises, which enhances their stretch
reflex mechanism. Sprinters also perform various movements in response to the variety of
stimulus which could have enabled them to perform better than Long Distance and Middle
Distance Runners in the test items like shuttle run similar findings also found by Bushnell T,

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 35

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Hunter I. (2007). Standing broad jump, 50 yard dash etc ,sprinters also tend to perform a
variety of strength exercises which helps them to attain higher score when performing strength
related test, Middle Distance also performed better than the Long Distance Runners due to a
greater component in their training program comprises of the strength related test items.
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. Significant differences were observed among sprinters , middle distance and long
distance runner on Pull-ups, Sit ups, 10 yard Shuttle run, Standing broad jump, 50 yard
dash and 600 yard Run/ walk components physical fitness,
2. Significant difference were found in pull-ups between of Sprinters and Long Distance
Runners and between Middle Distance and Long Distance Runners. But sprinters and
Middle Distance Runners did not differ significantly in pull ups.
3. Significant difference was seen in Sit-ups between the sprinters, Middle Distance and
Long distance Runners.
4. Shuttle Run, Standing Broad Jump, 50 yard dash and 600 yard run/walk showed the
significant difference between the Sprinters and Middle Distance but significant
difference was not found in shuttle run between of Middle Distance and Long Distance
Runners.
6. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Similar may be conducted for school going students also. Similar may be conducted on
female athletes also. Elite athletes can be picked as sample for the study. Study may be
conducted on various psychological and biomechanical variables also. Study may be conducted
on different running events also.
REFERENCES
Bushnell, T. & Hunter, I. (2007), Differences in technique between sprinters and distance
runners at equal and maximal speeds. Sports Biomech. 6(3):261-8. doi:
10.1080/14763140701489728. PMID: 17933191
Carter, Cordelia W. and Micheli, Lyle J. (2011), Training the child athlete: physical fitness,
health and injury, Division of Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, 319
Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; michelilyle@[Link]
Koutedakis, Y. (1995), Seasonal variation in fitness parameters in competitive athletes. School
of Health Sciences, Wolverhampton University, England., Sports Med., 19(6):373-92.
Little, N.G. (1991) Physical performance attributes of Junior and Senior women, Juvenile,
Junior and Senior men judokas. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 31: 510–520.
Maruo, Y., Murphy, T. I., & Masaki, H. (2018), Long-Distance Runners and Sprinters Show
Different Performance Monitoring - An Event-Related Potential Study. Frontiers in
psychology, 9 : 653. [Link]
Mujika, I., Goya, A., Ruiz, E., Grijalba, A., Santisteban, J., & Padilla, S. (2002),
Physiological and performance responses to a 6-day taper in middle-distance runners:
influence of training frequency. International journal of sports medicine, 23(5): 367–373.
[Link]
Sward, L. (1992), The thoracolumbar spine in young elite athletes. Current concepts on the
effects of physical training.” Department of Orthopaedics, Ostra Hospital, Gothenburg,
Sweden. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 13(5):357-364.
Kaur, Surinder, Dolly and Kumar, Rajesh (2016), Assessment of Anthropometric and
Physical Fitness components as predictors of performance of Athletes of 800m race.
International Journal of Recent scientific Research, 7(4) : 10305-10308.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 36

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

A COMPARISON OF SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRIC

MEASURES BETWEEN STATE AND NATIONAL
LEVEL MALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
Shankarappa C.1 & Dr. S. V. Arun2
AFFILIATIONS:
1.
Ph.D Scholar, Physical Education, Sre Manjunatha Swamy First grade college, Saraswathi
Nagar, Devangere, Bengaluru, (Karnataka), 9035955478, Mobile-cshankardvg@[Link]
2.
Director of Physical Education, [Link] Naidu College for Men, Chennai 600102
gpsmphd@[Link]

ABSTRACT
Human bodies are widely divergent in their size shape and compositional characteristics.
It would therefore seem that the full anthropometric description of human physique would
require –the assessment of a great number of body, bodily dimensions. The purpose of study was
to compare and investigate the selected anthropometric measures of state and national level male
volleyball players. Forty three state and national levels (State level = 22, national level =21) male
volleyball players who represented their respective district and state teams in respective
competitions , Male players ranging between 19 to 25 years of age, All the participants were
tested on selected six parameters of anthropometric measures i.e. Waist Circumference, Hip
Circumference, Middle Upper arm Circumference, waist to hip ratio, waist to height ratio and
Body composition. To assess the anthropometric parameters of state and national levels male
volleyball players, means and standard deviations t-ratios were computed. To check t- Ratio,
level of significant was set at .05 level. The results of study revealed the dissimilarity existed
between state and national level male volleyball players in their waist circumference, middle
upper arm circumference, WHR and WHtR and \Similarity in hip circumference and body
composition It was also concluded that selected anthropometric characteristics had positive
impact on the competition levels of the male volleyball players.
Key Words: Male, Volleyball players, state level, national level, anthropometric measures

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 37

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Games and sports are as old as human society and have achieved on universal following in
the modern times. These have become integral part of educational process. Millions of people
take part in sports activities for either recreational purpose or for health, strength and fitness and
for displaying superiority over others in competition sports. Some competitive games and sports
are taking shape of a profession with high skills, and with ample financial benefits linked with
high degree of popularity. The study of sports sciences has become imperative to attain
excellence in sports. All training and coaching programme today are scientific in nature. The
sports scientists almost all over the world are exploring new methods and technique in various
sports disciplines to accomplish what appears to be impossible.
Human bodies are widely divergent in their size shape and compositional characteristics. It
would therefore seem that the full anthropometric description of human physique would require
–the assessment of a great number of body, bodily dimensions. This interface is clearly seem to
be supported in regard to part anthropometry practice many length, breadth, girths and skin fold
widths of different types have been measured in order to describe the anthropometry orifices if
human bodies.
In the order of human values conquest in field of sports hold a unique plane. It is the
combination of success. victory, triumph and domination of mover other team mates and
friends. The sublimity of competition is in the loser's acclaim for the winners. which along with
the friends and shake acknowledge both defeat and triumph (Rieckehoff, 1977)
Anthropometry is the measurement of body size and proportions. The measurements
include body weight, height, circumference, skin fold thickness and bony widths and
lengths (Heyward, 2006).Anthropometric measurements are widely used to assess and
predict performance in various sports. Anthropometric measurements and morphological
characteristics play an important role in determining the success of a sportsperson
(Wilmore & Costill, 1999; Keogh, 1999). Volleyball belongs to sport activities in which
anthropometric characteristics of its participants influence the level of sport
performance. It was established that volleyball players compared to most other
athletes have distinctive anthrop-morphological characteristics (Ercolessi, 1999; Jankovic
et al., 1995; Ugarkovic, 2004).
Sidhu, Grewal and Verma (1984) showed that players disagree in physique and body
composition consistent with the field positions, within which the players specialize. Ozkan
(1984) discovered a mean height and weight for male high school football game players. Dey
and Dey (1987) complete that defensive players in soccer have considerably higher leg length,
thigh girth, height, weight and limb Index than those at offensive players. Amusa (1979)
complete that the expertise is that the best single predictor of playing ability. Weight and height
are thought of sensible predictor's of playing- ability. Hebbelink (1985) found that male
Olympic athletes in seven sports winners were heavier and taller and had bigger sitting height leg
length, shoulder and hip breadth and forearm and thigh girths than most different sportsmen.
Adhikari (1986) indicated that anthropometrical variables particularly weight, standing height,
sitting height, foot length, fore leg length, leg length, calf girth, trunk length, have distinct
potential for achieving higher level of skills in football game. Bhatnagar(1986) determined that
athletes and volleyball players of province area unit heavier and taller than the athletes and
volleyball players of Madhya Pradesh. Bose & Banerjee (1987) indicated the important
distinction between national champions and faculty footballers in their morphological profile.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 38

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

important variations were additionally determined in morphological profile among the champion
teams.
Anthropometrics measurements were central considerations of the fist section of the
scientific era of measurements, that are began within the 1860's current interest in
anthropometrics measurements focus in 3 areas, girth measures, physique and body composition.
The assess of such measures embody classification, prediction of growth patterns and prediction
of success in motor activities similarly as assessment of ability (Philips and Harnok, 1979)
Today, sports became a vicinity and parcel of our culture. it's being influenced and will
influence all our social establishments together with education, economics, art, politics, law,
mass-communication and even international diplomacy (Lay revivalist and Kenyon, 1978).
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Sample:
Forty three state and national levels (State level = 22, national level =21) male volleyball
players who represented their respective district and state teams in respective competitions ,
Male players ranging between 19 to 25 years of age,
3.2 Administration of Tests:
All the participants were tested on selected six parameters of anthropometric measures i.e.
Waist Circumference, Hip Circumference, Middle Upper arm Circumference, waist to hip ratio,
waist to height ratio and Body composition. The testing implements are mentioned as below:
3.2. 1. Anthropometric Parameters
[Link]. Selected variables Measurement tools/Formula
1 Waist Circumference (Cm.) Measuring Tape
2 Hip Circumference (Cm.) Measuring Tape
3 Mid-Upper Arm Circumference(Cm) Measuring Tape
4 Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) Measuring Tape, Waist girth/ Hip girth
5 Waist to Height Ratio (WHtR) Waist girth/ Height.
6 Body composition Sum of Triceps and Sub-scapular Skin-
folds
3.3 Statistical Techniques:
In order to evaluate the selected anthropometric measures of state and national levels
male volleyball players, means and standard deviations t-ratios were computed. To check t-
Ratio, level of significant was set at .05 level. The Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS-
16.0) was used for the purpose of analysis of collected data.
3. RESULTS
To assess the selected anthropometric measures of state and national levels male
volleyball players,, means and standard deviations were computed and data pertaining to this has
been presented in Table 1.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 39

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

TABLE 1
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF ANTHROPOMTRIC MESURES OF STATE AND
NATIONAL LEVEL MALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
S. Anthropometric Descriptive State level National Level
N0. Parameters Statistics (N=22) (N=21)

1 Waist Circumference (Cm.) M 78.14 67.29

SD 11.83 19.02
2 Hip Circumference (Cm.) M 175.05 75.95
SD 131.03 20.12
3 Middle Upper Arm Circumference M 23.73 20.38
(Cm.) SD 3.60 5.46
4 Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) M 0.85 1.09
SD 0.16 0.52
5 Waist to Height Ratio (WHtR) M 0.42 0.48
SD 0.09 0.05
6 Body Composition M 26.41 26.86
SD 7.99 7.67
Mean score of anthropometric measures of state and national level male volleyball
players has been depicted in figure 1 to 6.
Figure 1
State Level National level

80 78.14
78
76
74
Mean Scores

72
70
67.29
68
66
64
62
60
Waist Circumference

Figure 2
State Level National level

200
175.05
180
160
140
Mean Scores

120
100
75.95
80
60
40
20
0
Hip Circumference

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 40

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Figure 3
State Level National level

24 23.73

23
Mean Scores

22

21 20.38
20

19

18
Middle Upper Arm Circumference

Figure 4
State Level National level

1.2 1.09

1
0.85
Mean Scores

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
Waist to Hip Ratio

Figure 5
State Level National level

0.49 0.48
0.48
0.47
0.46
Mean Scores

0.45
0.44
0.43 0.42
0.42
0.41
0.4
0.39
Waist to Height Ratio

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 41

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Figure 6
State Level National level

26.9 26.86

26.8
26.7
Mean Scores

26.6
26.5
26.41
26.4
26.3
26.2
26.1
Body Composition

TABLE 2
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATE AND NATIONAL LEVEL
MALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS IN THEIR MEAN SCORES ON
ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASURES
S. Anthropometric Levels N Mean M.D.  t-ratio
No. Measures D.M.
1 Waist Circumference State 22 78.14 10.85 4.81 2.26*
(Cm.) National 21 67.29
2 Hip Circumference State 22 117.05 41.09 28.93 1.42
(Cm.) National 21 75.95
3 Middle Upper Arm State 22 23.73 3.34 1.40 2.38*
Circumference (Cm.) National 21 20.38
4 Waist to Hip Ratio State 22 0.85 0.25 0.12 2.12*
(WHR) National 21 1.09
5 Waist to Height Ratio State 22 0.41 0.07 0.02 2.99*
(WHtR) National 21 0.48
6 Body Composition State 22 26.41 0.45 2.39 0.19
National 21 26.86
*Significant at .05 level
t.05 (41) =2.02
Table 2 indicates that the statistically significance of difference were found between
state and national level male volleyball players in their waist circumference, middle upper arm
circumference, WHR and WHtR, as the obtained t –values of 2.26, 2.38, 2.12 and 2.99
respectively were higher than the required value of t.05 (41) = 2.02. But the significant

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 42

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

differences were not observed between state and national level male volleyball players in their
hip circumference and body composition, as the obtained t –values of 1.42 and 0.19
respectively were lesser than the required value of t.05 (41) = 2.02.
4. DISCUSSION
In the present study the anthropometric measures of the volleyball players have been
evaluated of state and national level male volleyball players. The investigation indicated the
significant differences between state and national level male volleyball players in anthropometric
measures i.e. waist circumference, middle upper arm circumference, WHR and WHtR . But
state and national level male volleyball players did not differ in hip circumference and body
composition. The state level male volleyball players had significantly greater amount of waist
circumference, hip circumference and middle upper arm circumference than national level male
volleyball players. Where as national level male volleyball players had greater amount of waist
to hip ratio, waist to height ration and body composition than their counter parts. The findings
of the present study are in partially supported by Gaurav and Singh (2014). It is concluded that
various anthropometric characteristics had clear impact on the competition level of the volleyball
players
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. Dissimilarity existed between state and national level male volleyball players in their
waist circumference, middle upper arm circumference, WHR and WHtR.
2. Similarity was observed between state and national level male volleyball players in
their hip circumference and body composition
3. Various anthropometric characteristics had positive impact on the competition levels of
the male volleyball players
REFERENCES
Adhikari, H I. & Bankura, R. S. (1986), Modern perspectivfes in physical education and
sport science Harnam Publication Delhi.
Bose, Sahil Kumar & Banerjee A K. (1987), "Morphological profile of champion Indian
school - footballers" NIS Scientific Journal, 10 (3) : 33.
Bhatnager, D.P. and Singal, P. (1986), "A Comparative Study of Athletes and Volleyball
Players from Rural Area of Assam and Madhya Pradesh," Modem Perspectives in
Physical Education and Sports Sciences: Hamam Publications, 117-123.
Ercolessi D. La caduta dal salto (1999), Super Volley, 1: 79-82.
Gaurav V, Singh M, Singh S.(2010), Anthropometric characteristics, somatotyping and body
composition of volleyball and basketball players. Journal of Physical Education and
Sports Management, 1(3): 28-32.
Hebblinck, M. (1985), "Selected Anthropometric characteristics ot montreal Olympic Athletes"
Journal of Sports Physical Education and Sports Science, 8-2) : 1.
Heyward, V.H. (2006), Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. (5th ed.).
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Johan, W., Lay O' McPharson and Kenyon, Gerald (1978), Sports and Social System
(London: addition Wesley Publishing Company Inc. p.3.
Jankovic V, Marelic N. Odbojka(1995), Volleyball, Faculty of Physical Education, Zagreb,
pp.7-9.
Keogh, J. (1999), The use of physical fitness scores and anthropometric data to
predict selection in an elite under-18 Australian rules football team. Journal of sport
Science and Medicine, 2:125-133.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 43

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Ozkan, Hayri (1984), "Physical, Physiological and Motor Skill Determinants in Male High
School Soccer players" Dissertation Abstract International , 45:786-A.
Philips, Allen and Harnok, James E. (1979), Measurement and Evaluation in Physical
Education, New York: John Willey & Sons, p.223
Rieckehoff, German (1977), The Purpose of Sports, Olympic Review 118 : 471.
Sidhu, L. S., Grewal, R. and Verma, S. K. (1984), ''Positional Differences in Physique
and Body Composition Among Top Level Indian Women Hockey Players" Journal
of Sports Medicine Physical Fitness 24 : 337-341.
Sidhu, L. S., Grewal, R. and Verma, S. K. (1984), ''Positional Differences in Physique
and Body Composition Among Top Level Indian Women Hockey Players" Journal
of Sports Medicine Physical Fitness 24 : 337-341.
sidhu, S.S. Sodhi, H.S. (1995), "Body Size of Elite Volleyball Players of India and many other
High Ranking Countries," Journal of Sport and Sports Sciences 18 (2) : 41-52.
Ugarkovic D. (2004), Biomedicinskeosnovesportske medicine (Biomedical foundations of
sports medicine). Novi Sad.
Wilmore, J.H., and Costill, D.L. (1999), Physiology of Sports and Exercise. 2nd ed.
Champaign, Human Kinetics.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 44

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS AND

ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES OF OF MALE VOLLEYBALL
PLAYERS AGED FOURTEEN TO SIXTEEN YEARS
Shankarappa C.1 & Dr. S. V. Arun2
AFFILIATIONS:
1.
Ph.D Scholar, Physical Education, Sre Manjunatha Swamy First grade college, Saraswathi
Nagar, Devangere, Bengaluru, (Karnataka), 9035955478, Mobile-cshankardvg@[Link]
2.
Director of Physical Education, [Link] Naidu College for Men, Chennai 600102
gpsmphd@[Link]

ABSTRACT
Participation in sports is one among the common traits of human character and it starts to
develop from the terribly starting of childhood. The main objective of study was to analyse and
compare the selected physical fitness and anthropometric variables of male volleyball players of
different age groups. A total of forty five male volleyball players belonging to Dr. A. V. N.
High School , Davangere, Bengaluru, (Karnatka) ranging between fourteen to sixteen years were
selected for the study. The physical fitness variables i.e. Cardio-respiratory endurance, Agility,
flexibility and anthropometric variable i.e. weight, height, body were chosen for the study. Nine-
minute run For Cardio-respiratory endurance, Sit and reach for Low back/hamstring flexibility,
Bent knee sit-ups in one minute for Abdominal muscle strength/endurance and Triceps and sub-
scapular skin-folds for body Composition were administered. To assess the selected physical
fitness and anthropometric variables of male Volleyball players ranging between 14 to 16 years
of age means, standard deviations and F-ratio were computed. The results of the study indicated
the significant differences among the different age groups of male volleyball players on modified
sit-ups and 8 minutes run/walk,. Significant difference was not seen among male volleyball
players from fourteen to sixteen years of age on sit and body composition, The abdominal
strength and endurance had significantly improved with advancement of age. The cardio-
respiratory endurance of male volleyball players did not improve significantly with
advancement of age
Key Words: Physical fitness, Anthropometric, male, volleyball players, Body composition

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 45

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Participation in sports is one among the common traits of human character and it starts to
develop from the terribly starting of childhood. But, with the event aged, some individuals
participate in recreational sports or amateur sports whereas only a few individual dedicate
themselves to become true sportspersons by regular apply and coaching that alter them to
enhance their psychological adjustments towards their goal. The characteristics of associate
athlete primarily depend on physical fitness, having components like flexibility, speed, power,
agility, balance, muscular strength and endurance, cardio-respiratory endurance etc. But, these
elements, could terribly in athletes involving completely different sports activities.
The physique and body composition including the size, shape and form are responsible
for the performance of sportsmen (Sodhi & Sidhu, 1984). The performance of a sportsman in any
games or event also depends on speed, strength, endurance, agility, flexibility and co-ordination.
Along with these Psycho-physiological components and physical variables also play an
important role in the execution of the performance.
Taleja. (1986) resulted insignificant difference in the physical fitness between rural and
urban high school students, and have no significant difference in physical fitness between rural
and urban high school students.
Physical fitness is the combination of three basic components i.e. muscular endurance,
muscular strength and cardio-respiratory endurance. Whereas the motor fitness includes the more
four parts i.e. muscular power, agility, flexibility and speed (Clarke, 1971).
Interventions to promote health-related physical fitness should not only consider gender
and age of schoolchildren, but also selected sociodemographic and behavioral factors, especially
socioeconomic class and leisure activities (Guedes etal.,2012).Dutt (2005) indicated the
improper development of muscular strength endurance in boys which may be due to their
habitual life style for an attractive physical appearance. Down fall of body fat percent was
observed among boys in 8 to 13 years of age groups and Sharpe rise in body fat% was exhibited
after the age of 14 years to 17 years of [Link] health planners have been reported the
importance of the contribution of health Education and physical Fitness in the development of
total fitness among children.(Knuttgen, 1961; Campbell & Pohndof, 1961; Sloan, 1966; Ruskin,
1978 and Ishiko, 1978).Many researchers have been conducted studies on Health-related
physical fitness which refers to cardio-respiratory fitness, muscular strength, speed-agility and
body composition components of boys and girls in different age groups (Benhnke & Wilmore,
1974; Nelson and dorociak, 1982; Haywood, Clarke & Mayhew,1986; AAHPER, 1987;
Shephard, Berridge & Montelpare, 1990; Muhammad, 1998; Kumar and Sathe,1999).
Physical fitness is the capacity to carry out reasonably well various forms of physical
activities without being unduly tired and includes qualities important to the individual’s health
and wellbeing. Fitness may be described as a set of attributes that an individual has or has
acquired which help in their ability to perform physical activity. Physical fitness can be divided
into two district categories the heath related physical fitness and skill-related physical fitness.
Health related physical fitness components are cardio-respiratory fitness, body composition,
abdominal strength, muscle endurance and flexibility. Skill related physical fitness includes
components important to play sports well, such as speed, strength, endurance, agility, flexibility,
balance, power, co-ordination etc. Both type of physical fitness are important for all the
sportsmen in order to achieve better performance ( Kaur, 2015).

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 46

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Selection of Subjects
A total of forty five male volleyball players belonging to Dr. A. V. N. High School ,
Davangere, Bengaluru, Karnatka ranging between fourteen to sixteen years were selected for the
study. Their age records were collected from school records and the subjects were tested within
one month of their birthdays.
2.2 Selection of Variables
The physical fitness variables i.e. Cardio-respiratory endurance, Agility, flexibility and
anthropometric variable i.e. weight, height, body composition (Triceps skin-fold and sub-
scapular skin-fold were chosen for the study.
2.3 Test used
Nine-minute run For Cardio-respiratory endurance, Sit and reach for Low
back/hamstring flexibility, Bent knee sit-ups in one minute for Abdominal muscle
strength/endurance and Triceps and sub-scapular skin-folds for body Composition were
administered.
2.4 Statistical Analysis:
To assess the selected physical fitness and anthropometric variables of male Volleyball
players ranging between 14 years to 16 years studying in Dr. A. V. N. High School , Davangere,
Bengaluru, (Karnatka), means, standard deviations and F-ratio were computed.
3. RESULTS
To assess the selected physical fitness and anthropometric variables of male volleyball
players ranging 14 to 16 years of age, mean and standard deviation were computed and data
pertaining to this, has been presented in Table 1.
TABLE 1
MEAN AND SD ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES
OF MALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS AGED FOURTEEN TO SIXTEEN YEARS
S.N0. Variables Age Mean SD
1 Weight 14 48.39 1.32
15 52.60 1.65
16 55.11 1.28
2 Height 14 157.80 2.81
15 160.85 2.93
16 163.88 1.92
3 Modified sit-ups 14 21.00 4.53
15 24.67 4.03
16 26.40 5.17
4 9 minute Run/Walk 14 13.32 1.91
15 11.70 0.40
16 12.07 0.62
5 Sit and Reach 14 29.30 5.21
15 25.83 3.28
16 27.01 3.80
6. Body Composition 14 9.94 2.25
15 10.32 1.56
16 11.22 1.38
The mean scores of selected physical fitness and anthropometric variables of male
volleyball players ranging 14 to 16 years of age have been depicted in figure 1 to 6.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 47

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

14 Years of Age 15 Years of Age 16 Years of Age

56 55.11

54
52.6
MeanScores

52

50
48.39
48

46

44
Weight

Figure. 1: Mean Scores of Weight of Male volleyball Players in Fourteen to Sixteen years
of age.
14 Years of Age 15 Years of Age 16 Years of Age

165 163.88
164
163
162
160.85
Mean Scores

161
160
159
157.8
158
157
156
155
154
Height

Figure. 2: Mean Scores of Height of Male volleyball Players in Fourteen to Sixteen years of
age.
14 Years of Age 15 Years of Age 16 Years of Age

30
26.4
24.67
25
21
MeanScores

20

15

10

0
Muscular Strength and Endurance

Figure. 3: Mean Scores of Muscular Strength and Endurance of Male volleyball Players in
Fourteen to Sixteen years of age.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 48

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

14 Years of Age 15 Years of Age 16 Years of Age

13.5 13.32

13
MeanScores

12.5
12.07
12 11.7

11.5

11

10.5
Cardiorespiratory Function

Figure. 4: Mean Scores of Cardio-respiratory Function of Male volleyball Players in

Fourteen to Sixteen years of age.
14 Years of Age 15 Years of Age 16 Years of Age

30
29.3
29
Mean Scores

28
27.01
27
25.83
26

25

24
Flexibility

Figure. 5: Mean Scores of Flexibility (Sit and Reach) of Male volleyball Players in
Fourteen to Sixteen years of age.
14 Years of Age 15 Years of Age 16 Years of Age

11.5
11.22

11
Mean Scores

10.5 10.32

9.94
10

9.5

9
Body Composition

Figure. 6: Mean Scores of Body Composition of Male volleyball Players in Fourteen to

Sixteen years of age.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 49

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

To determine the significance of difference among mean scores of male volleyball

players of 14 to 16 years of age on selected physical fitness and anthropometric variables , One
Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was computed and data pertaining to this has been
presented in table 2 .
TABLE 2
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ON SELECTED PHYSICAL FITNESS AND
ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLE OF MALE VOLLEYBALL
FROM FOURTEEN TO SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE
S. Component Source of variance df Sum of Mean of F-value
N0. Squares Square
1 Modified Sit-ups Between groups 2 228.04 114.02 5.39*
Within group 42 888.93 21.17
2 9 minute Run/Walk Between groups 2 21.37 10.68 7.63*
Within group 42 58.80 1.40
3 Sit and reach Between groups 2 91.50 45.75 2.62
Within group 42 733.15 17.46
4 Body composition Between groups 2 12.96 6.48 2.07
Within group 42 131.78 3.14
*Significant at .05 level,
F .05(2, 42) =3.23
It is clearly evident from table 2, that there were significant differences among the
different age groups of male volleyball players on modified sit-ups and 8 minutes run/walk, as
the obtained F-values of 5.39 and 7.63 respectively were higher than the require value of F.05
(2,42 )=3.23. But significant difference was not observed among male volleyball players from
fourteen to sixteen years of age on sit and body composition, as the obtained F-value of 2.62 and
2.07 respectively were less than the required F.05 (2,42 )=3.23.
As the F-ratio on different components of physical fitness was found to be significant,
Scheffe’s Test of Post-hoc Comparison was applied to find out the significance of difference
between ordered paired means of different age group and data pertaining to this, has been
presented in table 3 and 4.
TABLE 3
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORDERED PAIRED MEANS FOR
MALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS FROM FOURTEEN TO SIXTEEN YEARS
OF AGE ON MODIFIED SIT-UPS
14 Year 15 Year 16 Year MD C.I.
21.00 24.67 - 3.67 4.26
21.00 - 26.40 5.40*
- 24.67 26.40 1.73
*Significant at .05 level
The data in table 3 clearly reveals that mean differences between fourteen-sixteen and
between fifteen and sixteen years of age male volleyball players were not found statistically
significant, as the confidence intervals were higher than the mean differences. The significant
difference was observed among male volleyball players between fourteen -sixteen years age
group, as the confidence interval was higher than the mean difference. The data clearly indicate
that abdominal strength and endurance improved with advancement of age.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 50

