Design of Belt Conveyor and Hopper For Crown Cork Transportation

Debre Markos University

College of Technology

Mechanical Engineering department

(Manufacturing Engineering)
DESIGN OF BELT CONVEYOR AND HOPPER

FOR CROWN CORK TRANSPORTATION
HOSTING COUMPANY MOHA SOFT DRINKS INDUSTRY

BURIE
PLANT
DURATION OF INTERNSHIP OCT, 19, 2015-FEB, 8, 2016 GC
By:- Endalkachew Ayalew(TEE/432/04)&

Etsehiwot Ayenew (TER/2640/04)
Submit to: - YIBELTAL W. (Msc)

Submitted date: – -12-2015 G.C
Declaration
We, undersigned students of Mechanical engineering department specially manufacturing we
were conduct in BURIE MOHA SOFT DRINK PLANT Here we declare performed working
tasks of four months internship program and we designed after observe the problem in the
company with entitle of BELT CONVEYOR AND HOPPER FOR CROWN CORK
TRANSPORTATION with the guide of our advisor YIBELTAL W. (MSc) and GETENET
ADMASU Burie Moha Soft Drink Plant manager.
Name of students sign Date
1. ENDALKACHEW AYALEW ___________ _______________

2. ETSEHIWOT ___________ _______________
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`Approval
Here I certify the students have been performing their working tasks and this work has not
been previously submitted to any other university.
Name of advisor: YIBELTAL W. (MSC) signature _____________
Date____________________
Examiner name:____________________________signature______________
Date____________________
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly all, we would like to thanks our GOD to strength to finish this project. Next we would
likes to tanks the Burie Moha Soft Drink plant to give the chance to conduct in their company
and also thank our Department to give this internship program. Thirdly we would like to thanks
our Advisor for his guiding and commenting. Finally, we would like to thanks that are help in
accesses and other guides.
Page | III
Abstract
Belt conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves
materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving
the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. In this project we have done belt conveyor for
crown cork transportation system with hopper and hoppers store for one shift work i.e. 8 hours.
To design a belt conveyor and hopper first we select the appropriate and available material
for each component of a system using matrix table, then we take the standard components
such as bolts, bearing and other and also determine the geometrical analysis and the force
analysis for components of a machine and determine how much powers required to drive the
belt conveyor, the tension action on the belt during free load and live load and also the
capacity of the belt. Later we have to conclude and recommended the project. Finally we
draw the 3D and 2D assembly and part drawing of a belt conveyor and hopper using CATIA
5R16 software.
Key words: belt conveyor, bulky material, crown cork, CARIA
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Table of Contents
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List of figures
Page | VII
List of tables
Page | VIII
Nomenclature
Ac area of crown cork
mass of total crown corks in the
C 9.81outer
hopper gravity, m/s2diameter of crown
A cork cap height of a crown
’ cork volume of the crown
V
cork
V volume of a
h
hopper number of
n carton length of
l hopper width of
w hopper height
h of hopper
W weight of a cork
c
m
c
K radius gyration
P crushing load
m mass of a pulley determine from CATIA output
F (m=4.85kg). the centrifugal force of the pulley
p
velocity of
v
pulley radius of
r pulley
angular velocity of a motor

Page | IX
F c, F e, equivalent friction factor takes from below explanation
Fl
L horizontal center to center distance (m),
t terminal friction constant expressed in
f meters, capacity (tons/hr),
c
mass of moving parts expressed in kg per meter of center
Q
distance, Drive factor dependent on pulley surface, arc contact
and type of tensioning
S belt speed (M/sec)

H net change in elevation
B the belt weight per linear
T meters tight side tension
1
slack side tension
T
2 Naperian logarithm
e base Coefficient of
friction
initial load acting on the bolt

member stiffness
Po
Km
Kb bolt stiffness
preload stress a
bolt
Page | X
Kb bolt stiffness
Km member stiffness
P initial load
o
safety factor
n
o number of bolt required
N
WR Radial load
WA Axial load
XO Radial load factor
YO Axial or thrust load
factor
Page | XI
DEIGN OF BELT CONVEYOR AND HOPPER FOR CROWN CORK TRANSPORTASION
CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
1.1. Back ground of belt conveyors
The history of conveyor belts begins in the latter half of the 17th century. Since then, conveyor
belts have been an inevitable part of material transportation. But it was in 1795 that conveyor
belts became a popular means for conveying bulk materials. In the beginning, conveyor belts
were used only for moving grain sacks to short distances. The conveyor belt system and
working were quite simple in the early days. The conveyor belt system had a flat wooden bed
and a belt that traveled over the wooden bed. Earlier, conveyor belts were made of
leather, canvas or rubber. This primitive conveyor belt system was very popular for
conveying bulky items from one place to another. In the beginning of the 20th century, the
applications of conveyor belts became wider. Hymle Goddard of Logan Company was the
first to receive the patent for the roller conveyor in 1908. The roller conveyor business did not
prosper. A few years later, in 1919, powered and free conveyors were used in automotive
production. Thus, conveyor belts became popular tools for conveying heavy and large goods
within factories. During the 1920s, conveyor belts were common, and also underwent
tremendous changes. Conveyor belts were used in coal mines to handle runs of coal for more
than 8kms, and were made using layers of cotton and rubber covers. The longest conveyor
belt now in use is 60 miles long, in the phosphate mines of Western Sahara. One of the turning
points in the history of conveyor belts was the introduction of synthetic conveyor belts. It was
introduced during the Second World War, mainly because of the scarcity of natural materials
such as cotton, rubber and canvas. Since then, synthetic conveyor belts have become
popular in various fields. With the increasing demand in the market, many synthetic polymers
and fabrics began to be used in the manufacture of conveyor belts. Today, cotton, canvas,
EPDM, leather, neoprene, nylon, polyester, polyurethane, urethane, PVC, rubber, silicone and
steel are commonly used in conveyor belts. Nowadays, the material used for making a
conveyor belt is determined by its application [1].
INTERNSHIPE PROJECT @ Page 1

MOHA SOFT DRINK IN BURIE PLANT
1.2. Problem statements

In the real world there are many hoppers used for store and holding of crown corks and
transmitted in to the package house using another system. At the internship program in Burie
Moha Soft drink Company we observed crown cork hopper limitation. This limitation occurs
due to the size of the hopper. This hopper holds or stores only 10,000 crown cork and this
covers one hour packages only in the Company. Within one shift there are 8 hours. Hence,
within one shift 8 times the operator add the crown cork in to the hopper. But, unfortunately
the operator misses adding of the crown cork in to the hopper then all system stops
(i.e. idle the machine) automatically. Due to this reason the productivity of the company
reduces. Therefore, to reduce that problem we try to design belt conveyor for transports of
crown cork to the old hoppers from the new design of hopper.
1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. Main Objective
The main objective for this project is design of belt conveyor and hopper for crown cork
transportation system operated by electric motor and Hopper.
1.3.2. Specific objectives
The specific objectives of to design belt conveyor and hopper for crown cork transportation
system that operated by electric motor is:
Select the appropriate materials for each component or parts of machine.

