TRANSFORMERS

A INVESTIGATORY PROJECT BY MADHAV DACHA 11-A

CONTENTS
- Objective of the project
- Introduction
- Principle
- Construction
- Efficiency
- Procedure
- Observations
- Energy losses
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- Uses and working of transformers
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my physics teacher Megha
ma’am and my friends for helping me understand
the project.

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THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT
TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATION BETWEEN
❖ Input and Output voltage.
❖ Number of turning in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transformer

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INTRODUCTION
❖ A transformer is an electrical device which is
used for changing the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength
of sizes. In Electronic, measurement and
control circuits,transformer size may be so
small that it weight only a few tens of grams
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whereas in high voltage power circuits.
❖ It may weight hundred of tones.In a
transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is
called a step-up transformer.
❖ A transformer which decreases theA.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer.
❖ Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.
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PRINCIPLE
❖ A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount
of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an
e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil that is if a
varying current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f.
is produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying
current in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux
which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.
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CONSTRUCTION
❖ The transformer consists of two coils. They are
insulated with each other by insulated material
and wound on a common core. For operation at
low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft
iron core isinsulating by joining thin ironstrips
coated with varnish toinsulate them to reduce
energy losses by eddy currents.The input circuit is
called primary. And The Output circuit is called
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secondary.
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❖ In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, then the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary isequal to that
induced in each turn of the primary.Thus if Ep
and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and
❖ Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each
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turnoff the coil at this instant.
We have :-

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❖ Since the above relations are true at every
instant,so dividing 2 by 1, we get

❖ As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f

induced in the primary coil is due to the difference
(E - Ep) in the instantaneous values of the applied
and back e.m.f further if Rp is the resistance o,
P1P2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the
primary coil is given by

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❖ When the resistance of the primary is small,
RpLp can be neglected so therefore,
❖
❖
❖ Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as,

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❖ In a step up transformer,

❖ In a step down transformer,

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❖ In a step up transformer,

❖ i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary

voltage is higher.Hence, whatever we gain in
voltage, we lose in current inthe same
ratio.Similarly it can be shown, that in a step
down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain incurrent in the same
ratio.Thus a step up transformer in reality
steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current.
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EFFICIENCY
❖ Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power. I.e

- Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no

power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are
many power losses; therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.

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PROCEDURE
❖ Demonstrating the principle of transformer by
winding primary and secondary coil on a steel rod.
1. 1. Take a soft iron rod of cm and cm diameter.Wrap
thick paper on it.
2. Wind a coil P of enameled copper wire 200 turns.
3. Wind another coil S of thick enameled copper wire
with 400 turns.1. Take a soft iron rod of cm and cm
diameter.Wrap thick paper on it.
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4. Both coils are wound over same length of the
rod,so that almost the entire flux produced by
current inone is linked to the other.
5. Connect the coil S with an AC voltmeter.
Connect an identical voltmeter across P also.
6. Switch on the current in P and note voltage
across the two coils.
7. Find the ratio Vp to Vs.

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OBSERVATIONS
1. We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across the
two coils is equal to the ratio of number of
turns in the coil P to that in the coil S.i.e.,

2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is

Called the primary and coil S (in which AC is
induced) is called the secondary.

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3. Since coil S is placed very close to the coil
P,the power in the primary is transferred into the
secondary through mutual induction.
4. It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate
choice of the turn ratio i.e., Np/Ns, we can obtain
a higher voltage or lower voltage in S compared
to that in P.

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ENERGY LOSSES
❖ Copper loss: is the energy loss in the form of
heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This
is due to joule heating of conducting wires.
❖ Iron loss: is the energy loss in the form of heat
in the iron core of the transformer. This is due
to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.

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❖ Leakage of magnetic flux: occurs in spite of
bestinsulations. Therefore, rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is
less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2.
❖ Hysteretic loss: is the loss of energy due to
repeated magnetization and demagnetization
of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
❖ Magneto striation: humming noise of a
transformer.

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USES OF TRANSFORMER
❖ In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator,computer, air conditioner etc.
❖ A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
❖ A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
❖ A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON
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advertisement.
❖ Transformers are used in voltage regulators
and stabilized power supplies.
❖ Transformers are used in the transmissions of
a.c. over long distances.
❖ Small transformers are used in Radio
sets,telephones, loud speakers and electric
bells etc.

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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
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RF TRANSFORMERS
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AIR-CORE TRANSFORMER
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FERRITE-CORE TRANSFORMER
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WORKING OF A TRANSFORMER
❖ When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1p2,, an alternating current
starts falling in it. Thealtering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary
as well as in the secondary.

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TRANSMISSION-LINE TRANSFORMER
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BALUNS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.electrically4u.com
https://www.scribd.com

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