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

TABLE 4
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORDERED PAIRED MEANS FOR
MALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS FROM FOURTEEN TO SIXTEEN YEARS
OF AGE ON 9 MINUTE RUN/WALK
14 Year 15 Year 16 Year MD C.I.
13.32 11.70 - 1.62* 1.09
13.32 - 12.07 1.25*
11.70 12.07 0.37
*Significant at .05 level
The data in table 4 clearly reveals that mean differences between fourteen- fifteen
followed by sixteen were found statistically significant, as the confidence intervals were higher
than the mean differences. But the mean differences between fifteen-sixteen was not found
statistically significant, as the confidence intervals were high than the mean differences. The data
clearly indicate that cardio-respiratory endurance of male volleyball players did not improve
significantly with advancement of age.
4. DISCUSSION
Findings of descriptive data of male volleyball players on physical fitness and
anthropometric variables indicated the in creasing trend in abdominal strength and endurance,
cardio-respiratory function, flexibility and fat accumulation. than their female counter part. The
findings were supported by Toriola and Monyeki (2012 This was also supported by Amusal,
Goon, Amey and Toriola (2011).
When the male volleyball players were compared on different age groups for selected
physical fitness and anthropometric variables, the statistically significant distinction was
discovered among male volleyball players between 14 to 16 years of age in cardio-respiratory
function and abdominal strength and endurance. But similarity was observed in flexibility and
body composition of male volleyball players. This was partially supported by Vinod (2001) and
Tyagi (1993).
The Scheffe’s Test of Post-hoc Comparison showed the important distinction among
male volleyball players in their mean scores between 14- 16 years of age on abdominal strength
and endurance and insignificant variations in their mean scores between 14 - 15 and 15-16
years of age. The significant variations were also discovered among male volleyball players in
their mean scores between 14 –16 followed by sixteen years of age on cardio-respiratory
function.
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. Significant differences were found among the different age groups of male volleyball
players on modified sit-ups and 8 minutes run/walk,.
2. Significant difference was not observed among male volleyball players from fourteen to
sixteen years of age on sit and body composition.
3. The abdominal strength and endurance had significantly improved with advancement of
age.
4. The cardio-respiratory endurance of male volleyball players did not improve
significantly with advancement of age.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 51

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

REFERENCES
Amusal, L. O., Goon, D. T., Amsey, A. K., and Toriola, A. L. (2011), “Health related
physical fitness among rural primary school children in Tshannda”. South Africa.
Scientific Research and Essays. 6 (22) : 4665-4680.
AAHPERD (1987), Health related physical fitness test manual. Reston, VA: American Alliance
for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance.
Behnke,Albert A and Wilmore, Jack H. (1974). Evaluation and regulation of body build and
composition, Englewood Cliffs, N.J : Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Campbell W.R. & Pohndof, R.H. [Link] fitness of British and American children. In:
health & fitness in the modern world. Athletic Institute, Chicago
Dutt, Sunil [Link] related physical fitness of boys aged 8 to 18 years, Journal of Exercise
Science and Physiotherapy, 1(1 & 2), 12-22.
Guedes DP, Guedes JERP, Barbosa DS, Oliveira JA. [Link] physical activity and
health-related physical fitness in adolescents, Rev Bras Cienc Mov., (10), pp. 12–21
Harrison, Clarke H. and David H. Clarke Application of
Measurement to Physical Education. London; Prentice Hall, Inc., 1987.
Haywood, K.M; Clarke, [Link] Mayhew, J.L. [Link] Effects of Age-group
Gymnastics and Swimming on Body Composition, Strength and Flexibility, Medicine
and Physical Fitness, 26 (4), p. 420.
Ishiko, T. [Link] of various standard test protocols-a comparison between ICPER, WHO
and IBP and other groups. In: Physical Fitness-Principles, Practice and Application. Ed:
R.J. Shephard and H. Lavallee Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield. 7-17.
Kumar, Ajay and Sathe Vivek, (1999) Relative effect of health-related fitness on sports
proficiency of student of physical education Cited by Shukla, N.B. Recent Trend in
Physical Education and Sports. Varanasi : Shri Shankar Press, P.6.
Kaur. Darshan (2015), A study on physical fitness components between basketball and
korfball girls players of Haryana International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and
Health 2(1): 286-287.
Knuttgen, H.G. [Link] of fitness of Danish and American schoolchildren. Research.
Quarterly, 32, pp. 190-196.
Muhammad, Alnadd of, [Link] of health related fitness components
among. athletes of various sports, Dissertation Abstracts International, 58 (12), p. 4596-
A.
Nelson, J.K. and Dorociak J.J. [Link] administration time while improving reliability
and validity of fitness tests, Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, 53(1), pp. 63-66.
Ruskin, H. 1978. Physical performance of schoolchildren in Israel. In: Physical Fitness
Assessment-Principles, Practice andApplication. Ed: R.J. Shephard and H. Lavallee,
Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, pp. 273-320,
Sloan, A.W. [Link] fitness of south African compared with British and American high
school children, South African Medical Journal, 40, pp. 688-690
Sodhi HS, Sidhu LS. Physique and Selection of Sportsmen. Pun-jab Publishing House,
Patiala, 1984.
Shephard, Roy J; Berridge, Mavis and Montelpau W. [Link] the generality of the " sit and
reach" test: an analysis of flexibility data for an aging population, Research Quarterly for
Exercise and Sport, 61 (4), p. 326.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 52

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Vinod, K. B. “Assessment of health related physical fitness of schoolstudents belonging to

Jammu provenance”. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Punjab University Chandigarh, 2001.
Tyagi, S. “Physical Fitness Norms for Boys and Girls in Grade Nine through Twelve of Delhi
State”. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Jiwaji University,Gwalior, 1993.
Tuteja, G.K. "A Comparison of Physical Fitness Test of Rural and Urban Students."
Unpublished Master's Thesis, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 1978.
Toriola, O. M. and Monyeki, M. A. “Health-related fitness, body composition and physical
activity status among adolescent learners: The PAHL study”. African Journal for
Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance 18 : 4-1 (2012) : 795-811.
.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 53

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

EFFECT OF WARM-UP ON 100M SWIM PERFORMANCE – A

PILOT STUDY
Meriline Gogoi1 and Dr. Kallol Chatterjee2
Affiliations:
1
Assistant Professor, L.N.I.P.E, NERC Guwahati
2
Assistant Professor, Visva Bharati University, West Bengal Email: merilinegogoi@[Link]

ABSTRACT
Warm-up has always been an integral part before any physical activity. Although there is
a lack of scientific evidence based on the enhancement of performance, the use of warm-up is
very prominent among the coaches and athletes. The study was undertaken to investigate the
effect of warm-up on 100m swim performance. Ten male swimmers age ranging between 18-21
years with 5 years of minimum experience in competitive swimming (National Level) were
randomly selected for the present study from L.N.I.P.E., NERC, Guwahati. Each swimmer
performed 100m freestyle at their maximum effort as an individual time trial in two different
days with the use (UWP) or no use (NUWP) of warm-up which was counter-balanced by a gap
of 24 hours between the experiments. The t-score of 100m Swim Performance was significant as
the p-value (.009) is < 0.05 level of significance. Faster time was observed in UWP condition
which suggests that the usual warm-up procedures followed before a performance is beneficial
for the swimmers. But, the result showed to be insignificant in blood lactate accumulation in
either of the conditions. The performance of the participants also depends on the individual
variability of the participants.
Key words: Males, warm-up, Freestyle, swimming, performance, blood lactate

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 54

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Warm-up has always been an integral part before any physical activity. Although there is
a lack of scientific evidence based on the enhancement of performance, the use of warm-up is
very prominent among the coaches and athletes. A lot many physiological changes could be
observed when different exercises are performed during warming-up, which are believed to be
beneficial for better performance. Warm-up is generalized to result in muscle dynamics, reduce
the risk of injury and prepare the athlete for the main task (Woods, 2007). The hyperthermia
resulting from physical activity increases muscle blood flow, stimulating increased aerobic
energy contribution during a particular task. Besides, it increases the muscle glycogenolysis,
glycolysis and high energy phosphate degradation during exercise.
The literature also claims that warming up via physical activity might have effects added
to the increase in temperature, particularly an elevation of the baseline of oxygen consumption
(VO2) and the amplitude of the primary VO2 response in the subsequent exercise. Nevertheless,
although these metabolic responses appear to indicate a positive effect of warm-up on athletic
performance, current evidence is still inconclusive
Specifically, in swimming, different physiological changes and conflicting benefits to
performance have been reported. Houmard (1991) described increments in distance per stroke
(DPS) during an intensely paced 368.5-m swim and decreased post-exercise blood lactate
concentration with the warm-up. On the contrary, others found that warm-up procedures did not
change performance and led to higher blood lactate after a 2-minute high-intensity swimming
trial. Studies regarding shorter distance performance have shown that proper warm-up was
effective in reducing 100-yd time trial compared with performance without prior warm-up, but
(Bobo, 1999)is study failed to find significant differences in 100-yd performance between 3
conditions (warm-up exercises in water and on dry land and without warm-up). Research has
focused on even shorter distances (50 yds and 50 m), but results are inconclusive; no favourable
effects of warm-up on 50-m front-crawl performance, either in the lactic acid [La–] or perceived
exertion (RPE), were observed and reported better performances on 50-yd freestyle after a
warm-up, although no effects on RPE and stroke frequency (SF) were detected (Neiva, [Link].,
2012 & Balilionis, [Link]., 2012). .
As no conclusive shreds of evidence are present to determine the influence of warm-up on
swim performance, the optimal structure and its specificity to the sport, the present study is
undertaken to verify if warm-up has any significant effect on 100m swim performance.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Sample
Ten male swimmers age ranging between 18-21 years with 5 years of minimum experience
in competitive swimming at National Level were randomly selected for the present study from
L.N.I.P.E., NERC, Guwahati, on their consent. All tests procedures were performed in a 25m
swimming pool of LNIPE, NERC.
2.2 Testing Protocol
Upon arrival at the pool, the participants were acquainted with the testing protocols. The
experiments took place at the peak of their practice sessions. Each swimmer performed 100m
freestyle at their maximum effort as an individual time trial in two different days with the use
(UWP) or no use (NUWP) of warm-up which was counter-balanced by a gap of 24 hours
between the experiments. In the UWP condition, the swimmers perform their usual pre-
competition warm-up (total- 1200m volume) comprising of swim, drills, pull, kick and few max-
repeats. After 10 minutes of rest the swimmers the 100m time trial. In NUWP condition, no

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 55

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

exercises were recommended to the swimmers before the 100m time trial. Standard starts were
used. The times clocked by the swimmers were taken and recorded by two experienced coaches
using standard digital stopwatches (Casio). Capillary blood samples were collected from the
fingertiputilizing lactate analyser (Stat-Strip Xpress Lactate Meter, lancing needles and Lactate
Strips manufactured by Nova Biomedical)after each maximal effort (within 1st 2 mins of
recovery) to access the appropriate value of blood lactate.
2.3 Statistical Analysis
. The normality of the distributions was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test . To findout the
significant difference amog male swimmers, Mean, Sd and t-ratio were computed and data
pertaining to this has been presented in Table 1 to 3.
3. RESULTS
To compare the data obtained in the two trials Student’s Paired t-test was employed. The
level of significance was set at 0.05. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
20.
TABLE 1
TEST FOR NORMALITY
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig.
Difference .942 10 .580
The score presented in Table 1 shows that the p value (.580) > 0.05, which depicts that
the data collected were normal.
TABLE 2
PAIRED SAMPLES TEST
Part Contents N Mean SD Std Error Paired df t-ratio
Mean Difference
1 100m swim performance 10 65.43 3.12 0.99 1.35 9 3.28
without warm-up
100m swim performance 10 64.63 3.22 1.02
after warm-up
2. Blood Lactate Without 10 9.54 1.60 0.51 0.56 9 0.55
warm-up
Blood Lactate after 10 9.72 1.37 0.43
Warm-up
Table 2 displays the descriptive statistics (Mean, SD and Std. Err of mean) of the 100m
swim performance (Pair 1) and blood lactate (Pair 2) of the both the selected conditions (NUWP
and UWP) respectively.
Table 2 also displays the t-score of 100m Swim Performance to be significant as the p-
value (.009) is < 0.05 level of significance. This determines that there is a significant difference
in100m Swim Performance in both the conditions of NUWP and UWP. But, the result showed to
be insignificant in blood lactate accumulation in either of the conditions.
4. DISCUSSION
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of warm on 100m swim performance.
Faster time was observed in UWP condition which suggests that the usual warm-up procedures
followed before a performance is beneficial for the swimmers. Although, 3 participants in
NUWP condition clocked faster time than in UWP condition which determines the

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 56

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

individualistic approach of a particular swimmer. Warming-up led to significant improvement

but the physiological variable did not seem to be very effective.
Warm-up has always been an integral part in swimming, the positive effect of it was first
presented by (De Vries, 1959). On the other hand, studies conducted by Huston (1993); Bobo
(1999); & Neiva, (2012). They did not find positive effect of warm-up on performance.
However, it should be noted that in actual competition scenario, a time lapse between the in
water warm-up and the performance is experienced by the swimmers which negotiates the
positive effect of warm-up on performance, yet, the swimmers perform at their paramount effort.
Although, psychological changes might also add to improved performance of the participants
(Woods, 2007). Researches done earlier have shown that warm-up increases preparedness and
provides time to concentrate before the race (Balilionis, 2012). In parallel, some participants
might be discouraged and have lack of motivation to race with no warm-up or a short warm-up
(Balilionis, 2012).
Limited studies are available that examined swimming performances using different
warm-up protocols. The results of the present study supports (Romney, 1993) who found a
significantly faster 100-yard swim time after 15 minutes of swimming warm-up compared to no
warm-up and also supports (Balilionis, 2012) who found faster 50m mean time after regular
warm as compared to no warm-up and short warm-up. King (1979) instead found no significant
difference in 50m swim time between a 400m swim warm-up and no warm-up. This might be
due large age variability of the participants and a 400m warm-up might not be sufficient enough
to raise the muscle and core temperature. Bobo ( 1999) found no significant differences in 100-
yard swim time between 800-yards swim warm-up and no warm-up. Also, Mitchell, et al.
(1993) found no significant difference in 183-meter (200-yard) swim time between no-, low-
intensity (365 meters), and high-intensity (365 meters) warm-ups. Low-intensity, 365-meter
(400-yard) warm-up may not be sufficient to raise muscle and core temperature, thus resulting in
no significant difference between no- and 365-meter warm-up protocols
Although regular warm-up regulates to get better performance, there is a need to observe
the individual performance of the swimmers to know the individual variability. Not every
individual respond similar to the warm-up protocols. Some might perform better after a regular
warm-up while some might not require a warm-up or a short warm-up might be beneficial for
that individual. In the present study 3 out of the 10 participants performed better in no warm-up
condition which determines the individuality of the participants.
5. CONCLUSION
From the present study it can be concluded that swimmers gave faster times after a
regular warm-up in comparison to the no warm-up condition. However, the blood lactate showed
to have no difference in both the conditions. The performance of the participants also depends on
the individual variability of the participants. Moreover, it is recommended that swimmers and
coaches should experiment to determine each individual’s optimal warm-up to maximize swim
performance.
REFERENCES
Bobo, M. (1999). The Effect of Selected Types of Warm-up on Swimming Performance.
International Sports Journal, 3(2), 37-43.
Balilionis, G., Nepocatych, S., Ellis, C.M., Richardson, M.T., Neggers, Y.H., Bishop, P.A.
(2012). Effects of different types of Warm-up on Swimming Performance, Reaction Time
and Dive Distance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(12): 3297-3303.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 57

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Neiva, H. P., Morouco, P. G., Pereira, F. M., & Marinho, D. A. (2012). The effect of warm-
up in 50 m swimming performance. Motricidade, 8(S1), 13-18.
Houmard , J A., Johns, R A., Smith, L L., Wells, J M ., Kobe, R W, & McGoogan , S
A (1991). The Effect of Warm-up on Responses to Intense Exercises. International
Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(5): 480-483.
Huston, J. M. (1993). The Effect of high and Low Intensity Warm-upon the Physiological
Responses to a Standardized Swim and Tethered Swimming performance. Journal of
Sports Sceinces, 11(2): 159-163.
King, A. (1979). The relative effects of various warm-up procedures on 50 meter times of.
Journal of Physical Education, 7(3): 22-24.
Romney, N. C., & Nethery, V. M. (1993). The effects of swimming and dryland warm-ups on
100-yard freestyle performance in collegiate swimmers. Journal of Swimming Research,
9, 5-9.
De Vries, H. A. (1959). Effect of Various Warm-up Procedures on 100-yard Times of
Competitive Swimming. Research [Link] Association for Health, Physical
Education and Recreation, 30(1): 11-20.
Woods, K., Bishop, P., & Jones, E. (2007). Warm-up and stretching in the prevention of
muscular injury. Sports Medicine, 37(12). 1089-1099
Mitchell, J. B., & Huston, J. S. (1993). The effect of high- and low-intensity warm-up on the
physiological responses to a standardised swim and tethered swimming performance.
Journal of Sports Sciences, 11(2), 159-65.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 58

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5..684

ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF COVID PANDEMIC ON STUDENTS

MENTAL HEALTH ILLNESS IN DISTANCE E-LEARNING:
REMEDIAL STRATEGIES AND FUTURE COURSE
OF ACTION
Hari Parkash1
Affiliation:
1.
Govt. College, Kharkhara, Rewari, Haryana

ABSTRACT
The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on the student’s
mental health illness and to identify the factors causing mental health problems among the students
originated in COVID-19 pandemic era. Efforts have been also made to identify the role of academic
institution in controlling and managing the stress among students and to offer recommendations as future
course of action to combat mental health problems. Moreover, remedial measure and strategies, role of
yoga and meditation to address mental health illness resulting due to conduct of online classes and e-
learning is also presented.
Undoubtedly, life is full of challenges, uncertainties, multidimensional and moves through
different swing and phases during its entire journey and span. The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic has
affected trade and commerce, health sector, country wide education network, employment and socio
economic development across nation. It has also affected the functioning of all section of society and
changed the face and pace of life globally. It is obvious that outbreak of corona virus and lockdown as
anti epidemic measure resulted in impediment of students from traditional face to face teaching learning
and conduct of traditional class. Online education is only viable solution to continue and impart teaching,
learning in COVID-19 era as result of forced closure of educational institution. In response to COVID-19
situation, students face several issues, challenges, threats and experience different barriers viz.
technological, individuals, domestic, community and institutional in distance e-learning resulting in
mental health problems. Keeping in view the same, therefore, it is imperative to understand the sources
and impact of mental health problems among students in order to derive adequate and efficient
intervention strategies.
Keywords: Corona Virus, COVID-19, Education, Technology, E-learning, Mental Health, Yoga,
Meditation, Life-Style.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 59

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
The outbreak of corona virus in the beginning of 2020 has changed the face and pace of
life globally. Isolation and quarantine, physical distancing, community containment and
lockdown are widely followed anti epidemic measure to curb the spread of the disease.
Lockdown is an intervention applied for separation of people to an entire community/city/region
to prevent the person to-person spread of disease by interrupt transmission [1-3]. The closure of
educational institutions due to COVID-19 pandemic disrupted education nationwide and has
forced all educational institutions viz. pre-primary/primary/secondary schools, college or
university-level education to switch from traditional face to face learning to distance e-learning
mode resulting in affecting student's life and their studies. No doubt, closure of educational
institutions not only impacted students, teachers, and families, but also has far-reaching
economic and societal consequences. It forced to conduct various students centered activities
through virtual world using Information and Communication Technology. Almost 60.2 million
instructors from educational institution are far from traditional face to face classroom teaching
and conducting classes in online mode through different learning platform. Distance e-learning
online classes are conducted by the instructor using different online platform as an alternative to
traditional face to face classes. Instructor imparting content delivery in online classes through
these online video-conferencing platforms is required to set up their accounts to engage with
students. These tools enable us to conduct online classes, web conferences, webinars, video chat
and live interactive meeting. Certainly, the COVID-19 pandemic results in evolution of new era
of online e-learning, instructional delivery and brings a new culture of remote working. The
unexpected and undesired changes and inability to cope with realistic situations arise due to
distance e-learning results in mental health problems. It is a threat to students mental, physical,
emotional and spiritual well being resulting due to reaction to short lived situation. Mental health
problems result biochemical, physiological behavioral and psychological changes among
students, and may also damage student’s physical health [4-12].
Keeping in view the safety of students, teacher and their family the educational
institutions are still continuing teaching and learning in online remote e-learning mode to ensure
physical distancing and to prevent person to-person spread of disease.
1.1 PANDEMIC INDUCED CONSEQUENCE: CORE PROBLEM OF MENTAL
ILLNESS
Online education is only viable solution to continue and impart teaching, learning in
COVID-19 era as result of forced closure of educational institution. Conduct of several hours
online classes; interaction through virtual environment; long time sitting on screen; meeting of
academic demands and assignments from homes through online mode; conduct of online
examination; online assessment; preparation and submission of midterm paper, independent
study; uncertainty of academic and professional career; study of new subjects through new
digital learning platform; change in environment and life style due to whole time stay at homes;
long hours lack of social contact with nearer, dearer and far from peer group; least participation
in group sports and physical activities; exposure to social media; lack of e-resource and
connectivity; financial constraint results in mental health problems of students. Besides these
factors, economic uncertainty in family on one side and relational family conflict on the other
side; fear of losing job by parents and issues of unemployment of family members; change in life
style are also the major challenge which further cause the fear, insecurity for future and mental
illness.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 60

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

In response to COVID situation, transition from traditional face to face learning to online
distance e-learning results in online fatigue, weariness and monotony due to attending multiple
long hour class’s every day, long hours sitting on digital device and continuous looking on
screens for studies as well as for recreational activities and for preparation of power point
presentation, assignments and worksheet. Resultantly, students face difficulty in concentrating,
physical exhaustion, anxiety, irritability, headache and eye strain. The increase in screen time,
combined with prolonged sitting and screen exposure; lack of physical activity is vital cause of
mental illness. The pandemic induced remote e-learning results in major concern of mental
health problems due to conduct of all students centered activities in online mode. It results into a
range of behavioral issues and gives rise to unexpected and undesired stress and anxiety [13-26].
No doubt, ICT play a vital role in digital and global era but long time online content
delivery through online mode results in mental illness in student’s certainly. Keeping in view the
unexpected circumstance of corona virus pandemic, the present study is planned to access and
identify the various factors causing mental health illness and academic stress among students.
The various strategies and remedial measure, role of yoga and meditation, due course of action
need to be initiated as roadmap in future by academic institution to address, cope and overcome
with mental health illness among students is also presented.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND RELATED WORK
Although there is a vast scientific literature in context of outbreak of corona virus,
pandemic and its consequence on education and health sector, impact of distance e-learning in
different course of studies in different educational domains and professional course. But in this
study, a concise review of literature in context of analyzing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic
on student’s mental health illness resulting due distance e-learning, remedial measures and role
of yoga and meditation to address the same is presented. Table 1 depicts the literature in context
of the present study.
Table 1: Literature Review and Related Work
[Link] Domain Authors
1 Online and remote learning in educational Shivangi Dhawan, 2020; Parvat Kumar Jena, 2020;
institutions during COVID-9 pandemic Ramakanta Mohalik and Sonali Suparna Sahoo, 2020;
and Educational Challenges Chrysi Rapanta et al, 2020; Wahab Ali, 2020; Petar Jandrić
et al, 2020; Pratima Khandelwal et al, 2020; Jyoti Bawane,
2020.
2 Impact of COVID-19 on students mental Ruba Abdelmatloub Moawad, 2020; Sai Saliesh Kumar
illness due to online and remote e- Goothy et al, 2020; Utsav Raj, 2020, Kshipra Moghe et al,
learning 20020; Nicholas Grubic et al 2020, Pardeep Sahu, 2020;
Leilei Liang et al 2020; Shweta Singh et al 2020, S Subedi
et al, 2020; Sanasam Pauline Devi, 2020; [Link] et al,
2020; Sanasam Pauline Devi, 2020; Dangi Ravi Rai et al,
2020; Adrija Roy et al, 2020, Anuradha Khattar et al, 2020;
Dangi Ravi Rai et al, 2020; Barnali
Bhattacharjee and Tathagata Acharya, 2020.
3 Role of yoga and meditation to combat Gopal Krushna Pal et al, 2020; R Nagarathna et al, 2020;
students mental health illness Raju Roy and Malay Kumar Mukhopadhyay; 2020, Ananda
Balayogi Bhavanani, 2020, Kanupriya Sharma, 2020;
Nishitha Jasti, 2020.
The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on the
student’s mental health and to identify the factors causing mental health problems among the
students originated in COVID pandemic era. To identify the role of academic institution in
controlling and managing the stress among students and to offer recommendations as future

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 61

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

roadmap and course of action to combat mental health problems. To explore the various
strategies and technique, remedial measure to combat, prevent and to find out possible measures
that would reduce the stress level. Keeping in view the objectives, the present study is planned
and organized in the forthcoming sections.
3. METHODOLOGY
The present investigation is planned and based on secondary information that is based on
narrative study, interview, views and observation from faculty, student’s perception and view
point, review of literature of related work on the previous studies conducted, published and
unpublished reports in this domain. The succeeding section describes the cause and consequence
of mental health problems among students.
3.1 Identification of Cause of Mental Health Illness
Life is complex, complicated, dynamic, realistic & full of uncertainties and far from
imagination of each and every one. Each student’s irrespective of gender, age, medium of study,
course of study, socio economic status, residing in rural or urban area experience mental health
problems differently in COVID-19 era. Indeed, it is obvious that in dynamic, competitive and
global digital era, youth already by themselves are aware and exposed to Information and
Communication Technology, all kinds of digital resources; device and electronic gadgets that
already develop mental stress and health problems. It is true that students enjoy social media and
digital life. In fact, it is a matter of great concern that youth is already making excessive use of
digital technology and face difficulty in managing their own schedule, activity and life.
Indeed, transition from traditional face to face learning to online distance e-learning
forced youth to primarily switch and conduct their students centered activities using Information
and Communication Technology, digital device and electronic gadgets. Moreover, the usage of
the same differs from individuals to individuals as per course of study and instructional delivery.
The excessive use of digital technology affects student’s body, mind, and behavior in many
ways. No doubt, each student move through a developmental stage in which they experience
many waves of success and failures. Resultantly, when individual’s students are unable to
manage and cope the waves of life changes and when the same is not handled properly it brings
mental health issues. There are numerous cause of mental health illness among students resulting due
to various uncontrolled internal/ external factors associated with students life changes. It is a matter of
great concern that students mental illness has increased in this era of pandemic and digital revolution.
Infact, mental health illness is the negative outcome of digital and modern lifestyle varied from
individual students to students and as a result of various external factors, life style, expectation
from success/failure of individuals etc to name only a few.
The probable reasons of mental health problems originated in COVID-19 pandemic and the factors
that can contribute to stress among students are identified as below:
 Financial and economic uncertainty;
 Major dependence on ICT and increased screen time;
 Delay in online scheduling of examination;
 Lack of ICT & e-resource;
 Excessive use of social media;
 Unhealthy and excessive eating;
 Change in environment and lack of interaction with peers;
 Imbalance between studies, sports and physical activity;
 Imbalance in course of studies and competitive examination preparation;
 Inadequate coping skills and conflict;

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 62

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

 Relational conflict;
 Individual personality factors;
One of the major concerns of increase in mental illness in COVID-19 pandemic era is major
dependence on use of ICT, e-resource, electronic gadget in remote e-learning. Majorly, all
students centered activities related to their studies are conducted in online mode and continue
even after unlock phase in digital online mode. Students are almost sitting 4 to 8 hours every day
in online mode leading to increase in screen time. Since much of routine activities either online
classes or entertainment of students are dependent on the use of ICT and e-resource. It results in
behavioral and emotional disorders due to spending long screen hours. The long hour’s classes
and dead line to meet online e-assignments, projects, independent study, power point
presentation, and conduct of laboratory virtually further also increase the screen time. Academic
pressure such as completion of curriculum and fear of online examination; work pressure and
demanding deadlines of meeting academic e-assignments, worksheet further aggravated the
situation [13-26].
Besides the above stated factor, the individual personality factors such as physical illness,
late night sleep, self indiscipline and faulty time management, inadequate rest, inadequate
exercises, faulty lifestyle, inadequate leisure time, faulty dietary habits also results in mental
health problems. Moreover, association with negative mind set, change in life style and day to
day routine due to forced closure of educational institutions and restriction of outdoor
recreational activities, isolation from nearer, dearer and peer friends, fear of transmission of
disease from other results in mental health illness.
In light of the above discussion, it is obvious that above stated factors play a significant
role in developing mental health illness and affecting student’s academic performance.
Resultantly, it has a dramatic impact on student’s life and therefore it is the need of hour to take
vital steps to combat and to bring balance in physical health, mental, emotional, and spiritual
dimension to the students.
3.2. Mental Health Problems
Mental health problems in students have been on the rise since COVID-19. Commonly,
identified mental health issues originated in response to COVID-19 pandemic situation resulting
in digestive symptoms, emotional negative effect, physical impact are listed below:
 Irritability and mood swings;
 Anxiety and low mood;
 Anger, outbursts, isolating self and video fatigue;
 Depressive thoughts and recurrent suicidal thoughts because of social isolation;
 Feeling of distrust due to not being able to physically meet with friends and other peers;
 Eye strain, eye infection and other related issues caused by long term sitting for online
study and recreational activities and long hours looking at a screen.
 Various kind of disorder and issues such as panic, phobic, sleep disorders, eating
disorders etc
Mental health problems originated due online learning may lead to various health issues such
as headaches, nervous stomach, change in appetite, rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, sweaty
palms, irritability, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, dissatisfaction, anger, depression, inability to
concentrate, emotional problems tiredness all the time neck pain, back pain, migraine
headache. Moreover, prolonged exposure to usage of e-resource in remote e-learning mode
results in mental illness, increase wear and tear of the body and mind which in turns leads to
mental disorder etc.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 63

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

3.3 Strategies for Coping with Mental Health Illness

The optimal usage of digital e-resource and taking frequent break from screen time is an
effective step in managing mental health problems resulting due to remote e-learning. The
various strategies for addressing and coping with mental health illness is depicted in figure 1.