Analysis the design analysis i.e. geometry and force analysis of the components of a
machine.
Prepare the design assembly producers’ of a machine
Finally make parts and assembly drawing using software either 2D or 3D.
1.4. Methodology
Begin with a literature review, a lot of paper and journal has been read up and a part of it has
been consider in this project work. Meanwhile, selected the appropriate and available materials
using Matrix tables and also take the geometry of some materials and later calculated the forces
depends on the geometry of the components; and the selected materials and prove the
components is safe or not. Select the standard components such as bolts and nut, bearings and
belt depth and other standard components. Later, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional
drawings of soil cultivating machine parts and assembly have been done by using CATIA
V5R19.
INTERNSHIPE PROJECT @
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1.5. Organization of the Project

This project is organized into four chapters. In the first chapter, background of project work
and the objectives to be achieved are discussed. In chapter two, a review of literature
relevant /familiar to this project work, which has been investigated by different researchers, is
given. In chapter three Analytical methods and conditions are discussed. The discussion is
started with material properties, different assumption and conditions of the study. In final
chapter deals about conclusion and result.
1.6. Working principle

The working principle of belt conveyor and hopper for crown cork transportation system is that
first assemble each components, then add the cork in the hopper up to 2 quintals (200 kg crown
cork that uses for one shift), drive the attached motor then the belt conveyor is rotated due to
the transmit ion motor rotation, the crown corks drop from the hopper due to gravity,
again the crown cork is transported to the main (smaller or existing) hopper. If the existing
hopper is fill off the motor until the fill crown cork is reached at lower level by observing the
prepared front mirror of an existing hopper.
MOHA SOFT DRINK IN BURIE PLANT Page 3
CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature review
To design belt conveyor we have to uses the following different journals and textbook to
determine the better solution for the above mentioned problems statements.
Daniyan *, A. O. Adeodu and O. M. Dada(2014), [2] In the process or manufacturing
industry, raw materials and products need to be transported from one manufacturing stage
to another. Material handling equipment are designed such that they facilitate easy, cheap,
fast and safe loading and unloading with least human interference. For instance, belt conveyor
system can be employed for easy handling of materials beyond human capacity in terms of
weight and height. In their paper discusses the design calculations and considerations of belt
conveyor system for limestone using 3 rolls idlers, in terms of size, length, capacity and speed,
roller diameter, power and tension, idler spacing, type of drive unit, diameter, location and
arrangement of pulley, angle and axis of rotation, control mode, intended application, product
to be handled as well as its maximum loading capacity in order ensure fast, continuous and
efficient movement of crushed limestone while avoiding halt or fatalities during loading
and unloading. The successful completion of their research work has generated design
data for industrial uses in the development of an automated belt conveyor system which is
fast, safe and efficient. In their paper is done the explanation on tension fashion of the belt conveyor which is
employed in Kosovo.
* **
Ismet Ibishi ,Ahmet Latifi ,Gzim Ibishi and Kadri Sejdiu(2012),[3].Energy Corporation
KEK, for coal transportation to provide electric power plant. The aim their paper enables to
recognize tension forces not to pass with deformation of belt so that, that problem will damage
the working process. Work principle is based on initial tension and tension during working
process. The fact is known that the tension starts from the carriage on the way to tension
mechanization, so forces on the rope passing through pulley there has to dominate the friction
coefficient. All that process is related to economy of transportation mechanism.
Konakalla Naga Sri Ananth, Vaitla Rakesh, Pothamsetty Kasi Visweswarao, [4].Belt
conveyor is the transportation of material from one location to another. Belt conveyor has high
load carrying capacity, large length of conveying path, simple design, easy maintenance and
high reliability of operation. Belt Conveyor system is also used in material transport in
foundry shop like supply and distribution of molding sand, molds and removal of waste. Thier
paper provides to design the conveyor system used for which includes belt speed, belt width,
motor selection, belt specification, shaft diameter, pulley, gear box selection, with the help
of standard model calculation.
Seema S. Vanamane*, Pravin A. Mane**(2012), [5]. Belt conveyor system is the
transportation of material from one location to another location. Belt conveyor has high load
carrying capacity (upto 30000 t/h), large length of conveying path (up to 3-4 km), simple
design, easy maintenance and high reliability of operation. Belt conveyor system is also used
various industries such as the material transport in foundry shop like supply and distribution of
moldings sand, moulds and removal of waste, coal and mining industry, sugar industry,
agricultural industry, biogases industry, fuel industry etc. In their paper the study is carried
out on DISA pattern molding machine to meet the requirement of higher weight castings.
From the DISA specification the belt conveyor system is designed by using different
standards like CEMA
Page 4
(Conveyor Equipment Manufacture’s Association) standards, some handbooks of belt conveyor

system etc. then that parameter are verified by using Belt Comp software. The result got from
the Belt Comp software is in close agreement of theoretical results. After the design
the manufacturing is done and the installation is done on the manufacturer’s site. The
trials are carried out on the belt conveyor system successfully and the problems occurs during
the trials are overcome in the analysis by taking proper steps.
Page 5
CHAPTER THREE
3. Analytical methods and conditions
3.1. Material selection for belt conveyor parts
To select the appropriate materials for each components/ parts of belt conveyor for
transportation of crown corks depends on the transported things. In this cause the transported
thing is crown cork for package of bottles at the beverage time of soft drinks. So, the selected
material is non- contaminated to the crown cork direct or indirect and also resists the total load
of the crown cork plus their weights. Depending on the material properties steel and
stainless steels are more corrosion resistance than others in nature. Now, to select the
appropriate materials by comparing different steels and stainless steel with their mechanical,
chemical and physical properties uses matrix table. To perform the matrix tables we use the
following basic principal producers’:
To uses the matrix table follows the following procedures.
Step1: Select the appropriate and available materials that find our surrounding using standard
tables depending on yield and tensile strength of a material related to the calculated one
and also other parameters of a material i.e. cost, environment factor, durability etc.
Step2: Prepare the tables and list the materials in to the column and also list the properties of
the material in to the row.
Step3:Give the mark by comparing each material using their properties.
Note: if the material:

High strength
High durability
Low ductile
Low cost
Low environment factor etc. Gives high marks but, the vise versa also true.
Step4. Sum the giving marks down a column using each material property
Step5. Give the mark for the summing value.
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Note:
If the sum values is high gives first rank and also the vise versa true.
After we make the rank we select the first ranked materials. But, if the first rank is not
available we select the second rank.
3.1.1. Material selection for belt conveyor machine parts
Form our designed parts of a belt conveyor machine we select the appropriate materials using
matrix tables. For the following we select the materials:
Material selection for shaft
Material selection for roller
Material selection for supporter either column or beam.
Material selection for
3.1.2. Material selection for shaft, bearing holder and roller
To select the appropriate and available material for shaft, bearing holder and roller from
standard a table depends on the calculated yield and tensile strength of a material and
calculated one. Now, we use the matrix table’s procedure and select the appropriate and
available material.
Now, we take five steel materials and select the appropriate materials
Table 3.1 five steel selected material for shaft, bearing holder and roller.
No. Materials Processing Tensile Yield
Strength Strength
(Mpa) (Mpa)
1. AISI 1050 Q&T@205 1120 807
2. AISI 1060 Q&T@425 1080 765
3. AISI 1141 Q&T@315 1460 1280
4. AISI 4130 Q&T@205 1630 1460
5. AISI 4140 Q&T@205 1770 1640
Page 7
Now, we make matrix table and list the materials in to the shaft, bearing holder and roller and
list the material properties in to the row and follow other procedural step.
Table 5.2. Matrix table uses for material selection of column

properties materials
AISI 1050 AISI 1060 AISI 1141 AISI 4130 AISI 4140
Strength 2 1 3 4 5
Durability 2 1 3 4 5
Brittleness 4 5 3 2 1
Env’t factor 2 1 3 4 5
Cost 4 5 3 2 1
Total 14 13 15 16 17
Rank 4 5 3 2 1
Now select the first ranked materials.
Material= AISI 4140
Yield strength=1640 Mpa
Tensile strength=1770 Mpa
3.1.3. Material selection for supporter (column and frame)
Now, we use the matrix table’s procedure and select the appropriate and available material of
supporter (i.e. to support the crown cork reservoir or hopper and the beam or frame of the belt)
Table 3.3 five Carbon Steels selected material for supporter

Strength Strength
(Mpa) (Mpa)
1. S 1045 Q&T @ 600°F 1580 1520
2. S 4142 Q&T @ 600°F 1930 1720
3. S 1144 Annealed 646 358
4. S 1095 Q&T @ 600°F 1260 813
5. S 1060 Q&T @ 800°F 1080 765
Now, we make matrix table and list the materials in to the gears and list the material properties
in to the row and follow other procedural step.
Page 8
Table 3.4 matrix table uses for material selection for supporter.
S 1045 S 4142 S 1144 S 1095 S 1060
Strength 4 5 2 1 3
Cost 2 1 3 5 4
Total 16 17 14 13 15
Rank 2 1 4 5 3

Material= S 4142
Yield strength= 1720 Mpa
Tensile strength=1930 Mpa
Processing= Q&T @ 600°F
3.1.4. Material selection for hopper
Table 3.5 five Carbon Steels selected material for a hopper.

Strength Strength
(Mpa) (Mpa)
1 S 1030No. Q&T @ 400°F 848 648
2 G10450 CD 630 530
3 G10500 CD 690 580
4 G10600 HR 680 370
5 G10950 HR 830 460
All the selected material tensile and yield strength is the greater values than the calculated one.
Now, we make matrix table and list the materials in to the reservoir and list the material
properties in to the row and follow other procedural step.
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Table 3.6 matrix table uses for material selection of a hopper.

S 1030No G10450 G10500 G10600 G10950
Strength 5 1 3 2 4
Cost 1 5 2 4 3
Total 14 15 16 13 18
Rank 4 3 2 5 1
Material= G10950
Yield strength=460Mpa
Tensile strength=830Mpa
Processing =HR (hot
rolling)
Page 10
3.2. Crown cork Specification
originally called the Bottle Seal Company, but it changed its name with the almost immediate
success of the crown cork to the Crown Cork and Seal Company. It still informally goes by that
usage of both products is to seal the bottle.
1. Material: tinplate and ferrochrome plated

2. Outer diameter: 32.1±0.20mm
3. Inner diameter: 26.75±0.15mm
4. Cap height: 6.65±0.20mm
5. Teeth: 21pcs
6. Print: 1-5 colors
7. Thickness: 0.24mm
8. Liner: PVC
9. angle: 30-40°
10. R1: 140-200mm; R2: 1.7±0.2mm
11. Outer packing: 10,000pcs/carton
12. Carton dimensions: 510 x 330 x 310mm
13. Conveyance: Qty/ 20' FCL: 4,800,000pcs
Figure 3.1: crown cork dimension [6]
3.3. Design of Hopper

To design a crown cork hopper or store initially we stands from the geometrical analysis of
a crown cork take from above specification of a crown cork. Assume the crown cork as
solid cylinder and determine it’s area and volume.
Area of a crown cork is expressed by:

…………………………………………….. (3.1)
Where Ac area of crown cork
C outer diameter of crown cork

A’ cap height of a crown cork
Take the above crown cork specification and substitute in to equation

3.1
Each crown cork is cover area in the

hopper. Volume of the crown cork is expressed by:
………………………………………… (3.2)
Where
Vc volume of the crown cork
Again each crown cork covers volumes in the hopper.
In BURIE SOFT DRINK 10,000 bottles are produced per hour. Due to this reason the
company needs 10,000 crown to pack the bottles. In this company the crown cork hopper is
hold only 10,000 crown and this also cover only for one hour. To solve this we design
another hopper to increase productivity by decreasing the idle and down time. To design
additional hopper we take the following specification data.
Page 12
of
Table 3.7: crown cork specification [from company interview]

Carton Amount Time to cover Total mass of
(n) crown cork bottle a crown cork
(hr) (Kg)
1 10,000 1 25
2 20,000 2 50
3 30,000 3 75
4 40,000 4 100
8 80,000 8` 200
From this data we take 8 numbers of cartons (80,000 number of crown cork) to cover on shift
or 8 hours without idle or down of a machine and increase the productivity of soft drink
products. Therefore we design the hopper depends on this number of crown corks.
To determine the total space or volume of a hopper depending on each volume of a crown
cork and number of crown corks.
Hence,
…………………………………………………….. (3.3)
Where Vh volume of a hopper
Vc volume for each crown cork
n number of carton
To determine the hopper dimension take the calculated volume of the hopper. For our design
we take the length, width and height is equal.
………………………………………….……… (3.4)
Where l length of hopper
w width of hopper
h height of hopper
lets take l=w=h
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Hence,
Hence, the geometrical dimension of a crown cork is made from 1mx1mx1m. Take another
geometry dimension from below fig………..
Figure 3.2: geometry analysis for hopper and its supporter

To drop or remove the crown cork from a hopper we make rectangular holes. This holes
prepare depending on crown cork size i.e. outer diameter of a cork, c=32.1mm and
6.65mm of cap height. For this design take 10 corks is drop in once.
Page 14
3.3.1. Force analysis for hopper and its supporter

The reason to determine the force of a hopper is to known how much weight and itself weigh
is carry in very well. Hence, the total weight of the hopper with its supporter is 135.96
kg determined from the output of CATIA software and the total weight of a crown corks added
in to the hopper is 200 kg.
To determine the weight of the corks acting on the hopper and its supporter is:
………………………………………….…….. (3.5)
Where Wc weight of a cork
mc mass of total crown corks in the

hopper g gravity, 9.81 m/s2
Hence,
Again to determine the weight of the hopper:
…………………………………………….
(3.6)
3.3.2. Design of column or supporter of a hopper