3.4 Emphasis on Participation in Solo/Group-Activities

The involvement of students in various activities such as reading, writing, photography,
art, listing music and playing a musical instrument, cycling, gardening, dancing, running,
participation in disposal of routine work at home play an indispensible role. Moreover,
participation in various activities by maintaining proper physical distances such as student’s
welfare activities, indoor/outdoor sports, virtual field visit, participation in societal activities play
a vital role. Supportive exercise/ physical exercise and workout routine such as jumping jacks;
wall sit; pushups; crunches; step-ups; squats; lunges are vital to boost mood [27].
3.5 Realistic View towards Life
A realistic expectation of students from parents, teachers, nearer and dearer, friends,
society and open communication with parents and teachers is an effective solution in this
direction.
3.6 Subsidiary Skill
It involves planning, setting and managing of day to day routine activities by youth at
their own level such as establishing priorities of everyday as per need, regulating and managing
time for sports, studies and physical activity, recreational activities; time management and
avoiding wastage of time, self care, discipline and management etc to name only a few.
3.7 Yoga and Meditation: Need of Hour
It is evident from vast scientific literature, reports and other studies that yoga is one of the
oldest sciences with a holistic approach studied extensively from ancient past. There are
numerous benefit of yoga, meditation and practicing it regularly stabilizes the mental health and
led positive energy. Yoga practice ideally includes the complete package of asanas (body
postures), pranayamas (breathing techniques), meditation and the ancient yoga philosophy.
Undoubtedly, it is obvious from various studies conducted in COVID-19 era that yoga plays a
vital role to keep physically, mentally fit and to cope with various mental health issues. Yoga and
meditation is a vital tool that play an indispensible role in preventing, combating stress, anxiety
and depression in students. The various benefits of yoga and meditation to address mental health
issues is depicted in figure 2.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 64

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

 Increase flexibility;
 Increase lubrication of the joints,
ligaments and tendons;
 weight reduction;
 Massaging of all organs of the body;
 Maintenance of balanced metabolism;
 Complete detoxification;
 Cardio and circulatory health;
 Excellent toning of the muscles;
What Yoga  Improved respiration, energy and vitality
can do? protection from injury;

 Meditation benefits brain and body; What

 Improved mood and working memory; Mediation
 Alleviate mental distractions; can do?
 Enhance the strength of immune
response;
 Alleviate symptoms caused by sickness;
 Decrease fatigue;
 Reduce the impact of physical and
emotional pain;
 Meditation benefits spirit;
 Enable to get into a state of flow;
 Improve powers of empathy;

Figure 2: Yoga and Meditation Effectiveness for Coping with Stress

3.7.1 Pranayama
Undoubtedly, it is obvious from existing vast scientific literature that breathing right with
pranayama play a vital role in controlling negative thought and free the mind with unnecessary
clutter of thoughts that breed mental health problems. KapalBhati Pranayama (Skull-Shining
Breathing technique); Bhastrika Pranayama; NadiShodhan Pranayam (Alternate Nostril
Breathing); Bhramari Pranayama (Bee Breath) are commonly practiced breathing technique to
reduce mental health illness. Yoga through meditation works remarkably to achieve this
harmony and helps the mind work in synchronization with the body.
3.7.2 Yoga Module: Brief Outlook
It is the need of hour that each and every student may follow and adapt yoga module of
almost 30 minutes to 1 hour regularly in their daily life routine to address various health issues.
Regular practices of yoga module begins/involves starting with prayer of Gayatri mantra, Guru
vandana; three to five round of Surya Namkasar and other simple asana; Shavasana; Nadi
Shodhan Pranayam, Mediation followed by ending prayer Shantee Path.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 65

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

No doubt, practicing yoga and meditation play an indispensible role to reduce stress
levels; relieve anxiety; manage depression; decrease lower back pain; improve quality of life;
stimulate brain function; prevent heart disease; improve sleeping pattern; reduces muscle tension,
strain, and inflammation, sharpens attention and concentration, calms and centers the nervous
system; treatment of chronic health conditions, controlling and focusing thoughts and lead more
productive outcome to name only a few [28].
3.8 Future Road Map
In this section, the role of instructors as well as educational institutions, future road map,
new initiatives and some of the concert steps essentials to address academic stress and mental
health problems and due course of action plan is described.
3.9 Instructor Role in Management of Mental Illness
The author is of view that instructor in educational institution play a pivotal role in
combating and reducing mental health problems and academic stress. Adoption of student
centered active learning approach is the need of hour. Assimilation of student centered
bidirectional innovative teaching pedagogy, problems and project based learning approach,
brainstorming, role playing & inclusion of case studies in content delivery, encouraging hands on
learning and learning by doing, connecting course content with real life situation & social
relevance, encouraging autonomous learning; offering mentor classes & remedial classes,
encouraging participation in extracurricular activities, offering guidance on career counseling,
planning and mapping; developing emphasis on promoting entrepreneurship and start up skill to
keep away from fear of unemployment; encouraging social participation and societal
interconnection. Therefore, it is essentials to nurture innovation talents among young to cope
with real life challenge and to keep far away from academic stress. Besides theses, guiding and
counseling on effective time management; encouraging participation in physical exercise and
indoor/outdoor sports activities; participation in family routine activities/work; participation in
leisure activities, social support activities, spiritual strategies is also vital. Moreover, guiding,
motivating and encouraging students to share problems with parents, teacher, counselor and
friends and guiding to reframing problems as per demand and situation, changing situation,
reaction, response and positive attitude is also essential to address the mental illness.
In light of the above discussion, it is evident that teacher play vital role in academic stress
management by guiding, motivating and mentoring the students.
3.10 Educational Institutions: Future Course of Action
Primarily, in author opinion majority of instructor realize that stress, depression and anxiety
among students is a serious concern resulting from COVID-19 pandemic. In response to
COVID-19 situation, before fully functioning and opening of educational institutions, it is
essential to take vital steps by the educational institution as future roadmap to combat mental
stress. In this direction, future course of action, recommendation and some of the concert steps,
initiatives essentials for academic institution in due course of action plan are as follows:
 Inclusion of yoga breaks in time table and academic curriculum;
 Sensitization of students towards life style modification evolved in digital and global era;
 Creation of students centered activities and support centre;
 Sensitization towards use of social media;
 Establishment of nutrition and wellness centre in educational institution;
 Sensitize students towards self care and self discipline and self management;
 Establishing yoga and rejuvenation therapy centre;
 Inter personal skill development;

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 66

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

 Constitution of health monitoring committee;

 Organizing open parent teacher interaction meeting and assessing feedback;
 Engaging students in recreational activities and indoor/outdoor sports;
 Guidance and counseling on career planning and mapping;
 Regulating screen time and use of digital resources;
 Avoid cognitive overloading of students
In summary, mental health problems among students can be addressed by practicing and
adopting the above suggestion in routine life of students. Further, engagement in unnat bhart
abhiyan, community work and social interaction; connectivity with nature; participation in sports
and physical exercise; strengthening real life and analytical problem solving skill; self
assessment and organization; setting realistic life goal; intermittent connectivity with virtual
world and social media; sharing and helping parents in day to routine activities play a significant
role in mental health illness management. No doubt, students counseling centers, student health
committee and mentor mentee programme and assimilation of above recommendation plays a
significant role to enlighten the bright future of young ones and to keep away from stress,
anxiety and depression. No doubt, sensitization of students through on campus counseling and
organizing various seminar/conference/workshop/webinar on the above issues plays a vital role
in this direction.
4 CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND FINDING OF STUDY
Each and every student in this world is unique and proceeds through life’s journey in
different ways and face different technological, individuals, domestic, community and
institutional barriers in COVID-19 pandemic. Social isolation and prevalent use of digital device
is one of vital concern of digital era in building mental stress and depression. Every individual
experiences requires unique solution and no doubt, yoga and mediation is an effective and vital
tool in this direction. Indeed, commonly discussed strategies in this investigation are preliminary
solution to address the mental health problems of students. Remedial measure, strategies and
future course of actions need to be initiated by educational institution before fully functioning of
institution play a significant role in combating stress, anxiety and depression.
 The finding of this study reveals that assimilation of discussed remedial measure,
strategies and adoption of above suggestion, recommendation and regular practice of
yoga mediation play a significant role in reducing mental health problems.
 It is also true that almost two third of Indian population reside in rural and majorly
depends on agriculture, dairy farming, agro based activities, self-employment, services,
construction sector, etc to name only a few. It is true that students residing in rural areas
mainly prefer government institution for study due financial constraint, other issues and
challenges. Nationwide digital learning is practically impossible in government
institutions mainly in schools in era of COVID-19 pandemic due lack of power supply,
interruption in power supply, poor digital knowledge and skills, internet connectivity
issues, lack of e-library and technological barriers. Therefore, it is evident that the impact
of distance e-learning was more severe for disadvantaged children due to lack of e-
resource availability. Lack of ICT support and internet connectivity problem; affordability
of e-resource and lack of family support due to financial constraint is a major hindrance
in delivery of online education especially in rural India. It results in digital divide in rural
India.
 The study also reveals that mental health illness is the negative outcome of digital and
modern life style as well as excessive pressure resulting due to simultaneous preparation

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 67

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

of course of studies and competitive examination by students through online mode. It is

therefore essentials to optimally balance the use of ICT technology and digital resource
with other routine activities that promote relationships, creativity and over development
of youth. Undoubtedly, excessive use of e-resource and technology can negatively
impact the physical, mental, emotional and social development of youth.
 The study also reveals that long hours online classes results into late night sleep, irregular
sleep cycle and insomnia due to the sudden increased usage of screen time and reduced
physical activity. Therefore, online classes had increased the mental stress in the students.
 It is also obvious that not only online classes but financial uncertainty and inter & intra
family conflict also result into mental health illness. The inter & intra family conflict
needs to be understand and managed by students as well as parents.
 The study also reveals that it is the need of hour to introduce mental wellness program
into undergraduate curriculum and moreover to create and start mental health cell in
educational institutions for offering solution in this direction.
 It is also the need of hour to assess existing technological resource and barriers in
educational institutions; future technical requirement and devising a road map to meet the
future requirements and finalizing the same for sustaining online education.
 Essentially, there is need to learn a lesson from the COVID-19 era and efforts should be
made to create skilled digital workforce having sound digital knowledge. Moreover,
efforts should be made to impart training to the staff and faculty on online content
creation, management and delivery for sustaining online education, curriculum in future.
Therefore, it is the need of hour to invest in improvement of instructor skills in digital
knowledge and skills, cyber safety awareness, e-study material development.
 Institute level initiatives need to be taken for student’s welfare by offering tuition fee
waivers, scholarship to economically deprived students to address the financial problems
of students originated as a result of pandemic economic impact.
To summarize, adoption of yoga and meditation certainly play an indispensible role to reduce
stress levels; relieve anxiety; manage depression; in controlling lower back pain; improve quality
of life; stimulate brain function; prevent heart disease; improve sleeping pattern to name only a
few.
REFERENCES
1. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media
briefing on COVID-19–11 March 2020 Geneva, Switzerland: World Health
Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 18 April]. [Link]
director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-11-march-2020.
2. Ministry of home affairs, Consolidated Guidelines on the measures to be taken by
Ministries/ Departments of Government of India, State/Union Territory Governments and
State/ Union Territory Authorities for containment of COVID-19 Epidemic in the
Country, as notified by Ministry of Home Affairs on 24.03.2020 and further modified on
25.03.2020 and 27.03.2020, [Link]
3. Wikipedia. Covid-19 Pandemic in India. Retrieved on January 15, 2021 from
[Link]
4. Wikipedia, Education in India Retrieved on January 15, 2021. from
[Link]
5. Shivangi Dhawan, Online Learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 Crisis, Journal
of Educational Technology Systems, vol. 49, no. 1, pp.5-22, 2020.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 68

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

6. Petar Jandrić et al, Teaching in the Age of Covid-19, Post digital Science and Education,
n (2020) 2:106 –1230, [Link]
7. Parvat Kumar Jena, Impact of pandemic covid-19 on education in India, International
Journal of Current Research, vol. 12, Issue, 07, pp.12582-12586, July, 2020
8. Parvat Kumar Jena,Impact of Covid-19 on higher education in India, International
Journal of Advanced Education and Research, vol. 5; Issue 3;pp.77-81, 2020.
9. Parvat Kumar Jena, Online learning during lockdown period for Covid-19 in India,
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 9; Issue 5; no. 8, pp.77-81, 2020.
10. Chrysi Rapanta et al, Online University Teaching During and After the Covid-19 Crisis:
Refocusing Teacher Presence and Learning Activity, Postdigital Science and Education,
vol. 2, pp.923–945, 2020.
11. Pratima Khandelwal, Khushbu K Birawat, Nagajyothi H K and N Rana Pratap Reddy,
Strengthening Teaching-Learning Platforms in Higher Education Institutions in Today’s
Google Era, University News, vol. 58, no.12, pp. 5-8, May 11-17, 2020.
12. Jyoti Bawane, Transition to Remote Teaching in Higher Education: Response to Covid-
19, University News, vol. 58, no.12, pp. 14-18, May 11-17, 2020.
13. Wahab Ali, Online and Remote Learning in Higher Education Institutes: A Necessity in
light of COVID-19 Pandemic, Higher Education Studies, vol. 10, No. 3, pp16-25, 2020.
14. Wahab Ali, Mediating Educational Challenges Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic, Asia Pacific
Institute of Advanced Research, vol. 6, No. 2, pp.40-57, 2020.
15. Pardeep Sahu, Closure of Universities Due to Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):
Impact on Education and Mental Health of Students and Academic Staff 12(4): e7541.
DOI 10.7759/cureus.7541.
16. Nicholas Grubic, Shaylea Badovinac and Amer M Johri, Student mental health in the
midst of the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for further research and immediate solutions,
International, Journal of Social Psychiatry, vol. 66, no.5, pp. 517–518, 2020.
17. [Link], [Link], [Link] Kumar, [Link], E-Learning during
Lockdown of Covid-19 Pandemic: A Global Perspective, International Journal of Control
and Automation, vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 1088-1099, 2020.
18. Leilei Liang & Hui Ren, & Ruilin Cao & Yueyang Hu & Zeying Qin & Chuanen Li &
Songli Mei, The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health, Psychiatric Quarterly, vol
91, pp. 841-852, 2020.
19. Adrija Roy, Arvind Kumar Singh , Shree Mishra, Aravinda Chinnadurai, Arun Mitra and
Ojaswini Bakshi, Mental health implications of COVID-19 pandemic and its response in
India, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, vol., pp1-14, 2020.
20. Shweta Singha, Deblina Royb, Krittika Sinhac, Sheeba Parveenc, Ginni Sharmac, Gunjan
Joshic, Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents:
A narrative review with recommendations, Psychiatry Research, vol. 293, November
2020, 113429.
21. Anuradha Khattar, Priti Rai Jain, S. M. K. Quadri, Effects of the Disastrous Pandemic
COVID 19 on Learning Styles, Activities and Mental Health of Young Indian Students -
A Machine Learning Approach, Proceedings of the International Conference on
Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2020) IEEE Explore Part
Number:CFP20K74-ART; ISBN: 978-1-7281-4876-2.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 69

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

22. [Link] , [Link], [Link] Kumar, [Link], E-Learning during

Lockdown of Covid-19 Pandemic: A Global Perspective, International Journal of Control
and Automation, vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 1088-1099, 2020.
23. Subedi S, Nayaju S, Subedi S [Link]., Impact of E-learning during COVID-19 pandemic
among nursing students and teachers of Nepal. International Journal of Science &
Healthcare Research, vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 68-76, 2020.
24. Sanasam Pauline Devi, Impact of COVID-19 in Academic and Psychology of Collegiate:
A Review, International Journal of Science and Research, vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 434-437,
2020.
25. Dangi Ravi Rai, Dewett Parul & Joshi Pallav, Stress Level and Coping Strategies Among
Youth During Corona virus Disease Lockdown in INDIA, Aegaeum Journal, vol. 8, Issue
7, pp.605-617, 2020.
26. Barnali Bhattacharjee and Tathagata Acharya, The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effect
on Mental Health in USA – A Review with Some Coping Strategies”, Retrieved on 15
January, 2021, [Link]
27. Physical activity and covid-19, Retrieved on 15 January, 2021 from [Link]
[Link]/Physical_Activity_and_COVID-19.
28. Kanupriya Sharma, Akshay Ananda, and Raj Kumarb, The role of Yoga in working from
home during the COVID-19 global lockdown, Retrieved on 15 January,
[Link]

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 70

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

A STUDY ON ANXIETY REGULATION OF MALE

CRICKETERS USING JACOBSON DEEP
RELAXATION METHOD
Narayanan J1, Dr.R.Jeyalakshmi2, [Link] Ahmed3
Affiliations:
1
Research Scholar, TNPES University, Chennai, India, narayananpaaji@[Link]
2
Assistant Professor, SRI SAIRAM Engineering College, Chennai, India,
[Link]@[Link]
3
Professor, TNPES University, Chennai, India, khanshahinkhan@[Link]

ABSTRACT
Sport in general has the potential for high levels of stress and anxiety . Cricket is a game
of very complex actions .Performance of a cricketer is crucial to his own career and also for his
team’s success. Preparation is crucial in both the physical and mental arena. Anxiety is one
mental factor which affects the performance of cricketers. If the perception of a cricketer about
the challenge is greater than the perceived skill, it makes him feel anxious or worried that he may
not be able to complete the task without pain or embarrassment, or possibly not complete the
task at all. Practicing and employing a range of psychological strategies can be beneficial in
anxiety management. To reduce the anxiety level of cricketers, the author used Jacobson Deep
relaxation method .This paper discusses impact of Jacobson deep relaxation had on the
regulation of anxiety Levels
Keywords: Cricket, Anxiety , Jacobson Deep relaxation, Progressive relaxation technique

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 71

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Anxiety is emotional experience (state-like, trait-like and meta-experience) and a
component of psychological, biological and social state which can be described along five basic
dimensions: form, content, intensity, context and time.
The cognitive state of anxiety is defined as an emotional response characterized by a
subjective feeling of tension, apprehension, nervousness and worry associated with an arousal of
the autonomic nervous system (Spielberger, 1979b). A temporary anxiety condition would then
comprise two components: a mental (cognitive) (Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990); and heart
rate, which is a physiological component corresponding to raised heart rate, shortness of breath,
sweaty hands etc. Top-level cricketers need to be ready for constant change and change
management. Coping with anxiety is the process of adapting with change. Potential gain and
loss are behind all stress-induced emotional experiences (Lazarus, 2000).
Cricket is a game of complexity and the situations of a game keep changing now and then
thereby affecting the performance. Basically it is found that at elite levels the difference between
the margin to win and to lose a game is very thin and those who are able to hold their nerves,
have clinched the game in their teams favour. On the contrary those cricketers who are affected
by anxiety fail to finish the game and the need to study this phenomenon has generated lot of
interest for researchers to do extensive research. Theories like “multidimensional anxiety theory
of performance, “catastrophe model of anxiety and performance, and “individual zones of
optimal functioning—IZOF,” Cognitive Mental Emotions Somatic Physical Symptoms have
stipulated the relationship between anxiety and performance. Regarding anxiety management,
the best known are relaxation techniques which can be defined as through which individuals are
able to reduce their muscle and psychological tension voluntarily.
We will discuss in this article the effect of Jacobson Progressive relaxation -a body scan
starting at the head and finishing at the feet to detect localized muscle tensions
Jacobson Progressive Relaxations: The technique named “progressive relaxation” was
developed by Edmund Jacobson, a Chicago physician, who first introduced it in his book
Progressive Relaxation, in 1929. It is mental relaxation that causes body relaxation. The leading
representative of this second group is “autogenic training.” According to this method, mental
relaxation results from body relaxation. This happens progressively, going from one muscle
group to the next. The objective of the tightening and relaxing phases is to increase the
individual’s awareness of the difference between the presence and absence of muscle tension.
Once the individual has developed his/her self observation capacity through practice, he or she
will be able to eliminate unwanted tensions in the muscle groups, without having to tighten them
beforehand. This is a technique that uses muscle contraction and relaxation to make you feel
calmer. What is the purpose of the technique? Relaxation can help to relieve the symptoms of
anxiety. Although the cause of the anxiety will not disappear, you will probably feel more able to
deal with it once you have released the tension in your body and cleared your thoughts. Don't
worry if you find it difficult to relax at first. It is a skill that needs to be learned and it will come
with practice. Once you have mastered it you will be able to use it throughout your life, for
example when driving a car, sitting in your office or standing in a supermarket queue. The
improvement of relaxation skills allows athletes to reduce or increase their level of anxiety
efficiently, in a shorter period of time, and without the need for a special site to facilitate the
execution of the techniques.
The relaxation response, as well as the state of anxiety, can be evaluated through a
questionnaire Two examples of scientifically validated questionnaires are the Revised

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 72

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 (CSAI-2R), which measures cognitive anxiety, somatic
anxiety and self confidence (Janelle & Naugle, 2012).
Mental health of the sportsperson is more influencing their performance. (Sahni, 2017).
Mind and body are always well connected. The performance of a cricketer depends on both
cognitive and physical factors. The intervention of some physical exercises or treatment also
impact the mental behaviour. In this regard, the study is attempting to identify whether Jacobson
deep muscle treatment has any influence over cricketers anxiety level. Main Objective of the
study was to examine the impact of Jacobson progressive relaxation techniques on anxiety levels
of cricketers.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Selection of Subject
Two groups of each 8 cricketers were selected randomly and one group was assigned as
the control group and the other group was assigned as the treatment group. The cricketers in the
control group had received no treatment. They just proceeded as usual , whereas the treatment
group were subjected to Jacobson Progressive Relaxation Technique for a period of 30 days.
The cricketers were initially classified into two groups namely control groups and
treatment groups. Each group consists of eight members. The players in the treatment group
received the Jacobson deep muscle relaxation treatment. The anxiety level of both the groups
were measured before and after the treatment
2.2 Instrument
The research was conducted with a well structured questionnaire which consists of 5
point Likert scale questions.
3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The cricketers were initially classified into two groups namely control groups and
treatment groups. Each group consists of eight members. The players in the treatment group
received the Jacobson deep muscle relaxation treatment. The anxiety levels of both the groups
were measured before and after the treatment.
TABLE 1
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST OF CRICKETERS OF
EXPERIMENT AND CONTROL GROUP
Test Groups N M SD
Pre-test Experimental 8 20.8750 4.99821
Control 8 20.6250 5.68048
Total 16 20.7500 5.17043
Post-test Experimental 8 16.0000 4.30946
Control 8 21.5000 5.42481
Total 16 18.7500 5.51966
From table 1 reveals that the mean value of anxiety level pre-treatment is 20.75 and the
mean value of anxiety for both the control group and treatment group has no major difference as
the mean values are 20.625 and 20.875 for control group and treatment group respectively. But
when we look at the average level of anxiety between the two groups after treatment, we can find
a major difference in the average anxiety level between the two groups. The average anxiety
level of the control group is 21.5 which does not show a major difference. But the anxiety level
of the treatment group shows a major difference in post treatment as the anxiety level drops to a
4.875 point from 20.875 to 16.00. The standard deviation value for all the items are low and it

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 73

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

indicates that the anxiety level of players in both the groups before and after treatment is
concentrated around the mean.
TABLE 2
BOX'S TEST OF EQUALITY OF COVARIANCE MATRICES
Box's M .421
F .119
df1 3
df2 35280.000
Sig. .949
Table 2 indicates that there is a difference in the average value of anxiety after the
Jacobson deep muscle treatment given to the treatment group, it is mandatory to check whether
there is any covariance that exists between the groups under study. The significance value of
0.949 from Box test of equality indicates that the null hypothesis is accepted. This ensures that
the results of these models are highly acceptable and trustworthy as the groups under study have
no co-variances.
TABLE 3
MULTIVARIATE TESTS
Effect Value F Hypothesis Error Sig. Partial Eta
df df Squared
Time Pillai's Trace .294 5.828a 1.0 14.0 .030 .294
a
Wilks' Lambda .706 5.828 1.0 14.0 .030 .294
a
Hotelling's Trace .416 5.828 1.0 14.0 .030 .294
a
Roy's Largest Root .416 5.828 1.0 14.0 .030 .294
a
Time x Pillai's Trace .462 12.042 1.0 14.0 .004 .462
a
Group Wilks' Lambda .538 12.042 1.0 14.0 .004 .462
a
Hotelling's Trace .860 12.042 1.0 14.0 .004 .462
a
Roy's Largest Root .860 12.042 1.0 14.0 .004 .462
From Table 3, it is observed that, wilk’s lambda in the second row where the results of
groups are obtained after comparing the post and pre-treatment. The significance value of Wilks’
Lambda in the multivariate analysis is 0.04 which is less than 0.05 which leads to the rejection of
the null hypothesis. This indicates that anxiety level of players in the control group shows a
notable difference before and after the Jacobson deep muscle treatment
TABLE 4
MAUCHLY'S TEST OF SPHERICITY b
Within Mauchly's W Approx. df Sig. Epsilon a
Subjects Chi-
Effect Square Greenhouse-Geisser Huynh-Feldt Lower-bound
Time 1.000 .000 0 1.000 1.000 1.000
Though the wilks’ lambda showed that there exists a notable difference in the anxiety
level of the groups, it is mandatory to check the variances between the groups. Hence, in Table
4, Mauchly's test of sphericity is conducted to know whether the rule of sphericity is followed or
not when selecting the groups. As per our result, the significance value which is less than 0.05