A machine parts subjected to an axial compressive force is called a strut. A strut may be
horizontally, inclined or even vertical. But, a vertical strut is known as a column. It has been
observed to a compressive load and the load is gradually increased, a stage will be reach when
the column will be subjected to ultimate load. Beyond this, the column will fail by crushing and
the load wills kwon as crushing load. It has also been experienced, that sometimes, a
compression member does not fail entirely by crushing, but also bending i.e. buckling. This
happens in the case of long columns. It has also been observed, that all the short columns fails
.
due to their crushing. But, if along columns is subjected to compressive load For our design of
a load lifter machine will use one end fixed and another end is free condition column is uses.
Now, we determine the slenderness ratio of a column, crushing stress of a column, a
crippling stress and other factors of a column [7].
Page 15
Slenderness ratio
In Euler’s formula the ratio is expressed by
…………………………………………………………. (3.7)
Where,
But, the radius gyration, k introduce the effects of cross sectional size and shape to slenderness.
For the same cross sectional area, a section with higher moment of inertial produces a more
stable column with a lower slenderness ratio. The radius gyration, k is expressed by,
………………………………………………………… (3.8)
Where,
Note: for our design, the crushing stress acting on a column must be less than the crippling
stress of a column to make safe from failure of a buckling. And use Euler’s formula
when the slenderness ratio is less than the effective length of the column. Otherwise use
Johnson’s formula.
To determine the slenderness ratio for our design of a column as

below,
But, our effective length of a column expressed by
, One end is fixed and the other is free column.
Where
K radius gyration
Therefore, the actual length of a column is,
Therefore, the effective length is,
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………………………………………………………… (3.9)
Again determine the radius gyration, k of a column from a rectangular cross section.
Figure 3.3: supporter cross sectional area

Therefore, the cross sectional area of a column is,
………………………………………………………. (3.10)
Hence, the moment of inertia of a cross

section,
………………………………………………………… (3.11)
Therefore, radius gyration is,
Page 17
Now, to find the slenderness ratio,
Hence, the calculated slenderness ratio is less than the actual and effective length. So, we can
use either Rankin’s formula or Euler’s formula.
Therefore, the crippling stress according to Euler’s formula,
………………………………. (3.12)
Where,
Now, using Rankin’s formula and find out the critical stress.
……………………………………………. (3.13)
Let’s take the young’s modulus of a cast iron, as constant, the end fixity
coefficient (c) for a condition of one end is fixed and the other end is free, and the
effective length of a column as before calculated,
Page 18
Now, we determine the crippling stress,
Therefore, express the critical load acting on a column using Rankin’s formula,
But, Rankin’s constant, for cast iron. Now, substitute all values in to equation and
we will get,
…………………………………………. (3.14)
Therefore, the crushing load,
This load is less than the selected material so, the selected material and the height of the
column NOT affected. So, it is safe.
……………………………………………………… (3.15)
Page 19
3.4. Design roller

To design a roller first we have to take the geometrical dimension of a roller then, determine
the force and the rotational torque acting on it.
Figure 3.7: geometrical dimension for roller
3.5. Design of pulley and belt

For our design of a pulley we take a flat belt pulley used for power transmission of power
from output motor shaft to input shafts. For flat pulley we take the internal diameter of a pulley
equals with the diameter of shaft. In belt design portion we have express or determine design
the force acting on the roller due to tension of the belt.
3.5.1. Design of pulley
Motor shaft diameter is 20 mm, then the first flat pulley internal diameter is 20 mm and the
pulley diameter that is attached to the motor shaft is 35 mm .The second pulley diameter is
that connect with the transmitted shaft is equals with 160 mm and the internal diameter of the
pulley is equals with shaft diameter of 30 mm. Generally, the output flat pulley diameter is
160 mm taken for our design purpose. And also the width of the belts takes 31 mm.
Figure 3.8: Geometrical dimension for pulley.

3.5.2. Flat Belt Drives
Modern flat-belt drives consist of a strong elastic core surrounded by an elastomer; these drives
have distinct advantages over gear drives or V-belt drives. A flat-belt drive has an efficiency of
about 98 percent, which is about the same as for a gear drive. Flat-belt drives produce very little
noise and absorb more torsional vibration from the system than either V-belt or gear drives.
When an open-belt drive is used, the contact angles are found to be:
Figure 3.9: flat belt geometry parameters [8]
From general belt equation we determine other parameters of the belt.

The belt length, L
…………………………………… (3.26)
Page 21
Where D diameter of large pulley

diameter of small
d pulley center distance
C angle of contact
But, D=160mm, C=6323.3mm and d=35 mm

Hence,
Let us take the breadth of a flat belt , b=25 mm

Belt contact angle, expressed by:
………………………………………. (3.27)
…………………………………….... (3.28)
Hence,
To determine speed ratio we take angular or diameter ratio of a
pulley.
Hence, the linear velocity acting on the output pulley is 1m/sec. this speed is equivalent to the
speed of the conveyor belt. Now, from this linear velocity we determine the angular velocity of
a pulley with the relationship of the pulley diameter.
…………………………………... (3.29)
Where
angular velocity of a motor

Now, determine the rotational speed using the angular velocity of the pulley.
Then, substitute all values in to equation and get,
Now determine the force acting on the belt due to the diameter of the pulley and the power
acting on the pulley by the cause of motor power.
Page 22
3.6. Belt Conveyor System for Crown cork transportation

Conveyor system is a mechanical system used in moving materials from one place to another
and finds application in most processing and manufacturing industries. Material handling
involves movement of material in a manufacturing section. It includes loading, moving and
unloading of materials from one stage of manufacturing process to another. A belt conveyor
consists of an endless and flexible belt of high strength with two end pulleys (driver and
driven) at fixed positions supported by rollers. In this work, Pulleys are used for providing
the drive to the belt through a drive electric motor. It also helps in maintaining the proper
tension to the belt. The drive imparts power to one or more pulleys to move the belt and
its loads. Materials are transported over the required distance as a result of friction generated
between the roller surface and the moving belt set in motion by a rotating pulley (drive pulley).
The other pulley (driven or idler pulley) acts as a wheel around which the material rotates
and returns in a continuous process. Continuous processes are characterized by non-stop
motion of bulk or unit loads along a path without halt for loading and unloading. The
peculiarities of a belt conveyor is that it is easy and cheap to maintain, it has high loading
and unloading capacity and can transport dense materials economically and at very high
efficiency over long distance allowing relative movement of material
3.6.1. Design Considerations

The designs of an effective and efficient material handling system which will
increase productivity and minimize cost, the guidelines normally followed are:
1. Designing the system for continuous flow of material (idle time should be zero);
2. Going in for standard equipment which ensures low investment and flexibility;
3. Incorporating gravity flow in material flow system; and Ensuring that the ratio of
the dead weight to the payload of material handling equipment is minimum.
The transportation route affects the overall cost of material handling. An efficient material
handling equipment will reduce cost per volume of material transported and ensure that
materials are delivered to the production line safely. The design of belt conveyor
system involves determination of the correct dimension of the belt conveyor components
and other critical parameter values so as to ensure optimum efficiency during loading and
unloading conditions.
Some of the components are: Conveyor belt, motor, pulley and rollers.
The design of a belt conveyor system takes into account the
followings:
Dimension, capacity and speed
Belt power and tension
Pulley diameter
Motor
Type of drive unit
Location and arrangement of pulley
Control mode
Intended application
Maximum loading capacity
3.6.3. Geometry for belt conveyor
To design a crown cork transportation belt conveyor system, we take the geometrical
dimensions with the length of transported in the horizontal and vertical direction. The
horizontal transported length is 6 m and the vertical transport height is 2.50m. Now, determine
the angle of inclination for crown cork belt conveyor system. But, as shown in fig……..below
the conveyed materials starts from the height of 50 cm. so, to determine the inclination angle
of the belt conveyor we take the difference of the two height.
Figure 3.10: Geometrical determination for belt conveyor
…………………………. (3.30)
Belt width
Minimum belt width may be influenced by loading or transfer point requirements, or by
material and fins mix. For this project take the width of the belts by considering transfer point
requirements so, we take the width of the belt 400 mm (from appendix1).
Belt speed
Again using the belt width parameter and determine the belt speed from appendix 1. At
400mm belt width the speed of the belt is from 0.5 up to 5 m/sec. Now take the speed of the
belt 1m/sec. Therefore, the total belt width is designed as 400mm, the belt speed is 1 m/sec
and the inclination angle is 18.4 degree.
Page 24
Conveyor length
The length of the conveyor is determined from the angle of inclination and the
horizontal distances.
……….……….… (3.31)
Belt capacity
The general formula for capacity is:
2
Capacity, C (tons/hr) =3.6load cross sectional area (m )*Belt speed (m/s)*material density
3
(kg/m ). The material bulk density is 1000kg per cubic meter and inclination angle of the belt
0
at 18.4 . The load cross section area of the belt is expressed by: the total belt width times
the thickness of the belt.
The belt speed is 1m/sec (from above speed

determination). Hence,
To determine of the moving parts expressed in kg per center to center distance, the moving
crown cork is negligible compared with the belt mass. But, we take the mass of the load per
mater, 2 kg/m by assumption. This assumption is greater than the actual mass that conveyed on
the belt conveyor.
Now, determine the belt weight from appendix……….using
2
nominal belt thickness, t b=10.5
mm then the nominal weight of the belt, B=13 kg/m .
Belt power and tension
Belt power calculation for belt conveyor may be calculated from the following formula:
OR ……………….. (3.32)
Page 25
Where F c, F e, equivalent friction factor take from below

F explanation. horizontal center to center distance (m),
l
terminal friction constant expressed in meters,
L capacity (tons/hr),
t
f
mass of moving parts expressed in kg per meter of center distance,
K Drive factor dependent on pulley surface, arc contact and type of
tensioning,
S belt speed (M/sec),
H net change in elevation.
B the belt weight per linear meters
The value of the main factor and constant are as follows:
1. Equipment friction factor
1.1. At the center to center distance of the bet conveyor system using quality equipment, it is
often move convenient to use an average equipment friction factor (F c) of0.0225
for inclined conveyor system.
1.2. Equipment friction factor, F e and F l are used for empty and loaded condition
respectively. Thus: for elevating conveyors, F e=0.020 and F l=0.025.
2. Terminal friction factor , t f, expressed in meters of center to center distance from
the elevating conveyors up to 300 meter centers the factor, t f=60 meters.
3. Components of friction and tensions
It is necessary to calculate individual component tension for the assembly of tension for sloped
conveyor.
Return side friction
………………………………………………… (3.33)
Total empty friction

……………………………...…..……………. (3.34)
Carrying side empty friction
Load friction
MOHA SOFT DRINK IN BURIE PLANT …………………………………………….. (3.35)
Page 26
Load slope tension

………………….………………………………. (3.36)
Belt slope tension

…………………………………………………………..
(3.37)
Effective tension, T e
Slack side tension, T 2

……………………………………………………………. (3.38)
Where, k is the drive factor depend o the pulley surface, arc of contact and method of
tensioning from appendix……………. For our design we take single pulley and the contact is
180 degree, the counter weight take up and bare pulley, and the standard drive factor,
K=0.64. Hence,
Now determine the power required to transport the crown cork, using the above equation 3.32:
Say 1 kW.
Therefore for our design of belt conveyor for transportation of the crown corks it requires 1 kilo
watt power.
Now determine the belt tension and related the above values are calculated from the basic
relationship formula.
Where
…………………………………………….. (3.39)
tight
MOHA SOFT DRINKTIN BURIE side
PLANT tension
1
Page 27
T slack side tension

2 Naperian logarithm
e base
Coefficient of friction
Arc of contact
From this relation determine the valueinof T 1:
…………………………………… (3.40)
This tension is acting in to the shaft as impact load.

Now express the force acing on the roller using the tension of the belt. The roller support belt
and facilitates easy as well as free rotation of the belt conveyor in all direction. The relationship
between the maximum belt speed, roller diameter and the relative revolution per minute is
given as:
Where:
N no of revolution per
D minute; roller diameter
V (mm); and belt speed
(m/s)
The effective tension acting on the roller due to the conveyor belt during rotating or static
is:
The torque acting on the roller is expressed by:
But, Torque Factor (Kt = 1.25 to 1.4)
Page 28
3.7. Shaft design

There are three main factors that influence shaft design. Those are bending from the tensions on
the conveyor belt, torsion from the drive unit and deflection. The shaft therefore needs to be
designed considering all three of these elements. For the design of the shaft, based on bending
and torsion, a max stress is used. This stress varies according to the material that is used for
the shaft or according to the max stress allowed by the end user. Shaft design consists
primarily of determination of the correct shaft diameter that will ensure satisfactory rigidity
and strength when the shaft is transmitting motion under different operating and loading
conditions. The diameter of the shaft is 30 mm and the other geometry is indicates in figure 3.4
below.
Figure 3.4: Geometrical dimension belt conveyor shaft.
3.7.1. Force and stress analysis for shaft

To determine the force acting on the shaft is considers the reaction forces acting on the bearing
from the tension force acting on the shaft due to belt conveyor tension plus the total weight to
be convoyed. The stress of the shaft is determine from the maximum bending moment, this
moment also determine by using the shear force and bending moment diagram. This stress
is also is useful to determine shaft safety factor by comparing this selected shaft material.
3.7.2. Force and stress analysis for head drive shaft
To identify the force and stress acting on the head drive shaft, first find out the reaction force
acting on the bearing and pulley at the end of shaft using the equilibrium and bending
moment equation. The force acting on the shaft due to the belt tension of the conveyor and it
is also expressed by:
INTERNSHIPE PROJECT @ Page 29