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 74

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

indicates that the sphericity is violated. This indicates that the variances between all
combinations of groups are not equal.
TABLE 5
TESTS OF WITHIN-SUBJECTS EFFECTS
Source Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Time Sphericity Assumed 32.000 1 32.000 5.828 .030
Greenhouse-Geisser 32.000 1.000 32.000 5.828 .030
Huynh-Feldt 32.000 1.000 32.000 5.828 .030
Lower-bound 32.000 1.000 32.000 5.828 .030
Time x Sphericity Assumed 66.125 1 66.125 12.042 .004
Group Greenhouse-Geisser 66.125 1.000 66.125 12.042 .004
Huynh-Feldt 66.125 1.000 66.125 12.042 .004
Lower-bound 66.125 1.000 66.125 12.042 .004
Error Sphericity Assumed 76.875 14 5.491
Greenhouse-Geisser 76.875 14.000 5.491
Huynh-Feldt 76.875 14.000 5.491
Lower-bound 76.875 14.000 5.491
It is clear from Table 5 that the significance value of 0.04(<0.05) across sphericity
assumed in the second row of the below table indicates that the previous assumption about
sphericity is invalid. It is because the significance level indicates that the means between groups
is perfectly equal. Variance cannot be found if the means are perfectly equal.
TABLE 6
TESTS OF WITHIN-SUBJECTS CONTRASTS
Source Time Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Time Linear 32.000 1 32.000 5.828 .030

Time x Group Linear 66.125 1 66.125 12.042 .004

Error(Time) Linear 76.875 14 5.491

The p-value in the Test of within subject’s contrasts is 0.04 which indicates a significant
difference in the level of anxiety between the groups after the Jacobson deep muscle treatment.
The partial eta squared value for time is 0.294 and results after Jacobson deep muscle treatment
is .462, which is twice as the previous one. This indicates that Jacobson deep muscle treatment
decreases the anxiety level of the players. 66% of the change in anxiety level of the players is
due to the Jacobson deep muscle treatment.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 75

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

4. CONCLUSION
The anxiety level of cricketers being an important factor affecting their performance is
influenced by many factors. Most important among them are the physical health and mental
state. The anxiety level of cricketers is connected to physical health. The results of this study
proved that the intervention of jacobson deep muscle treatment decreases the anxiety level of
players. Hence, the cricketers should be given proper physical treatment to improve their
cognition level which in turn leads to better performance.
REFERENCES
Janelle, C. M., & Naugle, K. M. (2012). Emotional reactivity. In G. Tenenbaum, R. [Link],
& A. Kamata (Eds.), Measurement in sport and exercise psychology, pp.333–348,
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
Jacobsen, E. (1929). Progressive Relaxation. Oxford: University of Chicago Press.
Lazarus. Richard S. (2000), How Emotions Influence Performance in Competitive Sports.
The Sport Psychologist, 14 : 229-252.
Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics.
Sahni, Manroy & Bhogal, Gurjit. (2017). Anxiety, depression and perceived sporting
performance among professional cricket players. British Journal of Sports Medicine.
bjsports-2017. 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097827.5.
Spielberger, C.D. (1979b). Preliminary manual for the State‐Trait Personality Inventory (STPI).
Unpublished manuscript, University of South Florida, Tampa.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 76

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

SCIENTIFIC BENEFITS AND EFFECT OF YOGA ON HUMAN

LIFE
Dattaram Bhagwanrao Bangar1
Affiliation
1. Director of Physical Education & Sports, Shri Anand College Pathardi,
Ahmednagar(M.S) - 414102, Email:- dattarambangar@[Link]

ABSTRACT
The main purpose of yoga has to keep good health and positively in human life. Since

Ancient times yoga have played major role in human society. The practice of yoga in believed to

have started with the vary down of civilization yoga on a long history of human culture and has

been preserved for thousands of years. Today, yoga in practiced worldwide by millions of people

in many forms and variations. Yoga prefaces a complete system of physical. Mental, social and

spiritual development and improves strength, balance and flexibility. It also helps in keeping our

mental and physical health and maintained good relation with nature. Every should be take

benefits form yoga for in peace of mind.

Keywords: - Human, Society, Mental, Health, Yoga, Benefits

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 77

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Man is social animal he cannot live without society; he has to develop by living in
society. Good health in essential for living a good life and yoga in very important for achieving
that. The mind in always wondering and being rebellious never focusing on the moment stress
builds up in our daily lives, endangering our health and it affects your health as well as your
family. (Gharote, 2008). The art of practicing yoga helps in controlling on individuals mind
body and soul; It helps manage stress and anxiety and keeps you relaxing. Yoga is not a religion,
it’s you relaxing. Yoga is not a religion its way to life that purpose towards a healthy mind a
healthy body.
1.1 History of Yoga:
Yoga is a five thousand year old style of knowledge in India IT is mentioned in the Rig-
Veda and still used today by people for their mental and physical health in origin of the word
yoga in found in Sanskrit word. The word yoga was first mentioned in the oldest sacred task, the
revved (Singh, 2010). Mahathir patanjali, who was developed yoga, is said to be the father of
yoga, In miler times, yoga has gained a lot of importance and in accepted globally, If a person
wants to have a mental and physical well being and a stress free life. He has no choice but to
practice yoga (Burley, 2000).
1.2 Scientific Benefits of Yoga:
The scientific of yoga is a psychology of a philosophical nature. The very introduction of
the system of yoga by pandonjali in by way of an in suction that the mind has to be controlled
yoga has child vation niordhan. (Singh SP. Healthy 2010). Yoga is an experimental science.
The most important benefit of yoga is it balances our physical and mental conditions. The aim of
yoga has facilitating the development and integration of body, mind and breath to produce
structural, physiological and psychological effects. The science of yoga in the scientific basis of
modern yoga as exercise in human sciences such as a anatomy, physiology, and psychology
yoga’s effects are to some tent shared other form of exercise (Shrivastav & Chavan 2009).
Yoga has been studded scientifically since 19th century physiology experiments of N.C Paul
Yoga helps to maintain bone strength, hint mobility, and joint stability to improves posture
muscle strength coordination and confidence in turn reducing the risk of injury and bone
fracture.
Now in modern times yoga in also used directly as therapy especially for psychological
conditions such as post traumatic stress disorder, but the evidence for their remains weak early in
the 20th century, two pioneers of yoga an exercise in India, yogendra and kuvalayahanda, worked
to makes healthy yoga acceptable, seeking scientific evidence for the health benefits of yoga
postures (ashes) and yoga breathing (Pranayama). (Galore, 2003) Yoga in a great scientific gift
to human society & everyone should take advantage of it.
2. EFFECT OF YOGA ON HUMAN BODY:
Yoga has been very important in human society since ancient times today yoga has a
special place in the world and has been accepted at the scientific level. Yoga’s incorporation of
meditation and breathing can help improve a person’s mental well being Every day yoga practice
creates mental clarity and calmness, increases ably awareness, relaxes the mind and sharpens
concentration (Yogeshwar, 2004). The goal of yoga in unity of the body, mind and spirit with
the toes on body posture, breathing and meditation several forms of yoga exist to meet the needs
of varying lifestyle and personalities each yoga style emphasized there or believes. Doing yoga
offer many benefits for the body and spirit and over all wellbeing.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 78

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

2.1 Yoga for all:

Yoga is useful for everyone. Yoga children adults Old people sick people can all benefit
from it and can led a batter life everyone should take advantage of this (Bhatt Krishna 2008).
2.2 Yoga Promotes mental Health:-
Yoga practices suggest they can reduce the impact of exaggerated stress sponges and may
be helpful for both anxiety and depression in their respect yoga functions life other self soothing
technique, such as meditation relaxation exercise or exam so ionizing with friends there, in turn,
decreases physiological carousal for example segueing the heart rate, lowering blood pressure,
and easing respiration (Sechdva IP. 1978).
2.3 Health benefits of Yoga:-
Doing yoga everyday helps a pension of stay healthy and lives a stress free life without
and mental or physical problems. Today, globally many people in our daily lives suffer from
versionailments like diabetes, high blood pressure etc. yoga can helps improve flexibility and
strength yoga stretchy your muscles and stand up straighter many pons in yoga can strengthen
the core muscle in your stomach and back (Blind Mice. 1969).
2.4 Improve Heart Health;-
For pumping blood throughout the body to supplying issued with importantnutrients, the
health of your heart in an essential component of overall health. High blood pressure is one of
the major causes of heart problems, such as heart attacks and stroke. Lowering your Blood
pressure can Helps reduce the risk of these problems (Disgusts SN 1974)
2.5 Improves Duality of tube:-
Yoga Bring peace to a person and at the same time he does everything well and improves
his way of life. He creates a different place in society. Yoga in becoming increasingly common
as an adjust therapy to improve quality of life for many in indicuduals practicing yoga
significantly improved quality of life (Pandy Raj Kumar 2008).
3. CONCLUSION
Since the ancient time, Yoga has been physiological or psychosocial variable that has a
key impact on health or quality of life. In modern times man has been orbited with many diseases
has which has made it difficult for him to live he has no choice but to do yoga to get rid to all
these stress and live a drug free life.
REFERENCES
Burley, Mikel (2000), Hatha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory and Practice, Motilal Banarasidas
Publishing House, Delhi; 2nd edition Delhi.
Bhat Krishna, K. (2006), The Power of Yoga: An authentic guide on Yoga and Personal
Health, Mangalore: Suyoga Publications.
Dasgupta, S. N. (1974), Yoga Philosophy: In Relation to other Systems of Indian Thought,
Motilal Banarasidas Publishing House Delhi.
Eliade, Mircea (1969), Yoga: immorality and Freedom, Princeton University press. Bollingen
Foundation, New York
Gharote, M.L (2003), Pranayama-The Science of Breath-Theory and Guidelines for Practice,
The Lonavla Yoga Institute.
Garrote, M. L. (2008), Applied Yoga, Kaivalyadhama Samiti Lonavla publications.
Pandey, R. K. (2008), Dhartiya Yoga Paranpara Keyvividayah, Radha publication, New
Delhi.
Singh, S. P., & Mukesh, Y. (2010). Yoga: From confusion to clarity (Vol. I). Foundation of
yoga. New Delhi: Standard Publishers (India).

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 79

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Singh, S.P and Chattopadhaya, D. P.(2010), History of Yoga, History of Science, Philosophy
& Culture in Indian Civilization [Link] Part-2 Motilal Banarasidas Publishing House
Delhi
Srivastava, Suresh Chandra (2009), Patanjali Yoga Sutras With Vyasa Bhashya, Surbati
Prakashan Varanasi, 2009
Sachdeva I.P (1978), Yoga and Depth Psychology, Motilal Banarasidas Publishing House
Delhi
Yogeswar, Y (2004), Text book of yoga, Penguin book India, ISBN-13 9780143029656 &
ISBN-10 0143029657

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 80

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online
[Link]
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON PHYSICAL FITNESS

COMPONENTS BETWEEN BENGALI AND
RAJBANGSI COLLEGE STUDENTS
Kayum Sahid Bepari1
Affiliation:
1
Assistant Teacher, Department of Physical Education, Govt. Model Madrasah (Eng)
Murshidabad, WB kayumsitai@[Link] Whatsapp: +91 8927978976

ABSTRACT
In the present study, an attempt has been made to compare physical fitness components
namely speed, strength, endurance, agility, flexibility and sit-ups . The main purpose of the study
was to measure the motor fitness levels of physical education students and measure the
difference of the students to find out the status of physical education students in the district of
Cooch-Behar under West-Bengal. Present study was conducted to observe the Physical fitness
status Rajbanshi and Bengali college students. The subjects of the present study were taken from
Cooch-Behar College, Dinhata college and Tufangang college Physical Education students. Total
seventy students were selected as subject (both male and female) for the present study. Age were
ranged between 18 to 22 years. The subjects were principally of two categories i.e. general
Bengali students and Rajbanshi students. AAHPER Youth Fitness Test (AYFT) was taken for
the measuring physical fitness components like speed, agility, explosive leg strength, hand and
shoulder strength, abdominal muscle strength, cardio vascular endurance etc. To collect
information for the present study following tools are used as measuring tape ,cone and marker
for field marking, pull up or chin up bar for hand and shoulder strength, whistle for signal,
stopwatch for time, score sheet for data collection. The tests was tested to the AAHPERD youth
physical test manual. He concluded that the urban school boys had better performance in Pull-
ups and Bent knee sit-ups than rural school boys. He also observed that in case 50 meter dash for
speed and SBJ for explosive and strength straddle chin is quite better than General students. In
the case of 10x4 meter shuttle run, pull up, sit up for Bengali students is better than Rajbanshi
students.
Key Words: Physical Fitness. Rajbanshi. Bengali. AYFT.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 81

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Concept of physical fitness is as old as humankind. Through out the history of mankind
physical fitness has been considered an essential element of every day life. The ancient people
were mainly dependent upon their individual strength, vigor and vitality for physical survival.
This involved mastery of some basic skill like strength, speed, endurance, agility for running,
jumping, climbing and other skills employed in hunting for their livings. Overall the physical
illness and the tendency to deteriorate have in increased all ages, casts, and racial/ethnic groups
especially adults (Ichinohe et al. 2004).The negative effects of degraded physical fitness on both
the individual and society are serious and multi-dimensional. It can cause many risk factors to
health including coronary heart disease, certain forms of cancer, diabetes, hypertension, stroke,
gall bladder diseases, osteoarthritis, respiratory problems, gout and is associated with increases
in all cause mortality (Cataldo 1999). In adults, relationship among physical activity , health
related fitness, and health are fairly well established (Boucherd and Shepherd 1994. Low levels
of physical activity and cardio-respiratory fitness are both associated with higher risk of all cause
and disease specific mortality (Thune et al. 1998).
Physical fitness is a state of health and well-being and, more specifically, the ability to
perform aspects of sports, occupations and daily activities. Physical fitness is generally achieved
through proper nutrition, moderate-vigorous physical exercise, and sufficient rest. The expert
committee of the World Health Organization (1981) described physical fitness as “the ability to
undertake muscular work satisfactorily.” Physical fitness is the capacity to early out, reasonably
well, various forms of physical activities, without being unduly tired and includes qualities
important to the individual’s health and well-being (Baskar &. Pavithra 2017)
The purpose of this study was to compare the Rajbanshi and Bengali college going
students and to find out which of these two categories is more physically fit in response to tests
administered so as one can improve the standard and level of physical fitness in Rajbanshi and
Bengali college going students in the district of Cooch-Behar (West-Bengal).
The significant of the study to identify the status of physical education students of Cooch-
Behar and identify the motor fitness levels of physical education students and to identify the
difference of the students.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Selection of Subject
The subjects of the present study were taken from Cooch-Behar College, Dinhata college
and Tufangang college Physical Education students. Total seventy students were selectesd as
subject (male =47 and female=23) for the present study. Age were ranged between 18 to 22
years. The subjects were principally of two categories i.e. general Bengali students and
Rajbanshi students. Simple random samples have been taken to do this study.
2.2 Test Used
AAHPERD test was taken for the measuring physical fitness components like speed,
agility, explosive leg strength, hand and shoulder strength, abdominal muscle strength, cardio
vascular endurance etc.
2.3 Collection of Data
To collect information for the present study following tools are used as measuring tape
,cone and marker for field marking, pull up or chin up bar for hand and shoulder strength,
whistle for signal, stopwatch for time, score sheet for data collection. The tests was tested to the
AAHPERD youth physical test manual (1976).

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 82

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

2.4 Measured Components of Physical Fitness

AAHPERD test was taken for the measuring physical fitness components like speed,
agility, explosive leg strength, hand and shoulder strength, abdominal muscle strength, cardio
vascular endurance etc. To collect information for the present study following tools are used as
measuring tape ,cone and marker for field marking, pull up or chin up bar for hand and shoulder
strength, whistle for signal, stopwatch for time, score sheet for data collection. The tests was
tested to the AAHPERD youth physical test manual.
2.5 Statistical Analysis
The arithmetic mean, standard Deviation, and t-Test of each variable ware calculated for
statistical calculations Excel Spared sheet of windows version 7 was used.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
TABLE 1
NUMBER OF SUBJECTS COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT COLLEGES
Sl no Name of the colleges Number of students Total
1 Cooch Behar College Male 17 26
Female 9
2 Dinhata College Male 18 28
Female 10
3 Tufanganj College Male 12 16
Female 4
Total numbers of students 70
TABLE 2
T-TEST OF AAHPER YOUTH FITNESS COMPONENTS BETWEEN RAJBANSHI
AND BENGALI MALE STUDENTS.
Component Mean ± SD t- value Level of
Rajbanshi Bengali significance
Speed 7.50±.88 7.38±.69 .69 Not significant
Agility 10.6±.86 10.45±.63 .51 Not significant
Explosive strength 2.12±.21 2.20±.22 .22 Not significant
Shoulder strength 11.93±4.46 10.18±3.86 1.63 Not significant
Abdominal strength 32.83±7.94 32±7.55 7.09 Significant*
Cardiovascular endurance 1.924±.36 1.93±.45 .98 Not significant
* Significant at 0.05 level
Table 2 shows the mean + SD value of the respective fitness components amongst Bengali
male and Rajbanshi male Physical Education students. It was observed that in case 50 meter dash
for speed and SBJ for explosive strength is quite better than Rajbanshi students. The t value was
found to be .62 and .22 is not significant at .05 level.
In this study we observed that the mean performance of Rajbanshi male students in all
fitness aspects was better than Bengali speaking students but the differences were not significant
at 0.05 level. and significant difference found only in abdominal strength. In a study conducted
by Chan Basha, S. & Reddy, P. C. (2003) it was concluded that the rural school boys showed
better performance in 50 yards dash, shuttle run, standing broad jump and 600 yard run than
urban school boys. They also clearly concluded that the urban school boys had better
performance in Pull-ups and Bent knee sit-ups than rural school boys. The result of our study is
partially similar to the above study.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 83

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

In the case of 10x4 meter shuttle run, pull up, sit up Bengali students is better than
Rajbanshi students The t value was found to be .51 and .22 is not significant at .05 level
TABLE 3
T-TEST OF AAHPERD YOUTH FITNESS COMPONENTS BETWEEN RAJBANSHI
AND BENGALI FEMALE STUDENTS.
Component Mean ± SD t- value Level of
Rajbanshi Bengali significance
Speed 9.0±1.18 9.23±.90 .54 Not significant
Agility 12.52±1.25 12.3±1.23 .93 Not significant
Explosive strength 1.68±.20 1.54±.22 .15 Not significant
Shoulder strength 14.41±4.15 10.08±4.96 .68 Not significant
Abdominal strength 20.58±9.92 24.1±6.84 .01 Not significant
Cardiovascular endurance 2.53± .57 3.12± 0.76 .06 Not significant
Insignificant at 0.05 level
Table 3 shows the mean ± SD value of the respective fitness components amongst Bengali
males and Rajbanshi male Physical Education students. It was observed that in case 50 meter
dash for speed and SBJ for explosive and strength straddle chin is quite better than General
students. In the case of 10x4 meter shuttle run, pull up, sit up for Bengali students is better than
Rajbanshi students.
In present study Bengali and Rajbanshi female students showed more or less same
performance so far as testing of fitness components were concerned. No significant differences
found between the two categories of subjects while performing AYFT.
Deb, P. and Dhara, S.C. (2020) concluded that Tribal students are the most vulnerable
section in our society, they receives less nutrition, due to their forest dwelling practices and other
daily earning activities, they are facing hard livelihood, moreover they had poor access to
different state and central government facilities that are announced time to time. Non-tribal
populations of rural areas are also facing the same problems. Poor socioeconomic status and
illiteracy are the contributing factors for under nutrition and poor health status. In a study
conducted on physical fitness of tribal and non-tribal high school students it was found that the
tribal students were superior in terms of explosive strength than the non-tribal boys and girls;
better flexibility was reported in non-tribal boys and girls; tribal boys showed better dynamic
flexibility than non-tribal boys; better endurance was found in non-tribal boys than the tribal
boys; non-tribal girls showed lower endurance and speed in comparison to tribal girls (Devi,
2000). In another study conducted by Dhara et al (1995) showed that tribal boys had
significantly higher physical efficiency compared to non-tribal students of 14 to 17 years. Our
study is very much relevant to this findings.
4. CONCLUSION
The ethnically one, Rajbanshi group, one of the most tolerant indigenous people of
strategically located areas in whole of North Bengal(barring its hilly terrains); in a sizable
portion of Assam; western part of Meghalaya; Purnia, Kishanganj districts and eastern part of
Katihar district of Bihar; Jhapa, Morang and Sunsari districts of Nepal; Rangpur, East Dinajpur
districts and some parts of north west Mymensingh, northern Rajshahi and Bogra districts of
Bangladesh and lower parts of Bhutan where these indigenous people ordinarily reside from time
[Link] are victims of identity crisis, domination by mainstream people and division of
their homelands. Today they form majority population in rural areas as they have been displaced

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 84

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

from urban areas. Since their mother tongue is officially not recognized, on record they have
been identified by the mainstream language of the state.
In North Bengal, majority of Rajbanshi people like to remain as Shatriya and they have a
great respect to the great social reformer Roy Saheb Thakur Panchanan Barma. Since, these
people were majority in population i.e. almost 70% to 80% prior to gaining Independence in
1947 and still in majority in rural North Bengal, they should be given a share in state
governance. Acute poverty and lack of education are the drawbacks to these hapless people.
It was observed from the results that abdominal strength has only shows significant
variations in case of Bengali male and Rajbangsi male. However AAPHERD youth fitness
components is dependent on the motor fitness components. May be the subjects of all the group
i.e. Bengali and Rajbansi community were of physical education students so as per the
curriculum schedule and nature of activity they engaged therefore most of the parameters give
insignificant results. However study on large scale involving more subjects can open up a new
area of status of fitness components which can be recorded as demographical and ethnical value.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Guide Prof. Madhab Ch.
Ghosh, Department of Physical Education, Kalyani University; who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on this topic, which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to him.
Secondly I would also like to thank Dr. Subhabrata Kar, Assistant Professor, UCT College,
Berhampore, who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
REFERENCES
Bouchard, C. & Shephard, R.J. (1994). Physical activity, fitness and health: The model and
key concepts In: C Bouchard, RJ Shephard, T Stephens (Eds.): Physical Activity Fitness
and Health: International Proceedings and Consensus Statement, Human Kinetics,
Champaign (III), pp. 77-88.
Baskar, Dr. R., and N. Pavithra. "A study on health and fitness among women outpatients in
kongunadu hospital, coimbatore. " Int. j. of Social Science and Economic Research, vol.
2(12) :5874
Cataldo, C. (1999). Nutrition and Diet Therapy: Principles and Practice, [Link]: West
Publishing Company, pp. 232-238.
Chan Basha, S. & Reddy, P.C. (2003). Comparative study of physical fitness components
among rural and urban school boys. Doctoral Study; Sri Krishnadevaraya University,
Submitted: 31/12/2003
Charles, M. (2006). Difference in Health for Rural and Urban Canadians. Public Health News,
Article Data
Devi, S. (2000). A Comparative Study of Physical Fitness and Psychological Traits of Tribal and
Non-tribal High School Students of High Altitudes Area. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis,
Punjab University.
Deb, P. and Dhara, P.C. (2020). Comparative study on health related physical efficiency
between tribal and non tribal school going boys of south Tripura, India; International
Journal of Recent Scientific Research 11(5-A): 38388-38393,
Dhara, P.C., Chatterjee, H. and Pal, D. (1995). A Comparative Study of Physical Performance
and Body Dimension between Tribal and Non-tribal School Students. NIS Scientific
Journal, 18(4):47.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 85

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Hunsicker, Paul A.; Reiff, Guy [Link] Youth Fitness Test Manual. INSTITUTION
American Alliance for'Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, Washington,
[Link], Edition.1976
Thune, I., Njolstad, I., Lochen, M.L. and Forde, O.H. (1998). Physical activity improves the
metabolic risk profiles in men and women. Arch Intern Med, 158: 1633-1645.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 86

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

A REVIEW OFTHE EFFECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

ON SOCCER PLAYER’S PERFORMANCE
Nima Nakisa 1 and Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar 2*
AFFILIATIONS:
1.
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kish International Campus, University
of Tehran, Niyayesh St., Mirmohanna Blvd., Kish Island, Iran., Tel.: +98 9123092236
Email: nimanakisa1354@[Link]
2.*
University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,
Mashhad, Iran, E-mail Address- ghasemzadeh_mahboobeh@[Link] Mobile-
+98 9151564700; Corresponding author

ABSTRACT
Soccer is a popular sport with a large number of players all over the world. Alongside, its
considerable economic and social effects it also has a remarkable impact onhealth and recreation.
It is necessary to find out the factors which influence soccer players’ performance. Most
researches have assessed physical, physiological, and biomechanical factors but nowadays
psychological factors such as confidence, motivation, goal setting, self-talk, relaxation, imagery,
attention, and anxiety control are introduced as important items responsible for each individual
soccer player as well as the team success. Thus, the leaders and coaches of soccer teams should
increase their knowledge in this field and learn new methods to elevate the players’ and coaches’
psychological skills to be able to compete with professional components and reduce the negative
impacts of stress, anxiety, depression, and exhaustion on their players. The main goal of the
present study is to review how psychological factors affect the performance of soccer players.
Keywords: Soccer, Performance, confidence, motivation, goal, self-talk, relaxation, imagery,
attention, anxiety

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 87

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Soccer is likely the most popular sport worldwide, with developing attention and an
elevating number of players. It is a competitive game which requires various skills with distinct
intensities including physical skills, various techniques and tactics, as well as psychological
skills for optimal performance (1). Soccer is one of the most investigated sports fields in the
scientific literature. Although, most of the studies were centralized on physical and
biomechanical features.
Nowadays, numerous professional soccer teams have noticed the importance of
psychological features in soccer to improve performance. It was proposed that psychological
skills including confidence, anxiety control, motivation, and attention have a remarkable role in
the development of soccer players’ performance. Considering psychological skills, athletes who
are sociable, confident, and inherently motivated, have been displayed to surpass from other
teammates or opponents (2).
Regarding the theory of differentiated model of gift and talent (3) to work concurrently
with personality attributes, obtained skills and psychology demands for the sports competitions,
it has been inspected that the psychological condition is one of the elements that have been
strictly appended to this analysis. Psychological skills strongly influence the player’s competitive
success and performance. In this regard, it has revealed that physiological features were
responsible for45-48% of the sport performance, but when the psychological variables were
integrated, the proportion developed around 79–85% in particular sports (4).
The aim of this review is to introduce and reinforce the potential and beneficial effect of
psychological training on the performance of soccer players.
2. METHODOLOGY
The data were gathered by searching the English articles in Google Scholar, Web of
Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The keywords used as search terms were ‘soccer players,
‘psychological factors’, ‘confidence’, ‘motivation’, ‘anxiety control’, ‘goal setting’ ‘self-talk’,
‘imagery’, ‘attention’, and ‘relaxation’. All kinds of related articles, abstracts and books were
included. No time limitation was considered in this review.
3. EFFECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ON SOCCER PLAYER’S
PERFORMANCE
3.1. Confidence
Confidence is a character seen in numerous aspects of life and society. Accordingly,
confidence is not unfamiliar to the sport since it can be linked up with conditions such as
stability, strength, belief, mental toughness, and courage. The world of sport admits the valuable
influence of confidence on success (5).
Joe Paterno who is an American soccer coach elucidated: ‘‘When a team outgrows
individual performance and learns team confidence, excellence becomes a reality’’(6). Having
confidence in the competency and potency of the team, particularly when encountering problems
has been seen to be are remarkable factor in the prosperity of sports teams. Mainly in difficult
games, when the condition is hard and the mental pressure tops out, team confidence can make
the team win or lose.
Two kinds of team confidence have been determined. The first type is called collective
efficacy and was initially outlined by Bandura as a team’s common notion in its conjoint ability
to arrange and perform the action needed to produce essential levels of achievement (7).
Therefore, this kind of team confidence captures players’ confidence in the team’s capabilities to

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 88

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

fulfill the desired processes successfully including encouraging each other and communicating
well following the tactical game plan. The second kind of team confidence is defined team
outcome confidence or comparative efficacy which grabs players’ confidence in the team’s
qualifications to acquire a goal or to win a game (8). It has been reported that athletes who are
more confident in the potency of their team define more stimulating goals for themselves, apply
more effort, and indicate more flexibility when facing distress. Furthermore, a definite relevance
between the intensity of team confidence and performance was also shown (9). In short, there is
no conflict that team confidence may be believed as a principal factor for the team’s ideal
performance and, as a result, for the success of the team.
Bandura pointed out four major sources for situation-specific self-confidence such as self-
efficacy: 1. past performance including previous success improves self-efficacy, while former
failure weaken it, 2. vicarious experiences, for example, observing similar people success or
failure following continuous attempts might intensify or spoil people’s self-efficacy, 3. social
persuasion, for instance, verbal encouragement by other people that one has the required
qualifications to accomplish a task, and 4. physiological and emotional states for example
arousal or stress may affect the confidence in one’s own capabilities (7). Additional factors of
athletes’ self-confidence have also been suggested, including coaches’ leadership, tactical
awareness, the received social support, and superiority to the opponent (10).
The progress and advancements of the leaders and coaches of any team depend on their
ability to motivate and inspire the players they lead. Athlete leaders and the coaches are the chief
ones who can provoke an increase or decrease in team confidence, thereby influencing all the
players (11). It seems that coaches who convey the feeling of confidence might over take the
ones who elevate fear and uncertainty (12). Thus, it could be suggested that a coach’s confidence
in the abilities of the team has a linear effect on the players’ confidence and improve their
performance. In addition, some experimental documents propose that leaders’ confidence can be
effective in a better future. A study done by Norman and colleagues showed that leaders’
optimism can lead to followers’ hopefulness(13). In line with the previous study, in another
investigation, it was illustrated that leader certainty could improve follower’s positivity (14).
This research reinforces the previous studies that examined the influence of leaders’ confidence
in their team on the players’ confidence and efficiency. In another recent document, it was
observed that leaders’ confidence can boost members’ confidence and performance by
promoting members’ adjustment with the team(15). To sum up, it seems that by expressing that
“we will win”, leaders are able to inspire the players to carve out a way to success. Leaders can
do this by enhancing confidence in their own leadership and also by affecting the team members.
3.2. Motivation
An athlete’s motivation is believed to be one of the chief factors for success and promotion
in sports (16). In sports practice, motivation is supposed to depend on the interaction of
situational and personal factors (17). Motivation is also considered as an important item for
stability during sports activities, and being determinant to the athlete’s behavior, since it
activates and regulates performance-oriented behavior(18). Hence, it is acceptable to concede
that an athlete’s ability to be motivated in soccer, in spite of the situational pressure and
professional difficulties, might contribute to his/her professionalism.
The self-determination theory has been employed to interpret the sporting behavior of
athletes(19). Based on this theory, one’s behavior is based on motivational sequences
differentiated by self-determination levels which might range from the least self-determined to
the most and leads to three distinct kinds of motivation including de-motivation, intrinsic

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 89

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

motivation, and extrinsic motivation. De-motivation is expressed by a state in which the person
prefers not to act and fetch up giving herself /himself into the process. Intrinsic motivation refers
to doing an entertaining and pleasant task and extrinsic motivation involves doing something
provoked by external items(20).
In soccer, motivation is associated with various psychological concepts such as mental
resistance, commitment, coping, perfectionism, burnout, and factors of tactical and technical
performance as well (21, 22).
It was observed that Australian soccer players with high degrees of mental resistance had a
high amount of intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation (23). Another study assessed the
relation between forms of passion and burnout in professional soccer players, investigating a
mediating function of self-determined motivation, which demonstrated to be a protective impact
to inhibit the burnout syndrome(24). By comparing the motivation amount of soccer players with
long playtime and short playtime in competitions, it was disclosed that long play time players in
official games obtained higher scores in intrinsic motivation and self-determination levels.
While, those with short playtime in official matches showed a higher level of de-motivation in
comparison with the former group (25).These findings emphasize the importance of controlling
and tracking the activity time of players in official matches since it appears that play time
influences the players’ motivation levels in the final formation phase.
There has been another document studying the effect of perfectionist features on the self-
determined motivation of junior and elite soccer players, detecting that adaptive perfectionism
orientations-standards of personal accomplishment and arrangement have a positive effect on
professional players’ intrinsic motivation (26). Furthermore, a positive relevance has been seen
between motivation and tactical and technical performance in young soccer players(27).
Another group of researchers investigated how motivation, imagery skills, and anxiety
contribute to soccer experience among five different groups: professional, semi-professional,
intermediate, pre-intermediate, and beginner soccer players. They reported that professional
players are more intrinsically motivated to go through stimulation and to learn new methods and
strategies to improve their sports performance (28). Hence, the development of the indicated
features that belong to professional players in comparison with the less experienced soccer
players might be due to the psychological preparation in soccer.
Accordant with the psychobiological paradigm of endurance performance, the greatest
amount of attempt that people are willing to dedicate is controlled by motivation(29). When
motivation level is higher, it is expected that people endure higher amounts of perceived attempt
and, therefore improve their performance despite being exhausted. It might be proposed that
strengthening athletes’ motivation might impede performance decline under fatigue. Indeed, it
has already been shown that a high level of motivation promotes endurance performance (30).
Since higher levels of motivation might help individuals’ bear a particular workload for a longer
time, soccer players are able to uphold a definite speed of motion or keep correct movement
control while passing or shooting a ball, when they are exhausted. A recent research approved
that in professional soccer players; high task motivation was relevant to less self-perceived
performance reduction in different soccer skills when fatigued (31). In another study done by
Barte et al. the effect of motivation on fatigue-induced reduction in soccer performance was
investigated experimentally. Their results revealed that motivation has an important role in
performance under fatigue, and fatigue-induced decline in soccer passing capacity can be
compensated by high amounts of motivation(32). Although, future studies might consider the
extents of this counteracting property and out stretch in tuitions to other related performance

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 90

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

aspects. Totally, these documents reinforce the concept that performance reduction under fatigue
might be seen as a kind of task fallback rather than restricted physiological status. It is essential
to find different motivational strategies to help players maintain pivotal features of their
performance when it is necessary. It would be useful if future studies focus more on the
differences between different kinds of motivation, the restrictions of this counteracting impact of
motivation, and the probable negative effects on future performance and recovery.
In a study done by Garcia-Mas and colleagues, the relation between enjoyment,
commitment and motivation were studied. Their findings revealed an obvious pattern between
them and defined the positive role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to enjoyment and
commitment. They also suggested that extrinsic motivation contributes mainly to enjoyment
whilst intrinsic motivation contributes to commitment more (33).In brief, if a team is interested
to improve the level of intrinsic motivation in soccer players, the leaders and coaches should not
focus on external control strategies, which are related directly with performance, instead they
should concentrate on providing situations that are intrinsically challenging and interesting, and
then be interpersonally encouraging and supportive towards the players in different situations.
Motivation also has striking implications on the identification and promotion of young,
skilled soccer players. In this regard, a survey was designed to assess Iranian elite male soccer
players' motivational characteristics. The data were classified considering players age and
primary position played. It was observed that the motivation to gain success and evade failure of
these professional players was high and low, respectively. In addition, senior national team
soccer players and midfielders had more competitive motivation than other players(34).Thus,
leader and coaches can evaluate players’ psychological characteristics to determine their current
performance and predict future success.
3.3. Anxiety control
Success and defeat in sports and competitive matches depend on emotions. Players might
feel stressed, tensed, worried, before or within a competition. Being uncertain might lead to
anxiety in soccer players. The importance and level of the competition and the crowd can play a
part in a player’s anxiety(35).Normal anxiety is motivational and has an adaptive function. It
motivates planning, caution, and deliberation, and impedes repeated vulnerability to tense or
painful conditions. This type of anxiety can be controlled, but pathological anxiety happens
beyond threatening and hazardous situations, and usually remains a long time after the stressful
or dangerous incidence, intervenes in person’s performance and can negatively alter one`s way
of thinking and acting. This kind of anxiety cannot be controlled. Defined anxiety is a negative
emotional status that is elucidated by restlessness, discomfort, fear, nervousness, and uncertainty
and is accompanied by stimulation or activation of the body. Anxiety is unleashed by stressful
stimuli and reveals itself in one’s lack of compatibility on behavioral, cognitive, and
physiological characteristics. Thus, it offends the players’ performance (36).
In this regard, the likelihood of attentional control theory in a sporting environment was
studied. Fourteen professional soccer players took penalty kicks under low- and high-threat
counterbalanced situations whilst using a gaze registration system. Fixations to target positions
for instance goalkeeper and goal are diagnosed by using frame-by-frame analysis. When soccer
players were anxious, they made faster first fixations and fixated for remarkably longer in the
direction of the goalkeeper. This deviation in gaze behavior caused serious decrements in
shooting precision, with shots becoming obviously centralized and within the bounds of the
goalkeeper’s reach(37).The findings of Horikawa and Yagi confirmed the data of previous
research. This group examined how the level of anxiety affects the penalty shoot-out

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 91

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

performance under pressure. They reported that a higher level of anxiety interferes with goal
performance(38).These findings might suggest a mechanistic interpretation as to why penalty
kicks are missed under pressure conditions.
Competitive anxiety is the propensity to find out antagonistic conditions and consequently
act with stress, nervousness, and pressure. The competitive anxiety immediately increases just
before the match and instantly decreases after it(39). In general, competitive anxiety is an
outcome of one’s tension, failure, and stress. It is accompanied by acute agitation of the
automatic nervous system. This incident usually happens within the day before a game and is
defined as pre-competitive anxiety (40).
The home and away competition schedule is believed to affect the relation between sports
confidence and competitive anxiety via alterations in environmental factors. An investigation
focused on the relationship between competitive anxiety and confidence of soccer players. The
results showed that competitive anxiety had a notably more extensive impact on self-confidence
in the away group than in the home group(41). Hence, efficient handling of stress in players in
away games could probably a meliorate their confidence and as a result, improves their
performances. The results also reinforce the necessity for the application and improvement of
impressive and principled methods to control or wipe out the factors inducing anxiety in
competing soccer players.
A research was carried out to deal with competitive anxiety and concentration level of
soccer players from the first and second league. The results unfolded a negative relevance
between concentration and self-confidence(42).Another group of researchers checked out the
correlation between self-confidence, pre-competitive state anxiety, and success in Croatian
soccer players of the first and second league. The results of the direction of anxiety, and self-
confidence, strikingly vary between the players of distinct levels of competition. The ambiguity
of a competition result affects the elevation of anxiety level, although it is not inevitably
reflected negatively on the soccer players’ concentration and success (43). Additional studies
should track state anxiety in more than one paradigm, such as matches within the entire
competition season. Besides, future investigations should assess the relation between anxiety
level and different playing positions in the team.
3.4. Goal setting
Goal setting has attracted plenty of attention and its use has been confirmed well-known
fitness magazines and personal trainers. It was claimed in an old study that determining goals is
more effectual than not defining them, short-term goals such as goals to be performed today or in
the early future) are more impressive than longer-term ones, and self-set or instructor goals are
identically helpful. They also reported that goal setting is fortified when the goals are made
publicly(44).
Coaches must learn goal-setting to be prosperous and effective in working with athletes
and players (Sports Coach UK 2000). Sports Coach UK, sports psychologists, and textbooks
admit the SMART acronym as an instruction to remind coaches of the five main features of well-
stated goals. Goals must be specific, measured, action-oriented, realistic, and timely (16).
Coaches should write the goals down and track their progress regularly, set short-range goals to
help to achieve the longer-range goals and to assure the goals are interiorize by the players (45).
Coaches should appoint in a two-way including interactive and ongoing dialogue with players,
take their own and the players’ motivational needs into account and the environment within
which they work as well, in order to boost the efficacy of goal-setting as a strategy, and also their
potency as a coach (46). The data from these studies suggest the social-cognitive motivational

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 92

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

requirements of the players, and although it is implied that the coach has identically reflected
motivational requirements in the goal-setting procedure, further investigation is essential to
provide evidence and to test the pattern completely.
It was represented that goal setting influences performance by conducting attention,
organizing effort, boosting persistence, and stimulating strategy development(47). Some more
studies also supported this principle(48, 49). Goals attract athletes like a magnet to higher levels
and novel horizons. Moreover, a group of researchers claimed that both emotional and
motivational components were major mediators in enhancing the impression of goal setting in
endurance sports(50).Concurrently, sports psychologists believed that there is a close correlation
between goal setting and imagery during competitions and practice times (51, 52).
Furthermore, applying goal setting has been observed to ameliorate self-confidence and
performance and reduce competitive anxiety, arousing a paradigm to assume a positive
correlation between goal setting and intrinsic sources of enjoyments(53). Although competitive
excitement might be generated in different ways, a principal feature of setting an appropriate
goal complexity level is not to set goals too high that they cause stress, but high enough to create
positive motive to develop consistently(52).It can be concluded that once a soccer player has a
specific goal the direct mechanisms work almost spontaneously to invigorate action, as well as
providing the amount of effort required to achieve the goal and persuading persistence over time.
[Link]-talk
One of the psychological traits that have attracted researches in the mental training field is
self-talk. Self-talk occurs anytime an individual think about something. It is also characterized as
a. statements and verbalizations directed to the self; b. having explanatory items accompanied by
the subjects of statements used; c. multidimensional in nature; d. is partly dynamic; and has at
least two roles, motivational and instructional for the athletes (54).It was revealed that self-talk
improves skills and performance and skills in soccer players (55). In addition, self-talk is also
advantageous for using tactics, reinforcing effort and emotion, attention focusing, relaxation and
chilling out, conserving self-assessment and self-confidence. Mainly, positive self-talk helps
improving self-esteem, concentration, motivation, and performance. On the contrary, negative
self-talk is known to be self-demeaning and has a negative impact on performance by increasing
self-doubt and anxiety (17).
A research team used a single-subject multiple baseline design to assess the potency of a
self-talk intervention procedure on female soccer players, evaluating performance level in the
low drive shot over a three-month study. The results showed that shooting performance amended
in two of the three soccer players, whilst the three players reported improved self-confidence in
comparison to the baseline. Researchers also reported that soccer player used more positive self-
talk throughout a competition and more negative in the course of injury(55).Another document
evaluated the influence of self-talk among some Iranian elite soccer players. The data analysis
illustrated that soccer players perceived self-talk affects their performance positively and
negatively. The perceived impacts could be classified into two categories, mental and behavioral.
Most notable positive influences of self-talk at mental level contain cognitive advantages
including improving focus and attention, boosting decision making abilities and attenuating
reaction time. Besides, mental level profits consist of emotional effects of self-talk, for instance,
stimulating players to intensify efforts, handling with complicated situations, and reducing
anxiety. Emotional effects might have some negative consequence, too. Self-criticism can
debilitate confidence, and increase stress. At the behavioral level, self-talk can improve the
execution of tasks by elevating concentration and providing a consciousness of the negative

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 93

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

impacts of determined behaviors and as a result strengthening the entire performance of the
soccer players (56). These findings suggest team managers as well as soccer players to be aware
of self-talk as a psychological skill which can improve players’ proficiency and also work on
players’ self-talk skills to achieve favorable results. Daftari et al., that self-talk training will
progress energy management, motivation, stress management, attention, goal setting, and self-
confidence(57).Altogether these findings demonstrated that self-talk is used during competition
by athletes including soccer players. But with insight, these findings shed light on the
noteworthiness of self-talk for soccer players and addressed more of psychological training in
their athletic life.
The combined impact of goal setting and self-talk in performance of shooting skill was
investigated. Both self-talk and goal setting was observed to be effective in improving
performance, some of the observed advantages might probably derive from a combined
intervention(58).It is believed that self-talk and goal setting is effectual methods to augment
players’ performance when employed in isolation, but it is worthy to recommend the
combination of these techniques into one intervention. However, more research should be
designed by using larger samples, and by expanding the study period over a longer time. Another
research determined the effect of motivational self- talk on learning of soccer shot in beginner
players were intervened by anxiety. The results proposed that self-talk might affect players’
performance and motor learning(59). Although, it should be noted that the motivational self-talk
might also have different impacts on motor skills learning and performance.
3.6. Imagery
Another psychological skill that researchers in the sports field have recently been attracted
to is imagery. Imaging a sport technique is identical to conducting the skill, but athletes
encounter the technique in their mind. Likewise, imagery is exerted as the process in which one
feels himself/herself through his/her minds. The imagery skill can make the performance easier
as it is one of the individual’s skills. Several investigations revealed the effect of mental imagery
on the improvement of athletic performance, learning tactical strategies, motor performance, and
skills (60, 61). According to these documents, imagery can be a great help on the successfulness
of athletes and extend physical performance particularly throughout a competition.
The effect of imagery skill in soccer players’ perception of anxiety during penalty kicks
was investigated. The soccer players practiced imagery skill for 10 weeks and 4 times each
week. It was observed that imagery practice reduced anxiety level and imagery practice with
kick training had a more beneficial effect on attenuating anxiety compared to just kick practice
during the penalty kick (62). A study was designed to assess the relation between young soccer
players’ imagery use and the level of their innovation, and efficacy. It was observed that players
with a higher level of imagination are more prone to employ imagery skill in their practice. Their
finding also pointed out that mental-imagery training might lead to improved performance
among young soccer players. It was indicated that soccer players employ both motivational and
cognitive images. The authors reported that beginner soccer players use motivational images
more often, but later they integrate them with the cognitive kind of images(63).In this regard, it
can be suggested that higher levels of imagination supply a substructure for imagery application
in young soccer players’ performance improvement. In line with the previous study, the
influence of an ecological imagery program on the elite soccer players’ performance (in four age
classifications including U16, U19, U21 and over 21) was investigated. The analysis indicated
that the prosperous pass rate elevated remarkably in the intervention group in comparison with
the control group. Further analysis showed that the results are just statistically significant in U16

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 94

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

and U21groups but not others. They deduced that effective soccer passing during competitions as
a multidimensional open skill might be elevated by an ecologically precise procedure of mental
imagery (64).Hence, it could be proposed that merging two kinds of cognitive imagery
instructions has a positive effect on soccer performance throughout real competitions.
In a study designed by Adegbesan, imagery skill was used as a predictor of soccer players’
confidence. The results indicated a striking relevance of imagery use and sport confidence.
Regarding the social cognitive theory, the recognition of the features of confidence particularly
with the supplementary influence of imagery use leads to a better estimation of the soccer
players’ performance confidence and the general assessment of the sport experience(65).In the
mentioned study, soccer players’ confidence can be prefigured by their imagery capability. It is
recommended to investigate the mediatory impact of imagery use in soccer with other social
cognitive elements, and considering the player’s post as well. Furthermore, mental imagery
training can be applied for managing anxiety level in soccer players but it was reported that more
workout is necessary if players want to benefit more from this skill which subsequently leads to
improved performance (66).Additionally, motivation, anxiety and imagery levels of soccer
players from different leagues were compared by a research team. The obtained results showed
that anxiety and motivation levels vary regarding the league level of elite soccer players(67).
Thus, it was illustrated that professional soccer players did not significantly impress their self-
confidence even with their sub dimensions that construct imagery skills, motivation, cognitive
and somatic anxiety levels. Since the improvement of soccer is relevant to the development of
the soccer players, it is necessary to boost the motivation amounts to reduce the anxiety level that
negatively influences the athletic performance and to place imagery training sessions in the
training schedule for the promotion of the modern soccer.
The specificity of imagery used by young soccer players and the potency of an imagery
training program on their performance were investigated. The achieved data indicated that soccer
players with an elevated level of imagination are more willing to employ mental imagery in their
practice. Besides, age differences in kinds of imagery usage were observed. Beginners (younger
teens) use motivational images more often and only later they integrate them with the cognitive
images. Their data also reinforced that mental imagery training can lead to improved
performance on young soccer players (63). Thus, it can be proposed that the use of imagery
training sessions designed according to the specific use of various kinds of images by soccer
players’ results in appreciable progress of sports performance.
An investigation assessed the imagery skill in Portuguese soccer goalkeepers, and also
examined the probable differences of imagery usage among soccer players in different ages. The
results showed that imagery was more used during competitions than in training sessions.
Besides, soccer players used imagery skill for cognitive and motivational purposes, although, the
motivational function was used a bit more and with more clear images. After competition and
when injured, under-21 soccer players used imagery remarkably less than older players(68). The
results of this study display an effective start to the examining of imagery usage by soccer
goalkeepers; but, there are some study limitations that is essential to be mentioned, including the
sample size which does not permit to generalize the results. Extending the samples to other
World soccer leagues would be advantageous for more precise analysis. In addition, it was not
clear if goalkeepers really had known how to use imagery skill. Managing these fundamental
variables are important for further future research.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 95

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

[Link]
Attention is one of the most important topics for athletic performance. Soccer players’
capabilities are not just the techniques they know; focusing attention is the most fundamental
factor for decreasing anxiety about performance, about what other people might think, and to re-
concentrate after a doing mistake. Attention is a mental process that targets an individual’s
consciousness as some information appears to the senses(69).Learning what stimuli to pay
attention to, how to switch attention when required, and how to determine one’s attention are
indispensable skills for effective performance.
Attention has been analyzed in different ways which have useful implications for athletes.
It is believed that people give general (passive) or close (active) attention to stimuli or situations.
General attention is typically a less alert condition so responses are made at a slow pace. On the
other hand, close attention is associated with arousal and responses are quicker and mainly more
expedient. Close attention needs more energy compared to general attention. In sports close
attention is required for prolonged activities; talented athletes might have an intrinsic ability or
maybe learned to shift their attention from general to close attention when it is essential. For
example, a soccer player has to take a look at the whole field at first and after that kick a pass to
a selected teammate (70).Some soccer players can rapidly monitor the entire field to detect the
open player waiting for the pass, but others might not be able to see even one meter beyond the
ball (71).Since soccer is a rapid-moving game, it needs visual flexibility. Hence, it is crucial that
soccer players be able to shift their attention immediately from one stimulus to another. Players
have to concentrate their vision when they trap or shoot a ball and focus their vision for the other
probable offensive conditions. It can be suggested that attentional control training helps athletes
to learn different kinds of attentional focus and to administer each type at the appropriate
situation. However, it might be more useful if athletes practice this skill in game-like training
sessions.
The effect of an attentional shift training procedure on the performance of skills during
soccer drills was evaluated. Following training sessions, the precision of the experimental soccer
drill enhanced (72). Furthermore, the efficacy of an attentional focus training program on the
development of attention of young soccer players was studied before and after training
procedure. It was illustrated that the attentional focus training program was effectual in
developing positive attentional traits and reducing negative attentional traits (73).These results
mean that training procedures helped soccer players learn to sustain a more restricted, task-
relevant focus.
The attentional focus has appeared as a leading mediator of performance and also helps to
learn a large number of motor skills. An athlete can concentrate internally on his/her body
movements and the movement process or focus externally on the influence of the movements on
the environment or the movement outcome. Accordingly, it was proposed that the internal focus
compels the motor system by intervening to automatic motor control procedure that would
typically modulate the movement, while an external focus grants the motor system to self-
organize (74). In this regard, two experiments were designed to evaluate the impact of attentional
focus on 10-meter sprint time and start kinetics in a group of soccer players and experienced
sprinters. During the first experiment, the soccer players were asked to accomplish 10-meter
sprints under an internal focus state, external focus situation, and a control condition. The results
of the 10- meter sprint time illustrated that both the control and external focus situations led to
notably faster sprint times compared with the internal focus state. In the second, the experienced
sprinters executed the same 10-meter sprint exercise employing the same instructions as the first

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 96

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

experiment. For the 10-meter sprint time and kinetic factors, there were not any remarkable
differences across the mentioned conditions. These findings prepare new clues that experience
level mediates the effect of attentional focus on sprint performance (75).The obtained data in
experiment one also provide further evidence for the advantages of an external focus rather than
an internal focus in practical conditions that need instructions. Thus, the instructions should
direct the players’ attention to the movement outcome (external) more than to the movement
procedure (internal).
[Link]
Relaxation is a state of feeling compromise, peace and the absence of tension in the mind
and body which is often associated with attenuated neurological arousal. Since the stressors
which are generally existing in a sport mostly cause physical tension, physical relaxation might
be effective to help athletes control the level of their physical energy to permit them to perform
well. In the same way, it was declared that relaxation can reduce unfavorable muscular tension,
decrease excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and calm the mind (52).It was
also claimed that successful athletes frequently apply relaxation skill to control their physical
energy (76). Moreover, some other researchers suggested that relaxation techniques can improve
performance (77). Coaches must recognize the importance of relaxation in competitive
conditions. It is essential to encourage athletes to relax or psych up in order to be more
successful.
Different relaxation methods are available and can be classified as mental relaxation or
physical relaxation including autogenic relaxation and progressive muscle relaxation
respectively. Each relaxation method induces distinct relaxation responses. For instance,
techniques with cognitive modules such as autogenic relaxation probably provoke particular
cognitive effects like attenuating anxiety level and improving positive mood. On the contrary,
progressive muscle relaxation which emphasizes on skeletal muscle has been observed to
influence muscular components. Progressive muscle relaxation or active relaxation is a technique
that helps an individual feel calm increasingly by contracting and loosening particular muscle
groups effectively (78). It was clearly observed that progressive muscle relaxation eliminated the
competitive sport anxiety among the Algerian elite soccer players and the effectiveness of this
method continued even after the training period (79). Thus, it can be suggested that muscle
relaxation process leads to positive results in players’ mental state and consequently their
performance. However, it is recommended to use a larger sample size to allow generalizing the
observed results.
Another study compared the progressive muscle relaxation and autogenic relaxation on
young soccer players’ moods. Both of these methods induce corresponding mood responses and
might be employed to modulate young soccer players’ mood states(80). Hence, both methods
may be beneficial for players’ mood states. Besides, enjoyment of the training sessions should be
appointed to be effective enough and also, minimize a probable negative feeling towards the
training sessions.
4. CONCLUSION
Being successful in soccer requires appropriate mental skills as well as physical
techniques. It should be taken into account that the psychological aspect in sports prepares the
required psychological care for the soccer players before the competitions to lower anxiety,
stress, and depression, relaxes their mind and body and regulates mood states which ultimately
improves the performance. Consequently, persuading soccer players to exert various mental
skills such as confidence, anxiety control, self-talk, motivation, goal setting, imagery, attention