But, the maximum tension applies on the belt is 373.4N. Hence, the force acting on the shaft is
equivalent to 186.7N. Now, determine the bending moment and shear force diagram first
determine the shear force and bending moment at force acting on the tail shaft.
Now determine the force acting using equilibrium

equation.
, and condition parameter
. At CCW (counter clock wise direction)
The force acting on the shaft due to the tension of belt, F is equals with maximum tension of
belt conveyor.
Now using equilibrium equation and determine the reaction force,
But, Fp is the centrifugal force of the pulley, it determine from the velocity of a pulley and its
radius.
……………………………………………………… (3.16)
Where m mass of a pulley determine from CATIA output (m=4.85kg).
Fp the centrifugal force of the pulley.
v velocity of pulley.
r radius of pulley.
Now determine the centrifugal force on the pulley:
Now, substitute all finding value as in to equation and the next equation becomes:
……………………………………. (3.17)
Let us take the moment at F b1 at CCW direction.
But, F=373.4N
Now, determine the force
The negative sign indicates the assumption direction is opposite. Now determine the shear and
bending momentum. And to solve the shear and bending moment of a shaft take at the right
portion.
Portion” DE”
Page 31
To determine the value of shear force acting on shaft at portion ”de” take section X_X:
Now, determine the force acting at point “d” &”e”.

At point “e”, x=0
SFe=-60.625 N
At point “d”, x=0.051m
SFd=-60.625N
Bending moment at portion “ed” expressed by:
Now, determine the bending moment at point “e” & “d”.

At point “e”, x=0
BM e=0
BM d=3.1Nm
Portion “DC”
To determine the shear force and bending moment at portion “dc” from section xx.
Page 32
SF xx=-(Fb1 +Fp )
=-352.4N
Determine the shear force at point “d” and “c”.
SFd=-352.4N
At point “e”, x=0.098m
SFc=-352.4N
The bending moment at portion “dc”
BM xx=60.625x+292.1(x-0.051)
Now, determine the bending moment at point “d” & “c”.
BM d=3.1Nm
At point “e”, x=0.098m
SFc=19.53Nm
Portion “CB”
Page 33
Portion “BA”
The shear force acting on portion BA is
Shear force at point B X = 0.498m and point A X = 0.545m is equal and expressed
as:
Bending moment at portion BA is expressed by
Now determine the bending moment acting on point B and point

A.
At point B, X = 0.498m
At point A, X = 0.545m
Then draw the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram using the above each
portion calculated value.
Page 34
Figure 3.5: shear force and bending moment diagram for head shaft
From this shear force and bending diagram:
The maximum shear force is 726.13N and the maximum bending moment is 248.97Nm.
Using this maximum bending moment determine the allowable stress of a shaft and
compared with the selected materials.
Now determine the torque acting on the shaft: The output rotational speed acting on the shaft is
equal with 119.4 rpm. And the required power to rotate the shaft is equivalent to 1Kw. For this
cause we great maximum output torque.
Now, determine the maximum or output torque
Page 35
………………………………………… (3.43)
3.7.3. Design of Shaft for Tail Drive shaft

Take the following acting force and determine the reaction force using equilibrium
and momentum equation.
The force acting on at point A and B are equal. Those forces are determined from the tension
of belt. Each force F is half of a tension but tension of a belt is 373.4N. Therefore, the force
acting on each F is 186.7N, to find the force acting at the end of shaft (bearing).
At the end of shaft (bearing direction) is equal because the force is exerts at equal
distance.
The –ve sign indicates the direction of and are opposite to the assumption one. Now
take the right portion and determine the shear force and bending moment diagram.
Page 36
Portion DC
Shear force at portion DC expressed

as:
The shear force at point D, X = 0 and point C, X = 0.047 are

equal. Therefore,
Bending moment at portion DC expressed

as:
At point D, X = 0
At point C, X = 0.047m
Portion CB
Shear force at portion CB expressed as:
Page 37
At point C, X = 0.047m and at point B, X = 0.447m the shear force are

equal. Therefore,
Bending moment at portion CB is expressed by.
At point C, X = 0.047m and at point B, X = 0.447m the bending moment are

equal. Therefore,
Portion BA
Shear force at portion BA expressed as:
At point B, X = 0.447m and at point A, X = 0.494m the shear force are

equal. Therefore,
Bending moment at portion BA is can be expressed as:
At point B, X = 0.447m
At point A, X = 0.494m
Page 38
Then draw the diagram of shear force and bending moment.
Figure 3.6: shear force and bending moment diagram for tail shaft
Hence, the maximum bending moment is,
The maximum shear force is,
Now, express the maximum bending moments of a shaft related with the maximum
working stress.
Therefore,
……………………………………………….. (3.18)
But, the moment of inertia for a shaft express by:
…………………………………………….…… (3.19)
But, the shaft diameter, d=20 mm
Hence,
Therefore, the maximum shear stress acting on a shaft is expressed by:
……………………………….….. (3.21)
Hence, the maximum bending moment is,
The maximum shear force is,
Page 40
Now, express the maximum bending moments of a shaft related with the maximum
working stress.
Therefore,
…………………………………………….. (3.22)
But, the moment of inertia for a shaft express by:
…………………………………………………..… (3.23)
But, the shaft diameter, d=20 mm
Hence,
Therefore, the maximum shear stress acting on a shaft is expressed by:
……………………………… (3.25)
Using this maximum bending moment determine the allowable stress of a shaft and
compared with the selected materials.
And the torque acting on the tail shaft is equal with the head shaft
Page 41
3.8. Design of key

A key is a piece of mild steel inserted between the shaft and hub or boss of the pulley or a gear
to connect these together in order to prevent relative motion between them. It is always
inserted parallel to the axis of the shaft. Keys are used as temporary fastenings and are
subjected to considerable crushing and shearing stresses. Keys and pins are used on shafts to
secure rotating elements, such as gears, pulleys, or other wheels. Keys are used to enable the
transmission of torque from the shaft to the shaft-supported element. There are many types of
key .but parallel sunk keys may be of rectangular or square section uniform in width and
thickness throughout. It may be noted that a parallel key is a taper less and is used where the
pulley, gear or other mating piece is required to slide along the shaft. For our design we use
square sunk type keys. It is the only difference between a rectangular sunk key and a
square sunk key is that its width and thickness are equal, i.e.
……………………………………… (3.41)
The tight thickness between the shaft and a gear diameter
is
Now, determine the values of width and thickness
The width and thickness of the key is equivalent to 7.5 mm.