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 97

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

and relaxation would seem to be a beneficial approach. With respect to future research, the
potency of the in corporate effect of psychological skills in soccer players’ performance should
be examined. Sports psychologists should advice soccer players to use psychological skills to
help them integrate the skills into training sessions and competition settings. In addition, it is
essential that team managers and coaches who are responsible for the soccer players’ preparation
notice the advantages of psychological skills training since they are in the best position to
provoke soccer players to apply psychological skills in training and competition environments.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public,
commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
REFERENCES
1. Olmedilla A, Ruiz-Barquín R, Ponseti FJ, Robles-Palazón FJ, García-Mas A.
Competitive psychological disposition and perception of performance in young female
soccer players. Frontiers in psychology. 2019;10:1168.
2. Sarkar M, Fletcher D. Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors
and protective factors. Journal of sports sciences. 2014;32(15):1419-34.
3. Gagné F. Transforming gifts into talents: The DMGT as a developmental theory. High
ability studies. 2004;15(2):119-47.
4. Olmedilla A, García-Mas A, Ortega E. Psychological characteristics for sport
performance in young players of football, rugby, and basketball. Acción Psicológica.
2017;14(1):7-16.
5. Vealey RS, Chase MA. Self-confidence in sport. 2008.
6. Benson M. Winning words: Classic quotes from the world of sports: Taylor Trade
Publications; 2008.
7. Banduran A. Self-efficacy: the Exercise of Control. New York. NY: Worth Publishers.
1997.
8. Collins CG, Parker SK. Team capability beliefs over time: Distinguishing between team
potency, team outcome efficacy, and team process efficacy. Journal of Occupational and
Organizational Psychology. 2010;83(4):1003-23.
9. Edmonds WA, Tenenbaum G, Kamata A, Johnson MB. The role of collective efficacy in
adventure racing teams. Small Group Research. 2009;40(2):163-80.
10. Hays K, Maynard I, Thomas O, Bawden M. Sources and types of confidence identified
by world class sport performers. Journal of applied sport psychology. 2007;19(4):434-56.
11. Fransen K, Vanbeselaere N, De Cuyper B, Vande Broek G, Boen F. Perceived sources of
team confidence in soccer and basketball. Medicine and science in sports and exercise.
2015;47(7):1470-84.
12. Fransen K, Haslam SA, Steffens NK, Vanbeselaere N, De Cuyper B, Boen F. Believing
in “us”: Exploring leaders’ capacity to enhance team confidence and performance by
building a sense of shared social identity. Journal of experimental psychology: applied.
2015;21(1):89.
13. Norman S, Luthans B, Luthans K. The proposed contagion effect of hopeful leaders on
the resiliency of employees and organizations. Journal of Leadership & Organizational
Studies. 2005;12(2):55-64.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 98

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

14. Avey JB, Avolio BJ, Luthans F. Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity
on follower positivity and performance. The Leadership Quarterly. 2011;22(2):282-94.
15. Fransen K, Steffens NK, Haslam SA, Vanbeselaere N, Vande Broek G, Boen F. We will
be champions: Leaders' confidence in ‘us’ inspires team members' team confidence and
performance. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2016;26(12):1455-
69.
16. Cox RH. Sport psychology: Concepts and applications: McGraw-hill; 1998.
17. Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundations of sport and exercise psychology: Human Kinetics;
2014.
18. Forsman H, Gråstén A, Blomqvist M, Davids K, Liukkonen J, Konttinen N. Development
of perceived competence, tactical skills, motivation, technical skills, and speed and
agility in young soccer players. Journal of sports sciences. 2016;34(14):1311-8.
19. Pelletier LG, Sarrazin P. Measurement issues in self-determination theory and sport.
2007.
20. Pelletier LG, Rocchi MA, Vallerand RJ, Deci EL, Ryan RM. Validation of the revised
sport motivation scale (SMS-II). Psychology of sport and exercise. 2013;14(3):329-41.
21. de Oliveira LP, do Nascimento Junior JRA, Vissoci JRN, Ferreira L, da Silva PN, Vieira
JLL. Self-determined motivation and coping strategies in football players: A study with
players at different stages of athletic development. Revista de Psicologia del Deporte.
2016;25(2):261-9.
22. Abdullah MR, Musa RM, Maliki ABHMB, Kosni NA, Suppiah PK. Role of
psychological factors on the performance of elite soccer players. Journal of Physical
Education and Sport. 2016;16(1):170.
23. Gucciardi DF. Mental toughness profiles and their relations with achievement goals and
sport motivation in adolescent Australian footballers. Journal of sports sciences.
2010;28(6):615-25.
24. Curran T, Appleton PR, Hill AP, Hall HK. Passion and burnout in elite junior soccer
players: The mediating role of self-determined motivation. Psychology of Sport and
Exercise. 2011;12(6):655-61.
25. Souza Filho MJd, Albuquerque MR, Costa ITd, Malloy-Diniz LF, Costa VTd.
Comparison of the motivation level of soccer players with high and low played time in
matches under-20. Journal of Physical Education. 2018;29.
26. Oliveira LPd, Vissoci JRN, Nascimento Junior JRAd, Ferreira L, Vieira LF, Silva PNd,
et al. The impact of perfectionism traits on motivation in high-performance soccer
athletes. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano.
2015;17(5):601-11.
27. Borges P, Oliveira Silva D, Ciqueira E, Rinaldi I, Rinaldi W, Vieira L. Motivation and
tactical performance in young soccer players: an analysis from the theory of
selfdetermination. Cinergis. 2015;16(2):120-4.
28. Grushko AI, Haidamashko IV, Ibragimov RR, Kornienko DS, Korobeynikova EY,
Leonov SV, et al. Does the motivation, anxiety and imagery skills contributes to football
(soccer) experience. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2016;233:181-5.
29. Marcora SM, Staiano W. The limit to exercise tolerance in humans: mind over muscle?
European journal of applied physiology. 2010;109(4):763-70.
30. McCormick A, Meijen C, Marcora S. Psychological determinants of whole-body
endurance performance. Sports medicine. 2015;45(7):997-1015.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 99

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

31. Barte J, Nieuwenhuys A, Geurts S, Kompier M. Effects of fatigue on soccer performance

and the role of task Motivation. IN SOCCER. 2017:39.
32. Barte JC, Nieuwenhuys A, Geurts SA, Kompier MA. Motivation counteracts fatigue-
induced performance decrements in soccer passing performance. Journal of sports
sciences. 2019;37(10):1189-96.
33. Garcia-Mas A, Palou P, Gili M, Ponseti X, Borras PA, Vidal J, et al. Commitment,
enjoyment and motivation in young soccer competitive players. The Spanish journal of
psychology. 2010;13(2):609.
34. SHOJAEI M, KHABIRI M, HAJI GA. Motivational traits of Iranian elite soccer players.
2007.
35. Peden A. Cognitive techniques to manage performance anxiety in tennis. ITF Coach
Sport Sci Rev. 2007;43:12-3.
36. Tamorri S. Neuroscience and sport: Sport psychology, an athlete‟ s mental processes.
Barcelona: Paidotribo. 2004.
37. Wilson MR, Wood G, Vine SJ. Anxiety, attentional control, and performance impairment
in penalty kicks. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2009;31(6):761-75.
38. Horikawa M, Yagi A. The relationships among trait anxiety, state anxiety and the goal
performance of penalty shoot-out by university soccer players. PloS one.
2012;7(4):e35727.
39. Gould D, Petlichkoff L, Weinberg RS. Antecedents of, temporal changes in, and
relationships between CSAI-2 subcomponents. Journal of Sport and Exercise
Psychology. 1984;6(3):289-304.
40. Ahsan M, Ruru KT, Kumar A. A study of competitive sport anxiety in young soccer
players. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education. 2014;1(4):30-1.
41. Kang H, Jang S. Effects of Competition Anxiety on Self-Confidence in Soccer Players.
Journal of Men's Health. 2018;14(3):e62-e8.
42. Koruc Z, Arsan N, Kagan S, Kocaeksi S. Competitive anxiety and concentration levels of
football players. J Sports Sci Med. 2007;6(10):155-6.
43. Erceg M, Milić M, Živković V. Pre-competitive anxiety in soccer players. Research in
Physical Education, Sport and Health. 2013;2(1):3-8.
44. Hayes SC, Rosenfarb I, Wulfert E, Munt ED, Korn Z, Zettle RD. Self‐reinforcement
effects: An artifact of social standard setting? Journal of applied behavior analysis.
1985;18(3):201-14.
45. Sellars C, Crisfield P. Mental skills: An introduction for sports coaches: National
Coaching Foundation; 1996.
46. Maitland A, Gervis M. Goal-setting in youth football. Are coaches missing an
opportunity? Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. 2010;15(4):323-43.
47. Locke EA, Shaw KN, Saari LM, Latham GP. Goal setting and task performance: 1969–
1980. Psychological bulletin. 1981;90(1):125.
48. Brobst B, Ward P. Effects of public posting, goal setting, and oral feedback on the skills
of female soccer players. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 2002;35(3):247-57.
49. Burton D, Weiss C. The fundamental goal concept: the path to process and performance
success. 2008.
50. Bueno J, Weinberg RS, Fernández-Castro J, Capdevila L. Emotional and motivational
mechanisms mediating the influence of goal setting on endurance athletes’ performance.
Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2008;9(6):786-99.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 100

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

51. Vealey R. Mental skills training in sport. Handbook of Sport Psychology, 3rd ed(287-
309) Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2007.
52. Burton D, Raedeke TD. Sport psychology for coaches: Human Kinetics; 2008.
53. Barnicle SP, Burton D. Enhancing collegiate women’s soccer psychosocial and
performance outcomes by promoting intrinsic sources of sport enjoyment. Journal of
Sports Science & Medicine. 2016;15(4):678.
54. Edwards C, Tod D, McGuigan M. Self-talk influences vertical jump performance and
kinematics in male rugby union players. Journal of sports sciences. 2008;26(13):1459-65.
55. Johnson JJ, Hrycaiko DW, Johnson GV, Halas JM. Self-talk and female youth soccer
performance. The Sport Psychologist. 2004;18(1):44-59.
56. Daftari O, SOFIAN OFM, Akbari A. Effects of self-talk on football players performance
in official competitions. 2010.
57. Daftari M, SOFIAN OFM, Sadeghi H, Akbari A. A DESCRIPTION OF SELF-TALK _
NARRATIVE SELF-TALK TO EXAMINE THE VALUE OF SELF-TALK IN
SOCCER PLAYER. 2011.
58. Papaioannou A, Theodorakis Y, Ballon F, Auwelle YV. Combined effect of goal setting
and self-talk in performance of a soccer-shooting task. Perceptual and Motor Skills.
2004;98(1):89-99.
59. Gholamreza L, Aziz R, Jafarzadeh M. Positive and negative motivational self-talk affect
learning of soccer kick in novice players, mediated by anxiety. International Journal of
Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926. 2016;1(1):1946-53.
60. Papadelis C, Kourtidou-Papadeli C, Bamidis P, Albani M. Effects of imagery training on
cognitive performance and use of physiological measures as an assessment tool of mental
effort. Brain and cognition. 2007;64(1):74-85.
61. Wei G, Luo J. Sport expert's motor imagery: functional imaging of professional motor
skills and simple motor skills. Brain research. 2010;1341:52-62.
62. Zandi HG, Masomi H. The effects of imagery in soccer players perceptions of anxiety
during penalty kick. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010;44(Suppl 1):i61-i.
63. Veraksa A, Gorovaya A. Imagery training efficacy among novice soccer players.
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012;33:338-42.
64. Seif-Barghi T, Kordi R, Memari A-H, Mansournia M-A, Jalali-Ghomi M. The effect of
an ecological imagery program on soccer performance of elite players. Asian Journal of
Sports Medicine. 2012;3(2):81.
65. Adegbesan O. Analysis of imagery use as predictors of football players’ sport confidence.
World Journal of Sport Sciences. 2010;3(1):53-8.
66. TAŞKIRAN Y. The Effect of the Mental Imagery Training on Anxiety in Soccer Players.
Turkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri. 2011;3(1).
67. Kolayiş H, Çelik N. Examination of motivation, anxiety and imagery levels of footballers
from different leagues. Revista de psicología del deporte. 2017;26(3):23-7.
68. Ribeiro J, Madeira J, Dias C, Stewart LR, Corte-Real N, Fonseca A. The use of imagery
by Portuguese soccer goalkeepers. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical
Activity. 2015;10(1):9-17.
69. Martens R. Coaches guide to sport psychology: A publication for the American Coaching
Effectiveness Program: Level 2 sport science curriculum: Human Kinetics Books; 1987.
70. Morgan WP. The mind of the marathoner. Psycology Today. 1978;11:38-49.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 101

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

71. Abernethy B. Attention. In, RN Singer, M. Murphey, & LK Tennant (Eds.) Handbook of
research on sport psychology (pp. 127-170). New York: Macmillan; 1993.
72. Ziegler SG. The effects of attentional shift training on the execution of soccer skills: A
preliminary investigation. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 1994;27(3):545-52.
73. Papanikolaou Z. Attention in young soccer players: the development of an attentional
focus training program. Journal of Life Sciences. 2011;3(1):1-12.
74. Wulf G, McNevin N, Shea CH. The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a
function of attentional focus. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section
A. 2001;54(4):1143-54.
75. Winkelman NC, Clark KP, Ryan LJ. Experience level influences the effect of attentional
focus on sprint performance. Human movement science. 2017;52:84-95.
76. Howland JM. Mental skills training for coaches to help athletes focus their attention,
manage arousal, and improve performance in sport. Journal of Education.
2007;187(1):49-66.
77. Newmark TS, Bogacki DF. The use of relaxation, hypnosis, and imagery in sport
psychiatry. Clinics in sports medicine. 2005;24(4):973-7.
78. Dayapoğlu N, Tan M. Evaluation of the effect of progressive relaxation exercises on
fatigue and sleep quality in patients with multiple sclerosis. The Journal of Alternative
and Complementary Medicine. 2012;18(10):983-7.
79. Bali A. Psychological factors affecting sports performance. International Journal of
Physical Education, Sports and Health. 2015;1(6):92-5.
80. Hashim HA, Hanafi H, Yusof A. The effects of progressive muscle relaxation and
autogenic relaxation on young soccer players’ mood states. Asian journal of sports
medicine. 2011;2(2):99.
Graphical Abstract

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 102

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

IMPACT OF YOGA ON MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH

Dr. Harender Singh1
AFFILIATION:
1.
Assistant. Professor, V.S.P. Govt. P.G. College, Kairana (Shamli), U.P.

ABSTRACT
Yoga is a way of better living. It ensures great efficiency in work and a better control over mind

and emotions. Through Yoga one can achieve both physical and Mental health. Health is the

greatest blessing to us by GOD. Health is not just the absence of disease. To enable the

individuals to lead a life of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the

absence of disease. Yoga and Physical education may provide the right direction and needed

actions to improve our physical & Mental Health. Educate and schools are looking to include

yoga as a cost effective, evidence based component of urgently needed wellness programs for

their students. Lastly we can say that yoga is basically the most important ancient art that aims

towards the building up of a healthy mind in a healthy body.

Key words: Yoga, Health, Fitness, Psychology Factors, Physical Education, Sports

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 103

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
The word ‘Yoga’ is derived from the Sanskrit root ‘Yuj’, meaning ‘to join’ or ‘to yoke’
or ‘to unite’. As per Yogic scriptures the practice of Yoga leads to the union of individual
consciousness with that of the Universal Consciousness, indicating a perfect harmony between
the mind and body, Man & Nature (Basavaraddi (2015)).
Yoga, originating from India, is an ancient contemplative practice dating back over 3,500
years, which aims at one thing to alleviate suffering and promote optional physical and mental
thriving. In Western contemporary settings, yoga tends to be synonymous with yoga postures,
breathing, and some, mediation practices. Historically, however, the practice of yoga was
understood to be much broader and more comprehensive, including wider range of techniques to
promote well being and balance among mind brain body functions, intellectual discernment, and
mediation, and each offered practices to mitigate suffering and produce higher levels of
consciousness (Basavaraddi (2015)). There are many components of yoga that have developed
historically. We are giving some of then as following :
1.1 Postures
Yoga Sutras in Patanjali, the limb of asana is defined as steady and comfortable posture.
Physically challenging postures are further described to be sustained through the fluctuations of
the mind. Postures are one of the most commonly utilized Yoga practices in modern
interpretations. Historically, postures were used to physically control the body in preparation for
controlling the mind in meditation for emended periods of time. A common premise behind
modern yoga classes is that practicing various postures any help to reduce physical and
emotional stress. A physical yoga class will include a series of postures regarding different part
of the body. for example a class sight include forward and backward bends, twists, seeding
papers, and balancing poses. Modern and historic yoga practice manuals often suggest a
attractions between emotional states, physical health, and posture. Although this link has not
scientifically been established yet for any particular poses specifically, there is evidence linking
posture, emotion, and mental health.
1.2 Breath Regulation
Pranayma is the fourth of the eight limbs of Yoga and has a deeply settling influence on
the mind helping the subject be in the present, i.e., "mindful". It is, therefore, widely employed
as a preparation for mediation. The Sanskrit word pranayama is composed of the word prana,
which translates to breath as a life-sustaining force, and the word ayama which translates to
freedom or release.
Pranayamas are a series of specific techniques to control the breath in order to allow the
breath and life force to flow freely. Traditionally, two benefits of pranayama are described to
help the practitioner down-regulate arousal and increase awareness of the interaction between the
body and the mind. Similar to asana as preparation of the body for meditation pranayama is
meant to prepare the mind for meditation. Pranayamas differ from normal breathing on a number
of dimensions, including the duration of the in breath, the out breath, the holding of the breath,
and the ratio of these.
All pranayamas involve diaphragmatic breathing, mostly deep and slow in quality
through the nose. Popular pranayama techniques include deep, even, three-part inhales and
exhales, alternate nostril breathing, forceful expulsion of breath using the diaphragm and
abdominal muscles, and slow diaphragmatic breathing with partial closure of the glottis creating
an audible sound of rushing air described "like an ocean". Its settling influence has been
confirmed by such observations as test anxiety reduction, improved test performance and

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 104

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

perceived stress reduction and improvement in cardiovascular parameters. It also reduce

aggression. These results suggest that application of pranayama methods to decrease effects of
stress in society might prove valuable. Teaching them in schools would make a highly beneficial
life-long skill available just as mindfulness-based interventions are seen as achieving. Hence, so
many studies, have been published on various pranayama programms that its effects may be
considered quite well standardized. It can be used as a comparison for another method requiring
assessment for comparative effects. In this context, pranayama represents a recognized way of
managing mild levels of stress, and so improving emotion regulation and decreasing tendencies
to aggression. In particular, pranayama practice usually involves focusing on the breathing
process bringing the mind to the present moment. Improving that ability will clearly be of value
when taking tests and exams.
The pranamaya doing people improved more in mindfulness than the people which are
not doing and alone decreased highly significantly in aggression and significantly on negative
emotion regulation. Several studies have reported increases in emotional regulation resulting
from mindfulness training. For one group to both increase in a measure of mindfulness and
decrease in aggression and negative emotion is consistent with these results. In support of this,
Yoga, including nadishodana pranayama has been found to be very effective in changing the
levels of key endocrine molecules associated with stress such as epinephrine and nor
epinephrine. For more details one can see (2, 3) and references therein.
[Link] AND MENTAL HEALTH
Yoga is an ancient yet contemporary practice with growing popularity among all ages,
and it focuses on the mind, body and spirit. Yoga can improve students' balance, strength and
flexibility, which are important for child motor development as well as general fitness. Whether
used as a physical activity break or a project portion of a module, practicing yoga to promote
math literacy can provide an outlet for developing health related fitness components such as
flexibility, muscular endurance, muscular strength and cardio respiratory endurance, while
uniting the mind, body and soul. Using yoga as a way to promote interdisciplinary lessons that
can improve student's understanding of math concepts, as well as their achievement of lifelong
physical activity. Students can benefit from the enjoyment of yoga and from participating in
yoga with friends and family outside of physical education.
Pilkington, [Link].(2005) & Uebelacker, [Link].(2010) found four relevant publications,
including two reviews on the effects of yoga on depression. Pilkington, [Link].,2005 &
Uebelacker, [Link].(2010) studied on yogic breathing. Brown and Gerbarg, (2005) for
depression, and for depressive and anxiety disorders.( Saeed. Antonacci, and Bloch, 2010).
yoga was no better than Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction atreducing anxiety in patients with
cardiovascular diseases. (Ospina,Bond, and Karkhaneh et al.,2007). yoga may reduce
perceived stress as effective as other active control interventions such as relaxation, cognitive
behavioural therapy, or dance (Chong, [Link]., 2011)
Pilkington, [Link]. (2005) indicated the results on mathematics anxiety through Super
Brain Yoga. In this technique Alpha waves in the brain and Synchronization of left and right
brain hemispheres are heightened. It is a Alpha waves in the brain indicates that the body has
brain hemispheres integrates the brain. Students having integrated brain are efficient in solving
Mathematical problems by using resources or both left and right hemisphere (Taneja, 2014).
Ussing, [Link]. (2012) indicated beneficial effects of yoga for pain-associated disability and
mental health. Yoga may well be effective as a supportive adjunct to mitigate some medical
conditions, but not yet a proven stand-alone, curative treatment.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 105

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

3. YOGA AND PHYSICAL HEALTH :

Roland, Jakobi, and Jones, (2011) evaluated whether yoga can engender fitness in
older adults Ten studies with 544 participants were included; 5 of these studies were RCTs, and
5 studies had a single-arm pre/[Link] respect to physical fitness and function, the
studies reported moderate effect sizes for gait, balance, body flexibility, body strength, and
weight loss. A reduction of systolic and/or diastolic pressure. However, there were several noted
potential biases in the studies reviewed (i.e., confounding by lifestyle or other factors) and
limitations in several of the studies which makes it “difficult\ to detect an effect specific to yoga
(Innes, Bourguignon, and Taylor, 2005). The practice of yoga may be associate with
improvement in cardio respiratory fitness. A study of evaluated heart rate for standing yoga
postures found love heart rates and higher rates of perceived exertion for the yoga postures, as
compared to treadmill walking (Uebelacker, 2010).
Mental stress, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease are fast growing
epidemics consequent to changing lifestyles accompanying globalization and modernization. In
the past few decades it has been the subject of research as a therapeutic measure as mental stress,
obesity, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease. Overweight and obesity are strong risk factors for diabetes hypertension, and ischemic
heart disease. Yoga has been found to be helpful in the management of obesity. Training of yoga
asnas and pranayama for three continuous months, one hour every day in the morning by a yoga
expert resulted in decrease in body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist hip ratio.
The practice of yoga asanas and pranayama helps in control of type II diabetes mellitus
and can serve as an adjunct to medical therapy. Training of yoga asanas and pranayana for three
continuous months, one hour every day in the morning by a yoga expert resulted in decrease in
fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose levels and acetylated hemoglobin.
In another study from India, yoga asanas and pranayama after 40 days of practice
brought down fasting as well as postprandial blood glucose levels and acetylated hemoglobin in
patients of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. They developed a sense of well-being within
10 days and there was a lowering of anti-diabetic drugs.
Patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease who practiced yoga
exercise for a period of 1 year showed a decrease in the number of anginal episode per week,
improved exercise capacity, and decrease in body weight. Reveascularization procedures were
required less frequently in the yoga group (Uebelacker, 2010).
REFERENCES
Shastri, V.V., Hankey, A., Sharma, B., & Patra, S. (2017). Investigation of yoga pranayama and
vedic mathematics on mindfulness, aggression and emotion regulation. International
journal of yoga, 10(3): 138.
Shastri, V.v. Hankey, A., Sharma, B., & Patra, S., (2017). Impact of pranayama and vedic
mathemaitcs on math anxiety and cognitive skill. Yoga Mimamsa, 49(2): 53-62
Singh, P. (2016). Management of Mathematics Anxiety though Behaviour Technology, Super
Brain Yoga and Varnalogy in Maths Standard Students, the International Journal of Indian
Psychilogy. 3 -2(.5):161-169
Taneja, D.K. (2014). Yoga and health. Indian journal of chemist medicine: official publication of
Indian. Associations of Preventive, Social Medicine, 39(2) :68.
Ishwar V. Basavaraddi (2015), Yoga: Its Origin, History and Development, Ministry of External
Affairs, Government of India

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 106

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

K. Pilkington, G. Kirkwood, H. Rampes, and J. Richardson (2005),“Yoga for depression: the

research evidence,” Journal of AffectiveDisorders, 89(1-3) : 13–24., 2005.
L. A. Uebelacker, G. Epstein-Lubow, B. A. Gaudiano, [Link], C. L. Battle, and I. W.
Miller (2010), “Hatha yoga for depression: critical review of the evidence for efficacy,
plausiblemechanisms of action, and directions for future research,”Journal of Psychiatric
Practice, 16(1) : 22–33.
Arndt B¨ussing,1 AndreasMichalsen,2 Sat Bir S. Khalsa,3 Shirley Telles,4 and Karen J.
Sherman (2012), Effects of Yoga onMental and Physical Health: A Short Summary of
Reviews Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative
Medicine 1-:7, doi:10.1155/2012/165410
R. P. Brown and P. L. Gerbarg (2005), “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic breathingin the treatment of
stress, anxiety, and depression: partII—clinical applications and guidelines,” Journal of
Alternativeand Complementary Medicine, 11(4) :711–717. .
S. A. Saeed, D. J. Antonacci, and R. M. Bloch (2010), “Exercise, yoga, and meditation for
depressive and anxiety disorders,” American Family Physician, 81(8) : 981–987.
K. P. Roland, J. M. Jakobi, and G. R. Jones (2010), “Does yoga engenderfitness in older adults?
A critical review,” Journal of Agingand Physical Activity, vol. 19(1) : 62–79.
K. E. Innes, C. Bourguignon, and A. G. Taylor (2005), “Risk indices associated with the insulin
resistance syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and possible protection with yoga: a
systematicreview,” Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 6:491–519.
C. S. Chong, M. Tsunaka, H. W. Tsang, E. P. Chan, and W.M. Cheung (2011), “Effects of
yoga on stress management in healthyadults: a systematic review,” Alternative Therapies in
Healthand Medicine, 17(1) : 32–38.
M. B. Ospina, K. Bond, M. Karkhaneh et al., (2007), “Meditationpractices for health: state of
the research,” Evidence Report/Technology Assessment, 155:1-263.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 107

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

COMPARISION OF INTELLIGENCE OF MALE AND FEMALE

SPORTSPERSONS OF DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS
Pushpraj Singh1, Dr. Rajkumar Sharma2 and Dr. B. John3

AFFILIATIONS:
1.
Ph.D Scholar, Physical Education, Dr. C. V. Raman University, Kota Road , Bilaspur
(Chhattisgarh)
2.
Chief Gymnastic Coach, Sports Authority of India, NSTC, Malhar Asharam, Indore (M.P.)
3.
Assistant Professor, Physical Education, Dr. C. V. Raman University, Kota Road , Bilaspur
(Chhattisgarh)

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to compare and investigate the intelligence of male and
female sportspersons of A, B, AB and O blood groups. Two hundred and eighty six
sportspersons were selected from Eleventh grade students of English Medium Schools
recognized by C.B.S.E., New Delhi situated in Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh) ranging between 16 to
18 years of age. In the present study, Group Test of General Mental ability (Rev.) by Dr. S.
Jalota (1972) was used to measure the intelligence of the subjects. This test was selected for
use because of its reported characteristic, popularity and suitability. To investigate the
intelligence of male and female sportsperson of different blood groups, means, standard
deviations and t-ratio were computed. The results of the study revealed that Female
sportspersons of A+ blood group were found to have greater amount of intelligence than their
counter parts Male sportspersons of B+, AB+ and O+ blood group were found to have greater
amount of intelligence than females. Male and female sportspersons of A+, B+ and AB+ blood
groups did not differ significantly in their intelligence. Male and female sportspersons of O+ blood
group had significant difference in their intelligence.
Keywords: Male, Female, Sportspersons, Blood groups, Intelligence, C.B.S.E School.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 108

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
In the present days, every individual feels the importance of educational values in their
life. In the process of education, many people follow the concept of education. They think that
literacy and theoretical knowledge is the only channel of education, where as, education
includes the mental, physical, social, spiritual, intellectual and economical etc., dimension to the
process of learning the education
In 1900, Landsteiner, K showed that people could be divided into three groups(now called
A, B, and O) on the basis of whether their red cells clumped when mixed with separated sera
from people. A fourth group (AB) was soon found. This is the origin of the term ‘blood group’.
A blood group could be defined as, ‘An inherited character of the red cell surface, detected by a
specific alloantibody (Daniels & Bromilow, 2013).
Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups in 1900 and laid the foundation for the
modern medical practice of blood transfusion. The ABO blood groups have a role in physiology
beyond their importance for blood transfusion. In the past few years, red cell antigens (A and B
carbohydrate structures) have been found on a variety of cells, tissues and proteins, indicating
that these antigens might be involved in different physiological processes (Landsteiner, 1900).
Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system by mixing the red cells and serum of
each of his staff. He demonstrated that the serum of some people agglutinated the red cells of
other. From these early experiments, he identified three types, called A, B and C (C was later to
be re-named O for the German “Ohne”, meaning “without”, or “Zero”, “null” in English). The
fourth less frequent blood group AB, was discovered a year later. In 1930, Landsteiner received
the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for his work (Dariush & Yeganeh 2013).
The primary function of blood is to supply oxygen and nutrients as well as constitutional
elements to tissues and to remove waste products. The hormones and other substances to be
transported between tissues and organs are enabled by the blood. The main function of blood is
maintaining homeostasis by acting as a medium for transferring heat to the skin and by acting as
a buffer system for bodily pH. The blood is circulated through the lungs and body by the
pumping action of the heart. The blood is pressurized by the right ventricle to send it through the
capillaries of the lungs, while the left ventricle repressurizes the blood to send it throughout the
body. Pressure is essentially lost in the capillaries, hence gravity and especially the actions of
skeletal muscles are needed to return the blood to the heart (Borah, [Link]., 2013)
The frequency of ABO blood groups in different Iranian ethnic groups was released
(Walter, [Link]., 1991). The frequency of blood groups, serum proteins and red cells enzymes in
various Iranian populations were reported (Amirshahi, et. al., 1992).
Intelligence is a very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the
ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn
quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or
test-taking smarts. Rather it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our
surroundings—“catching on,” “making sense” of things, or “figuring out” what to do.
(Gottfredson, 2004).
This definition emphasizes that intelligence represents the ability to solve problems
(including problems of comprehension) by thinking. Intelligence is widely considered to occupy
the apex of a hierarchy of more specific abilities that are all related to each other (Carroll,
1993).
Males with blood group O show high IQ level. These are intellectually superior. The
average and below average individuals are found to be having predominantly with blood group B

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 109

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

and females of rural areas with high IQ are found to be having blood group O. The females with
average IQ are found to be having blood group B. In urban areas , males with high IQ are found
to be having blood group O. Average and below average males are found to be having blood
group O followed by blood group B. Females of urban area, the individuals with high and low IQ
level are found to be having blood group B. (Kohli1 & Sharma, 2016)
A question of some interest to Indian sport psychologists has been the relationship of
intelligence to athletic performance (Kamlesh, 1986; Punia & Mann, 1986; Sandhu, 1984;
Sharma & Kamlesh, 1983).
Sport affect intelligence in some general way, either favorably or unfavorably, and second,
is there a factor of "sport intelligence"? Sport psychologists have debated this issue, some
arguing against the intelligence scales used and questioning the objectives of some of the studies
as well as whether the factor of sport intelligence is a valid one. However, as is the case
elsewhere, general intelligence does correlate with athletic success. But more research is needed
to discriminate between general intelligence and sport intelligence. Yet to be addressed is the
technology to measure intelligence, especially sport intelligence-if this concept is a valid one-and
the relationship of intelligence to skill acquisition (Kamlesh and Mohan, 1987). Anwana and
Cobbach in 1989 viewed that students do badly academically on account of things other than
low intellectual ability (Butcher, 1968).
Intelligence could be a term that is thus normally used and however rather difficult to to
define in an exceedingly precise and usually accepted form . This problem of definition maybe as
a result of in recent years psychologists have gathered most material concerning it by use of
intelligence tests that we discover it difficult to adopt an easy and comprehensive which means
of the term. Intelligence primarily should not be confused with intellect though, it is
concerning intellect or knowledge. It is quite possible that it should not happen usually that a
person with a high degree of intelligence could also be poor in intellect merely for the rationale
he never tried to use his intelligence and build up his intellect. He involves three main
characteristic qualities of one's behavior: (a) the tendency to require and maintain a certain
direction, (b) the capability to create variations for the aim of getting a delineated goal, (c) the
facility of' power of self criticism (Boaz, 1957).
Gupta (1973) found that intelligence seemed to be the predictor of academic success.
Socio-economic status was independent of academic achievement.
Atoom (2014). found that the blood group (AB) received the highest average in the
Intelligence Quotient(IQ) test which is also the highest in the GPA. And that the blood type (B)
was the lowest in the GPA and in test results. The researcher recommended to expand the circle
of the research to include all Jordanian universities , other universities and schools in a longer
periods of time. Intelligence is a measure of general cognitive functioning capturing a wide
variety of different cognitive functions (Marsman, [Link]., 2017). It is a theoretical ability that
affects all sorts of mental activities, no matter what are the subject of the activity and its shape
(Atoom, 2016).
Intelligence is a construct generally associated with the capacity to learn. Intelligence is
the best individual predictor of academic achievement (Erath, et. al., 2016). O blood group is
more prevalent in both the sexes (25% in males and 14.5% in females) than A, B and
[Link] time is found to be more in O and AB blood groups in females, whereas bleeding
time in different blood groups did not show any change in both the sexes (Yasmeen, Ali and
Shaikh, 2014).

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 110

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

[Link]
2.1 Selection of Subjects
Two hundred and eighty six (Males=142, Females=144) sportspersons were selected for
the purpose of present investigation. All the male and female sportspersons belonging to
Eleventh grade students of English Medium Schools recognized by C.B.S.E., New Delhi and
situated in Bilaspur District (Chhattisgarh) ranging between 16 to 18 years of age .
2.2 Selection of Variables
The intelligence and A, B, AB and O blood groups were taken into consideration for the
present investigation.
2.3 Instrument
In the present study, Group Test of General Mental ability (Rev.) by Dr. S. Jalota (1972)
was used to measure the intelligence of the subjects. This test was selected for use because of
its reported characteristic, popularity and suitability. It is a verbal group of general mental ability
prepared in different language including Hindi. Hindi version was considered appropriate for the
schools of chhattisgarh, where the present study was conducted. There are one hundred items in
this test. They are of seven types: similar, opposites, analogies, numerical series, best answers,
classificatory and reasoning.
The scoring of Group Test of General Mental Ability is done with the help of stencil
keys following the procedure laid down in respective manual. The Maximum score for the test is
100. Blood groups were taken from school record.
2.4 Statistical Analysis
To investigate the intelligence of male and female sportsperson, means and standard
deviations were computed. To find out the significance of difference between male and female
sportsperson in the intelligence of different blood groups Eleventh grade students of English
Medium Schools recognized by C.B.S.E., New Delhi and situated in Bilaspur District
(Chhattisgarh), t-ratios were computed.
3. RESULTS
To assess the intelligence of male and female sportspersons belong to different blood
groups mean, standard deviation, and t-ratio) were computed. and data pertaining to this, has
been presented in table 1 to 5
TABLE 1
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF INTELLIGENCE OF MALE AND FEMALE
SPORTSPERSONS OF DIFFERENT BLOOD GROUPS
[Link]. Blood Groups Sex N Mean SD
1 A+ Male 24 49.46 12.65
Female 25 53.00 10.21
2 B+ Male 34 66.71 14.44
Female 38 63.39 12.08
3 AB+ Male 19 55.11 15.26
Female 21 52.38 14.46
4 O+ Male 65 62.82 12.08
Female 60 58.53 11.85
The mean scores of intelligence of male and female sportspersons belong to
different blood groups studying in higher secondary schools of Bilaspur districts have
been depicted in figures 1 and 4.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 111

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

FIGURE 1
M ale Sportspersons Female Sportspersons

54
53
53
MeanScores

52

51

50 49.46
49

48

47

A+ Blood Group

FIGURE 2
Male Sportspersons Female Sportspersons

67 66.71

66
MeanScores

65

64
63.39
63

62

61

B+ Blood Group

FIGURE 3
Male Sportspersons Female Sportspersons

55.5 55.11
55
54.5
MeanScores

54
53.5
53
52.38
52.5
52
51.5
51

AB+ Blood Group

FIGURE 4
Male Sportspersons Female Sportspersons
64
62.82
63
62
Mean Scores

61
60
59 58.53
58
57
56

O+ Blood Group

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 112

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

TABLE 2
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEAN SCORES ON INTELLIGENCE
OF A+ BLOOD GROUPS OF MALE AND FEMALE SPORTSPERSONS
Blood Sex N Mean Mean MD σ t-ratio
Group DM
A+ Male 24 49.46 49.46 3.54 3.27 1.08
Female 25 53.00 53.00
Significant at .05 level. t.05 ( 47) = 2.01
It is evident from Table 2 that the statistically significant difference was not found
between male and female sportspersons of A+ blood group in their intelligence, as the obtained t-
value of 1.08 was less than the required t.05 (47)= 2.01.
TABLE 3
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEAN SCORES ON INTELLIGENCE
OF B+ BLOOD GROUPS OF MALE AND FEMALE SPORTSPERSONS
Blood Sex N Mean Mean MD σ t-ratio
Group DM
B+ Male 34 66.71 66.71 3.32 3.13 1.06
Female 38 63.39 63.39
Significant at .05 level, t.05 ( 70) = 2.00
Table 3 shows that the statistically insignificant difference was found between male
and female sportspersons of B+ blood group in their intelligence, as the obtained t-value of 1.08
was less than the required t.05 (70)= 2.00.
TABLE 4
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEAN SCORES ON INTELLIGENCE
OF AB* BLOOD GROUPS OF MALE AND FEMALE SPORTSPERSONS
Blood Sex N Mean Mean MD σ t-ratio
Group DM
AB+ Male 19 55.11 55.11 2.73 4.70 0.58
Female 21 52.38 52.38
Significant at .05 level. t.05 ( 38) = 2.02
Table 4 shows that the statistically insignificant difference was found between male
and female sportspersons of AB+ blood group in their intelligence, as the obtained t-value of
1.08 was less than the required t.05 (38)= 2.02.
TABLE 5
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEAN SCORES ON INTELLIGENCE
OF O+ BLOOD GROUPS OF MALE AND FEMALE SPORTSPERSONS
Blood Sex N Mean Mean MD σ t-ratio
Group DM
O+ Male 65 62.82 62.82 4.29 2.14 1.99*
Female 60 58.53 58.53
Significant at .05 level, t.05 ( 123) = 1.98
It is clearly evident from Table 5 that the statistically significant difference was found
between male and female sportspersons of O+ blood group in their intelligence, as the obtained t-
value of 1.99 was high than the required t.05 (123)= 1.98.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 113

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

4. DISCUSSION
Descriptive statistics of intelligence of male and female sportspersons of different blood
groups indicated the difference in their mean scores, as the Female sportspersons of A+ blood
group were found to have greater amount of intelligence than their counter parts. In case of Male
sportspersons of B+, AB+ and O+ blood group, they were found to have greater amount of
intelligence than females. The result of t-ratio indicated the insignificant between mean scores on
intelligence of male and female sportsperson in A+, B+, and AB* blood group. But they had
exhibited the the significant difference in their intelligence. A blood group female sportspersons
were more intelligent than their counter parts. Where as male sportspersons of B+, AB+ and O+
were found more intelligence.
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. Female sportspersons of A+ blood group were found to have greater amount of intelligence
than their counter parts
2. Male sportspersons of B+, AB+ and O+ blood group were found to have greater amount of
intelligence than females.
3. Male and female sportspersons of A+, B+ and AB+ blood groups did not differ significantly in
their intelligence.
4. Male and female sportspersons of O+ blood group had significant difference in their
intelligence.
REFERENCES
Amirshahi, E., Sunderland, E., Farhud, D.D., Tavakoli, S.H., Daneshmand, P., Papiha, S.S.
(1992), Population Genetics of the Peoples of Iran, I. Genetic polymorphisms of blood
groups, serum proteins and red cell enzymes. Int J Anthropol., 7(3):1–10.
Atoom, M.S. (2014). Blood Groups and their Relation with Intelligence among a Sample of
Jordanian Universities students. Inter. [Link]. Res. Educ. Rev. 2(8): 178-185
Butcher, H. J. (1968), Human Intelligence-Nature and Assessment, London: Methuen.
Booz, G.D (1957), General Psychology. India : Thompson & Co. Private Ltd.
Borah, Gitashree., Sharma , Akansha., Chutia, Partha Protim., Islam. Baharul and
Bordoloi, Hemashree (2013), Blood Group Determination Based on Immunoglobulin
and Saliva Content, Current Trends in Technology and Science 2 (4): 283 2013
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Daniels, Geoff and Bromilow, Imelda (2013), An Introduction to Blood Group in “Essential
Guide of Blood Group “ Edition III John Wiley & Sons.
Dariush D Farhud and Marjan Zarif Yeganeh (2013), A Brief History of Human Blood
Groups, Iran J Public Health. 2013; 42(1): 1–6.
Erath, S.A., Tu, K.M., Buckhalt, J.A., El-sheikh, M., & Studies F. (2016), HHS Public
Access. 24(5):510–3.
Gupta, S.C. (1973), Relative importance of some correlates of academic achievement. Indian
Journal of Psychology. 48(1): 75-80.
Gottfredson, L. S., & Deary, I. J. (2004). Intelligence predicts health and longevity, but why?
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 1-4.
Kamlesh, M.L. (1986). Analysis of relationship between general intelligence and sports
intelligence. Unpublished paper, Patiala.
Kohli, Rashmi and Sharma, Neelam K. Establishing Relationship between Blood Groups and
IQ in Population of Some Areas of Rural and Urban Punjab, India International Journal of
Research in Engineering and Science, 4 (7) : 48-54

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 114

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Karnlesh, M.L. and Mohan, Jitendra (1987), The Developmentof Sport Psychological
Research in India, The Sport Psychologist, 1 :257-261.
Landsteiner, K (1900). "To know the antifermentative, lytic and agglutinating effects of blood
serum and lymph". Central Bacteriological, Parasitic and Infectious Diseases Journal. 27:
357-362
Marsman, A., Mandl, R.C.W., Klomp, D.W.J. and Cahn, W.(2017), Intelligence and Brain
Efficiency: Investigating the Association between Working Memory Performance,
Glutamate, and GABA, 8 : 1–9.
Punia, B.S., & Mann, N.S. (1986). A comparative study of intelligence ofprimary grade
children with varying levels of physical$tness. Paper presented at the First Indian National
Conference of Sports Psychology, Gwalior
Sandhu, K. (1984). A study of intelligence and academic achievement of prospective physical
education teachers. The Physical Education Jouml, 10 :11-12
Sharma, T. R. & Kamlesh, M.L. (1983) Intelligence in Track and Field Athletes, Trend in
Education, 9(4): p 12-19.
Walter, H., Farhud, D.D., Danker – Hopfe, H., Amirshahi, P. (1991), Investigations on the
ethnic variability of the ABO blood group polymorphism in Iran. Zeitschrift fur
Morphologie und Anthropologie., 78(3):289–306.
Yasmeen, N., Ali, I.& Shaikh, R.(2014), Gender Based Blood Group Distribution and Its
Relationship With Bleeding Time And Clotting Time In Medical Students. Biomed
Pharmacol J., 7(2)

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 115

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERSONALITY TRAITS OF

MALE KABADDI PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS
Dr. Rajkumar Sharma1 and Dr. Ashish Kumar Nigam2
AFFILIATIONS:
1
Chief Gymnastic Coach, Sports Authority of India, posted at NSTC, Malhar Asharam, Indore
(M.P.) ,9229144090, E-mail - sharmagym59@[Link]
2.
Sports officer, JNKVV, Jabalpur MP, [Link]@[Link], Mob. 9826348748,

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to assess and investigate the personality characteristics of
male Male Kabaddi Players at different levels of their participation. The sample consisted of
one hundred and fifty (Intercollegiate level=50, State level=50, Inter-university level=50) male
Kabaddi players from universities and colleges running in Chhattisgarh state, who have taken
part in intercollegiate, state and inter-university level Kabaddi tournament. Propulsive research
design was used for the purpose of study. Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire-R (E.P.Q.-R)
prepared by Eysenck and. Eysenck [16] was selected to measure the four dimensions of
personality of national level Gymnasts of India. The Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire- R (E.
P. Q.-R) is a valid and reliable instrument. In order to find out the significant difference among
male Kabaddi Players of different levels, , mean, SD and F-ratio were computed, level of
significant was set at .05 level. The results of analysis indicated that the Neuroticism,
psychoticism and social desirability temperaments were found high in state level kabaddi players
than their counter parts. where as , Extroversion temperament was high in Intercollegiate level
kabaddi players than their counter parts. F-ratio resulted significant difference among male
kabaddi players of three different levels of participation in their neuroticism temperament. But
they did not differ significantly in their rest of the temperament of personality.
Keywords: Male, Kabaddi, Personality Factors, State, Intercollegiate and Inter-university levels

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 116

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Kabaddi is an Indian game. It was included in Asian games in 1990 and since then India
has been continuously winning gold medal for Kabaddi in Asian games. Growing enthusiasm of
the international viewers as well as the growing media attention the winner country gets has
enhanced the prestige attached to any international sports event.
Kabaddi is a team game of speed, stamina, endurance, strength and skill. Although it is a
team event, individual fitness plays a vital role in the success of the team. Many a times, it is a
missing link of the team. Kabaddi has gained fame all over the world. Kabaddi is a attacking and
defensive game. Especially of the attack is an individual effort while defence is a combined
effort. Kabaddi players are less extrovert and more psychoticthan Kho-Khoplayers (Karad &
Wahid, 2011)
Kabaddi is a combative team game, ‘played with absolutely no equipment, in a rectangular
court, either outdoors or indoors with seven players on each side of the ground. Each side takes
alternate chances for offence and defense. The basic idea of the game is to score points by
entering into opponents ‘court and touching as many defense players as possible without getting
caught in a single breath. In kabaddi the basic defense position are in three zones, center zone
and left zone, the defense player occupying one of thesezones have specific functions to perform.
In co-ordination with his counterparts in the other defense zones, for maintaining the defensive
strong hold. The player is identified by the position he occupies irrespective of the varying
number of offense and defense players (Kumari. and Sudhakara, 2019).
Kabaddi is the game of “attack” and “defence”. Attack is also known as “raid” and the
attacker is called the “raider”. The peculiarity of the game is that attack is an individual effort
while defence is a combined effort. Offence in Kabaddi is a sum total of raiding technique and
tactics in which footwork of the raider play a crucial role. Raid is the main tool for scoring points
against the opponent team. A Raider can score a number of points in a single raid with his
individual skill. To score point, a raider has to maintain his cant. The raider has to withhold his
breath during the entire course of the raid and keep up a continuous (Rao, 2002)
The kabaddi players require various qualities physical and mental. Kabaddi being a
combative team game is also called the game of agility, good lung capacity, muscular
coordination, presence of mind and quick reaction ability and various psychological parameters.
(Jaipal1 and Kumar, 2013)
Hein (1954) found team sports participants to be more extraverted than those participating
inindividual sports. He also found that participants on individual and dual sports possessed less
amount of self assurance. Slusher (1964) using MMPI found that personality differences existed
even among athletes who athletes who participated in different sports. Singh and Singh (1986)
found that neuroticism tendency was significantly in the non sports groups of Kabaddi and Kho-
Kho Players whereas. Peter et al. (1995) showed the sports participants to be more extraverted
and vigorous and less anxious, neurotic, depressed and confused. Elite athlete was found to have
significantly great erositive mental health than non-athletes. Positive mental health is
characterized by less tension, depression, anger and confusion. Balchard (1946) concluded that
desirable character and personality traits are affected by participation in physical education
activities.
Many researchers (Kane,1990;Vanek,2000; Cratty et all, 2000) have proved that certain
personality traits are dominant and are special characteristics of certain specific sports activities.
Many researchers compared the personality differences between athletes and non-athletes
in their investigations (Booth, 1958; Hunt, 1969; Dureha, 1987, Frank H (1984; Malumphy,

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 117

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1970; Shankar, 1986; Mohan, , 1979: Davis and Mogk, 1994; Singh and Singh, 1986;
Mohit and Mohan, 2016; Shariati & Bakhtiari, 2011; McKelvie, et. al., 2003; Smojver,
et. al., 2001; Shariati & Bakhtiari, 2011) by administering different personality scales.
Comparison between male and female players (Singh and Bar, 1987; Rushall, 1967;
Kamlesh, 1986; Karad, 2010 and Kuravatti and Malipatil, 2017) as well as comparision
between individual and team game players (Singh and Debnath, 1989; Kirkcaldly, 1982;
Hein, 1954; Kirkcaldy & Furnham, 1991) were also performed in their personality traits.
Some of researchers had find out the significant differences between Kabaddi and Kh-Kho
players (Singh and Singh, 1986); between kabaddi and volleyball players (Josh & Vakani,
2011); between male and female Kabaddi players (Karad, 2010).
Many researchers studied the personality traits among male and female players in
different sports and games (Slusher, 1964; Kane, 1970; Clark, 1973 ; Bhushan and Agarwal,
1978; Joan, 1981; Bawa and Debnath, 1989; Shergill, 1991;)
In general, most of the researchers from abroad reviewed the personality literature
(Eysenck, 1947; Eysenck, 1952; Cattell, 1965; Rushall and Ellison and Freischlog, 1968;
Eysenck, 1990; Jaipal1 and Siwach Rajesh Kumar, 2013).
Sahadev (2017). compared the personality differences of Ist and 4th position holder
kabaddi male team players of North Zone. Jaipal1 and Siwach Rajesh Kumar,(2013). focused
to establish relationship between the various Personality characteristics and performance of
school level Young Kabaddi players.
Majority of the investigator have indicated that male Kabaddi players differ from female
Kabaddi players on a number of personality traits and several investigator have tried to find
personality differences between male and female Kabaddi players, but not many studies have
been made about personality characteristics of inter collegiate male and female with regards to
psychoticism, neuroticism and extroversion which influenced by sports performance with
addition to many other personality variables(Singh & Singh, 2012).
Most of the research in the field of personality of male kabaddi players appears to be
limited. So the attempt has been made to conduct the study regarding personality traits of male
Kabaddi players at different level of participation i.e. Inter-collegiate, state and interuniversity
levels.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Selection of Subject
The sample consisted of one hundred and fifty (Intercollegiate level=50, State level=50,
Inter-university level=50) male Kabaddi players from universities and colleges running in
Chhattisgarh state, who have taken part in intercollegiate, state and inter-university level
Kabaddi tournament, were selected as the subjects of the study. The age of the subjects was
between eighteen to 25 years..
2.2 Research Design
Propulsive research design was used for the purpose of study. Sample of the study was
equal for three different levels Male Kabaddi Plyers for the investigation of personality traits
2.3 Description of Questionnaire
Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire-R (E.P.Q.-R) prepared by Eysenck and. Eysenck
(1975) was selected to measure the four dimensions of personality of national level Gymnasts of
India.
The Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire- R (E. P. Q.-R) is a valid and reliable
instrument. The Questionnaire consists of 90 items to measure the personality traits of the

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 118

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

players and 90 items representing three dimensions of personality i.e. Extraversion (21),
Psychoticism (25), Neuroticism (23) and Social Desirability (21) on which there was no right or
wrong answer in the responses. The responses are given in the form of Yes/ No. The scoring of
the completed questionnaire was done according to the method mentioned in the Manual of
E.P.Q-R (Personality Questionnaire with the help of scoring key.
The Questionnaire had test-retest reliability 0.83 for Psychoticism, 0.90 for. Extraversion,
0.89 for Neuroticism, and 0.86 for Social Desirability in case of males. In case of female
Questionnaire had had test-retest reliability 0.71 Psychoticism, 0.87 for Extraversion, 0.80 for
Neuroticism, and 0.86 for Social Desirability. The overall test-retest reliability with age and sex
were .78 for Psychoticism, .89 for. Extraversion, .86 for Neuroticism and .84 Social Desirability.
2.4 Statistical analysis
To assess the male Kabaddi players of different levels in four factors of personality, the
mean, standard deviation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were computed. Level of
significant was set at .05 level
3. RESULTS
To find out the significant differences among male Kabaddi players of different levels in
four factors of personality, the mean, standard deviation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
were computed. As the F-ratio on personality of male Kabaddi players of different levels was
found to be significant, Scheffe’s Test of Post-hoc Comparison was applied to find out the least
significance of difference between ordered paired means on personality of male Kabaddi players
of different levels and data pertaining to this, has been presented in table 1-3.
TABLE 1
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF PERSONALITY OF MALE KABADDI PLAYERS
OF DIFFERENT LEVELs
Personality Intercollegiate level State Level Inter-university level
Factors (N=50) (N=50) (N=50)
Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD
Psychoticism 7.58±2.95 7.60±2.94 6.62±2.75
Extraversion 10.56±3.22 10.14±3.78 11.04±3.29
Neuroticism 7.90±2.64 10.30±2.76 9.76±2.65
Social 7.40±2.63 8.32±2.85 7.94±2.38
Desirability
The mean scores of four dimensions of personality of male Kabaddi players belong
to different levels groups have been depicted in figures 1 and 4.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 119

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Intercollegiate Level State level Inter-university level

7.8
7.58 7.6
7.6
7.4
eanScores

7.2
7
6.8 6.62
6.6
M

6.4
6.2
6
Psychoticism

Fig.1:Mean Scores on Psychoticism Dimension of Personality of male Kabaddi

Players of Different Levels
Intercollegiate Level State level Inter-university level

11.2 11.04
11
eanScores

10.8
10.56
10.6
10.4
10.2
10.14
M

10
9.8
9.6
Extroversion

Fig.2: Mean Scores on Extroversion Dimension of Personality of male Kabaddi

Players of Different Levels
Intercollegiate Level State level Inter-university level

12
10.3
9.76
10
cores

7.9
8
eanS

4
M

0
Neuroticism

Fig.3: Mean Scores on Neuroticism Dimension of Personality of male Kabaddi

Players of Different Levels
Intercollegiate Level State level Inter-university level

8.4 8.32
8.2
8
7.94
eanScores

7.8
7.6
7.4
7.4
M

7.2
7
6.8
Social Desirability

Fig.4: Mean Scores on Social Desirability Dimension of Personality of male Kabaddi

Players of Different Levels

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 120

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

TABLE 2
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ON PERSONALITY OF MALE KABADDI PLAYERS OF
DIFFERENT LEVELS
S. Personality Source of df Sum of Squares Mean of F-
N0. Factors variance Square value
1 Psychoticism Between groups 2 31.37 15.69 1.89
Within group 147 1219.96 8.29
2 Extraversion Between groups 2 20.28 10.14 0.94
Within group 147 1594.26 10.84
3 Neuroticism Between groups 2 158.52 79.26 10.99
Within group 147 1060.12 7.21
4 Social Between groups 2 21.37 10.69 1.55
Desirability Within group 147 1015.70 6.91
Insignificant at .05 level
F. .05(3,147) =3.06
It is clearly evident from Table 2, that the significant difference exhibited among the
male Kabaddi players of intercollegiate, state and Inter-university levels in their neuroticism
dimension of personality, as the obtained F-value of 10.99 was high r than the required value of
F.05 (2, 147)=3.06. But they had statistically insignificant differences in psychoticism,
Extroversion and social desirability dimensions of personality, as the obtained F-values of 1.89,
0.94 and 1.55 were lesser than the required value to be significant.
TABLE 3
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORDERED PAIRED MEANS FOR
MALE SPORTSPERSONS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS ON NEUROTICISM
DEMENSION OF PERSONALITY
Intercollegiate State Level Inter-university MD C.I.
Level Level
7.90 10.30 - 2.40* 1.64
7.90 - 9.76 1.86*
- 10.30 9.76 0.54
*Significant at .05 level
The data in table 3 clearly reveals that mean differences between intercollegiate-state
level male Kabaddi players followed by Inter-university level male Kabaddi players found
statistically significant in their neurotic tendency, as the obtained confidence intervals of 1.64
was less than the mean differences of 2.40 and 1.86 respectively . The significant difference was
not observed among male kabaddi players between state level - Inter-university level male
kabaddi players in their neurotic tendency, as the obtained confidence intervals of 1.64 was
high than the mean difference of .54.
4. CONCLUSIONS
1. Neurotic temperament was found high in state level male Kabaddi players followed by Inter-
university and Intercollegiate levels male Kabaddi players.
2. Extrovert temperament was found high in Intercollegiate levels male Kabaddi players
followed by state level and Inter-university levels male Kabaddi players..
3. Psychotic temperament was found high in state level male Kabaddi players followed by
Intercollegiate followed by Inter-university levels male Kabaddi players..