Again we express the length of the key:
Hence, the length of the key is equivalent to face width of a pulley or length of
the roller is . Therefore, the total length of
the key is
3.8.1. Strength of a square Sunk Key

To design a key we consider the force acting on the key using torque and its geometrical
dimension.
Now we express the general torque applies on the shaft related to the power acting on the shaft.
The power acting on the shaft,
Now, we determine the torque acting on the
shaft.
………………………………………………. (3.42)
Rearrange the equation we get,
Page 42
Figure 3.12: Sunk square key [7]

Note:
1. We take the power acting on the shaft is equals with input power.
2. We take output rotational speed or minimum rotational speed to improve or
determine maximum torque and maximum crushing
stress. Now express the force acting on the shaft:
Rearrange the equation

………………………………………….………… (3.45)
To determine the shear stress acting on the key related to the torque applies on the shaft and
key. .
From this we get the tangential shear force acting on the key
………………………………… (3.47)
Where,
Now rearrange the equation and equate shear stress of the key
…………………………………………..….. (3.48)
Now, let us take the safety factor of the key by assumption, n=3
To find the yield strength of key from the relation of the shear stress and safety factor using
maximum shear stress theory.
……………………………………………… (3.49)
Page 43
Now rearrange the equation we find allowable stress

……………………………………….. (3.50)
By the considering crushing stress of the key we find the crushing force acting on the key
…………… (3.51)
Hence, the permissible crushing stress for the usual key material is at list twice the permissible
shear stress.
Generally, the material select for the key using the calculated yield strength of the key in the
next chapter. But, the selected material yield strength must be greater than a calculated yield
stress of the key.
3.9. Selection of Bolt and nut

The reason to select a bolt to determine the required minimum number of bolts with related to
preload acting on the bolt and also the load acting on the a column and frame.
First we determine the terminology of screw threads of a bolt. We take for our design of a
bolt Sharp vee threads shown for clarity; the crests and roots are actually flattened or rounded
during the forming operation
Figure 3.13: Bolt geometry parameter [8]
Page 44
3.8.1. Bolt design to fastening for farm and bearing holder

Now, we take the major diameter of the bolt with assumption with related to the load acting on
the frame and bearing holder. For our design uses nominal major diameter and Coarse-Pitch of
a bolt is (M14).
Nominal major diameter of a bolt and nut= M14

Pitch, p=2
Tensile stress area, At
Miner diameter area,
The above values data used to develop from table have been obtained from ANSI B1.1-1974
and B18.3.1-1978. Mechanical engineering design, shigley’s, 9th edition, page 401
Using basic profile for metric M:
Where d major diameter

dr minor diameter
dp pitch diameter
p pitch
Hence, ……………………………………………………………………. (3.52)
H=
The minor diameter was found from the

equation
……………………..……….. (3.53)
The pitch diameter from
……………………..……….. (3.54)
The mean of the pitch diameter and the minor diameter was used to compute the tensile-
stress area.
Page 45
Figure 3.14: Bolt size determination[8]
From above fig 3.30 we determine each dimension of the bolt.

Therefore, initially we take the thickness of the column that fastening to the base using the bolts.
Hence,
Again let us take the thickness of the washer related to

standard. . Therefore,
Now we take the bolt that fastening to the base thickness by

assumption.
Then, total length of the bolt expressed by:
This is taken as screw, because the total length of the bolt is less than 125 mm. Now, we
determine the thread length using metric.
But,
Hence,
The length of useful unthreaded portion expressed

by:
Area of unthreaded portion expressed by:
……………………………………………… (3.55)
Page 46
Now we select the mark type of a bolt.

Property class or head mark=5.8
Size rage of a bolt= M5-M24
Minimum proof strength=380 Mpa
Minimum tensile strength=520
Mpa Minimum yield strength=420
MPa Material type =medium
carbon
Now, express the preload:
…………………………. (3.56)
..
Let us take the gray cast iron metal for our bolt design.
Material= gray cast iron
Elastic=100 Gpa
Modulus=14.5 Mpsi
A=0.77871
B=0.61616
Bolt condition, the torque factors taken for non plated, black finish. K=0.3.
Let us take the factor load or safety factor for bolt, n=2. Hence, the minimum proof load
expressed by:
The preload expressed by:
To determine the preload stress:

………………………………………………. (3.57)
The torque necessary to achieve the preload

is:
Hence, ………………………………………………. (3.58)
To determine the stiffness constant:
INTERNSHIPE PROJECT @ …………………………………… (3.59)

Page 47
But,
……………………………….. (3.60)
From the above given parameters and calculation:
Now we substitute the values and we get
Again express the member stiffness:
………………………………………………… (3.61)
Hence, the stiffness constant becomes,
Now express the initial load acting on the bolt:
………………………..…….. (3.62)
The safety factor at initial as taken before, Hence, the load acting on the
bolt express from:
……………………………………….… (3.63)
Rearrange the equation we get:
Page 48
To determine the number of bolts required to fasting one side column and a base use the
following equation.
……………………………………. (3.64)
Hence, substitute all values in to equation
To fastening the bearing holder with a frame we need 2 bolts. In the same calculation to
fastening the frame with supporter we need one bolt for each supporter.
3.10.Bearing selection for rotating shaft

Bearings are manufactured to take pure radial loads, pure thrust loads, or a combination of the
two kinds of loads. The nomenclature of a ball bearing as shown in Figure 3.15 below, which
also shows the four essential parts of a bearing. These are the outer ring, the inner ring, the
balls or rolling elements, and the separator. In low-priced bearings, the separator is
sometimes omitted, but it has the important function of separating the elements so that rubbing
contact will not occur.
Figure 3.15: Bearing dimension parameters [8]

To determine the diameter of a bearing depending on standard dimension with related to
shaft diameter but bearing dimension is less than shaft diameter. Our design shaft diameter is
30 mm so, using this shaft diameter determines the bore of ball bearing .Hence, and principal
dimension for radial bearing is express form in appendix2.
At bearing number 206
Bore=30 mm
Outside diameter=62 mm
Width=16 mm
Page 49
3.9.1. Static Equivalent Load for radial ball Bearings

The static equivalent load may be defined as the static radial load (in case of radial ball or roller
bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which, if applied, would cause
the same total permanent deformation at the most heavily stressed ball (or roller) and race
contact as that which occurs under the actual conditions of loading.
The static equivalent radial load ( ) for radial or roller bearings under combined radial and
axial or thrust loads is given by the greater magnitude of those obtained by the following two
equations, i.e.
………………………………………… (3.65)
Where W Radial load,
R
W Axial or thrust load,
A
XO Radial load factor, and
YO Axial or thrust load factor.
According to IS: 3824 – 1984, the values of and for single row bearing are given
in
appendix 3:
and
Now, we take the maximum radial and axial load acting on the bearing from three shafts force
analysis. Hence, the maximum load acting on the bearing from three shafts either radial or axial
from above three shaft calculation. Axial acting on the shaft is zero, but,
radial maximum load acting on the shaft, . The static equivalent radial load (
) for radial a bearing is expressed by the second equation.
Hence,
=
3.9.2. Dynamic Equivalent Load for radial ball Bearings