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 121

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

4. Social desirability temperament was found high in state level male Kabaddi players followed
by Inter-university and Intercollegiate levels male Kabaddi players..
5. Significant difference existed among the male Kabaddi players of intercollegiate, state
and Inter-university levels in their neuroticism dimension of personality,
6. Male Kabaddi players of three different levels did not differ statistically significant in
psychoticism, Extroversion and social desirability dimensions of personality.
7. Significant differences were observed between intercollegiate-state level male Kabaddi
players followed by Inter-university level male Kabaddi players in their neurotic
tendency
8. Significant difference was not observed among male kabaddi players between state level
- Inter-university level male kabaddi players in neurotic tendency .
5. DISCUSSION
Personality refer to more or less stable internal factors that make one person’s; behaviour
consistent from one time to another and different from the behaviour other people that would of
manifest in comparable situations (Borgatta and Lambert, 1968) Personality is the overall
pattern of psychological characteristics that makes person a unique individuals. It is well known
fact that players, of one game differ from the players of other games in their personality traits
(Carron, 1980). The temperament of athletes in numerous sports is one among the problems
that have invariably been of interest of behavioural soul. participation in individual or athletics
activities an illustration of temperament of athletes (Sharma, 2016) . Personality can be
influenced by some factors such as environment (family, sports, community, school, nature of
sports, etc.), heredity and gender (Deva, 2000).
To assess the four temperament characteristics i.e. Psychoticism, extroversion, neuroticism
and Social Desirability of male kabaddi players of three different levels i.e. intercollegiate, state
and inter-university level, means and standard deviation were computed. To find out the
distinction among male kabaddi players at different levels of participation, f- ratios were
computed. level of significance was set at .05 level.
The descriptive analysis of knowledge indicated that the Neurotic temperament was found
high in state level male Kabaddi players than their counter parts. Extroversion temperament was
found high in Intercollegiate levels male Kabaddi players than their counter parts. Psychotic
temperament was found high in state level male Kabaddi players than their counter parts. Where as
social desirability temperament was found high in state level male Kabaddi players followed by
Inter-university and Intercollegiate levels male Kabaddi players. These results clearly indicates the
Male Kabaddi players. had variations in the means of four temperaments of personality i.e.
psychoticism, extroversion, neuroticism and social desirability.
Whether or not Male Kabaddi players at different levels of participation have variations in
their four temperament dimensions, F-ratio resulted significant difference among male kabaddi
players of three different levels of participation in their neuroticism temperament. This variation
could be attributed to the attainable variations in behaviour pattern, emotionality, excitability of
autonomic nervous system, irritability, anger, sadness, anxiety, worry, hostility, self-
consciousness, and vulnerability of male kabaddi players at different levels of
participation.(Singh & Singh, 2012 ; Brinkman, 2013; .Costa & McCrae, 1992a and
Goldberg, 1993). But they did not differ significantly in their rest of the temperament of
personality.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 122

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

REFERENCES
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1991).Manual of the Eysenck Personality Scales (EPS Adult).
London: Hodder &Stoughton
Borgatta, Edgar F. and Lambert, William W. (1968). Child, personality in culture in
Handbook of personality theory and research, Chicago, Rand McNally Publishing
Company.
Kirkcaldy, B., & Furnham, A. (1991). Extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and
recreational [Link] andIndividual Differences, 12: 737–745.
Brinkman, C. (2013). The Big Five personality model and motivation in sport. Master’s degree
Thesis. De-partment of Kinesiology and Health, Faculty of Miami University, Oxford,
Ohio. Retrieved in June 2016, from
[Link]
nline.
Bawa, G. S. and Debnath, K. (1989), Strength Variables towards Competitive Performance
in Men Artistic Gymnastics, .N.I.S. Scientific Journal, 12(3):25-30.
Booth, E.G. Jr (1958), Personality Traits of Athletes as measured by M.M.R.I, . Research
Quarterly, 29 :127-138.
Bhushan, S. and Agarwal, V (1978), Personality Characteristics of High and Low Achieving
Indian Sports Persons, International Journal of Sports Psychology, 9(3): 191-198.
Clarke, Scott A. (1973), Psychological Characteristics of Athletes and Non-participants in
Athletics, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 15: 155.
Costa P.T. and McCrae, R.R. (1992) Professional Manual of the Revised NEO Personality
Inventory, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. .
Carron, A. (1980) Social Psychology of Sport. Movement Publications : Ithaca, NY.
Cattell R.B. (1965), ‘The Scientific Analysis of Personality’. Baltimore. Md. Penguin Books,
Inc.. [Link]
Dureha, D.K. (1987), Comparison of Personality Characteristics of Sportsmen and Non-
Sportsmen. SNIPES Journal, 10 (1 & 2) : 26-30.
Devon, S.(2000), Character Theory, Translator by Y. Karimi, et al., Arasbaran Press
Publishing
Davis, C. and Mogk, J. P. (1994), ‘Some Personality Correlates of Interest and Excellence in
Sport’. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 25 (2): 131-143.
Eysenck S. B. G. and Eysenck H. J., Manual of the E. P. Q. -R(Personality Questionnaire) Lon:
Hodder and Stoughton Educational: San Diego Educational and Industrial Testing
SERVIVE, 1975
Eysenck, H. J . (1952), Scientific Study of Personality, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Eysenck, H. J. (1947), “Dimensions of Personality”. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
London (1947): Rutledge.
Eysenck, H.J. (1992). The definition and measurement of psychoticism, Personality and
Individual Differences, 13(7), 757-785. [Link]
Frank H “Two Agency Cost Explanations of Dividends”. 74 AmericanEconomic Review,
(1984):PP.650-659.
Goldberg, L,R. (1993), The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist,
48:26–34.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 123

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Hein, M. (1954), A Comparison of Certain Personality Traits of College Women to Selection of

Activities for Physical Education Instruction. Master’s thesis, Women’s College
University of North Carolina.
Hunt, D. H. (1969): A Cross Racial Comparison of Personality Traits Between Athletes and
Nonathletes. Research Quarterly, 40:421-425.
Jaipal and Siwach, Rajesh Kumar A (2013), Study of Personality Characteristics Young
Kabaddi Players of Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, India Res. J. Physical Education Sci 1(3):
1-4,
Joshi, B. K. & Vakani, V. S. (2011), Personality differences between inter-collegiate level
Kabaddi and volleyball players. Journal of Advances in Developmental Research,1(2)
:.266-267
Jyothi, K. and Sudhakara, G (2019), Selected psychological characteristics and performance
of state level kabaddi male players -A relationship study. 6 (1): 712-Z
Joan, Elise Duba (1981), “A Comparison of Personality Characteristics of Adult Women
Athletes, Young Adult Women, Athlete and College Women Athletes-A Study of
Assertive Behavior in Sports”. Dissertation Abstract International, P.205.
Rao, Prasad E. (2002) “A Complete Handbook on Kabaddi”, Jagadamba Publications,
Vizianagaram, A.P., p. 1
.Kamlesh, M L (1986), A Comparative Study of Extraversion and Neuroticism in Track and
Field Athletes, Research Bi Annual for Movement, 3 (1).
Kirkcaldly, B. D. (1982), Personality and Sex Differences Related to Positions in Team
Sports, International Journal of Sports Psychology, 13: 141-153.
Kuravatti, Kum Paramma B and Malipatil, Rajkumar P (2017), A comparative study of
personality traits between individual and group game, International Journal of Physical
Education, Sports and Health, 4(1): 13-15
Kane, J.E (1968), Personality and Physical abilities, Proceedings of the second International
Congress of sport Psychology, Chicago: Athletic Institute.
Karad, P.L. (2010) Gender Differences in Personality Characteristics of Kabaddi Players,
Variorum,Multi-Disciplinary e-Research Journal Variorum, 1 (II): 1-6
Karad, P.L. & Wahid Abdul (2011) Personality Characteristics of Kabaddi and Kho-Kho
Players Variorum,Multi-Disciplinary e-Research Journal, 1 (III): .1-4
Maan, Sahadev (2017). Personality differences : A comparative studybetween Ist and IVth
position holder male kabaddi team players of north [Link]. J. Phy. Edu.,10(1&2)
: 11-15,
Mohan J “Comparative Study of Extraversion, Neuroticism and Attitude towards Sports of
Handball and Non-Players”. SNIPES Journal (1979):2:1.
Malumphy, T. M. (1970), Personality of Women Athletes”. Research Quarterly 41: 446-453.
McKelvie, S. J., Lemieux, P. and Stout, D. (2003), Extraversion and neuroticism in contact
athletes, no contact athletes and non-athletes, Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 5;
3: 19-27.
Smojver-Azic, Sanja.,Anđelic-Bres, Sandra and Donlic Veno (2001). Personality traits and
coping with stress among adolescent athletes and non- athletes. Faculty of Philosophy,
Rijeka, Croatia.
Rana. Mohit, & Datta, Inder Mohan (2016) Comparative study of personality traits between
male sports person and non sports person at Swami Shardhanand College, International
Journal of Physical Education Sports Management and Yogic Sciences, 6(4): 21-24

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 124

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Rushall, Ellison (1970), An Evaluation of the Relationship between Personality and Physical
Performance Categories”. In Contemporary Psychology of Sport,, ed. G. S. Kenyon.
Chicago:Athletic Institute
Rushall, B. S. (1967) ‘An Investigation of the Relationship between Personality Variables and
Performance Categories in Swimmers, Ph.D. thesis, Indiana University.
Singh, A. P. and Singh S. (1986): Anxiety, Neuroticism and Extraversion among the Cricket
Players and Non-sportsmen. In: Psychological Analysis of Sports Performance (ed.) N.N.
Mall & J. Mohan, Gwalior LNCPE, 48-55.
Sharma, Rajkumar and Chaubey. Devarshi Kumar (2016), Investigation of Personality
Characteristics of National Level Male and Female Gymnasts, . International Journal of
Sports Science and Physical Education. 1 (1) :1-5. doi: 10.11648/[Link].20160101.11
Slusher, H.S. (1964): Personality and Intelligence Characteristics of Selected High School
Athletes and Non-Athletes. Research Quarterly, 35 : 539-545
Shariati, Marina & Bakhtiari, Sabah (2011), Comparison of personality characteristics
athlete and non-athlete student, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz Procedia - Social
and Behavioral Sciences 30 :2312 – 2315.
Singh, Mahendra Kumar and Singh, Arvind Bahadur (2012), comparative study of
selected personality traits between male and female inter collegiate volleyball players,
Indian Streams Research Journal::2 (11) : .1-5.
Shankar, G. (1986) ‘Personality of Indian Varsity Male Gymnasts’. In: N.N. Mall and J.
Mohan (Ed).Psychological Analysis of Sports Performance, Gwalior, LNCPE.
Singh, A. and Barar, R. S (1987), “A Study of Extraversion, Neuroticism and Self- Concept
of University Handball Players”. In L.S. Sidhu and D. N. Mathur. (ed) Sport Sciences.
Health Fitness and Performance, Patiala: IASSPE, PP.25-254.
Shergill, Harpeet (1991), Application of Discriminant Analysis of Personality Different
between Successful and Non-succsessful Players”. Fit International and Sixth National
Conference of Sport Psychology Abstracts. (Feb 1991):P.2.
Vanek M, Cratty B (2000), Psychology and the superior athlete, Journal of Psychology 4: 56-
59

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 125

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

Available Online

[Link]. com
Journal DOI-05-2016-44975451

Scientific Journal Impact Factor-5.684

A COMPARISON OF SPORTS ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION

BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES OF BHOJPUR
DISTRICT, BIHAR
Suresh Singh Yadav1 and Dr. Minakshi Pathak2
AFFILIATIONS:
1.
Ph. D. Scholar, Physical Education Department, Satya SAI University of technology and Medical
Science, Sihore (M.P.), Mobile-9939394891 E-mail-sureshy888@[Link],
2.
Head, Department of Physical Education, Satya SAI University of technology and Medical
Science, Sihore (M.P.), Mobile-9425080160, E-mail-minakshipathak75@[Link]

ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to compare level of sports achievement motivation
among Men and female athletes belonging to different games from Bhojpur District. 40 male
athletes and 40 female athletes who participated in district level tournament were identified and
selected as subjects with an age ranging from 18-25 years. To determine the level of Sports
Achievement Motivation of subjects, a questionnaire for Motivation prepared by M. L. Kamlesh
was used. To find out the difference in sports achievement motivation between male and female
athletes, the t test was applied at 0.05 level of significance. The result showed significant
difference in the level of sports achievement motivation between male and female athletes. It
was concluded that the male athletes were higher than female athletes in their sports achievement
motivation.
Keywords: Male, Female, Athletes, sports, achievement motivation,

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 126

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

1. INTRODUCTION
Motivation is one of human personality's most important components. It helps form and
guides the behavior of an individual to be considered a person who is more or less complex.
Certain psychological factors and capabilities offer little incentive to success where there is no
desire to achieve.
The motives for achievement are based on a hope for achievement and inspiration for a
target. Motivation is the underlying driving force behind all our actions. Motivation concerns
the dynamics of our conduct that includes our life's wants, wishes and goals. The drive to
achieve success is based on fulfilling all of our life goals. Achieving targets can determine how
an individual performs a task and the ability to display competence. (Harackiewicz, [Link].
1997).
People who normally work with a task for motive achievement may be considered the fact
that one acts in the spirit of the motivation for achievement. When a person knows that he or she
is tested and judged, and that leads to a sense of confidence and achievement. Therefore,
achievement is viewed as an approach to performance or as an opportunity to take pride in
success in one task or another (Showun, 1999).
Motivation to achieve success is the motivating factor in a person who promotes success
through the goal-oriented success or failure phase. Motivation to succeed is an important
enthusiasm that allows a person to undertake a performance-orientated task that is cognitive and
psychologically satisfactory. Motivation helps a person to aspire for something special and
different. Motivation is an organism's psychophysical state that increases the capacity of an
organism to conquer the challenges and work harder to achieve itself. The determination of the
success standards is determined by psychological and physiological aspects of games and sport
(Reuben, 1983). Many experiments have shown how athletic success can be affected by
psychological influences (Crespo, 2002). The inspiration of a pyramids for sport success has
been treated by Taylor (1994). Many experiments have been carried out about the motivation
for success and its impact on results. The most important performance forecaster and necessary
for competing (Carey et al., 2000) is the impetus for progress studies. The purpose of the study
was to determine the difference between Men and Women athletes of Bhojpur District of U.P.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Selection of Subjects
Eighty athletes (M=40, Females=40) )were selected as the subjects for the study, who
participated in district level competition in their respective games from affiliated colleges of
Bhojpur (Bihar). The age ranged from 18-28 year
2.2 Tool Used
To assess the level of sports achievement motivation, the sport achievement motivation
questionnaire, (SAM), developed by Kamlesh (1990) was used
2.3 Statistical Technique
To find out the difference between the groups of male and female athletes, mean, SD, and
t-ratio were computed. Level of significance was set at 0.05.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 127

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

3. RESULTS
TABLE 1
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF SPORTS ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION OF MALE
AND FEMALE ATHLETES
Teams N Mean SD SEM

Male Athlete 40 27.05 2.66 0.70

Female Athlete 40 25.48 3.45 0.58

The mean scores on sports achievement motivation of male and female athletes of Bhojpur
District, has been depicted in Below Figure .
Male Athletes Female Athketes

27.5
27.05
27
Mean Scores

26.5

26
25.48
25.5
25

24.5
Sports Achievement Motivation

TABLE 2
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES ON
SPORTS ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
MD σ p-
Sex N Mean t-ratio
DM value
Male 40 27.05 1.57
2.04 0.04
Female 40 25.48
*Significant at 0.05 level
t.05 (78)=1.99.
Table 2 reveals that a significant difference was found between male and female athletes
on sports achievement motivation, as the t-value of 2.04 was high than the required t.05
(78)=1.99.
4. DISCUSSION
The study was carried on 80 undergraduate students athletes of Bhojpur district of U.P. 40
males and 40 females (ages 18-23 years) selected by purposive sampling method. t- test was used
for deriving the results. The present study was carried out with the objectives to investigate the
gender related differences and differences in achievement motivation among college athletes.
Significant difference was found between the achievement motivation among male and female
college students. The differences indicate significant role of gender and academic majors in
achievement motivation of college students athletes. Findings of the present study is in line with

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 128

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

the study by Shekhar & Devi (2012) states Achievement motivation is considered a prerequisite
for success in sports performance.
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. Significant difference was found in sports achievement motivation of male and female
athletes of Bhojpur district. .
2. The male athletes were highly motivated in comparison of female athletes.
REFERENCES
Crespo, M. (2002), Tennis psychology: An overview and update. Newsletter of Society for
Tennis Medicine and Science, 5:12.
Carey, J.R. & Carl, E. (2000), Academic achievement motivation in African American college
football players. An investigation of educational expectations and values. Ph.D., the
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2000.
Harackiewicz, J. M., Barron, K. E., Carter, S. M., Lehto, A. T., & Elliot, A. J. (1997),
Predictors and consequences of achievement goals in the college classroom: Maintaining
interest and making the grade, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6) : 1284–
1295.
Kamlesh, M.L. (1990), Manual of Sports Achievement Motivation, Test. NIS Scientific Journal,
13 (3) :28-39
Reuben BF. Psychological Concept Applied To Physical Education and Sports Coaching.
Waslay: Massachusetts, Addison, 1983
Showun, Ketil (1999), The Athletes Guide to Winning Performance in All Sports:
Championship Thinking, London: Prentice Hall Inc. 24:152.
Shekhar, Chandra & Devi, Rachna. (2012). Achievement Motivation across Gender and
Different Academic Majors. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology. 2.
10.5539/jedp.
Taylor, J. (1994), Pre-match routines. International Tennis Federation Coaches Review, 4:11.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 129

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

GUIDELINES FOR AUTHOR

The Indian Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Applied Sciences is a
quarterly journal publishes scientific research and review articles on sports and sports
science disciplines and other such subjects having inter-disciplinary perspective with
specific application to sports.
Manuscripts are accepted for publication with the understanding that they have not
been published, simultaneously submitted, or already accepted for publication, elsewhere.
Manuscripts deemed suitable are acknowledged and critically reviewed by a
qualified, independent, expert evaluator, through a secret evaluation system. The
evaluator's comments may be communicated to the principal author along with the
comments of the Editor.
All the manuscripts are to be submitted by the principal author to the Editor-in-
Chief/Editor, Indian Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Applied Sciences by e-mail
as well as on mailing address along with a letter of intent for publication. This covering
letter should also contain the following certificate:
"It is certified that this article is my/ our own original research work which has not
been published, simultaneously submitted, or already accepted for publication, elsewhere.
"I have the consent of the co-authors for this submission and I/we transfer the
ownership of the copyright to the publisher, in the event of publication of this article."
The covering letter should .contain a complete mailing address of the principal
author. The Editor-in-Chief/Editor may acknowledge the receipt of the same, as well as,
handle all future correspondence.
Manuscript Preparation
All parts of the manuscript should be typewritten, double-spaced, with margins of
at least 3 cm on all sides. Number manuscript pages consecutively throughout the paper.
Each manuscript should include title page, the second title page and text, and may contain
up to 20 pages. Authors should also supply a shortened version of the title suitable for
the running head, not exceeding 50 characters with spaces. Each article should be
summarized in an abstract. Abstracts should be accompanied by three to five keywords
that will facilitate indexing and data retrieval purposes.
The title page should contain the title of the study and the names, qualifications,
employment status, the employing institution and the place and state, of all the authors.
The title being brief, should not contain the words like 'A Study Of or 'A Probe into' etc.
The second title, the page following the title page should contain the title of the
study, abstract and key words. The numbering of pages should begin here. The third page
should contain the text including introduction, methodology, results, discussion,
conclusion, and references. All these heads are to be typed on the left hand in upper lower
type, in case there are no subheads like purpose of the study, review of literature,
hypotheses, and limitations of the study and its implications. When there are sub-heads,
the heads are to be typed in all capitals and the sub-heads in upper-lower type letters.
Abbreviations must be spelt.
Abstract
The abstract should be self-explanatory, of about 150 words; suitable for use by the
abstracting journals, without rewording and should state what was aimed, what was done,

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 130

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

what was found and what was concluded. For the review article, the abstract should be a
concise summary.
Keywords
Following the abstract, the author should list not more than six key words that do
not appear in the title, that represent the content of the manuscript.
Introduction.
This describes the present state of knowledge of the subject or the review of the
literature, the concise statement of the problem, the aim of the research, and the
development of the research hypotheses. It should include the practical and applied
questions around which the study was developed.
Methodology
This section should include a complete description of subjects, materials,
equipments, procedures and experimental techniques. It should also include the
description of the statistical methods used to analyze the data. The methods and the
statistical procedures published in detail before hand should be cited. Units of
measurement, symbols and abbreviations must conform to the international standards.
Metrics system is preferred.
Results
This section should include a concise presentation of the data. Figures, tables and
photographs may be used to show the results of the study. Tables and figures should not be
used for the presentation of the same data. The subjects must not be identified by name or
any other recognizable label.
Discussion
The discussion part should contain the interpretation of the results with possible
comparisons with other relevant studies. The discussion must be rigorous and correspond to the
data and the hypothesis. New-hypothesis, if any, may be stated. Recommendations, if any, question
of practical application, consistent with the limitations of the study, may be included.
Conclusion
This should briefly state the conclusions drawn from the study. Conclusions should
not be drawn without any supporting data.
References
All sources, cited in the text, must be also cited in the reference list. The reference
list includes circulated material, i.e., books, journal, proceedings, films, etc.
Tables
Each table should be typed on separate sheets, numbered consecutively in Roman
numerals at the top centre, and given collectively after the references. Each table should
have a brief but meaningful title which should start next to the Table Number after colon.
Explanatory matter and non-standard abbreviations should be given in the footnote, and
not below the title. Tables should be referred in the text.
Illustrations
All figures and illustrations should be either artwork in black ink on Art Card or 5" x
7" glossy prints. The photographs should be glossy black and white having good contrast.
The letters used in the illustrations and photographs should be of sufficient size to
withstand reduction to single column size. Figures should be numbered in Arabic
numerals. Captions of photos and illustrations and the legends should be typed on a

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 131

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

separate sheet. All illustrations must be identified on the back by gently writing in ink or
pencil, indicating illustration number and the author.
Art work should be done professionally, Art work carried out by the publishers, out
of necessity, would be charged to the authors.
The authors must send a CD containing the material meant for publication, to
facilitate printing.

CHECK LIST OF THE DOCUMENTS TO BE SUBMITTED BY THE INVESTIGATOR

1. Individual Subscription form

2. Hard copy of the original Manuscript
3. Soft copy of the original Manuscript
4. Copyright Transfer Statement
5. Subscription Fees in the form of Demand Draft of Nationalized Bank.
6. Manuscript of the research paper will be typed in M. S. Word 2003
7. Follow the other instructions as given in Guidelines for the author.

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 132

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SPORTS AND APPLIED SCIENCE, VOL11, NO 1, Jan., 2021

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION , SPORTS AND APPLIED

SCIENCES
ISSN:2229-550X (P) 2455-0175 (O)
COPYRIGHT TRANSFER STATEMENT
Manuscript Title :…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Name 1 ……………………………. Address ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Mailing Address: …………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………….
Telephone: ……………………………Email ………………………………………………………………. Institutional Affiliations
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Name 2 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Address …………………………………………………………………………..
Mailing Address: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Telephone:…………………………………………….. Email ……………………………………………………… ……………………….
Institutional Affiliations …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Name 3 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Address ……………………………………………………………………………
Mailing Address: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Telephone:…………………………………………….. Email …………………………………………………………………………………….
Institutional Affiliations …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Corresponding Author – Name ……………………………….email ……………………………………………………………………….
Each author warrants that his submission to the work is original and that he or she has full power to
enter into this agreement. Neither this work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any
language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by IJPESAS Each author
also accepts that the IJPESAS will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are
required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has
been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to
originate from the authors.
We are in agreement with the statements and we accept scientific and legal responsibility of the
article
Name1 ………………………………………………………….Date ………………………………..Signature…………………………... ……

Name2 ………………………………………………………….Date …………………………………Signature…………………………... ……

Name3 …………………………………………………………..Date ………………………………Signature………………………………….

ISSN-2229-550X (P), 2455-0175 (O) Sports Scientists Views in IJPESAS 133