The dynamic equivalent load may be defined as the constant stationary radial load (in case of
radial ball or roller bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which, if
applied to a bearing with rotating inner ring and stationary outer ring, would give the same life
as that which the bearing will attain under the actual conditions of load and rotation. The
dynamic equivalent radial load (W) for radial and angular contact bearings, except the filling
slot types, under combined constant radial load ( ) and constant axial or thrust load ( ) is
given by
……………………………… (3.66)
The values of radial load factor (X) and axial or thrust load factor (Y) for the dynamically
loaded bearings may be taken from appendix 4.
Where V = a rotation factor,
= 1, for all types of bearings when the inner race is
rotating, Hence,
…………………………………… (3.67)
Then,
Page 50
The values of radial load factor (X) and axial or thrust load factor (Y) for the dynamically
loaded bearings may be taken from appendix 4.
3.10.1. Life of a Bearing
The life of an individual ball (or roller) bearing may be defined as the number of revolutions
(or hours at some given constant speed) which the bearing runs before the first evidence of
fatigue develops in the material of one of the rings or any of the rolling elements. The life of
bearings for various types of machines is given in the appendix 5. We take roll number.7
that explain machines required working with high degree of reliability 24 hours per day
works for the time interval between 100,000 – 200,000 hours.
Page 51
Chapter Four
4. Conclusion and
Recommendation 4.1. Conclusion
In this project we presented the analytical analysis method of design wet soil cultivator
machine. To design a belt conveyor initial we was stands from the crown cork specific
parameters and also the capacity of the belt that transports the bulk materials or crown cork.
Again the tension of the belt is determined form the load acting in to the belt and also the
torque the belt at the time of rotation using drive motor.
Generally from this project work the following conclusions can be figure out.
We have selected the appropriate and available material for each parts of belt conveyor
and hopper which is suitable with the working condition of the machine using matrix
table.
The geometric analysis of belt conveyor for transmission of crown cork with hopper
parts has been determined.
The forces, tension force and stress which act on the machine of each part have been
determined.
The bending moment and shear stress which act on the shaft have been determined also
their diagram has been drawn. And also determine the buckling of the supports and to
prevents by adjusting the height of the supporter
Finally, we have to checked by determine the safety factor by comparing or using
selected materials yield strength with the calculated strength.
The 2D and 3D drawing of parts and assembly drawing for the machine have done by
using CATIA software.
Page 52
4.2. Recommendation
In this project we have to design belt conveyor and hopper for transportation crown cork
during four month internship extension program and we done every required. But, in this
project is restricted to specified situations. However, this project can be extended to
other situations modify for another application or purposes design the gear reduction if
necessary. In this project we cannot include the existing hopper design but in future can be
done by modifying in a new one.
Appendixes
Appendix A: bearing standard parameter specification
Table A1: Principal Dimensions for Radial Ball Bearing [7]
Table A2: Values of and for radial bearings. [7]
Table A3: Values of X and Y for dynamically loaded bearings. [7]
Table A4: Life of bearings for various types of machines. [7]
Appendix B: belt conveyor standard parameters

Table B1: Belt conveyor, belt width and velocity specification from standard [9]
Table B2: Standard drive factor value with arc of contact[9]
MOHA SOFT DRINK IN BURIE Page 59
PLANT
Table B3: Belt designation minimum warp and weft strength, rated tension and nominal
belt weight table. [9]
Appendix C: bolt specification parameter

Table C1. Diameters and Areas of Coarse-Pitch and Fine-Pitch Metric Threads.*[8]
Table C2: Stiffness Parameters of Various Member Materials† [8]
Table C3: SAE Specifications for Steel Bolts [8]
Page 62
Table C4: Metric Mechanical-Property Classes for Steel Bolts, Screws, and Studs*[8]
Table C5: Dimensions of Hexagonal Nuts [8]
Reference
2. Daniyan *, A. O. Adeodu and O. M. Dada. (2014). Design of a Material Handling

Equipment. Afe Babalola University. Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
* **
3. Ismet Ibishi ,Ahmet Latifi ,Gzim Ibishi and Kadri Sejdiu.(2012). Calculation Of Tension
Force Of Belt Conveyor. University of Prishtina Mitrovice, Republic of Kosovo.
4. Konakalla Naga Sri Ananth, Vaitla Rakesh,Pothamsetty Kasi Visweswarao. Design And
Selecting The Proper Conveyor-Belt.
5. Seema S. Vanaman and Pravin A. Mane.(2012). Design, Manufacture and Analysis of Belt
Conveyor System used for Cooling of Mould. Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli-
416416.
7. Text book of Machine Design by R.S.KHURMI AND J.K.GUPTA [tortuka]

8. Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design 8th Edition,pp 398-459.
9. A member of FENNER DUNLOP.(June 2009), Conveyor Handbook, Australia

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Debre Markos University

Mechanical Engineering department

DESIGN OF BELT CONVEYOR AND HOPPER

HOSTING COUMPANY MOHA SOFT DRINKS INDUSTRY

DURATION OF INTERNSHIP OCT, 19, 2015-FEB, 8, 2016 GC

By:- Endalkachew Ayalew(TEE/432/04)&

Submit to: - YIBELTAL W. (Msc)

Name of students sign Date

1. ENDALKACHEW AYALEW ___________ _______________

Name of advisor: YIBELTAL W. (MSC) signature _____________

Key words: belt conveyor, bulky material, crown cork, CARIA

angular velocity of a motor

S belt speed (M/sec)

initial load acting on the bolt

INTERNSHIPE PROJECT @ Page 1

1.2. Problem statements

Select the appropriate materials for each component or parts of machine.

1.5. Organization of the Project

1.6. Working principle

(Conveyor Equipment Manufacture’s Association) standards, some handbooks of belt conveyor

To uses the matrix table follows the following procedures.

Step3:Give the mark by comparing each material using their properties.

Note: if the material:

Step5. Give the mark for the summing value.

Table 5.2. Matrix table uses for material selection of column

Table 3.3 five Carbon Steels selected material for supporter

Now select the first ranked materials.

Table 3.5 five Carbon Steels selected material for a hopper.

Table 3.6 matrix table uses for material selection of a hopper.

Now select the first ranked materials.

3.2. Crown cork Specification

usage of both products is to seal the bottle.

1. Material: tinplate and ferrochrome plated

Figure 3.1: crown cork dimension [6]

3.3. Design of Hopper

Area of a crown cork is expressed by:

Where Ac area of crown cork

C outer diameter of crown cork

Take the above crown cork specification and substitute in to equation

Each crown cork is cover area in the

Again each crown cork covers volumes in the hopper.

DEIGN OF BELT CONVEYOR AND HOPPER FOR CROWN CORK TRANSPORTASION

Table 3.7: crown cork specification [from company interview]

Where Vh volume of a hopper

Vc volume for each crown cork

lets take l=w=h

Figure 3.2: geometry analysis for hopper and its supporter

3.3.1. Force analysis for hopper and its supporter

Where Wc weight of a cork

mc mass of total crown corks in the

Again to determine the weight of the hopper:

3.3.2. Design of column or supporter of a hopper

To determine the slenderness ratio for our design of a column as

But, our effective length of a column expressed by

, One end is fixed and the other is free column.

Therefore, the actual length of a column is,

Therefore, the effective length is,

Figure 3.3: supporter cross sectional area

Hence, the moment of inertia of a cross

1. ENDALKACHEW AYALEW _ _____